28:
163:
243:
214:
496:, they would have had to use other skillsets that countered the speed of these animals. One such option is to ambush or surround or entrap animals, or to herd them into traps or over cliffs. Another is to use the superior persistence and stamina of humans to exhaust prey in some extended chase, until their prey was immobilised by exhaustion, where it could then be easily killed with hunting weapons.
239:, scientists have come to the conclusion that Mungo Lady is around 40,000-42,000 years old and is one of the most anatomically modern human fossils in the world. A reason for Mungo Lady's importance to the field of anthropology is because she is one of the oldest examples of cremation by humans in the world, thus signifying the inception of the earliest forms of human tradition and cultural beliefs.
577:, including points, perforators, blades and microblade that were probably hafted as barbs in which these tools indicate a selective hunting method. Although these stone artifacts seem to suggest the possibilities that these individuals use them, archaeologists are unable to establish which human species manufactured them since similar flakes tools and the remains of juvenile
344:(c. 500 Ka) the four pieces of the fragmented skull are believed to be the right "frontal region of a calvaria with a very thick tabula externa, a thick dipole and very thin tabula interna" (Marwick 2009:54). However, this evidence is still debated by scholars and no research has been conducted regarding the age of the piece and the fauna that comes with it.
436:. suggested that the evidence found between Southeast Asia and India illustrate a different set of understanding. For instance, in Southeast Asia, the finding of the human remains is flourishing and well-studied, but the lack of stone tools and human occupation. While in Indian sites there were discoveries of a number of
183:
Regarding the "Out of Africa" theory, archaic humans must have had to migrate through modern day Egypt into the Middle East and from there travel through
Central Asia into China to get to Southeast Asia. This migration of archaic humans must have had to take place around 50,000-70,000 years ago. Some
566:
Apart from the remains, archaeologists also found stone (bifacial small core) or fleck tools in the same section of the individuals at least 32 of them and other 5,500 flakes per cubic meter on another section nearby. In addition, there is also a formal component found only with evidence of juvenile
209:
which migrated out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago which is supported by the Dali Man found by Liu
Shuntang in 1978 in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, China. Although the dating of the fossil yields unclear answers as to the age of the fossil, scientists estimate it to be around 20,000-260,000
101:
Most scholars who work in
Southeast Asia attempt to establish the possible route through which early humans would migrate passing through the region after they migrated out of Africa. The evidence also indicates the migration route and settlement location along the routes that might have taken place
253:
For Mungo Lady's ancestors to get to the continent of
Australia however, would have been very difficult. Around 50,000-70,000 years ago, in line with the "Out of Africa" theory, archaic humans must have had to migrate through the Northern Indonesian Islands, into New Guinea and then into Australia.
1408:
Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Bird, Michael; Daly, Patrick; Datan, Ipoi; Dykes, Alan; Farr, Lucy; Gilbertson, David; Harrisson, Barbara (2007-03-01). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical
Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)".
130:
advantages like the mountainous western flank of the Chao Phraya Basin, are likely to benefit the hominin habitats. Those advantages are “environmental mosaics with varied food resources and abundant water supplies, combined with physical features offering protection from the weather and providing
157:
From the coast of South Asia and the west part of mainland
Southeast Asia, they went down to the Gulf of Thailand, in which this route is supported by the coastline that many scholars believe that this route is a possible route for the migration from Africa. This route seems to depict the major
319:
in Flores, and until the early anatomically modern human in Laos. Furthermore, the faunal remains that were found within the region indicate the possible exchange between the
Indochinese and Sundaic faunal in which the assemblages from this intermediate zone might yield the hominid specimen.
282:
biogeographical region; mainland
Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia. The region of mainland and island Southeast Asia has been separated into four sub-regions: The Indochinese, Sundaic, Indian, and Wallacean provinces. The Indochinese province includes northern Thailand, southern
254:
Although this may not be possible with current day geography and sea levels, 50,000-70,000 years ago, the Earth was different. Sea levels at this time were around 25-50 meters lower than modern day sea levels exposing more land and making it possible for a migration.
397:
at least 0.6 Ma. Nevertheless, some scholars argue that the dating method at both Java sites is unclear, especially the collective method of the rock and the relationships between the rock and the fossils. In fact, the remains in Java were found in more than these two sites, such as
230:
It is a well-known fact that there have been aboriginal people residing in the
Australian bush for thousands of years. Where they came from and when they came to the island continent, however, is less known. In 1968, Australian geologist Jim Bowler went to the dry lake-bed of
424:. In addition, the faunal remains that Dubois and van Koenigswald used might be overlying on the deposits of Kubuh and Pucangan Formations in which it indicates slightly younger ages from the remains of both sites. Therefore, scholars still debate the age of the
415:
Along with these fossils, there are also tools and fauna as well as other related artifacts found within the sites and other sites nearby. These artifacts could nevertheless shed light on the unresolved age of these remains. By using the absolute
175:
There are many different theories of how
Southeast Asians of today came to be. However, the two most prominent and widely accepted theories by scientists are the "Out of Africa" Model and the theory that they are direct descendants of the first
339:
that found as old as those fossils. Nevertheless, in local scale, one human fossil was found in the region of northern Thailand in 1999 by one villager in which some archaeologists suggest that it might be a fragmental piece of the skull of
914:
1754:
Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Roberts, R. G.; Sutikna, T.; Turney, C. S. M.; Westaway, K. E.; Rink, W. J.; Zhao, J.-x; van den Bergh, G. D. (2004-10-28). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
1694:
Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Roberts, R. G.; Sutikna, T.; Turney, C. S. M.; Westaway, K. E.; Rink, W. J.; Zhao, J.-x; van den Bergh, G. D. (2004-10-28). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
1348:
Morwood, M. J.; Soejono, R. P.; Roberts, R. G.; Sutikna, T.; Turney, C. S. M.; Westaway, K. E.; Rink, W. J.; Zhao, J.-x; van den Bergh, G. D. (2004-10-28). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
420:) dating method, these faunal remains implicate the age at 0.8 Ma as for Flores Island. As for Kedung site, the faunal remains indicate the 110 and 70 ka in which this record is quite well known for the turnover of the age of
499:
However, long chases would have led to dehydration because of constant movement in hot weather causing persistence hunters to lose a maximum of 10% of their body mass in water weight. Studies by scientists show that
158:
movement from Africa into this region. However, many possible sites along the coastline are difficult to locate due to the shift of the shoreline, even though the environmental setting is suitable for human habitation.
311:. These two regions are divided by the climatic, zoological, and environmental patterns in which it implicates a different set of mammals and plants. This region is of some importance in paleoanthropology, e.g.
522:, eastern Indonesia. The fossils consist of cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, and a premolar from another individual in older deposits. The species was recognized as distinct from
750:
Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura L.; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Duringer, Philippe; Westaway, Kira; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Braga, José; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Khamdalavong, Phimmasaeng (2012-09-04).
605:
and overlapping with the presence of both in the region, raising the possibility that these species might have lived alongside each other before modern humans fully colonized the region later on.
476:
fossils. The research and analyses (tools, deposits, and faunal analyses) above thus suggests that the Javanese fossils are to be placed in the Middle Pleistocene or approximately 1.66 – 0.7 Ma.
472:
might migrate out of Africa even before the Acheulean type of tools were developed. However, the stone tools found in the Java region are difficult for establishing the age that can link to the
1099:
450:
The tools that were found within the Java sites are quite different from the Acheulean type that are found in Africa and Europe in which this type of stone tools implicates the
385:. suggest that the result from both sites indicates the age of the fossils is dated back to c. 1.81-1.82 Ma or Early Pleistocene. This date was older than the fossils of the
1831:
184:
evidence of archaic humans settling and migrating throughout Asia from Africa can be proven with the skulls found in the Upper Cave in Zhoukoudian, China. Since the
1304:
in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special attention to handaxe-like tools".
1192:
in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special attention to handaxe-like tools".
869:
in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special attention to handaxe-like tools".
827:
in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special attention to handaxe-like tools".
1933:
1873:
1621:
Falk, Dean; Hildebolt, Charles; Smith, Kirk; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Brown, Peter; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wayhu; Brunsden, Barry (2005-04-08).
1452:
Moore, Mark W.; Brumm, Adam (2007-01-01). "Stone artifacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia: New insights from Flores, eastern Indonesia".
2013:
1948:
1923:
1897:
629:
585:
should not be underestimated. In addition, all evidence suggests another possibility of this species that they were able to migrate across the
381:. are the first scholars who attempted to analyze the age of these fossils by using the Ar/Ar dating of volcanic rock from both sites. Swisher
447:
s activity and environment are yet ambiguity in the region regarding the technology and development of the tools and the relation to fossils.
68:
1824:
2035:
275:, Indonesia, this discovery has introduced many new theoretical approaches to human evolution in the region and on the global scales.
331:
Since the discovery of archaic human fossils by Dubois and van Koenigswald during the late 1800s and early 1900s which identified as
2008:
1943:
1892:
1123:
1262:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
1227:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
1148:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
1047:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
1009:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
971:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
377:
sites are the oldest evidence found within the region, the date of these fossils—implicated by Dubois—is still ambiguous. Swisher
536:. It has been suggested that the brain volume of these individuals was approximately around 400 cm, similar to the African
1817:
593:
province in which according to geographical setting it was difficult to do. Nevertheless, scholars seem to agree that this
1973:
1953:
1883:
704:
Bellwood, Peter (1987-06-01). "The prehistory of Island Southeast Asia: A multidisciplinary review of recent research".
85:
146:
fossils found in mainland and island East and Southeast Asia. Although this model excluded the recent findings of the
581:
and Komodo dragon are also found at the Soa Basin sites nearby as well. Despite this fact, the cognitive ability of
624:
614:
538:
440:
stone tools, Southeast Asian sites lack those remains. For this reason, to established and reconstructed the early
19:
143:
2040:
1988:
1496:
663:
27:
468:. (1994) also suggest that these tools developed separately from the Acheulean types and might indicate that
1998:
1993:
1938:
555:
362:
162:
79:
1918:
1840:
213:
1497:"The geoarchaeology of hominin dispersals to and from tropical Southeast Asia: A review and prognosis"
664:"The geoarchaeology of hominin dispersals to and from tropical Southeast Asia: A review and prognosis"
1764:
1704:
1637:
1508:
1461:
1418:
1358:
1313:
1271:
1236:
1201:
1157:
1056:
1018:
980:
926:
878:
836:
764:
675:
485:
242:
166:
Migration route thought to be used by archaic humans coming out of Africa and into Southeast Asia.
1909:
1796:
1736:
1669:
1560:
1390:
729:
236:
460:
culture. Thus, the tools that are found in Java might suggest a different set of the culture of
913:
III, C.C. Swisher; Curtis, G.H.; Jacob, T.; Getty, A.G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994-02-25).
1983:
1964:
1928:
1864:
1788:
1780:
1728:
1720:
1661:
1653:
1605:
1578:
1477:
1434:
1382:
1374:
942:
800:
782:
721:
532:
119:
1772:
1712:
1645:
1550:
1516:
1469:
1426:
1366:
1321:
1279:
1244:
1209:
1165:
1064:
1026:
988:
934:
886:
844:
790:
772:
713:
683:
619:
409:
123:
103:
1308:. 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment.
1196:. 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment.
1083:
873:. 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment.
831:. 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment.
634:
126:
in which this route is supported by the faunal remains found in north Asia and Indonesia.
52:
546:
remains were dated to only 38 ka – 18 ka ago (Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene), using
504:
could persistence hunt for a maximum of 5 hours before they would become too dehydrated.
1768:
1708:
1641:
1512:
1465:
1422:
1362:
1317:
1275:
1240:
1205:
1161:
1060:
1022:
984:
930:
882:
840:
768:
679:
1978:
795:
752:
404:
48:
36:
1622:
1325:
1213:
890:
848:
271:
In 2003 since the archaeologists found another archaic human species on the island of
2029:
2003:
733:
574:
530:
on the basis of anatomical differences (including much smaller body size), and named
456:
390:
194:
64:
40:
1673:
367:
While at Sangiran, van Koenigswald discovered at least 40 fossils and named them as
235:
and discovered the remains of Mungo Lady. After studies were done on the remains of
89:
by van Koenigswald. They were dated to c. 1.88 and 1.66 Ma, as suggested by Swisher
1800:
1740:
1394:
586:
551:
369:
268:
in Java, Indonesia, and had plugged the Southeast Asian region into the spotlight.
264:
198:), scientists generally agree that it had ultimately originated from Africa, since
73:
1473:
1430:
1283:
1248:
1169:
1068:
1030:
992:
1878:
547:
417:
356:, Dubois found the skull (cranial part), tooth and thighbone of one individual (
218:
205:
Furthermore, many scientists believe modern Southeast Asian humans descend from
185:
139:
1555:
1538:
1520:
687:
247:
232:
127:
1784:
1724:
1657:
1378:
786:
725:
1649:
938:
777:
642:
590:
515:
437:
296:
278:
Southeast Asia is separated into two main subregions following the previous
60:
44:
1792:
1732:
1665:
1609:
1481:
1438:
1386:
804:
946:
1809:
569:
429:
399:
394:
374:
357:
300:
292:
279:
115:
107:
55:. One of many pieces of evidence is of the early human found in central
1776:
1716:
1564:
1370:
1849:
717:
304:
288:
135:
1604:
Dehydration and persistence hunting in Homo erectus - PubMed (nih.gov)
1503:. Geoarchaeology in the Humid Tropics: Practice, Problems, Prospects.
519:
353:
308:
272:
284:
241:
212:
161:
26:
1539:"Some remarks upon: Fossil man from Java, his age, and his tools"
1854:
151:
56:
1813:
262:
It was not until the late 1800s that Dubois found the skull of
1124:"Study finds most likely route of first humans into Australia"
753:"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka"
1266:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
1231:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
1152:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
1051:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
1013:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
975:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
51:, where the migration of multiple early humans has occurred
110:. There are three possible routes suggested by scholars;
150:
tooth found in Thailand and Vietnam and the remains in
915:"Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia"
43:
remains that could be found due to the pathway between
97:
Three possible migration routes through Southeast Asia
558:(ESR) methods on sediments and associated artifacts.
488:
has been suggested as an important hunting tactic of
373:. Although the fossils that were found in Trinil and
171:
Theories of archaic human migration to Southeast Asia
210:years old from uranium-series dating.
1963:
1908:
1863:
39:is considered a possible place for the evidence of
699:
697:
154:, this new evidence seems to support this route.
757:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
335:, there is a small number of later evidence of
1825:
639: – Archaic human from Luzon, Philippines
8:
1543:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1042:
1040:
258:Archaeological discoveries in Southeast Asia
1100:"National Museum of Australia - Mungo Lady"
514:In 2003 another human species was found at
464:between African and Asian regions. Swisher
131:tactical advantages in the pursuit of prey”
1832:
1818:
1810:
1554:
794:
776:
67:, and later in 1937 at Sangiran site by
654:
71:. These skull and fossil materials are
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1532:
1530:
630:Recent African origin of modern humans
492:. Since most animals were faster than
142:region. This route is supported by 86
1623:"The Brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis"
1600:
1598:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1295:
1293:
1183:
1181:
1179:
745:
743:
299:province includes southern Thailand,
7:
1004:
1002:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
860:
858:
818:
816:
814:
597:represent a species different from
14:
1537:BARTSTRA, GERT-JAN (1983-01-01).
1501:Journal of Archaeological Science
668:Journal of Archaeological Science
226:First archaic humans in Australia
93:. by analysis of volcanic rocks.
1300:Corvinus, Gudrun (2004-01-01). "
1188:Corvinus, Gudrun (2004-01-01). "
865:Corvinus, Gudrun (2004-01-01). "
823:Corvinus, Gudrun (2004-01-01). "
22:for anatomically modern humans.
1495:Morley, Mike W. (2017-01-01).
1098:National Museum of Australia.
1:
1326:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00124-1
1214:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00124-1
891:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00124-1
849:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00124-1
1474:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.002
1431:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011
1284:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
1249:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
1170:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
1069:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
1031:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
993:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
370:Meganthropus palaeojavanicus
86:Meganthropus palaeojavanicus
63:in the late 19th century by
706:Journal of World Prehistory
645: – Asian archaic human
2057:
2036:Prehistoric Southeast Asia
1989:Settlement of the Americas
1454:Journal of Human Evolution
1411:Journal of Human Evolution
625:Prehistoric Southeast Asia
615:Peopling of Southeast Asia
539:Australopithecus afarensis
20:Peopling of Southeast Asia
1847:
1556:10.1163/22134379-90003436
1521:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.009
688:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.009
144:anatomically modern human
1999:Western hunter-gatherers
1583:carrier.biology.utah.edu
1306:Quaternary International
1264:Quaternary International
1229:Quaternary International
1194:Quaternary International
1150:Quaternary International
1049:Quaternary International
1011:Quaternary International
973:Quaternary International
871:Quaternary International
829:Quaternary International
662:Morley, Mike W. (2017).
1994:Ancient North Eurasians
1650:10.1126/science.1109727
939:10.1126/science.8108729
778:10.1073/pnas.1208104109
556:electron spin resonance
363:Pithecanthropus erectus
202:originated from there.
80:Pithecanthropus erectus
31:A map of Southeast Asia
1841:Early human migrations
250:
222:
167:
138:they went down to the
114:From the northwest of
69:G.H.R. van Koenigswald
32:
1579:"Persistence running"
554:, uranium-series and
389:that were found from
245:
216:
165:
30:
360:) and naming him as
1777:10.1038/nature02956
1769:2004Natur.431.1087M
1717:10.1038/nature02956
1709:2004Natur.431.1087M
1642:2005Sci...308..242F
1513:2017JArSc..77...78M
1466:2007JHumE..52...85M
1423:2007JHumE..52..243B
1371:10.1038/nature02956
1363:2004Natur.431.1087M
1357:(7012): 1087–1091.
1318:2004QuInt.117..141C
1276:2009QuInt.202...51M
1241:2009QuInt.202...51M
1206:2004QuInt.117..141C
1162:2009QuInt.202...51M
1061:2009QuInt.202...51M
1023:2009QuInt.202...51M
985:2009QuInt.202...51M
931:1994Sci...263.1118S
925:(5150): 1118–1121.
883:2004QuInt.117..141C
841:2004QuInt.117..141C
769:2012PNAS..10914375D
763:(36): 14375–14380.
680:2017JArSc..77...78M
486:persistence hunting
480:Persistence hunting
1910:Middle Paleolithic
718:10.1007/BF00975493
251:
223:
217:The reconstructed
168:
134:From Northeastern
118:they went down to
33:
2023:
2022:
1984:Ancient Beringian
1965:Upper Paleolithic
1934:archaic admixture
1929:Coastal migration
1879:Neanderthal range
1865:Lower Paleolithic
1703:(7012): 1087–91.
1636:(5719): 242–245.
562:Hunting technique
533:Homo floresiensis
509:Homo floresiensis
484:The technique of
327:in Southeast Asia
317:Homo floresiensis
120:Chao Phraya river
2048:
1924:Out of Africa II
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1345:
1330:
1329:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1006:
997:
996:
968:
951:
950:
910:
895:
894:
862:
853:
852:
820:
809:
808:
798:
780:
747:
738:
737:
701:
692:
691:
659:
620:Prehistoric Asia
446:
124:Gulf of Thailand
104:Late Pleistocene
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2041:Human evolution
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
1959:
1958:
1904:
1903:
1874:Out of Africa I
1859:
1843:
1838:
1808:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1008:
1007:
1000:
970:
969:
954:
912:
911:
898:
864:
863:
856:
822:
821:
812:
749:
748:
741:
703:
702:
695:
661:
660:
656:
652:
636:Homo luzonensis
611:
595:H. floresiensis
583:H. floresiensis
564:
544:H. floresiensis
512:
482:
444:
350:
329:
260:
246:Dry lakebed of
228:
173:
128:Topographically
99:
12:
11:
5:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Mammoth steppe
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1889:Southeast Asia
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1763:(7012): 1090.
1746:
1679:
1613:
1594:
1570:
1549:(4): 421–434.
1526:
1487:
1444:
1417:(3): 243–261.
1400:
1331:
1312:(1): 141–151.
1289:
1270:(1–2): 51–58.
1254:
1235:(1–2): 51–58.
1219:
1200:(1): 141–151.
1175:
1156:(1–2): 51–58.
1140:
1115:
1104:www.nma.gov.au
1090:
1082:Brown, Peter,
1074:
1055:(1–2): 51–58.
1036:
1017:(1–2): 51–58.
998:
979:(1–2): 51–58.
952:
896:
877:(1): 141–151.
854:
835:(1): 141–151.
810:
739:
712:(2): 171–224.
693:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
640:
632:
627:
622:
617:
610:
607:
563:
560:
511:
506:
481:
478:
405:Homo soloensis
349:
346:
328:
322:
259:
256:
227:
224:
172:
169:
160:
159:
155:
132:
122:basin and the
98:
95:
83:by Dubois and
49:Southeast Asia
37:Southeast Asia
35:The region of
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Younger Dryas
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:(1): 85–102.
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
655:
649:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Komodo dragon
572:
571:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
507:
505:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:Homo ergaster
453:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
392:
391:Olduvai Gorge
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
364:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
338:
334:
326:
323:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
266:
257:
255:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
225:
220:
215:
211:
208:
203:
201:
197:
196:
195:Homo ergaster
191:
187:
181:
179:
170:
164:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
111:
109:
105:
96:
94:
92:
88:
87:
82:
81:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:Eugene Dubois
62:
58:
54:
53:out of Africa
50:
47:and mainland
46:
42:
41:archaic human
38:
29:
23:
21:
16:
15:
1888:
1853:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1700:
1696:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1573:
1546:
1542:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1354:
1350:
1309:
1305:
1302:Homo erectus
1301:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1190:Homo erectus
1189:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1130:. 2018-10-30
1127:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1052:
1048:
1014:
1010:
976:
972:
922:
918:
874:
870:
867:Homo erectus
866:
832:
828:
825:Homo erectus
824:
760:
756:
709:
705:
671:
667:
657:
635:
602:
598:
594:
587:Wallace line
582:
578:
568:
565:
552:luminescence
543:
537:
531:
527:
523:
513:
508:
502:Homo erectus
501:
498:
494:Homo erectus
493:
490:Homo erectus
489:
483:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
451:
449:
441:
433:
425:
421:
414:
403:
387:Homo erectus
386:
382:
378:
368:
361:
351:
342:Homo erectus
341:
337:Homo erectus
336:
333:Homo erectus
332:
330:
325:Homo erectus
324:
316:
313:Homo erectus
312:
307:, Java, and
291:, Laos, and
277:
270:
265:Homo erectus
263:
261:
252:
229:
207:Homo erectus
206:
204:
200:Homo erectus
199:
193:
190:Homo erectus
189:
182:
178:Homo erectus
177:
174:
147:
100:
90:
84:
78:
74:Homo erectus
72:
34:
17:
2014:Philippines
1974:LGM refugia
1949:Philippines
1898:Philippines
548:radiocarbon
542:. However,
432:. Corvinus
418:radiometric
219:Zhoukoudian
188:skull is a
186:Zhoukoudian
140:Indochinese
102:during the
2030:Categories
1858:dispersals
1588:2022-05-25
1134:2022-05-14
1109:2022-05-14
650:References
603:H. sapiens
599:H. erectus
524:H. erectus
474:H. erectus
470:H. erectus
462:H. erectus
452:H. erectus
442:H. erectus
426:H. erectus
422:H. erectus
248:Lake Mungo
237:Mungo Lady
233:Lake Mungo
180:species.
148:H. sapiens
106:and Early
1939:Australia
1785:0028-0836
1725:0028-0836
1658:0036-8075
1507:: 78–93.
1379:0028-0836
787:0027-8424
734:161958865
726:0892-7537
674:: 78–93.
643:Denisovan
591:Wallacean
589:into the
528:H sapiens
516:Liang Bua
438:Acheulean
315:in Java,
61:Indonesia
45:Australia
1793:15510146
1733:15510146
1674:43166136
1666:15749690
1610:31770677
1565:27863529
1482:17069874
1439:17161859
1387:15510146
805:22908291
609:See also
579:Stegodon
570:Stegodon
518:cave in
430:Java Man
400:Ngandong
395:Tanzania
375:Sangiran
358:Java Man
301:Malaysia
293:Cambodia
280:Oriental
116:Thailand
108:Holocene
77:, named
1850:Hominin
1801:4358548
1765:Bibcode
1741:4358548
1705:Bibcode
1638:Bibcode
1630:Science
1509:Bibcode
1462:Bibcode
1419:Bibcode
1395:4358548
1359:Bibcode
1314:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
1158:Bibcode
1057:Bibcode
1019:Bibcode
981:Bibcode
947:8108729
927:Bibcode
919:Science
879:Bibcode
837:Bibcode
796:3437904
765:Bibcode
676:Bibcode
428:fossil
348:In Java
305:Sumatra
297:Sundaic
289:Myanmar
136:Vietnam
1954:Europe
1919:Africa
1884:Europe
1799:
1791:
1783:
1757:Nature
1739:
1731:
1723:
1697:Nature
1672:
1664:
1656:
1608:
1563:
1480:
1437:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1351:Nature
945:
803:
793:
785:
732:
724:
520:Flores
410:Kedung
408:) and
354:Trinil
309:Borneo
295:. The
273:Flores
2009:Burma
1944:Burma
1893:Burma
1797:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1561:JSTOR
1391:S2CID
730:S2CID
466:et al
445:'
434:et al
383:et al
379:et al
285:China
221:skull
91:et al
1855:Homo
1852:and
1789:PMID
1781:ISSN
1729:PMID
1721:ISSN
1662:PMID
1654:ISSN
1606:PMID
1478:PMID
1435:PMID
1383:PMID
1375:ISSN
1085:Dali
943:PMID
801:PMID
783:ISSN
722:ISSN
601:and
573:and
526:and
152:Laos
57:Java
18:See
1773:doi
1761:431
1713:doi
1701:431
1646:doi
1634:308
1551:doi
1547:139
1517:doi
1470:doi
1427:doi
1367:doi
1355:431
1322:doi
1310:117
1280:doi
1268:202
1245:doi
1233:202
1210:doi
1198:117
1166:doi
1154:202
1128:ANU
1065:doi
1053:202
1027:doi
1015:202
989:doi
977:202
935:doi
923:263
887:doi
875:117
845:doi
833:117
791:PMC
773:doi
761:109
714:doi
684:doi
454:or
393:at
352:At
59:of
2032::
1795:.
1787:.
1779:.
1771:.
1759:.
1735:.
1727:.
1719:.
1711:.
1699:.
1682:^
1668:.
1660:.
1652:.
1644:.
1632:.
1628:.
1597:^
1581:.
1559:.
1545:.
1541:.
1529:^
1515:.
1505:77
1499:.
1476:.
1468:.
1458:52
1456:.
1433:.
1425:.
1415:52
1413:.
1389:.
1381:.
1373:.
1365:.
1353:.
1334:^
1320:.
1292:^
1278:.
1243:.
1208:.
1178:^
1164:.
1126:.
1102:.
1063:.
1039:^
1025:.
1001:^
987:.
955:^
941:.
933:.
921:.
917:.
899:^
885:.
857:^
843:.
813:^
799:.
789:.
781:.
771:.
759:.
755:.
742:^
728:.
720:.
708:.
696:^
682:.
672:77
670:.
666:.
550:,
412:.
303:,
287:,
1900:)
1891:(
1833:e
1826:t
1819:v
1803:.
1775::
1767::
1743:.
1715::
1707::
1676:.
1648::
1640::
1591:.
1567:.
1553::
1523:.
1519::
1511::
1484:.
1472::
1464::
1441:.
1429::
1421::
1397:.
1369::
1361::
1328:.
1324::
1316::
1286:.
1282::
1274::
1251:.
1247::
1239::
1216:.
1212::
1204::
1172:.
1168::
1160::
1137:.
1112:.
1071:.
1067::
1059::
1033:.
1029::
1021::
995:.
991::
983::
949:.
937::
929::
893:.
889::
881::
851:.
847::
839::
807:.
775::
767::
736:.
716::
710:1
690:.
686::
678::
416:(
402:(
365:.
192:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.