910:
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1106:, who ran on a platform for unification with Greece, received 8,577 votes. Even though there were 16,215 abstentions, Makarios' overwhelming victory was seen as a massive endorsement of his personal leadership and of an independent Cyprus. At his investiture, the president stated that the Cyprus problem could not be solved by force, but had to be worked out within the framework of the UN. He also said that he and his followers wanted to live peacefully in a unitary state where all citizens enjoyed equal rights. Some Cypriots opposed Makarios' conciliatory stance (and there was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in 1970).
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staying in power. The regime's failure to predict or prevent the
Turkish intervention severely weakened its legitimacy and authority. Unsupported, Sampson resigned on 23 July and the presidency passed to Glafkos Klerides. Makarios remained in London for five months; then, having succeeded in securing international recognition that his administration was the rightful government of the whole island, he returned to Cyprus and with the focus of restoring Cypriot territory. He was not successful, and Turkey has remained as an occupying power ever since, with the political, military and diplomatic status of the island unresolved.
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1171:(Greece's President since 1967) and established the Second Junta, with himself as the "invisible dictator". Grivas tried to contact the new regime in Greece in the end of 1973; but Ioannidis refused to give any immediate indication as to what his intentions in Cyprus were. On 27 January 1974, Grivas died of a heart attack, uncertain to the end of Ioannidis' plans.
1098:) commenced in 1964 and helped to soothe, but not solve, the situation. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, but ultimately failed either to reassure the Turkish Cypriots that they were safe in an independent Cyprus, or to convince the Greek Cypriots that independence was a satisfactory alternative to assimilation within a Greater Greece.
1159:. The three bishops of the Church of Cyprus demanded that he resign as president, stating that his temporal duties violated canon law. Makarios foiled the three bishops and had them defrocked in the summer of 1973. Before choosing their replacements, he increased the number of bishops to five, thereby reducing the power of individual bishops.
1190:
the initiative and challenge Athens directly. He believed that he could eliminate the junta's control of Cyprus by forcing the
Cypriot National Guard to remain loyal to himself. On 2 July 1974 he wrote to the Athens colonels a letter which demanded that all Greek officers depart from the island within 19 days. Greek Foreign Minister
1258:, while in London Makarios lobbied for the British military not to intervene as a guarantor power. The testimony of Vlachos is not supported by the confidential minutes of the meeting of Makarios and Prime Minister Wilson on 17 July 1974. According to the minutes, Makarios urged Wilson to convey to the Turkish Prime Minister,
1028:
motives for this, some arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the
Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots; others suggest that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey. By the end of 1963, intercommunal violence had broken out once again.
1370:
1174:
Meanwhile
Makarios took advantage of Grivas' demise by granting an amnesty to the dead leader's followers. He hoped and believed that with Grivas gone, EOKA-B would disappear as a guerrilla force and could be politically tamed. Numerous EOKA-B members did actually accept the amnesty's terms, but this
1151:
were Greek regulars who supported the junta, and they embraced its desire to remove him from office and achieve some degree of enosis. The veteran Grivas also continued to be a threat to the archbishop. He remained powerful and to some extent was independent of the junta that had permitted his return
1139:
to settle the Cyprus question, but it faced rejection by
Makarios. The overthrow of Makarios became the primary objective, and the junta backed Grivas toward that end. From hiding, Grivas directed terrorist attacks and propaganda assaults that shook the Makarios government, but the president remained
1027:
In response to
Makarios' proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in public office, including Vice-President Küçük, resigned; large numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved out of ethnically mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There is still dispute over the
1306:
Makarios III died of a heart attack on 3 August 1977, having experienced heart problems earlier that year, likely associated with many years of heavy smoking. Makarios' heart was removed during an autopsy, and has since been preserved in his former bedroom in the
Archbishop's Palace. He is buried in
1285:
the invasion is still known as a "peace operation", designed to protect the
Turkish Cypriot community. Although, according to the case of Cyprus v Turkey in the European Court of Human Rights, the "peace operation" amounted to armed conflict (as modern international law refrains from using the word
1189:
On 3 May 1974, Makarios sent the Greek government a letter that identified certain Greek military officers stationed in Cyprus as undermining the
Cypriot government. The Greek regime responded that it would withdraw the officers in question. In the second half of June 1974, Makarios decided to take
1123:
During the summer of 1971, tension built up between the two
Cypriot communities, and incidents became more numerous. Sometime in the late summer or early autumn, Grivas (who had attacked Makarios as a traitor in an Athens newspaper) returned secretly to the island and began to rebuild his guerrilla
1162:
As time progressed Grivas' pursuit of enosis through guerrilla tactics with the use of the EOKA-B's paramilitary organisation failed to force Makarios to follow the policy of self-determination-union with Greece and led to a period of armed civil war in Cyprus among the Greek-Cypriot community. By
1023:
to the Constitution, which would free many public offices from the ethnic restrictions agreed in London and Zurich. This, he argued, would allow the government to operate more efficiently, and bring together the communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic legal boundaries. However, the amendments
878:
in 1959 to fine-tune the plan. Makarios at first refused to accept the plan. The reversal of his self-determination or enosis stance, and his eventual agreement to sign the conditions for the independence of Cyprus, have been attributed to blackmail on behalf of the Greek and British governments.
1194:
suggested, as a compromise, that Makarios personally select the substitute officers from a roster of Greek officers; however Makarios refused this. On 11 July, Glafkos Klerides (by this stage the speaker of the Cypriot parliament) visited Makarios in an unsuccessful attempt to promote a solution.
1143:
Relations between Nicosia and Athens were so bad that the colonels of the Greek junta, recognizing that they had Makarios in a perilous position, issued an ultimatum to him. They demanded that he purge his government of ministers who had been critical of the junta. Mass demonstrations proved that
1018:
But the idea of an independent path for Cyprus had not taken root among the general public at home. There was increasing acrimony between Turkish and Greek Cypriots about the workings of the constitution, and Makarios was forced to act to salvage the machinery of state from imminent collapse. In
1289:
Sampson's presidency was short-lived, because the regime of Ioannidis in Athens collapsed only a few days after the Turkish invasion. It was noted at the time that Turkey threatened to invade Greece, and that the colonels suddenly had to concentrate on trying to defend the country, rather than
776:, opened talks on the island's future. By this stage, Makarios had become closely identified with the insurgency, and talks broke up without any agreement in early 1956. Makarios, vilified in the British press and viewed with suspicion by the British authorities, was abducted by
2178:
674:(National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), or EOKA. This was a typical independence movement of the period. Makarios undoubtedly had common political ground with EOKA and was acquainted with its leader, the Greek-Cypriot soldier and politician
925:, continued to draw up plans for Cyprus's future. By now, Makarios had accepted that enosis was not to be, and that the only outcome which could secure harmony in Cyprus was robust independence. Taking office on 16 August 1960, the day the
651:(the unification of Cyprus with Greece), and during the early part of the decade he maintained close links with the Greek government. In August 1954, partly at Makarios' instigation, Greece began to raise the question of Cyprus at the
1857:
Marios Adamides, "H Tgagiki Anametrisi kai i Prodosia tis Kyprou", 2011, Library of Congress, Washington- Shelf Location FLS2015 186850 CALL NUMBER DS54.9 .A345 2011 OVERFLOWJ34 Request in Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms
1175:
merely increased the hardliners' influence within the remainder of the movement. Ioannidis finally disclosed his aims: he imposed on the organisation a secret memorandum, by which EOKA-B would be committed to deposing Makarios.
1321:
To commemorate his life, an imposing bronze statue of Makarios was erected outside the Archbishop's Palace in Nicosia; in 2008 the statue was moved to Kykkos Monastery and replaced by a life-size marble statue of Makarios.
1223:
on 19 July, Makarios denounced the coup as an "invasion", engineered by the Greek military junta, which "violated the internal peace of Cyprus". Five hours after Makarios' address to the Security Council, the
1101:
President Makarios, seeking a fresh mandate from his constituency, announced in January 1968 that elections would be held during February. Makarios received 220,911 votes (about 96 percent), and his opponent,
2173:
1318:
outside the Archbishopric in Nicosia, 182 dignitaries from 52 countries attended while an estimated 250,000 mourners—about half the Greek Cypriot population of the island—filed past his coffin.
1615:
Makarios began to seek support among Greek Cypriots – even those in the communist party – who rejected enosis, at least for the near future, in favour of an independent, nonaligned Cyprus.
1152:
to Cyprus. While the Greek colonels were at times prepared to make a deal with Turkey about Cyprus, Grivas was ferociously opposed to any arrangement that did not lead to complete enosis.
647:
During the 1950s, Makarios embraced his dual role as Archbishop and Ethnarch with enthusiasm and became a very popular figure among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for
1206:
and was rescued by a British helicopter. He fled Cyprus when the pro-Greek forces took control of the whole of the island; at first there were false reports that he had been slain (cf.
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laws for the purpose of preventing or suppressing demonstrations in favor of union with Greece; but the archbishop defied them and continued demanding self-determination for Cyprus.
2143:
1678:
909:
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678:, but the extent of his involvement is unclear and disputed. In later life he categorically denied any involvement in the violent resistance undertaken by EOKA.
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requesting the application of the principle of self-determination to the people of Cyprus. After that, the colonial government of Cyprus enforced the anti-
1868:
859:, where he was rapturously received. Basing himself in the Greek capital, he continued to work for enosis. During the following two years he attended the
2138:
882:
A 1965 article in the Western Political Quarterly described the constitution as "wobbly", and attributed the civil conflict of 1963 to this quality.
901:, receiving two-thirds of the vote. Makarios was to become the political leader of all Cyprus as well as the communal leader of the Greek Cypriots.
659:
to be applied to Cyprus. This was viewed by advocates of enosis as likely to result in the voluntary union of Cyprus with Greece following a public
1216:, a Nicosia-based newspaper editor and parliamentarian with a long-standing commitment to enosis, was installed as president in Makarios' stead.
1878:
1116:
in Athens, and the relationship between the regime and Makarios was tense. Makarios held that the regime undermined his authority by supporting
1627:
1020:
1015:" although he had by now been rehabilitated in the British press and was affectionately nicknamed "Black Mak" on account of his clerical garb.
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with his lukewarm policy towards the West. During his stay in Belgrade, alongside the conference he also led the liturgical celebration at the
984:
1756:
1232:, Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to co-operate in order to intervene with the purpose of restoring the constitution of the island.
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the island which had become their new headquarters for the Middle East. In 1955, a pro-enosis organization was formed under the banner of
2163:
890:
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2015:
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1132:). Three new newspapers advocating enosis were also established; all of these activities were funded by the military junta in Greece.
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were seen by many Turkish Cypriots as threatening constitutional protections against domination by the majority Greek Cypriots.
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in Greece, the goal of enosis was gradually abandoned in favour of Cypriot independence. Negotiations in 1958 generated the
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2008:
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719:
610:. Like many public figures in the Greek Cypriot community in Cyprus, in the 1940s and 1950s he was an active supporter of
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35:
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The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age: The Changing Role of the Archbishop-Ethnarch, their Identities and Politics
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Makarios was released from exile after a year, although he was still forbidden to return to Cyprus. He went instead to
2188:
1353:
1144:
Makarios had the people behind him. In the end, however, Makarios bowed to Greek pressure and reshuffled the cabinet.
1163:
the end of 1973 Makarios forces had won the civil struggle and Grivas was in a desperate position. In November 1973,
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community would be persecuted in a Greek Cyprus, and that only by keeping part of the island under either British or
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1262:, "what practical measures can be taken. It is against the Turkish interests for Cyprus to become part of Greece."
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between 1960 and July 1974, with a second term between December 1974 and 1977. He was also the Archbishop of the
1573:(2023). "Film as the Memory Site of the 1961 Belgrade Conference of Non-Aligned States". In Paul Stubbs (ed.).
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national leader of Cypriots. This highly influential position put Makarios at the centre of Cypriot politics.
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became increasingly polarized between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the island.
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Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries
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Cyprus Before the United Nations: Communications, Press Statements, and Memoranda on the Cyprus Question
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330:
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937:, cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the
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1982:
1945:
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At this time the Greek junta was imploding, and the British government (led since February 1974 by
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1743:Μάριος Αδαμίδης (Marios Adamidis) (2011). Η Τραγική Αναμέτρηση και η Προδοσία της Κύπρου. (eBook)
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796:, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Seychelles. The Archbishop and his staff were flown to
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in the Cypriot Orthodox Church while sustaining an interest in academic theology; he received a
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1973:
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airport. The joint police/military plan, codenamed Operation Apollo, saw Makarios exiled to
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889:, where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot population turned out to welcome him.
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where the Cyprus question was discussed; and he worked hard to achieve union with Greece.
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540:
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where he completed his secondary education in 1936. He studied theology and law at the
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Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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The political landscape in Cyprus remained intractable. UN peacekeeping operations (
885:
On 1 March 1959, the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an unprecedented reception in
848:
sovereignty could the safety of the Turkish Cypriots be guaranteed. In this way the
1274:
1124:
organization, which became known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (
1008:
968:
568:
374:
1298:
1202:
in Nicosia at 8.15 am, when Makarios's forces were off guard. Makarios escaped to
1790:
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against his will. Mouskos adopted, as his clerical name, an old Greek given name
1765:
1147:
Another element working against Makarios was the fact that most officers of the
1041:
914:
785:
701:
53:
1512:
1135:
The junta probably would have agreed to some form of partition similar to the
926:
804:. At the Kenyan port the party were embarked in the East African Naval Vessel
660:
494:
432:
1405:
1004:
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were held on 13 December 1959, in which Makarios defeated his rival, lawyer
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759:
640:
635:
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31:
2000:
1066: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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781:
726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Crisis Ends. 3 Nations Rejoice At Cyprus Settlement, 1959/02/26 (1959)
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1497:"The First Republic of Cyprus: A Review of an Unworkable Constitution"
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was lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved towards the moderate centre of
1286:
war ) between the Greek-Cypriot population of the island and Turkey.
1203:
1198:
Four days later, Ioannidis took Makarios by surprise by organizing a
1129:
921:
After his election Makarios, together with the vice-president-elect,
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383:
606:(Μακάριος) meaning "happy, fortunate, blessed". He then returned to
1277:, despite the constitution and presidency having been restored. To
874:
as a basis for a deal on independence, and Makarios was invited to
1297:
958:
943:
908:
1716:"Makarios Assails Greek Junta, Asks U.N. for All Possible Aid".
1007:; Makarios was now being vilified in the American press as the "
1003:. This was seen in the U.S. as demonstrating a tendency towards
964:
797:
765:
In October 1955, with the security situation deteriorating, the
671:
2004:
626:
On 18 September 1950, Makarios, only 37 years old, was elected
1882:
1852:
The Friends: Britain's Post-War Secret Intelligence Operations
1035:
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in September 1961, and troubled the governments in London and
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47:
1484:. Royal Greek Embassy, Information Service. 1959. p. 43.
1307:
a tomb on Mount Throni, as per his wishes. The tomb is near
1228:
began, taking Ioannidis by surprise. Under the terms of the
975:
In March 1961, Cyprus was admitted as a member state of the
41:
For the current Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Australia, see
1889:
Your Beatitude, Mr President – interviewing Makarios 1964.
1269:
occurred on 20 July, five days after the coup. As of 2023
30:"Archbishop Makarios" redirects here. For other uses, see
630:. In this role he was not only the official head of the
832:
or partition, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of
754:
On 20 August 1955, Greece submitted a petition to the
2174:
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
1358:
1430:
Although Independent, Makarios was aligned with the
501:, statesman and politician who served as the first
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78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Greek Cypriot politician and archbishop (1913–1977)
1343:Grand Master of the Order of Orthodox Hospitallers
1339:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1250:) was facing the constitutional uncertainty of a
1167:, the hardliner nationalist brigadier, overthrew
666:However, the British government was reluctant to
571:, graduating in 1942. He took up the duties of a
535:Early life, studies and Church career (1913–1950)
1311:, where he was a novice in the 1920s and 1930s.
1239:The statue of Archbishop Makarios III near the
897:, father of future president and Makarios ally
780:officers while attempting to board a flight at
1777:
1775:
2016:
1769:, 16 November 2006. Accessed 15 October 2008.
981:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
490:; 13 August 1913 – 3 August 1977) was a
8:
1831:Burdened with Cyprus: The British Connection
1254:; moreover, according to the Greek diplomat
1032:Makarios and the Cyprus problem (1964–1977)
979:and Makarios represented the island at the
913:President Makarios during a state visit to
826:community first began to float the idea of
2023:
2009:
2001:
1898:
1704:The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus
579:scholarship to undertake further study at
539:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos was born in
320:18 September 1950 – 3 August 1977
174:
149:
2144:20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
1679:"Makarios: Cypriot Nationalism Incarnate"
1082:Learn how and when to remove this message
742:Learn how and when to remove this message
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
1337:Special class of the Grand Cross of the
1234:
259:7 December 1974 – 3 August 1977
2169:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Cyprus
2149:People educated at Pancyprian Gymnasium
1869:Text of Makarios III's famous interview
1423:
1365:
547:. In 1926, aged 13, he was admitted to
1155:In the spring of 1972, Makarios faced
985:1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
861:General Assembly of the United Nations
822:In the latter years of the 1950s, the
204:16 August 1960 – 15 July 1974
1754:"Macabre battle over Makarios' heart"
1126:Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B
792:on 9 March 1956, as a 'guest' of Sir
7:
1140:both a powerful and popular leader.
1064:adding citations to reliable sources
724:adding citations to reliable sources
76:adding citations to reliable sources
1603:"Turkey's Invasion of Greek Cyprus"
672:Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston
1677:Fitchett, Joseph (4 August 1977).
905:Primacy and presidency (1960–1963)
25:
2139:20th-century presidents of Cyprus
1453:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
590:In 1948, while still studying at
2097:
1833:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1986
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1040:
700:
461:
52:
43:Archbishop Makarios of Australia
1628:"War in the Balkans, 1991–2002"
1579:McGill-Queen's University Press
1447:; Michael, Michalis N. (2013).
1051:needs additional citations for
711:needs additional citations for
655:, arguing for the principle of
555:. At age 20 he was sent to the
63:needs additional citations for
1157:an attack from another quarter
952:greets Archbishop Makarios at
692:Cypriot intercommunal violence
527:, leading its transition from
1:
1850:Nigel West (Rupert Allason),
1658:The Main Narrative, continued
515:He is widely regarded as the
488:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos
362:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos
1894:The Makarios Legacy in Kenya
1021:proposed thirteen amendments
933:and now pursued a policy of
2154:People from Paphos District
1838:Makarios: Faith & Power
1501:Western Political Quarterly
1354:Foreign relations of Cyprus
622:Enosis and EOKA (1950–1955)
614:, the union of Cyprus with
2210:
2164:Cypriot people of the EOKA
1513:10.1177/106591296601900303
1267:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1226:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1182:
1118:paramilitary organizations
815:. The flotilla arrived in
808:, escorted by the frigate
689:
634:in Cyprus, but became the
40:
29:
2194:Expatriates in Seychelles
2095:
2038:
1989:
1980:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1826:, Alithia Publishing 1992
1470:– via Google Books.
1209:The Sydney Morning Herald
866:Under the premiership of
577:World Council of Churches
483:
469:
348:
313:
252:
197:
185:
173:
164:
2184:Boston University alumni
1789:homepage. Archived from
1663:17 February 2007 at the
1273:remains occupied by the
1185:1974 Cypriot coup d'état
1019:November 1963, Makarios
967:during a state visit to
165:
1752:Markides, Constantine.
1212:, 16 July 1974, p. 1).
1001:Serbian Orthodox Church
997:St. Michael's Cathedral
977:Commonwealth of Nations
836:or union. Advocates of
18:Archbishop Makarios III
1840:, Abelard-Schuman 1971
1815:Christopher Hitchens,
1495:Adams, T. (Sep 1966).
1316:Saint John's Cathedral
1303:
1243:
1149:Cypriot National Guard
972:
963:President Makarios in
956:
918:
891:Presidential elections
868:Constantine Karamanlis
682:Exile, escalation and
2159:Archbishops of Cyprus
2089:Nikos Christodoulides
1783:"Makarios' biography"
1685:. The Washington Post
1301:
1238:
1179:Deposition and return
1169:Georgios Papadopoulos
1120:committed to enosis.
962:
950:Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
947:
912:
690:Further information:
529:British colonial rule
2134:Presidents of Cyprus
2079:Demetris Christofias
2032:Presidents of Cyprus
1917:Archbishop of Cyprus
1885:relating to Makarios
1819:, Quartet Books 1984
1605:. GlobalSecurity.org
1581:. pp. 203–231.
1331:Grand Cordon of the
1060:improve this article
939:Non-Aligned Movement
720:improve this article
628:Archbishop of Cyprus
565:University of Athens
557:Pancyprian Gymnasium
438:University of Athens
308:Archbishop of Cyprus
72:improve this article
2074:Tassos Papadopoulos
1983:President of Cyprus
1946:President of Cyprus
1879:A series of stories
1854:, Coronet 1990 (OP)
1759:21 May 2007 at the
1683:The Washington Post
1667:The Cyprus Conflict
1230:Treaty of Guarantee
1221:UN Security Council
1165:Dimitrios Ioannidis
512:from 1950 to 1977.
503:President of Cyprus
192:President of Cyprus
2189:Exiled politicians
2084:Nicos Anastasiades
1934:Political offices
1822:Glafkos Klerides,
1549:Universal Newsreel
1531:– via JSTOR.
1314:At his funeral in
1304:
1244:
983:. He attended the
973:
957:
954:New York City Hall
919:
657:self-determination
525:Republic of Cyprus
2106:
2105:
1999:
1998:
1990:Succeeded by
1978:
1974:interim president
1953:Succeeded by
1924:Succeeded by
1902:Religious titles
1843:Ange S. Vlachos,
1730:Ange S. Vlachos,
1718:Los Angeles Times
1445:Varnava, Andrekos
1333:Order of the Nile
1092:
1091:
1084:
752:
751:
744:
594:, he was elected
581:Boston University
473:
472:
442:Boston University
290:
248:
226:
219:
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
2201:
2101:
2069:Glafcos Clerides
2064:George Vassiliou
2059:Spyros Kyprianou
2048:Glafcos Clerides
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1993:Spyros Kyprianou
1969:
1966:Glafcos Clerides
1963:Preceded by
1907:Preceded by
1899:
1845:Graduation 1974,
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1787:Kykkos Monastery
1779:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:Graduation 1974,
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1633:. Archived from
1632:
1624:
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1617:
1612:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
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1532:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1441:
1435:
1432:Democratic Party
1428:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1309:Kykkos Monastery
1283:Turkish Cypriots
1241:Kykkos Monastery
1219:Speaking to the
1192:Spyridon Tetenes
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1044:
1036:
993:Washington, D.C.
931:Cypriot politics
899:Glafkos Klerides
895:Ioannis Klerides
872:Zurich Agreement
774:Sir John Harding
747:
740:
736:
733:
727:
704:
696:
549:Kykkos Monastery
510:Church of Cyprus
485:
465:
413:Kykkos Monastery
397:
371:
369:
353:Personal details
339:
327:
318:
301:Spyros Kyprianou
297:
284:
282:Glafcos Clerides
278:
266:
257:
239:
233:
224:
217:
211:
202:
180:Makarios in 1962
178:
168:
150:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2034:
2029:
1995:
1986:
1968:
1958:
1949:
1929:
1920:
1912:
1875:, given in 1974
1865:
1829:John Reddaway,
1812:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1761:Wayback Machine
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1720:. 20 July 1974.
1715:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1665:Wayback Machine
1656:
1652:
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1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
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1589:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1536:
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1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1328:
1302:Makarios's tomb
1296:
1271:Northern Cyprus
1252:hung parliament
1187:
1181:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1045:
1034:
907:
842:Turkish Cypriot
824:Turkish Cypriot
800:and then on to
748:
737:
731:
728:
717:
705:
694:
688:
632:Orthodox Church
624:
545:Paphos District
541:Panayia village
537:
517:founding father
440:
420:Political party
399:
395:
381:
373:
367:
365:
364:
363:
337:
325:
319:
314:
295:
276:
264:
258:
253:
231:
220:
209:
203:
198:
181:
169:
166:
160:
157:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:Chrysostomos I
1925:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1873:Oriana Fallaci
1864:
1863:External links
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1836:P.N. Vanezis,
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1793:on 24 May 2008
1771:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1650:
1619:
1594:
1587:
1562:
1534:
1507:(3): 475–490.
1487:
1473:
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1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
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1356:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
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1335:
1327:
1324:
1295:
1292:
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1111:military junta
1090:
1089:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1030:
906:
903:
850:Cyprus dispute
840:felt that the
778:Special Branch
756:United Nations
750:
749:
708:
706:
699:
687:
680:
653:United Nations
623:
620:
536:
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471:
470:
467:
466:
459:
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429:
428:
421:
417:
416:
411:Mount Throni,
409:
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404:
398:(aged 63)
392:
388:
387:
379:British Cyprus
372:13 August 1913
361:
359:
355:
354:
350:
349:
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343:Chrysostomos I
340:
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328:
322:
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265:Vice President
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234:
228:
227:
212:
210:Vice President
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194:
187:
186:
183:
182:
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171:
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161:
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146:
145:
87:"Makarios III"
60:
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26:
24:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
2206:
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2100:
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2087:
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2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:Nikos Sampson
1948:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
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1867:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:My Deposition
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1734:Oceanis 2001.
1733:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1640:on 2010-11-07
1636:
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1620:
1616:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1588:9780228014652
1584:
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1576:
1572:
1571:Mila Turajlić
1566:
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1460:9781443850810
1456:
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1319:
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1300:
1293:
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1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:Bülent Ecevit
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Harold Wilson
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1214:Nikos Sampson
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1176:
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1170:
1166:
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1145:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:Takis Evdokas
1099:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:This section
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1013:Mediterranean
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
961:
955:
951:
946:
942:
940:
936:
935:non-alignment
932:
928:
924:
916:
911:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
820:
819:on 14 March.
818:
817:Port Victoria
814:
813:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:William Addis
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
763:
761:
757:
746:
743:
735:
725:
721:
715:
714:
709:This section
707:
703:
698:
697:
693:
685:
681:
679:
677:
676:George Grivas
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
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643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
585:Massachusetts
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
508:
507:autocephalous
504:
500:
496:
493:
492:Greek Cypriot
489:
481:
477:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
430:
427:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:Resting place
406:
402:
394:3 August 1977
393:
389:
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376:
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344:
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293:
288:
283:
280:
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262:
256:
251:
246:
244:
238:
237:Nikos Sampson
235:
229:
223:
216:
213:
207:
201:
196:
193:
188:
184:
177:
172:
163:
156:
155:His Beatitude
151:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2119:Makarios III
2054:Makarios III
2053:
2043:Makarios III
2042:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1944:
1939:
1915:
1851:
1847:Oceanis 2001
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1785:(in Greek).
1764:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1622:
1614:
1607:. Retrieved
1597:
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1537:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1426:
1411:Christianity
1320:
1313:
1305:
1288:
1275:Turkish Army
1264:
1256:Ange Vlachos
1245:
1218:
1207:
1197:
1188:
1173:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:Acheson Plan
1134:
1125:
1122:
1114:seized power
1108:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1069:
1058:Please help
1053:verification
1050:
1026:
1017:
974:
969:West Germany
920:
884:
881:
865:
854:
837:
833:
827:
821:
811:
805:
764:
753:
738:
729:
718:Please help
713:verification
710:
683:
665:
646:
639:
625:
603:
589:
569:World War II
538:
514:
487:
476:Makarios III
475:
474:
423:
396:(1977-08-03)
375:Pano Panayia
338:Succeeded by
315:
296:Succeeded by
286:
269:
254:
241:
232:Succeeded by
222:Rauf Denktaş
199:
159:Makarios III
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
36:Macarius III
2129:1977 deaths
2124:1913 births
1910:Makarios II
1766:Cyprus Mail
1555:22 February
1200:coup d'état
1109:In 1967, a
923:Fazıl Küçük
915:West Berlin
786:Mahe Island
686:(1955–1960)
484:Μακάριος Γ΄
331:Makarios II
326:Preceded by
277:Preceded by
225:(1973–1974)
218:(1959–1973)
215:Fazıl Küçük
167:Μακάριος Γ΄
2113:Categories
1987:1974–1977
1950:1960–1974
1921:1950–1977
1810:References
1644:2008-06-06
927:Union Flag
790:Seychelles
668:decolonise
661:referendum
523:", of the
495:archbishop
448:Profession
433:Alma mater
368:1913-08-13
98:newspapers
1940:New title
1881:from the
1609:9 October
1529:154423179
1375:Biography
1281:and some
1072:July 2020
1005:communism
812:Loch Fada
732:July 2020
458:Signature
452:Clergyman
316:In office
255:In office
200:In office
128:July 2020
2050:(acting)
1797:26 April
1757:Archived
1689:14 March
1661:Archived
1466:17 April
1399:Politics
1348:See also
989:Belgrade
806:Rosalind
770:governor
760:sedition
641:de facto
636:Ethnarch
604:Makários
521:Ethnarch
415:, Cyprus
403:, Cyprus
245:, acting
243:de facto
190:1st
32:Makarios
1434:(DIKO).
1361:Portals
1326:Honours
1096:UNFICYP
1011:of the
999:of the
971:in 1962
941:(NAM).
917:in 1962
887:Nicosia
846:Turkish
802:Mombasa
788:in the
782:Nicosia
767:British
567:during
561:Nicosia
543:in the
499:primate
486:; born
401:Nicosia
112:scholar
1858:(FLS2)
1817:Cyprus
1706:, 2011
1585:
1551:. 1959
1527:
1521:444709
1519:
1457:
1387:Cyprus
1204:Paphos
1130:EOKA B
1128:, aka
1009:Castro
948:Mayor
876:London
857:Athens
838:Taksim
834:enosis
829:Taksim
684:Taksim
649:enosis
616:Greece
612:enosis
608:Cyprus
600:Kition
596:Bishop
592:Boston
573:priest
553:novice
519:, or "
384:Cyprus
287:acting
270:Vacant
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
1871:with
1638:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1525:S2CID
1517:JSTOR
1418:Notes
1294:Death
1279:Turks
551:as a
480:Greek
382:(now
119:JSTOR
105:books
1799:2008
1691:2016
1611:2008
1583:ISBN
1557:2012
1468:2017
1455:ISBN
1265:The
965:Bonn
810:HMS
798:Aden
425:None
391:Died
358:Born
91:news
34:and
1972:as
1883:BBC
1509:doi
1062:by
987:in
722:by
598:of
583:in
559:in
74:by
2115::
1774:^
1763:.
1681:.
1613:.
1577:.
1547:.
1523:.
1515:.
1505:19
1503:.
1499:.
772:,
663:.
638:,
618:.
587:.
531:.
497:,
482::
377:,
2024:e
2017:t
2010:v
1801:.
1693:.
1647:.
1591:.
1559:.
1511::
1363::
1085:)
1079:(
1074:)
1070:(
1056:.
745:)
739:(
734:)
730:(
716:.
478:(
386:)
370:)
366:(
289:)
285:(
247:)
240:(
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
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