1000:
770:
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988:
221:
116:
964:
976:
109:
949:
866:
1035:
85:
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36:
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and covering an area of some 3,350 square yards (0.280 ha). This approach of aerial photography and modern remote sensing has allowed for a detailed virtual recreation of the gladiator school. The aerial photographs used in the recreation were acquired with a radio-controlled
Microdrone md4-1000
856:
The school, along with the amphitheater, was located outside of the town's walls. The school had training grounds, bathing facilities, an assembly hall and dormitories for the gladiators. The school also had a courtyard which housed a training area for gladiators. The school was attached to an open
1585:
752:
had it built to commemorate his victories. When the remains of
Carnuntum disappeared after the Migration Period the monument remained as an isolated building in a natural landscape and led Medieval people to believe it was the tomb of a pagan giant. Hence, they called it
818:
is the new artistic director. Collaborators from Greece include Irini Pappas, Michalis
Kakogianis, and Theodoros Terzopoulus, and the popular festival has become known as an international centre for ancient drama as well as European classical and modern music.
999:
1577:
720:
The Roman city ruins are exposed in the open-air museum directly in the present village. One of the ancient houses, called the House of Lucius, has been rebuilt using traditional techniques. It was opened to the public on 1 June 2006.
739:
Some way outside the city was a large amphitheatre, which had room for about 15,000 spectators. A plate with an inscription found at the site claims that this building was the fourth largest amphitheatre in the whole Roman Empire.
1770:
987:
833:
In
September 2011 aerial photographs and ground-penetrating radar led to the discovery of the typical contours of an ancient Roman gladiator school to the south of the Roman settlement, a
1765:
647:, Carnuntum was eventually abandoned and used as a cemetery and source of building material for building projects elsewhere. Eventually, its remains became buried and forgotten.
1760:
1815:
1795:
1436:"The earthquake of Carnuntum in the fourth century a.d. – archaeological results, seismologic scenario and seismotectonic implications for the Vienna Basin fault, Austria"
1810:
1750:
1338:
1223:
1019:
1785:
1150:
1775:
777:
The only remaining building of the fortress is an amphitheatre, located just outside the fortress. Today, a small adjacent museum shows the history of
57:
44:
1780:
1522:
975:
748:
Between 354 AD and 361 AD, a huge triumphal monument was erected next to the camp and city. Contemporary reports suggest that
Emperor
1830:
963:
1145:
1471:
1173:
1790:
1301:
1271:
1237:
1105:
1074:
1646:
108:
846:
quadrocopter, which captured a sufficient number of photographs to create an overlap among them. Then, using a technique called
948:
789:
769:
158:
1755:
1390:
1365:
1800:
1669:"The Amphitheater of Carnuntum-Towards a complete 3D model using airborne structure from motion and dense image matching"
1805:
798:
391:) and deter the victors from the temptation to invade Pannonia. To this period (about 50 AD) belongs the auxiliary
1547:
1034:
598:
1608:
1357:
49:
1745:
398:
1705:
1676:
1097:
806:
is a cultural organisation that aims support the cultural and philosophical heritage of Europe and promotes
606:
413:
220:
551:, at the time governor of Pannonia, was proclaimed emperor there by his soldiers (193), to replace Emperor
902:
232:
955:
874:
848:
815:
810:
in both traditional and contemporary styles. The festival was founded around 1988 by the italian artist
713:. There are several places to see in the city: Roman city quarter in the open-air museum, palace ruins,
289:
1210:
History of the Greeks and Romans, Volume 16: The
Principles of Rome, from Augustus to Alexander Severus
1514:
685:
1447:
1010:
889:
339:
803:
710:
644:
285:
284:
in the
Carnuntum Archaeological Park extending over an area of 10 km near today's villages of
811:
1332:
1217:
1026:
836:
1165:
865:
1820:
1463:
1386:
1361:
1101:
1091:
1070:
548:
522:
266:
146:
1293:
1060:
17:
1455:
1263:
1135:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
907:
484:
454:
347:
before 14 AD. A few years later, it became the centre of the Roman fortifications along the
1066:
915:
807:
793:
575:
559:
534:
84:
1241:
1638:
1451:
1825:
893:
749:
701:
437:
was sent to
Carnuntum for a few years from about 63 AD. During the brief reign of
429:
251:
650:
1739:
1141:
1136:
727:
636:
273:
135:
993:
Scale Model of
Carnuntum in Roman times (amphitheatre and region outside city walls)
338:
Significant
Romanisation happened when the town was selected as the garrison of the
926:
842:
714:
678:
412:
returned to Carnuntum and rebuilt its fortress. While some of the legion fought in
247:
212:
591:, who established a mint with coins depicted him and his wife Sulpicia Dryantilla
919:
911:
733:
543:
466:
in 68 AD, was allocated to Carnuntum until about 71 AD after his defeat by
594:. He was killed shortly afterwards by his own soldiers, probably at Carnuntum.
1459:
602:
588:
538:
528:
509:
388:
322:
281:
262:
1467:
173:
160:
1555:
1435:
1006:
778:
756:
674:
640:
618:
584:
569:
467:
352:
873:
The archaeological museum Carnuntinum, which is situated in the village of
269:
province. It also became a large city of approximately 50,000 inhabitants.
35:
614:
610:
552:
492:
where it stayed for three centuries until the frontier collapsed in 430.
380:
372:
364:
360:
310:
306:
1154:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 378.
632:
376:
368:
316:
243:
195:
1013:, depicting a horse, centurion's helmet and armour, found in Carnuntum
500:
In Roman times, Carnuntum had a history as a major trading centre for
379:
on the bank of the Danube" to protect the losers of a dispute between
1616:
878:
853:, a 3D model of the school was calculated using the sharpest images.
356:
348:
277:
256:
92:
1697:
1668:
537:
resided there for three years (172–175) during the war against the
768:
700:
628:
505:
501:
463:
438:
384:
219:
881:, exhibits important archeological finds from the ancient city.
1434:
Decker, Kurt; Gangl, Georg; Kandler, Manfred (1 October 2006).
896:
was so impressed with the ruins that he based his first novel,
1730:
265:
from 50 AD. After the 1st century, it was capital of the
29:
937:
appear, together with an eponymous opera based on the novel.
732:
was next to the palace ruins, also referred to as the large
709:
The remains of the civilian city extend around the village
375:
ordered the governor of Pannonia "to have a legion with an
483:
In 117–118 AD, Carnuntum became the permanent quarters of
1578:"Constantina Bordin: "Jede Sekunde war eine Sternstunde""
669:
The Archaeological Park Carnuntum comprises three sites:
533:
by Hadrian. Its importance is indicated by the fact that
624:
Around 350 Carnuntum suffered severe earthquake damage.
583:
Septimia Colonia Aurelia Antoniana. During the reign of
1352:
Morris, J.; Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R. (1992).
562:(193–235), Carnuntum experienced an economic boom, the
305:
Carnuntum first occurs in history during the reign of
1698:"The discovery of a gladiatorial school at Carnuntum"
857:
campus which was most likely used for chariot races.
408:
In 71 AD, after several campaigns, the Legio XV
272:
Its impressive remains are situated on the Danube in
416:, the main body of the legion remained in Pannonia.
627:In 374, it was destroyed by Germanic invaders, the
504:, brought from the north to traders who sold it in
208:
203:
189:
152:
142:
131:
1771:Populated places disestablished in the 4th century
654:Map of Roman legions in 50 AD: Legio XV
587:, the Pannonians rebelled by electing the usurper
405:1.5 km south-west of the legionary fortress.
802:) is held each year in the ancient amphitheatre.
89:The legionary fortress, auxiliary fort and town (
313:made it his base of operations as a Roman fort (
27:Ancient Roman military outpost in modern Austria
1766:Populated places established in the 1st century
639:, it never regained its former importance, and
918:, from the point of view of a modern American
814:, who died suddenly in March 2021. Since 2021
441:(68–69), it was transferred back to Hispania.
1385:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 852.
1208:Fitz, Jenő (2008). "The Danubian Provinces".
643:became the chief military centre. During the
8:
77:
1354:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
834:
754:
725:
655:
581:
573:
563:
526:
516:
486:
475:
456:
446:
431:
421:
399:
392:
341:
330:
314:
193:
90:
1761:370s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1383:Aufstieg und Niedergang römischen der Welt
1337:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1222:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
914:, is set in Carnuntum during the reign of
617:, to solve the rising tensions within the
83:
76:
1816:Roman fortifications in Pannonia Superior
1796:Buildings and structures in Lower Austria
1609:"Unique Roman Gladiator School Unearthed"
1515:"Art Carnuntum Welttheater Festival 2021"
822:The festival was held in August in 2021.
1542:
1540:
1423:. Vol. II. Rome: Bari. p. 598.
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
864:
790:The World Theatre Festival Art Carnumtum
649:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1381:Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang.
1051:
981:Scale Model of Carnuntum in Roman times
944:
690:
1330:
1215:
773:Remains of the fortress – amphitheatre
761:('Heathens' Gate' or 'Pagans' Gate').
605:chaired a historic meeting there, the
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1811:Roman legionary fortresses in Austria
1751:0s establishments in the Roman Empire
1649:from the original on 27 December 2018
1525:from the original on 14 December 2021
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1304:from the original on 16 November 2023
1274:from the original on 27 December 2018
1176:from the original on 26 December 2018
1005:Tombstone of Titus Calidius Severus,
7:
1639:"Roman 'gladiator school' recreated"
969:Heidentor (so-called Heathens' Gate)
933:, both Guido von List and his novel
705:Remains in Carnuntum – amphitheatre
1786:Former populated places in Austria
1637:Morgan, James (26 February 2014).
1615:. Associated Press. Archived from
799:Art Carnuntum Welttheater Festival
25:
1776:Roman towns and cities in Austria
1474:from the original on 9 April 2024
900:, on the subject. Another novel,
512:crossed the Danube at Carnuntum.
115:
1588:from the original on 16 May 2023
1128:
1062:Historical Dictionary of Austria
1033:
1018:
998:
986:
974:
962:
947:
114:
107:
34:
1781:Archaeological sites in Austria
1708:from the original on 2023-10-12
1679:from the original on 2023-10-12
1513:Gstrein, Georg (26 July 2021).
1166:"Legio XV Apollinaris – Livius"
1059:Sutter Fichtner, Paula (2009).
48:may be too short to adequately
1093:The Danube: A Cultural History
635:. Although partly restored by
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1731:Archaeological Park Carnuntum
1294:"Legio XIIII Gemina – Livius"
684:Excavations in the garden of
568:reaching their maximum size.
18:Archaeological Park Carnuntum
1831:Populated places in Pannonia
1264:"Legio VII Gemina – Livius"
599:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
321:) in the campaigns against
1847:
1791:Geography of Lower Austria
1358:Cambridge University Press
261:) and headquarters of the
224:Plan of legionary fortress
1460:10.1007/s10950-006-9032-0
1419:Mazzarino, Santo (1973).
1325:The Great Age of Pannonia
1238:"Legio X Gemina - Livius"
755:
582:
555:, who had been murdered.
517:
102:
82:
1090:Beattie, Andrew (2010).
541:, and wrote part of his
1327:. Budapest. p. 14.
1151:Encyclopædia Britannica
1098:Oxford University Press
609:, with his co-emperors
607:Conference of Carnuntum
601:, the Emperor emeritus
1069:. p. 54&–55.
954:The palace ruins near
870:
835:
797:
774:
726:
706:
661:
656:
574:
564:
527:
508:; the main arm of the
487:
476:
457:
447:
432:
422:
400:
393:
342:
331:
315:
255:
225:
194:
91:
1756:374 disestablishments
1440:Journal of Seismology
1212:. Milan. p. 495.
1040:Reconstructed Thermae
875:Bad Deutsch-Altenburg
868:
849:structure from motion
772:
704:
653:
290:Bad Deutsch-Altenburg
223:
174:48.11333°N 16.86139°E
1801:Archaeological parks
414:Trajan's Dacian Wars
123:Shown within Austria
1806:Roman amphitheatres
1558:on 14 December 2021
1452:2006JSeis..10..479D
1323:Fitz, Jenő (1982).
843:Ludus Magnus school
711:Petronell-Carnuntum
645:Barbarian Invasions
597:In 308, during the
496:History of the city
462:, newly founded by
286:Petronell-Carnuntum
170: /
79:
1584:. 26 August 2021.
1027:Jupiter Dolichenus
1025:Statue of the god
871:
869:Museum Carnuntinum
861:Museum Carnuntinum
816:Constantina Bordin
775:
707:
691:Museum Carnuntinum
662:
226:
179:48.11333; 16.86139
1244:on 20 August 2016
717:, and Heidentor.
549:Septimius Severus
523:Pannonia Superior
521:, the capital of
267:Pannonia Superior
218:
217:
147:Pannonia Superior
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1838:
1746:6 establishments
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:. Archived from
1544:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:The Roman Empire
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1056:
1037:
1022:
1011:Fifteenth Legion
1002:
990:
978:
966:
951:
908:Harry Turtledove
840:
829:Gladiator school
760:
759:
731:
686:Petronell Castle
659:
593:
592:
579:
567:
532:
525:, it was made a
520:
519:
518:Aelium Carnuntum
490:
479:
460:
450:
435:
425:
403:
396:
367:). According to
345:
334:
320:
301:Military history
276:halfway between
199:
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
118:
117:
111:
96:
87:
80:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1519:Hephaestus Wien
1512:
1511:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:. p. 273.
1351:
1350:
1346:
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1317:
1307:
1305:
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1214:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1144:, ed. (1911). "
1140:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1100:. p. 109.
1089:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1067:Scarecrow Press
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1003:
994:
991:
982:
979:
970:
967:
958:
952:
943:
929:'s crime novel
916:Marcus Aurelius
887:
863:
831:
825:
808:classical drama
787:
767:
746:
699:
667:
572:elevated it to
560:Severan dynasty
535:Marcus Aurelius
498:
485:Legio XIV
481:
452:
427:
336:
303:
298:
263:Pannonian fleet
248:Roman legionary
178:
176:
172:
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157:
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127:
126:
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43:This article's
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1725:External links
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1607:Jahn, George.
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1446:(4): 479–495.
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894:Guido von List
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750:Constantius II
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681:near Petronell
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52:the key points
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1619:on 2024-04-09
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1521:(in German).
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1138:
1137:public domain
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1120:
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1107:9780199768356
1103:
1099:
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213:Roman Empire
63:
47:
45:lead section
1653:27 December
1562:14 December
1529:14 December
1409:, II, 10, 4
1407:New History
1308:27 December
1278:27 December
1198:, XII, 29.2
1180:27 December
912:Judith Tarr
657:Apollinaris
544:Meditations
410:Apollinaris
343:Apollinaris
332:Apollinaris
177: /
153:Coordinates
1740:Categories
1712:2014-11-17
1683:2014-11-19
1623:2019-11-17
1548:"About us"
1496:, XXX, 5.2
1492:Ammianus,
1478:12 October
1392:3110049716
1367:0521072336
1298:Livius.org
1268:Livius.org
1170:Livius.org
1046:References
885:In fiction
779:gladiators
603:Diocletian
589:Regalianus
580:status as
539:Marcomanni
529:municipium
510:Amber Road
474:Legio XIV
455:Legio VII
445:Legio VII
389:Marcomanni
325:(Marbod).
323:Maroboduus
282:Bratislava
250:fortress (
231:(from
165:16°51′41″E
66:April 2018
1468:1573-157X
1405:Zosimus,
1333:cite book
1248:20 August
1218:cite book
1194:Tacitus,
1146:Carnuntum
1007:centurion
956:Petronell
935:Carnuntum
898:Carnuntum
757:Heidentor
744:Heidentor
675:Heidentor
641:Vindobona
619:tetrarchy
585:Gallienus
570:Caracalla
468:Vespasian
377:auxiliary
353:Vindobona
340:Legio XV
329:Legio XV
240:(Carnous)
229:Carnuntum
162:48°6′48″N
138:, Austria
78:Carnuntum
50:summarize
1821:Tiberius
1706:Archived
1677:Archived
1647:Archived
1613:NBC News
1586:Archived
1523:Archived
1472:Archived
1302:Archived
1272:Archived
1174:Archived
890:Völkisch
765:Fortress
673:Museum,
615:Galerius
611:Maximian
553:Pertinax
420:Legio X
381:Germanic
373:Claudius
361:Brigetio
311:Tiberius
307:Augustus
259:legionis
246:) was a
132:Location
1643:Bbc.com
1592:11 July
1494:Stories
1448:Bibcode
1139::
1009:of the
941:Gallery
892:author
785:Culture
633:Iazyges
565:canabae
558:In the
394:castrum
369:Tacitus
365:Ó-Szőny
317:castrum
296:History
244:Ptolemy
238:Καρνοῦς
209:Periods
204:History
196:Castrum
93:canabae
1582:NÖN.at
1466:
1389:
1364:
1196:Annals
1133:
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879:Danube
794:German
576:colony
488:Gemina
477:Gemina
458:Gemina
448:Gemina
433:Gemina
423:Gemina
357:Vienna
349:Danube
278:Vienna
257:castra
143:Region
1826:Quadi
906:, by
851:(SfM)
837:ludus
728:forum
665:Today
629:Quadi
506:Italy
502:amber
464:Galba
439:Galba
385:Quadi
359:) to
355:(now
351:from
252:Latin
235:
1655:2018
1594:2023
1564:2021
1552:Home
1531:2021
1480:2023
1464:ISSN
1387:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1339:link
1310:2018
1280:2018
1250:2016
1224:link
1182:2018
1102:ISBN
1071:ISBN
910:and
724:The
677:and
631:and
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