Thomas Cranmer - Knowledge (XXG)

546: 1533:, and Melanchthon, to come to England and to participate in an ecumenical council. The response was disappointing: Melanchthon did not respond, Bullinger stated that neither of them could leave Germany as it was riven by war between the Emperor and the Lutheran princes, and while Calvin showed some enthusiasm, he said he was unable to come. Cranmer acknowledged Calvin and replied, "Meanwhile, we will reform the English Church to the utmost of our ability and give our labour that both its doctrines and laws will be improved after the model of holy scripture." One partial manuscript of the project survived that was annotated with corrections and comments by Cranmer and Martyr. When the final version was presented to Parliament, the breach between Cranmer and Dudley was complete and the regent effectively killed the canon law bill in the House of Lords. 1067:. Henry was dismayed with Anne when they first met on 1 January 1540 but married her reluctantly on 6 January in a ceremony officiated by Cranmer. The marriage ended in disaster as Henry decided that he would request a royal divorce. This resulted in Henry being placed in an embarrassing position and Cromwell suffered the consequences. His old enemies, including the Duke of Norfolk, took advantage of the weakened Cromwell and he was arrested on 10 June. He immediately lost the support of all his friends, including Cranmer. As Cranmer had done for Anne Boleyn, he wrote a letter to the king defending the past work of Cromwell. Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was quickly annulled on 9 July by the vice-gerential synod, now led by Cranmer and Gardiner. 1142:, sometime in September 1543, the king showed Cranmer a paper summarising the accusations against him. An investigation was to be mounted and Cranmer was appointed chief investigator. Surprise raids were carried out, evidence gathered, and ringleaders identified. Typically, Cranmer put the clergymen involved in the conspiracy through immediate humiliation, but he eventually forgave them and continued to use their services. To show his trust in Cranmer, Henry gave Cranmer his ring. When the Privy Council arrested Cranmer at the end of November, the nobles were hampered by the symbol of the king's trust in him. Cranmer's victory ended with two second-rank leaders imprisoned and Germain Gardiner executed. 1650:

wrote, "I pray that God may grant that we may endure to the end!" Cranmer remained isolated in Bocardo prison for seventeen months before the trial started on 12 September 1555. Although it took place in England, the trial was under papal jurisdiction and the final verdict would come from Rome. Under interrogation, Cranmer admitted to every fact that was placed before him, but he denied any treachery, disobedience, or heresy. The trial of Latimer and Ridley started shortly after Cranmer's but their verdicts came almost immediately and they were burned at the stake on 16 October. Cranmer was taken to a tower to watch the proceedings. On 4 December, Rome decided Cranmer's fate by

1637:, to flee England, but he himself chose to stay. Reformed bishops were removed from office and conservative clergy, such as Edmund Bonner, had their old positions restored. Cranmer did not go down without a fight. When rumours spread that he authorised the use of the mass in Canterbury Cathedral, he declared them to be false and said, "All the doctrine and religion by our said sovereign lord king Edward VI is more pure and according to God's word than any that hath been used in England these thousand years." Not surprisingly, the government regarded Cranmer's declaration as tantamount to sedition. He was ordered to stand before the council in the 1749: 1693:, and participated in the mass. Cranmer's burning was postponed and, under the normal practice of canon law, he should have been absolved. Mary, however, decided that no further postponement was possible. His last recantation was issued on 18 March. It was a sign of a broken man, a sweeping confession of sin. Despite the stipulation in canon law that recanting heretics be reprieved, Mary was determined to make an example of Cranmer, arguing that "his iniquity and obstinacy was so great against God and your Grace that your clemency and mercy could have no place with him", and pressed ahead with his execution. 1591: 1557:. Impressed by his preaching, Dudley selected him as a royal chaplain and brought him south to participate in the reform projects. In a sermon before the king, Knox attacked the practice of kneeling during communion. On 27 September 1552, the Privy Council stopped the printing of the new prayer book and told Cranmer to revise it. He responded with a long letter arguing that it was for Parliament, with the royal assent, to decide any changes in the liturgy. On 22 October, the council decided to keep the liturgy as it was and to add the so-called 1309: 4504: 4490: 1521:

reformation stabilised, Cranmer formed a committee in December 1551 to restart the work. He recruited Peter Martyr to the committee and he also asked Łaski and Hooper to participate, showing his habitual ability to forgive past actions. Cranmer and Martyr realised that a successful enactment of a reformed ecclesiastical law code in England would have international significance. Cranmer planned to draw together all the reformed churches of Europe under England's leadership to counter the

832: 212: 63: 1371:. By early July, the uprising had spread to other parts in the east of England. The rebels made a number of demands including the restoration of the Six Articles, the use of Latin for the mass with only the consecrated bread given to the laity, the restoration of prayers for souls in purgatory, and the rebuilding of abbeys. Cranmer wrote a strong response to these demands to the King in which he denounced the wickedness of the rebellion. On 21 July, Cranmer commandeered 870:, the deputy supreme head of ecclesiastical affairs. He created another set of institutions that gave a clear structure to the royal supremacy. Hence, the archbishop was eclipsed by Vicegerent Cromwell in regard to the king's spiritual jurisdiction. There is no evidence that Cranmer resented his position as junior partner. Although he was an exceptional scholar, he lacked the political ability to outface even clerical opponents. Those tasks were left to Cromwell. 1502: 1040: 961:, that Henry had sought for so long. Jane died shortly after giving birth and her funeral was held on 12 November. That month Henry started to work on the Bishops' Book; his amendments were sent to Cranmer, Sampson, and others for comment. Cranmer's responses to the king were far more confrontational than his colleagues' and he wrote at much greater length. They reveal unambiguous statements supporting reformed theology such as justification by faith or 2761:, p. 316. It is unknown why Henry took so long to react to the charges against Cranmer. MacCulloch notes that it was Henry's nature to brood over the evidence against his archbishop. He also speculates that Cranmer's support of the King's Book made Henry consider whether the charges were serious. Another possibility is that in playing the situation out, Henry could observe the behaviour of the leading politicians until he was ready to intervene. 708:, the niece of Osiander's wife. He did not take her as his mistress, as was the prevailing custom with priests for whom celibacy was too rigorous. Scholars note that Cranmer had moved, however moderately at this stage, into identifying with certain Lutheran principles. This progress in his personal life was not matched in his political life as he was unable to persuade Charles, Catherine's nephew, to support the annulment of his aunt's marriage. 438:("here lies Thomas Cranmer, Esquire, who died on the 27th day of May in the year of our lord 1501, on whose soul may God look upon with mercy"). The arms of the Cranmer and Aslockton families are displayed. The figure is that of a man with flowing hair and gown and a purse on his right side. Their oldest son, John Cranmer, inherited the family estate, while Thomas and his younger brother, Edmund, were placed on the path to clerical careers. 1445:, a semi-official explanation of the eucharistic theology within the prayer book. It was the first full-length book with Cranmer's name on the title page. The preface summarises his quarrel with Rome in a well-known passage where he compared "beads, pardons, pilgrimages, and such other like popery" with weeds. Still, the roots of the weeds were transubstantiation, the corporeal real presence, and the sacrificial nature of the mass. 1658: 1677:, he debated the issues of papal supremacy and purgatory. In his first four recantations, produced between the end of January and mid-February, Cranmer submitted himself to the authority of the king and queen and recognised the Pope as head of the Church. On 14 February 1556, he was degraded from holy orders and returned to Bocardo. He had conceded very little and Edmund Bonner was not satisfied with these admissions. 619: 1697: 392: 1582:

this to the council, but the authorities noted that the articles were developed during the Convocation (hence evading giving a direct answer). The council gave Cranmer the unhappy task of requiring the bishops to subscribe to the articles, many of whom opposed them and pointed out the anomaly of the title page. While Cranmer was carrying out this duty, events unfolded that rendered the subscriptions futile.

4701: 1421: 5108: 1872: 1024:. They affirmed the conservative interpretation of doctrines such as the real presence, clerical celibacy, and the necessity of auricular confession, the private confession of sins to a priest. As the Act of the Six Articles neared passage in Parliament, Cranmer moved his wife and children out of England to safety. Up until this time, the family was kept quietly hidden, most likely in 1886: 991:, had died earlier in the year. The king chose as his replacement Cranmer's conservative rival, Cuthbert Tunstall, who was told to stay near Henry to give advice. On 5 August, when the German delegates sent a letter to the king regarding three items that particularly worried them (compulsory clerical celibacy, the withholding of the chalice from the laity, and the maintenance of 4585: 1230: 1146: 1009:

Cromwell wrote a letter to the king in support of the new Lutheran mission. The king had begun to change his stance and concentrated on wooing conservative opinion in England rather than reaching out to the Lutherans. On 28 April 1539, Parliament met for the first time in three years. Cranmer was present, but Cromwell was unable to attend due to ill health. On 5 May the

1626:. Cranmer tried to speak to Edward alone, but he was refused and his audience with Edward occurred in the presence of the councillors. Edward told him that he supported what he had written in his will. Cranmer's decision to support Jane must have occurred before 19 June, when royal orders were sent to convene the Convocation for the recognition of the new succession. 1120:. The articles were delivered to the Council in London and were probably read on 22 April 1543. The king most likely saw the articles against Cranmer that night. The archbishop appeared unaware that an attack on his person was made. His commissioners in Lambeth dealt specifically with Turner's case where he was acquitted, much to the fury of the conservatives. 769: 601:, joined him. The three discussed the annulment issue and Cranmer suggested putting aside the legal case in Rome in favour of a general canvassing of opinions from university theologians throughout Europe. Henry showed much interest in the idea when Gardiner and Foxe presented him with this plan. It is unknown whether the king or his new Lord Chancellor, 1760:

Margaret, was likely born in the 1530s and his son, Thomas, came later, probably during the reign of Edward. Around the time of Mary's accession, Cranmer's wife, Margarete, escaped to Germany, while his son was entrusted to his brother, Edmund Cranmer, who took him to the Continent. Margarete Cranmer eventually married Cranmer's favourite publisher,

942:, the most serious opposition to Henry's policies. Cromwell and Cranmer were the primary targets of the protesters' fury. Cromwell and the king worked furiously to quell the rebellion, while Cranmer kept a low profile. After it was clear that Henry's regime was safe, the government took the initiative to remedy the evident inadequacy of the 1209:. Cranmer mourned Henry's death, and it was later said that he demonstrated his grief by growing a beard. The beard was also a sign of his break with the past. Continental reformers grew beards to mark their rejection of the old Church, and this significance of clerical beards was well understood in England. On 31 January, he was among the 765:. Even while they were waiting for the bulls, Cranmer continued to work on the annulment proceedings, which required greater urgency after Anne announced her pregnancy. Henry and Anne were secretly married on 24 or 25 January 1533 in the presence of a handful of witnesses. Cranmer did not learn of the marriage until 14 days later. 1822:, and a tool of royal tyranny. For their part, some Protestant biographers appear to overlook the ways or occasions in which Cranmer betrayed his own principles. Both sides can agree in seeing Cranmer as a committed scholar whose life showed the strengths and weaknesses of a very human and often under-appreciated reformer. 1474:

Cranmer and Ridley stood their ground. This led to Hooper's imprisonment, and he eventually gave in. He was consecrated on 8 March 1551 according to the ordinal and preached before the king in his episcopal garments. Cranmer's vision of reform was maintained through careful steps under the government's authority.

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The Marian government produced a pamphlet with all six recantations plus the text of the speech Cranmer was to have made in the University Church. His subsequent withdrawal of his recantations was not mentioned, though what actually happened soon became common knowledge, undermining the effectiveness

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in Oxford to await a second trial for heresy. During this time, Cranmer was able to smuggle out a letter to Martyr, who had fled to Strasbourg, the last surviving document written in his own hand. He stated that the desperate situation of the church was proof that it would eventually be delivered and

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Although Bucer assisted in the development of the English Reformation, he was still quite concerned about the speed of its progress. Both Bucer and Fagius had noticed that the 1549 prayer book was not a remarkable step forward. However, Cranmer assured Bucer that it was only a first step and that its

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Cranmer's eucharistic views, which had already moved away from official Catholic doctrine, received another push from Continental reformers. Cranmer had been in contact with Martin Bucer since initial contacts were made with the Schmalkaldic League. Cranmer and Bucer's relationship became ever closer

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While the plot against Cranmer proceeded, the reformers were attacked on other fronts. On 20 April, the Convocation reconvened to consider revising the Bishops' Book. Cranmer presided over the sub-committees, but the conservatives were able to overturn many reforming ideas, including justification by

815:. Cranmer personally tried to persuade him to change his views without success. Although he rejected Frith's radicalism, by 1534 he clearly signalled that he had broken with Rome and that he had set a new theological course. He supported the cause of reform by gradually replacing the old guard in his 806:

It is difficult to assess how Cranmer's theological views had evolved since his Cambridge days. There is evidence that he continued to support humanism; he renewed Erasmus' pension that had previously been granted by Archbishop Warham. In June 1533, he was confronted with the difficult tasks not only

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became seriously ill and the councillors were told that he did not have long to live. In May 1553, the council sent several letters to Continental reformers assuring them that Edward's health was improving. Among the letters was one addressed to Melanchthon inviting him to come to England to take up

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were finally published in May 1553, the title page declared that the Convocation agreed upon the articles, which were published by the king's authority. This was not the case and the mistake was likely caused by miscommunications between the archbishop and the Privy Council. Cranmer complained about

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are equally obscure. As early as December 1549, the archbishop demanded that his bishops subscribe to certain doctrinal articles. In 1551, Cranmer presented a version of a statement to the bishops, but its status remained ambiguous. Cranmer did not devote much effort to developing the articles, most

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revealed to Cranmer that Catherine engaged in extramarital affairs. Cranmer gave the information to Audley and Seymour and they decided to wait until Henry's return. Afraid of angering the king, Audley and Seymour suggested that Cranmer inform Henry. Cranmer slipped a message to Henry during mass on

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under Cranmer's chairmanship. Progress on an agreement was slow partly owing to Cromwell being too busy to help expedite the proceedings and partly because the negotiating team on the English side was evenly balanced between conservatives and reformers. The talks dragged on with the Germans becoming

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was furious at this defiance, but he could not take decisive action as he was pressured by other monarchs to avoid an irreparable breach with England. On 9 July he provisionally excommunicated Henry and his advisers (who included Cranmer) unless he repudiated Anne by the end of September. Henry kept

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in Cambridge which had been vacant since the death of Martin Bucer in February 1551. Both Henry VIII and Cranmer had previously failed to convince Melanchthon to come; this time, the council made a serious effort by sending him an advance to cover his travel expenses. Cranmer sent a personal letter

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for the dead), Tunstall was able to intervene for the king and to influence the decision. The result was a thorough dismissal by the king of many of the Germans' chief concerns. Although Cranmer begged the Germans to continue with the negotiations, using the argument "to consider the many thousands

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Even after publication, the book's status remained vague because the king had not given his full support to it. In a draft letter, Henry noted that he had not read the book, but supported its printing. His attention was most likely occupied by the pregnancy of Jane Seymour and the birth of the male

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On 13 November 1553, Cranmer and four others were brought to trial for treason, found guilty, and condemned to death. Numerous witnesses testified that Cranmer had encouraged heresy and had written heretical works. Through February 1554, Jane Grey and other rebels were executed, and attention then

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in London, a designated place of worship for Continental Protestant refugees. His church's forms and practices had taken reforms much further than Cranmer would have liked. Bucer and Peter Martyr, while they sympathised with Hooper's position, supported Cranmer's arguments of timing and authority.

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was charged with treason and executed. There is no evidence that Cranmer played any part in these political games, and there were no further plots as the king's health ebbed in his final months. Cranmer performed his final duties for the king on 28 January 1547 when he gave a reformed statement of

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or the King's Book was released. Doctrinally, it was far more conservative than the Bishops' Book. On 10 May, the reformers received another blow. Parliament passed the Act for the Advancement of True Religion, which abolished "erroneous books" and restricted the reading of the Bible in English to

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in September 1548. The list of participants can be only partially reconstructed, but it is known that the members were balanced between conservatives and reformers. These meetings were followed by a debate on the Eucharist in the House of Lords which took place between 14 and 19 December. Cranmer

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was aware that he was very much admired by Henry. In early 1539, Melanchthon wrote several letters to Henry criticising his views on religion, in particular his support of clerical celibacy. By late April another delegation from the Lutheran princes arrived to build on Melanchthon's exhortations.

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informally known from the first issue as the Bishops' Book. The book was initially proposed in February 1537 in the first vicegerential synod, ordered by Cromwell, for the whole Church. Cromwell opened the proceedings, but as the synod progressed, Cranmer and Foxe took on the chairmanship and the

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in Oxford. He wrote and submitted the speech in advance and it was published after his death. At the pulpit on the day of his execution, 21 March 1556, he opened with a prayer and an exhortation to obey the king and queen, but he ended his sermon totally unexpectedly, deviating from the prepared

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As with the first prayer book, the origins and participants in its revision are obscure, but it was clear that Cranmer led the project and steered its development. It had begun as early as the end of 1549 when the Convocation of Canterbury met to discuss the matter. Late in 1550, the opinions of

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ended Seymour's Protectorship on 13 October 1549. Despite the support of religiously conservative politicians behind Dudley's coup, the reformers managed to maintain control of the new government, and the English Reformation continued to consolidate gains. Seymour was initially imprisoned in the

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and the importance of various personal actions involved in liturgical recitations and ceremonies. Hence, he narrowed the range of good works considered necessary and reinforced the importance of faith. In each parish visited, injunctions were put in place that resolved to "...eliminate any image

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Following the annulment, Cromwell was executed on 28 July. Cranmer now found himself in a politically prominent position, with no one else to shoulder the burden. Throughout the rest of Henry's reign, he clung to Henry's authority. The king had total trust in him and in return, Cranmer could not

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For the next few months, Cranmer and the king worked on establishing legal procedures on how the monarch's marriage would be judged by his most senior clergy. Several drafts of the procedures have been preserved in letters written between the two. Once procedures were agreed upon, Cranmer opened

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Cranmer's greatest concerns were the maintenance of the royal supremacy and the diffusion of reformed theology and practice. Scholars note that he is best remembered for his contribution to the realms of language and of cultural identity. His prose helped to guide the development of the English

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The original Catholic canon law that defined governance within the Church needed revision following Henry's break with Rome. Several revision attempts were made throughout Henry's reign, but these initial projects were shelved as the speed of reform outpaced the time required to revise. As the

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and was put to death on 22 January 1552. This began the breach between Cranmer and Dudley. It was aggravated during the year by the regency's gradual appropriation of ecclesiastical property. Throughout this political turmoil, Cranmer worked simultaneously on three major projects in his reform

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to leave. Cranmer immediately invited the men to England and promised they would be placed in English universities. When they arrived on 25 April, Cranmer was delighted to meet Bucer face to face after eighteen years of correspondence. He needed these scholarly men to train a new generation of

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Cranmer's family had been exiled to the Continent in 1539. It is not known exactly when they returned to England, but it was soon after the accession of Edward VI in 1547 that Cranmer publicly acknowledged their existence. Not much is known about the early years of the children. His daughter,

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on 2 May, and Cranmer was urgently summoned by Cromwell. On the very next day, Cranmer wrote a letter to the king expressing his doubts about the queen's guilt, highlighting his own esteem for Anne. After it was delivered, Cranmer was resigned to the fact that the end of Anne's marriage was

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court sessions on 10 May, inviting Henry and Catherine of Aragon to appear. Gardiner represented the king; Catherine did not appear or send a proxy. On 23 May Cranmer pronounced the judgement that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God. He even issued a threat of

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with all his false doctrine." He was pulled from the pulpit and taken to where Latimer and Ridley had been burnt six months previously. As the flames drew around him, he fulfilled his promise by placing his right hand into the heart of the fire, calling it "that unworthy hand". His

919:, and they reflected the views of the traditionalists. Two early drafts of the document have been preserved and show different teams of theologians at work. The competition between the conservatives and reformers is revealed in rival editorial corrections made by Cranmer and 1537:

Martyr and Bucer were sought on how the liturgy might be improved, and they influenced the revision significantly. The view of the spiritual presence was clarified by the use of entirely different words at the offering of the bread and the wine to the communicants. New

1439:, the liturgy for the ordination of priests. This was missing in the first prayer book and was not published until 1550. Cranmer adopted Bucer's draft and created three services for commissioning: a deacon, a priest, and a bishop. In the same year, Cranmer produced the 1713:

script. He renounced the recantations that he had written or signed with his own hand since his degradation and he stated that, in consequence, his hand would be punished by being burnt first. He then said, "And as for the Pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and

1441: 1549:, which authorised the book's use, specified that it be exclusively used from 1 November. The final version was officially published at almost the last minute, owing to Dudley's intervention. While travelling in the north of the country, he met the Scots reformer 2192:

and it is likely that Cranmer undertook the translation from Latin to English. Comparing the two language versions, MacCulloch notes that the document reveals the first indications of a change away from his humanist Catholicism towards a more radically reformist

1257:, which left England as the sole major nation that gave sanctuary to persecuted reformers. Cranmer wrote a letter to Bucer (now lost) with questions on eucharistic theology. In Bucer's reply dated 28 November 1547, he denied the human real presence and condemned 1059:, an English translation of the Bible that was first published in April 1539 under the direction of Cromwell. The preface was in the form of a sermon addressed to readers. As for Cromwell, he was delighted that his plan of a royal marriage between Henry and 665:. In mid-1531, Grynaeus took an extended visit to England to offer himself as an intermediary between the king and the Continental reformers. He struck up a friendship with Cranmer and after his return to Basel, he wrote about Cranmer to the German reformer 1680:

On 24 February, a writ was issued to the mayor of Oxford and the date of Cranmer's execution was set for 7 March. Two days after the writ was issued, a fifth statement, the first which could be called a true recantation, was issued. Cranmer repudiated all

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With the atmosphere in Cranmer's favour, he pursued quiet efforts to reform the Church, particularly the liturgy. On 27 May 1544, the first officially authorised vernacular service was published, the processional service of intercession known as the

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The setback for the reformers was short-lived. By September, Henry was displeased with the results of the Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell were back in favour. The king asked his archbishop to write a new preface for the

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On 29 January 1536, when Anne miscarried a son, the king began to reflect again on the biblical prohibitions that had haunted him during his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Shortly after the miscarriage, the king started to take an interest in

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Sometime after Cranmer took his MA, he married a woman named Joan. Although he was not yet a priest, he was obliged to give up his fellowship, resulting in losing his residence at Jesus College. To support himself and his wife, he took a job as a

1689:, fully accepted Catholic theology, including papal supremacy and transubstantiation, and stated that there was no salvation outside the Catholic Church. He announced his joy at returning to the Catholic faith, asked for and received sacramental 1337:

publicly revealed in this debate that he had abandoned the doctrine of the corporeal real presence and believed that the Eucharistic presence was only spiritual. Parliament backed the publication of the prayer book after Christmas by passing the

1244:. This book consisted of twelve homilies, four of which were written by Cranmer. His reassertion of the doctrine of justification by faith elicited a strong reaction from Gardiner. In the "Homily of Good Works annexed to Faith," Cranmer attacked 1013:

created a committee with the customary religious balance between conservatives and reformers to examine and determine doctrine. The committee was given little time to do the detailed work needed for a thorough revision. On 16 May, the

578:, to the future king. The marriage immediately raised questions about the biblical prohibition (in Leviticus 18 and 20) against marriage to a brother's wife. The couple married in 1509, and after a series of miscarriages, a daughter, 1356:. It is more problematic to determine how Cranmer worked on the book and with whom he worked. Where information about his possible helpers is lacking, he is given the credit for the editorship and the overall structure of the book. 883:

inevitable. On 16 May, he saw Anne in the Tower and heard her confession and the following day, he pronounced the marriage null and void. Two days later, Anne was executed; Cranmer was one of the few who publicly mourned her death.

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urging him to take the offer. Despite his plea, Melanchthon never made the voyage to England. While this effort to shore up the reformation was taking place, the council was working to persuade several judges to put on the throne

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where he vigorously defended the official Church line. A draft of his sermon, the only extant written sample of his preaching from his entire career, shows that he collaborated with Peter Martyr on dealing with the rebellion.

1982:, p. 13. The only authority for the date of his birth (2 July) is, according to Ridley, an anonymous biographer who wrote shortly after Cranmer's death. The biographer makes several mistakes about Cranmer's early life. 2056: 605:, explicitly approved the plan. Eventually, it was implemented, and Cranmer was requested to join the royal team in Rome to gather university opinions. Edward Foxe coordinated the research effort and the team produced the 785:

if Henry did not stay away from Catherine. Henry was now free to marry and, on 28 May, Cranmer validated Henry and Anne's marriage. On 1 June, Cranmer personally crowned and anointed Anne queen and delivered to her the

537:, to be diplomats throughout Europe, Cranmer was chosen for an embassy to the Holy Roman Emperor. His supposed participation in an earlier embassy to Spain mentioned in the older literature, has proved to be spurious. 1199:

returned to England from overseas and turned the tide against the conservatives. Two incidents tipped the balance. Gardiner was disgraced before the king when he refused to agree to exchange episcopal estates, and

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Not much is known about Cranmer's thoughts and experiences during his three decades at Cambridge. Traditionally, he has been portrayed as a humanist whose enthusiasm for biblical scholarship prepared him to adopt

586:. He gave Cardinal Wolsey the task of prosecuting his case; Wolsey began by consulting university experts. From 1527, Cranmer assisted with the annulment proceedings in addition to his duties as a Cambridge don. 1488:

Cranmer's role in politics was diminishing when, on 16 October 1551, Seymour was arrested on charges of treason. In December, Seymour was put on trial, and although acquitted of treason, he was judged guilty of

878:. By 24 April, he had commissioned Cromwell to prepare the case for a divorce. Unaware of these plans, Cranmer had continued to write letters to Cromwell on minor matters up to 22 April. Anne was sent to the 716:

While Cranmer was following Charles through Italy, he received a royal letter dated 1 October 1532 informing him that he had been appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury, following the death of archbishop

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likely owing to work on the canon law revision. He became more interested once the hope for an ecumenical council faded. By September 1552, draft versions of the articles were being worked on by Cranmer and

1195:, made one last attempt to challenge the reformers. Several reformers with links to Cranmer were targeted. Some, such as Lascelles, were burned at the stake. Powerful reform-minded nobles Edward Seymour and 3025:, pp. 443–447. MacCulloch claims that Paget supported Seymour, but according to Loades, only Smith joined with Cranmer. Loades also states that it was likely Cranmer who persuaded Seymour to surrender. 892:, the first attempt at defining the beliefs of the Henrician Church. The articles had a two-part structure. The first five articles showed the influence of the reformers by recognising only three of the 3105:, pp. 109–111 According to Loades, a felony, a lesser crime than treason in English law, included gathering men unlawfully and plotting the death of a councillor. Seymour admitted to these actions. 6457: 2190:

The Determinations of the most famous and most excellent Universities of Italy and France, that it is unlawful for a man to marry his brother's wife, that the Pope hath no power to dispense therewith

1622:, Edward's cousin and a Protestant, instead of Mary, Henry and Catherine of Aragon's daughter and a Catholic. On 17 June 1553, the king made his will, noting Jane would succeed him, contravening the 6467: 1344:

It is difficult to ascertain how much of the prayer book is Cranmer's personal composition. Generations of liturgical scholars have been able to track down the sources that he used, including the

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Under the regency of Seymour, the reformers became part of the establishment. A royal visitation of the provinces took place in August 1547, and each parish was instructed to obtain a copy of the

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Historians know nothing definite about Cranmer's early schooling. He probably attended a grammar school in his village. At 14, two years after his father's death, he was sent to the newly created

1545:, thus dissociating the elements from any physical presence. The new book removed any possibility of prayers for the dead because such prayers implied support for the doctrine of purgatory. The 3539: 1633:, were imprisoned. No action was taken against the archbishop. On 8 August, he led Edward's funeral according to the rites of the prayer book. During these months, he advised others, including 850:, he had to avoid locations where a resident conservative bishop might make an embarrassing personal challenge to his authority. In 1535, Cranmer had difficult encounters with several bishops, 287:. Under Henry's rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. He published the first officially authorised 1075:, left for his first visit to the north of England. Cranmer was left in London as a member of a council taking care of matters for the king in his absence. His colleagues were Lord Chancellor 545: 725:, who was being courted by Henry. When Cranmer's promotion became known in London, it caused great surprise as Cranmer had previously held only minor positions in the Church. Cranmer left 1772:. Whitchurch died in 1562 and Margarete married for the third time to Bartholomew Scott. She died in the 1570s. Both of Cranmer's children died without issue and his line became extinct. 1449:

initial form was temporary. By late 1550, Bucer was becoming disillusioned. Cranmer ensured he did not feel alienated and kept in close touch with him. This attention paid off during the

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By mid-July, there were serious provincial revolts in Mary's favour and support for Jane in the council fell. As Mary was proclaimed queen, Dudley, Ridley, Cheke, and Jane's father, the

6497: 1130: 974:

In 1538, the king and Cromwell arranged with Lutheran princes to have detailed discussions on forming a political and religious alliance. Henry had been seeking a new embassy from the

6407: 3387:, pp. 600–605. According to Heinze and MacCulloch, an additional corroborating account of Cranmer's execution is found in the letter of a Catholic witness with the initials J. A. 1899: 1138:

For five months, Henry took no action on the accusations against his archbishop. The conspiracy was finally revealed to Cranmer by the king himself. According to Cranmer's secretary,

823:

who followed the new thinking. He intervened in religious disputes, supporting reformers, to the disappointment of religious conservatives who desired to maintain the link with Rome.

737:

was under orders from Rome to please the English in an effort to prevent a final breach. The bulls arrived around 26 March 1533 and Cranmer was consecrated as a bishop on 30 March in

450:. It took him eight years to attain his Bachelor of Arts degree, following a curriculum of logic, classical literature, and philosophy. During this time, he began to collect medieval 1321:

As the use of English in worship services spread, the need for a complete uniform liturgy for the Church became evident. Initial meetings to start what would eventually become the

3651:

Ayris, Paul (1993a). "God's Vicegerent and Christ's Vicar: the Relationship between the Crown and the Archbishopric of Canterbury, 1533–53". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

6462: 6271: 1904: 4440: 641:, telling him "That those birds should signify unto him, that he ought to be ready, as the pelican is, to shed his blood for his young ones, brought up in the faith of Christ" 6432: 5885: 5143: 1469:

on 15 May 1550, he laid down conditions for not wearing the required vestments. He found an ally among the Continental reformers in Jan Łaski, who had become a leader of the

987:

weary despite the Archbishop's strenuous efforts. The negotiations were fatally neutralised by an appointee of the king. Cranmer's colleague, Edward Foxe, who sat on Henry's

582:, was born in 1516. By the 1520s, Henry still did not have a son to name as heir, and he took this as a sure sign of God's anger and made overtures to the Vatican about an 4769: 982:. The delegates arrived in England on 27 May 1538. After initial meetings with the king, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences were transferred to 1673:. This new environment was very different from that of his two years in prison. He was in an academic community and treated as a guest. Approached by a Dominican friar, 886:

The vicegerency brought the pace of reforms under the control of the king. A balance was instituted between the conservatives and the reformers and this was seen in the

2018:, p. 109. The arms are emblazoned, "A chevron between three cranes" (Cranmer) and "Argent, five fusils in fesse gules each charged with an escallop or" (Aslacton). 6477: 6447: 6030: 6025: 5054: 3996: 1465:. Hooper was unhappy with Cranmer's prayer book and ordinal and particularly objected to using ceremonies and vestments. When the Privy Council selected him to be the 3932:

Heinze, Rudolph W. (1993). "'I pray God to grant that I may endure to the end': A New Look at the Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

6387: 6442: 1083:, Earl of Hertford. This was Cranmer's first major piece of responsibility outside the Church. In October, while the king and queen were away, a reformer named 3509: 436:

Hic jacet Thomas Cranmer, Armiger, qui obiit vicesimo septimo die mensis Maii, anno d(omi)ni. MD centesimo primo, cui(us) a(n)i(ma)e p(ro)p(i)cietur Deus Amen

4650: 978:

since mid-1537. The Lutherans were delighted by this and they sent a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther's,

6382: 5963: 4982: 1188: 1018:

noted that the committee had not agreed on anything, and proposed that the Lords examine six doctrinal questions—which eventually formed the basis of the

6502: 1815:

is a major contribution to English literature that influenced many lives in the Anglophone world. It has guided Anglican worship for four hundred years.

3971: 6482: 5742: 3531: 1641:

on 14 September and on that day he said his final goodbye to Martyr. Cranmer was sent straight to the Tower to join Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley.

1076: 3443:, pp. 420–421. Stevenson adds that the marriage vow from the prayer book occupies a singular place in the cultural life of the English language. 3327:, pp. 584–599. Heinze and MacCulloch note that Cranmer's recantations can be deduced from two primary sources that had opposite polemical aims, 6377: 6254: 1388:. The Privy Council became divided when several dissident Councillors joined behind John Dudley to oust Seymour. Cranmer and two other Councillors, 1116:. These new articles attacked Cranmer and listed his misdeeds back to 1541. This document and the following actions were the basis of the so-called 6412: 5878: 5136: 4007:

A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783

1709: 1196: 414:, England. He was a younger son of Thomas Cranmer by his wife Agnes Hatfield. Thomas Cranmer was of modest wealth but was from a well-established 5335: 4429:"Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism" 1825:

The Church of England commemorates Thomas Cranmer as a Reformation Martyr on 21 March, the anniversary of his death, and he is remembered in the

1645:

turned to the religious leaders of the reformation. On 8 March 1554, the Privy Council ordered Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer to be transferred to

1420: 6487: 6367: 6301: 6198: 5632: 1826: 431: 1112:. They prepared articles to present to the council, but at the last moment, additional denunciations were added by Stephen Gardiner's nephew, 1046:

was the Continental reformer Henry most admired. In 1552 Cranmer invited him to participate in an ecumenical council in England. Engraving by

6422: 6372: 5945: 5757: 4340:(1993). "Treasures Old and New: A Look at Some of Thomas Cranmer's Methods of Liturgical Compilation". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). 4304: 4220: 4174: 4130: 4109: 3601: 1849: 489:). When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship. He began studying 6261: 3569: 1385: 1080: 466: 1184:, and new legislation was introduced to curb the effects of the Act of the Six Articles and the Act for the Advancement of True Religion. 1063:, the sister of a German prince was accepted by the king. In Cromwell's view, the marriage could potentially bring back contacts with the 3831:

Coleman-Norton, P. R. (1929). "The Correspondence of S. John Chrysostom (With Special Reference to His Epistles to Pope S. Innocent I)".

6472: 4727: 3909:

Hall, Basil (1993b). "Cranmer, the Eucharist, and the Foreign Divines in the Reign of Edward VI". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

1401:

Tower but was shortly released on 6 February 1550 and returned to the council. The archbishop was able to transfer his former chaplain,

1293:

preachers as well as to assist in the reform of liturgy and doctrine. Others who accepted his invitations included the Polish reformer,

6397: 6266: 6224: 5871: 5129: 4717: 1708:

Cranmer was told that he would be able to make a final recantation, but that this time it was to be in public during a service at the

1015: 948: 787: 646: 351:

and reconciled himself with the Catholic Church. While this would have customarily absolved him, Mary wanted him executed, and he was

307: 1807:, an Archbishop of Canterbury during Elizabeth's reign, Cranmer provided a shining example whose work should be upheld and extended. 458: 6120: 5330: 5161: 5084: 5059: 5013: 4499: 4417: 4376: 4353: 4327: 4285: 4197: 4085: 4055: 4036: 3945: 3922: 3899: 3876: 3807: 3784: 3687: 3664: 928: 893: 697: 2148:, p. 42. According to MacCulloch, he became convinced of this perhaps as much as two years before his passion for Anne Boleyn. 1731:

of Marian propaganda. Similarly, the Protestant party had difficulty in making use of the event, given Cranmer's recantations. The

6437: 6193: 5952: 4643: 4512: 4476: 1784: 211: 971:. His words did not convince the king. A new statement of faith was delayed until 1543 with the publication of the King's Book. 6402: 1748: 1630: 300:

When Edward came to the throne, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the

1787:. The church that she re-established represented, in effect, a snapshot of the Edwardine Church from September 1552. Thus the 6452: 4789: 4023:

Loades, David (1993). "Thomas Cranmer and John Dudley: An Uneasy Alliance, 1549–1553". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

1389: 526: 6492: 4918: 4570: 4363:

Stevenson, Kenneth W. (1993). "Cranmer's Marriage Vow: Its Place in the Tradition". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

1842: 1834: 927:. The end product had something that pleased and annoyed both sides of the debate. By 11 July, Cranmer, Cromwell, and the 681: 482: 3505: 6512: 6417: 6129: 6114: 6067: 6015: 5990: 5983: 5968: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4685: 3697:

Ayris, Paul (2001). "The Correspondence of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his English Audience 1533-54".

1788: 1753: 1614: 1590: 1483: 1322: 1201: 552:

recognised Cranmer's value in obtaining support for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Portrait by

486: 2873:, p. 279. The epistle was once widely accepted as written by Chrysostom but is now commonly regarded as a forgery. 6003: 5995: 5615: 5300: 4904: 4636: 1470: 1181: 615:, historical and theological support for the argument that the king exercised supreme jurisdiction within his realm. 6427: 5485: 4277: 3886:

Hall, Basil (1993a). "Cranmer's Relations with Erasmianism and Lutheranism". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

3776: 3293: 1686: 423: 6107: 5975: 5094: 3340: 1701: 1101: 607: 365: 4560: 1092:. An investigation revealed the truth of the marital indiscretions and Catherine was executed in February 1542. 6507: 6392: 6281: 6081: 5152: 5069: 4933: 4928: 4610: 2685:, pp. 433–440. According to Howell, several charges were brought against him but the chief one was heresy. 1857: 1595: 1402: 839: 553: 447: 241: 200: 54: 5325: 5270: 673:. Grynaeus' early contacts initiated Cranmer's eventual relationship with the Strasbourg and Swiss reformers. 1285:

support against the corporeal real presence. These documents influenced Cranmer's thoughts on the Eucharist.

5807: 5782: 5695: 5203: 5178: 5004: 4749: 4709: 4189: 4145: 3956: 1393: 1266: 1153:'s death. It was said that his beard signified his mourning of the king and his rejection of the old Church. 816: 567: 1722:

were, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. I see the heavens open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God."

1273:, who were invited to take refuge in England. Martyr also brought with him an epistle written allegedly by 1105: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6050: 5762: 5620: 5605: 5235: 5198: 5183: 5089: 4230: 1776: 1674: 1546: 1526: 1372: 1359:

The use of the new prayer book was made compulsory on 9 June 1549. This triggered a series of protests in

1338: 1160: 796: 738: 693: 662: 478: 293: 6316: 6311: 5901: 5683: 5467: 5417: 5079: 5074: 5024: 4961: 4938: 4077: 3990: 3799: 1670: 1634: 1505: 1450: 1368: 1314: 1245: 1176:

to saints, but Cranmer thoroughly reformed this aspect by providing no opportunity in the text for such

1150: 549: 332: 302: 86: 5345: 5320: 4734: 1254: 1187:

In 1546, the conservatives in a coalition including Gardiner, the Duke of Norfolk, the Lord Chancellor

1117: 4542: 4495: 1396:

initially rallied behind Seymour. After a flurry of letters passed between the two sides, a bloodless

1100:

In 1543, several conservative clergymen in Kent banded together to attack and denounce two reformers,

6362: 6357: 6291: 6061: 5752: 5732: 5429: 5374: 4912: 4841: 4804: 4739: 4690: 4680: 4667: 1838: 1623: 1609: 1466: 1454: 1424: 1218: 958: 847: 633: 629: 571: 455: 375: 41: 1799:

which were never adopted by the Church were altered in the area of eucharistic doctrine to form the

1135:

those of noble status. Reformers were examined, forced to recant, or imprisoned from May to August.

938:

In late 1536, the north of England was convulsed in a series of uprisings collectively known as the

858:, and Stephen Gardiner among others. They objected to Cranmer's power and title and argued that the 776:

secured the appointment of Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. Later portrait by an unknown artist.

62: 6249: 5787: 5448: 5361: 5112: 4923: 4779: 4722: 4368: 4345: 4319: 4095: 4065: 4028: 3937: 3914: 3891: 3868: 3679: 3656: 3483:, pp. 2–17. Null provides an overview of Cranmer scholarship and the different points of view. 1877: 1792: 1554: 1509: 1308: 1064: 1043: 1020: 1005: 975: 939: 808: 636: 575: 352: 261: 237: 2294: 1417:

took Ridley's former position. Incumbent conservatives were uprooted and replaced with reformers.

6321: 6056: 5570: 5548: 5491: 5480: 5384: 5215: 4835: 4675: 4594: 4555: 4212: 3848: 3759: 3722: 1741: 1568: 1458: 1436: 1258: 979: 762: 729:

on 19 November and arrived in England at the beginning of January. Henry personally financed the

677: 590: 498: 454:

books, which he preserved faithfully throughout his life. For his master's degree he studied the

37: 5379: 3561: 1501: 1039: 953:

co-ordination. Foxe did most of the final editing and the book was published in late September.

704:. They became good friends, and during that July Cranmer took the surprising action of marrying 1803:. Most of the exiles returned to England and resumed their careers in the Church. To some like 684:. As the emperor travelled throughout his realm, Cranmer had to follow him to his residence in 5910: 5802: 5580: 5536: 5514: 5400: 5290: 5064: 4952: 4948: 4881: 4866: 4799: 4794: 4413: 4387: 4372: 4349: 4323: 4300: 4281: 4260: 4236:

An Apology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession: With an Appendix, on the English Orders

4216: 4193: 4170: 4162: 4149: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4081: 4051: 4032: 4011: 3941: 3918: 3895: 3872: 3803: 3780: 3751: 3714: 3683: 3660: 3639: 3597: 1830: 1780: 1761: 1651: 1410: 1270: 1047: 920: 746: 721:. Cranmer was ordered to return to England. The appointment had been secured by the family of 705: 579: 315: 284: 273: 76: 1541:

noted that any bread could be used, and any bread or wine that remained could be used by the

846:

Cranmer was not immediately accepted by the bishops within his province. When he attempted a

838:

was the vicegerent acting as the main agent for the king over spiritual matters. Portrait by

6331: 6326: 6296: 6286: 5797: 5792: 5772: 5712: 5678: 5559: 5497: 5454: 5411: 5406: 5315: 4856: 4851: 4754: 4517: 3840: 3743: 3706: 3631: 1522: 1428: 1406: 1297:, but Cranmer could not convince Osiander and Melanchthon that they should come to England. 1113: 1072: 1033: 996:

of souls in England" at stake, they left on 1 October without any substantial achievements.

924: 904: 859: 831: 754: 733:

necessary for Cranmer's promotion to Canterbury. The bulls were easily acquired because the

701: 658: 594: 530: 347:. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several 279:

During Cranmer's tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, he established the first doctrinal and

6336: 6136: 6100: 6010: 5812: 5777: 5707: 5526: 5442: 5389: 5170: 4861: 4337: 4256: 3817: 1442:

Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ

1349: 1274: 1265:

of the elements. The letter was delivered to Cranmer by two Italian reformed theologians,

879: 863: 835: 782: 534: 522: 518: 411: 319: 269: 264:, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the 4551: 1236:, who had corresponded with Cranmer for many years, was forced to take refuge in England. 17: 4503: 4234: 4005: 3821: 1657: 6203: 6088: 6074: 5837: 5817: 5767: 5737: 5722: 5717: 5668: 5663: 5637: 5626: 5600: 5595: 5585: 5542: 5503: 5018: 4894: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4744: 4603: 4489: 4070: 1804: 1646: 1619: 1603: 1333: 1329: 1214: 1089: 1084: 1060: 1010: 983: 968: 851: 758: 718: 650: 112: 4428: 1735:' propaganda concentrated on publishing various specimens of his writings. Eventually 618: 355:

on 21 March 1556; on the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a

6351: 6188: 6163: 5827: 5822: 5747: 5702: 5673: 5647: 5575: 5565: 5531: 5520: 5460: 5423: 5394: 4871: 4620: 4244: 3860: 3852: 3763: 3726: 3622:

Avis, Paul (2005). "The Revision of the Ordinal in the Church of England 1550–2005".

1891: 1769: 1732: 1669:. On 11 December, he was taken out of Bocardo and placed in the house of the Dean of 1192: 1109: 988: 855: 812: 742: 514: 451: 183: 140: 122: 4249: 1696: 391: 6208: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6158: 5842: 5832: 5727: 5688: 5590: 5509: 5436: 5038: 4999: 4846: 4485: 1853: 1638: 1599: 1559: 1435:

The first result of cooperation and consultation between Cranmer and Bucer was the

1431:

Reformation and advocated more radical reforms. Portrait by Henry Bryan Hall, 1839.

1353: 1233: 1139: 888: 875: 820: 734: 676:

In January 1532, Cranmer was appointed the resident ambassador at the court of the

666: 497:, the university already having named him as one of its preachers. He received his 427: 396: 363:

for the principles of the English Reformation. Cranmer's death was immortalised in

5250: 4529: 4274:

The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment

1294: 1071:

conceal anything from the king. At the end of June 1541, Henry with his new wife,

4314:

Selwyn, D. G. (1993). "Cranmer's Library". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

4099: 3591: 1739:

put Cranmer's story to effective use in 1559, and it featured prominently in his

1498:, the revision of the prayer book, and the formation of a statement of doctrine. 5553: 5310: 5245: 5030: 4899: 4814: 4659: 4536: 3674:

Ayris, Paul (1993b). "Canon Law Studies". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

1818:

Catholic biographers sometimes depict Cranmer as an unprincipled opportunist, a

1682: 1666: 1530: 1529:. In March 1552, Cranmer invited the foremost Continental reformers, Bullinger, 1289: 1056: 1025: 992: 791: 773: 730: 722: 602: 598: 494: 419: 348: 187: 4700: 4472: 700:

was moved to Nuremberg, he met the leading architect of the Nuremberg reforms,

310:

to whom he gave refuge, he changed doctrine or discipline in areas such as the

276:, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. 6183: 5474: 5295: 5034: 4774: 4521: 3863:(1993). "Cranmer as Humanist Reformer". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). 1867: 1819: 1719: 1714: 1690: 1654:

and giving permission to the secular authorities to carry out their sentence.

1574: 1513: 1414: 1345: 1206: 1177: 1173: 908: 896: 867: 750: 685: 670: 510: 415: 327: 323: 288: 280: 245: 195: 4566: 4481: 3755: 3718: 3643: 3635: 1563:, which explained that no adoration was intended when kneeling at communion. 5863: 5610: 5260: 5240: 5220: 5121: 5107: 4809: 4759: 4153: 3336: 1871: 1791:

was basically Cranmer's 1552 edition but without the "Black Rubric". In the

1736: 1577:, his scholarly friend, commissioned to translate them into Latin. When the 1550: 1495: 1282: 1262: 1229: 1145: 963: 916: 689: 583: 407: 311: 306:, a complete liturgy for the English Church. With the assistance of several 257: 249: 158: 4015: 1462: 236:(2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a religious figure who was leader of the 4264: 1036:

to resign their dioceses given their outspoken opposition to the measure.

5369: 5285: 5275: 5265: 5230: 5188: 5008: 4579: 3796:

The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church

1665:

In his final days, Cranmer's circumstances changed, which led to several

1367:

where the English language was not yet in common usage, now known as the

1364: 1210: 1032:. The Act passed Parliament at the end of June and it forced Latimer and 626:

1544 to Thomas Cranmer by King Henry VIII, instead of his paternal arms:

506: 490: 380: 340: 265: 3747: 807:

of disciplining a reformer, but also of seeing him burned at the stake.

768: 5350: 5340: 5305: 5255: 5225: 5209: 4889: 3710: 1538: 900: 866:, the king's chief minister, to activate and to take the office of the 800: 566:

Henry VIII's first marriage arose from the death of his older brother,

462: 356: 5280: 5193: 1765: 1542: 1490: 1169: 912: 811:

was condemned to death for his views on the eucharist: he denied the

726: 470: 465:. He finished the course in three years. Shortly after receiving his 360: 344: 253: 172: 4575: 1837:. The supposed site of the burnings is marked by a paving cross in 597:

in Cambridge. Two of his Cambridge associates, Stephen Gardiner and

4186:

Thomas Cranmer's Doctrine of Repentance: Renewing the Power to Love

3844: 1764:. The couple returned to England after Mary's reign and settled in 1747: 1656: 1589: 1500: 1419: 1360: 1307: 1228: 1144: 1038: 830: 767: 654: 617: 544: 390: 4163:"Genocide and Ethnocide: The Suppression of the Cornish Language" 369:

and his legacy lives on within the Church of England through the

4764: 1029: 5867: 5125: 4632: 803:

her immediately afterwards and acted as one of her godparents.

4628: 4546: 4392:

Historical and Biographical Works: Memorials of Thomas Cranmer

1768:. Whitchurch also negotiated for the marriage of Margaret to 509:

ideas, which were spreading during the 1520s. A study of his

4122:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

3596:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. pp. 6, 16. 1205:

faith while gripping Henry's hand instead of giving him his

931:, the general assembly of the clergy, had subscribed to the 3771:

Bagchi, David V. N.; Steinmetz, David Curtis, eds. (2004).

3734:

Ayris, Paul (2002). "The Public Career of Thomas Cranmer".

1213:

of the king's final will that nominated Edward Seymour as

4458:

Emblem of Faith Untouched: A Short Life of Thomas Cranmer

1566:

The origins of the statement which eventually became the

795:

Anne as his wife and, on 7 September, Anne gave birth to

4140:

Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian Howard, eds. (2004).

1131:

A Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christian Man

1963: 1961: 1900:

Attainder of Duke of Northumberland and others Act 1553

1149:

Portrait of Cranmer painted by an unknown artist after

4209:

Italian reform and English Reformations, c.1535-c.1585

3955:

Hirst, Rev E, (Vicar of St. Paul’s Stockport) (1934).

1384:

The Prayer Book Rebellion and other events harmed the

1352:, and several Lutheran sources including Osiander and 657:, Switzerland, and a follower of the Swiss reformers, 6458:

People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar

1905:

List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation

1860:) with a "day of optional observance" on 16 October. 1249:

which had any suspicion of devotion attached to it."

6468:

People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning

5856:

indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.

4410:

Faith and Works: Cranmer and Hooker on Justification

3506:"Holy Days in the Calendar of the Church of England" 1164:. It survives today with minor modifications in the 6217: 6146: 6039: 5899: 5656: 5359: 5168: 5047: 4947: 4880: 4708: 4666: 4101:

All Things Made New: The Reformation and Its Legacy

223: 218: 206: 194: 179: 166: 151: 146: 133: 128: 118: 108: 100: 92: 82: 72: 34: 4248: 4069: 1288:In March 1549, Strasbourg forced Martin Bucer and 1225:Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547–1549) 4537:The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer (1556) 525:, selected several Cambridge scholars, including 343:Mary I, Cranmer was put on trial for treason and 4048:Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558 3113: 3111: 1253:owing to Charles V's victory over the League at 903:. The last five articles concerned the roles of 6498:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 3773:The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology 3292:. "he that endureth to the end shall be saved" 3169: 2830: 1928: 330:the new doctrines through the prayer book, the 6408:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism 2870: 712:Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532–1534) 692:and saw for the first time the effects of the 611:("The Sufficiently Abundant Collections") and 589:In mid-1529, Cranmer stayed with relatives in 5879: 5137: 4644: 1841:, where an annual remembrance is held by the 8: 6463:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 4563:from the Anglican Communion official website 4516:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3995:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 401:Argent, a chevron between three cranes azure 4552:Letter from Cranmer on Henry VIII's divorce 1586:Trials, recantations, execution (1553–1556) 1180:. Additional reformers were elected to the 418:gentry family which took its name from the 6433:English Calvinist and Reformed theologians 5886: 5872: 5864: 5144: 5130: 5122: 4651: 4637: 4629: 4590: 4502: 4488: 3452: 3440: 3424: 3412: 3396: 3384: 3368: 3352: 3324: 3308: 3285: 3261: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3185: 3157: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3090: 3074: 3062: 3034: 3022: 3006: 2970: 2938: 2926: 2898: 2886: 2858: 2842: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2706: 2694: 2670: 2654: 2642: 2614: 2598: 2574: 2558: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2422: 2410: 2358: 2346: 2322: 2306: 2278: 2250: 2230: 2202: 2185: 2173: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2105: 2089: 2077: 2031: 2015: 1952: 1932: 434:, near Aslockton is inscribed as follows: 383:statement of faith derived from his work. 210: 61: 31: 27:Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1555 3436: 2490: 1850:U.S. Episcopal Church liturgical calendar 946:. The outcome after months of debate was 688:. He passed through the Lutheran city of 628:Argent, on a chevron azure between three 3273: 2966: 2290: 1695: 1594:Stained glass window depicting Cranmer, 1525:, the Catholic Church's response to the 541:In the service of Henry VIII (1527–1532) 6478:People executed under Mary I of England 6448:Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge 4513:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4142:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3464: 2394: 2370: 2117: 1921: 1779:came to power in 1558 she restored the 1341:; it then legalised clerical marriage. 862:did not define his role. This prompted 6388:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge 6302:General Synod of the Church of England 4554:at the Center for Medieval Studies at 4299:. Stroud, England: The History Press. 4297:The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell 3988: 3562:"Martyrs' Cross, Broad Street, Oxford" 3492: 3476: 3408: 3380: 3364: 3320: 3304: 3249: 3209: 3181: 3153: 3102: 3086: 3058: 3018: 2994: 2985:, p. 189, Genocide and Ethnocide. 2954: 2942: 2922: 2854: 2770: 2718: 2682: 2666: 2638: 2626: 2610: 2586: 2570: 2554: 2542: 2502: 2450: 2438: 2398: 2382: 2334: 2318: 2274: 2262: 2246: 2234: 2214: 2169: 2101: 2073: 2043: 2027: 1979: 1967: 1948: 1936: 1506:Peter Martyr (Pietro Martire Vermigli) 432:Church of St John of Beverley, Whatton 4365:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 4342:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 4316:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 4239:(second ed.). London: Rivington. 4025:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3934:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3911:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3888:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3865:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3676:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3653:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3288:, pp. 554–555, 561–562, 572–573 3197: 2982: 2910: 2882: 2434: 2226: 2003: 1991: 7: 6443:Executed people from Nottinghamshire 4427:Wilkinson, Richard (December 2010). 4050:. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. 3977:from the original on 7 November 2018 3736:Reformation & Renaissance Review 3699:Reformation & Renaissance Review 3480: 3046: 2188:, pp. 54–59. The full title is 1783:'s independence from Rome under the 1128:. On 5 May, the new revision called 517:and an admiration for Erasmus. When 469:degree in 1515, he was elected to a 4412:. Wilton, Conn.: Morehouse-Barlow. 1745:when it was first printed in 1563. 256:. He helped build the case for the 6383:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge 4718:History of Christianity in Britain 4004:Howell, Thomas Bayly, ed. (1816). 1661:The Trial of Thomas Cranmer (1580) 1652:depriving him of the archbishopric 1478:Final reform programme (1551–1553) 949:The Institution of a Christian Man 25: 6503:16th-century Anglican theologians 6272:Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974 5162:List of archbishops of Canterbury 4500:National Portrait Gallery, London 4408:Hughes, Philip Edgecumbe (1982). 4169:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 3542:from the original on 9 March 2021 3512:from the original on 29 June 2012 1453:. This incident was initiated by 1096:Support from the King (1543–1547) 827:Under the vicegerency (1535–1538) 6483:Prisoners in the Tower of London 5953:Episcopal Church (United States) 5106: 4699: 4583: 4477:Post-Reformation Digital Library 4443:from the original on 5 June 2020 3572:from the original on 18 May 2023 3228:, pp. 503–504, 524, 536–538 3160:, pp. 500–502, 518–520, 533 1884: 1870: 1785:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 1508:greatly assisted Cranmer in the 272:, he supported the principle of 6378:16th-century Protestant martyrs 4510:"Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556)". 1461:who had recently returned from 1380:Consolidating gains (1549–1551) 645:Cranmer's first contact with a 430:to one of his relatives in the 99: 91: 6413:Critics of the Catholic Church 1202:the son of the Duke of Norfolk 513:reveals an early antipathy to 322:in places of worship, and the 1: 6488:Protestant martyrs of England 6368:16th-century Christian saints 4571:Mathematics Genealogy Project 4460:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 3329:Bishop Cranmer's Recantacyons 2941:, pp. 395–398, 405–408; 557: 6423:English Anglican theologians 6373:16th-century English bishops 6130:The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two 6115:Book of Alternative Services 6068:Directory for Public Worship 5991:Episcopal Church of Scotland 4686:Continuing Anglican movement 4530:UK public library membership 4165:. In Partridge, John (ed.). 3823:A History of Nottinghamshire 3593:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 3415:, pp. 361, 481, 609–612 2057:"Cranmer, Thomas (CRNR503T)" 1484:Book of Common Prayer (1552) 1281:, which appeared to provide 1191:, and the bishop of London, 1000:Reforms reversed (1539–1542) 593:to avoid an outbreak of the 574:, betrothed Arthur's widow, 406:Cranmer was born in 1489 at 5085:Anglicanism of the Americas 4582:(public domain audiobooks) 4496:Portraits of Thomas Cranmer 4367:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 4344:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 4318:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 4104:. Oxford University Press. 4027:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3936:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3913:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3890:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3867:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3678:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3655:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3170:Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004 2831:Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004 2061:A Cambridge Alumni Database 1929:Matthew & Harrison 2004 1852:honours him (together with 1494:programme: the revision of 1312:The title page of the 1549 1217:and welcomed the boy king, 493:, and by 1520, he had been 339:After the accession of the 283:structures of the reformed 6529: 6473:People executed for heresy 4790:Dissolution of Monasteries 4278:Cambridge University Press 3777:Cambridge University Press 2413:, pp. 98–102, 109–115 2063:. University of Cambridge. 1700:Cranmer's martyrdom, from 1481: 899:: baptism, eucharist, and 161:, Nottinghamshire, England 6398:Archbishops of Canterbury 6108:The Anglican Service Book 5976:Anglican Church of Canada 5894:Anglican liturgical books 5851: 5159: 5153:Archbishops of Canterbury 5103: 5095:Reformed Episcopal Church 4697: 4617: 4608: 4600: 4595:Anglican Communion titles 4593: 4456:Williams, Leslie (2017). 4125:. Yale University Press. 4046:Loades, David M. (2004). 4010:. London: T. C. Hansard. 3331:by an unknown author and 1754:Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford 1752:Statue of Cranmer on the 608:Collectanea Satis Copiosa 570:, in 1502. Their father, 459:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples 60: 53: 18:Archbishop Thomas Cranmer 6282:Hampton Court Conference 6082:Alternative Service Book 6031:1845 illuminated version 6026:1843 illustrated version 5941:Liturgy of Comprehension 4728:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 4611:Archbishop of Canterbury 4543:Thomas Cranmer biography 4295:Schofield, John (2008). 4119:Marshall, Peter (2017). 3636:10.1177/1744136605051929 3566:www.oxfordhistory.org.uk 1328:were held in the former 554:Hans Holbein the Younger 448:Jesus College, Cambridge 336:and other publications. 242:Archbishop of Canterbury 201:Jesus College, Cambridge 55:Archbishop of Canterbury 6438:Executed English people 5783:Archibald Campbell Tait 5113:Christianity portal 5055:Converts to Anglicanism 4750:Augustine of Canterbury 4576:Works by Thomas Cranmer 4482:Works by Thomas Cranmer 4473:Works by Thomas Cranmer 4231:Perceval, Arthur Philip 4211:. Farnham, Surrey, UK: 4190:Oxford University Press 4146:Oxford University Press 3794:Bernard, G. W. (2005). 3216:, pp. 512, 525–530 3200:, pp. 15–17, 29–31 3009:, pp. 410, 429–437 2861:, pp. 365, 369–376 2809:, pp. 327–329, 347 2673:, pp. 238, 256–274 2577:, pp. 185–196, 205 1789:Elizabethan prayer book 1437:first Edwardine Ordinal 817:ecclesiastical province 442:Early years (1489–1527) 260:of Henry's marriage to 252:and, for a short time, 170:21 March 1556 (aged 66) 6403:Christianity in Oxford 6051:Exhortation and Litany 6040:Other liturgical books 5763:Charles Manners-Sutton 5694:Episcopacy abolished ( 5090:Free Church of England 4386:Strype, John (1840) . 4272:Robinson, Ian (1998). 4207:Overell, Anne (2008). 4167:Interfaces in Language 4072:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 3341:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 1939:, p. frontispiece 1756: 1705: 1702:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 1662: 1606: 1547:Act of Uniformity 1552 1527:Protestant Reformation 1517: 1432: 1427:was influenced by the 1339:Act of Uniformity 1549 1318: 1237: 1161:Exhortation and Litany 1154: 1051: 843: 777: 663:Johannes Oecolampadius 653:, a humanist based in 642: 639:as many cinquefoils or 563: 403: 366:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 294:Exhortation and Litany 6453:Founders of religions 6317:Vestarian controversy 6312:Prayer Book Rebellion 6122:Book of Common Prayer 5902:Book of Common Prayer 5468:John of Sittingbourne 5418:Reginald Fitz Jocelin 5080:Anglican prayer beads 4962:Book of Common Prayer 4919:Lambeth Quadrilateral 4770:Medieval architecture 4691:Personal ordinariates 4539:at EnglishHistory.net 4522:10.1093/ref:odnb/6615 4184:Null, Ashley (2006). 4078:Yale University Press 3800:Yale University Press 3536:The Church of England 2425:, pp. 91–92, 133 1813:Book of Common Prayer 1751: 1699: 1660: 1593: 1504: 1482:Further information: 1451:vestments controversy 1423: 1369:Prayer Book Rebellion 1325:Book of Common Prayer 1315:Book of Common Prayer 1311: 1302:Book of Common Prayer 1279:Ad Caesarium Monachum 1232: 1166:Book of Common Prayer 1148: 1042: 1004:Continental reformer 834: 771: 621: 548: 394: 371:Book of Common Prayer 308:Continental reformers 303:Book of Common Prayer 244:during the reigns of 6493:Protestant Reformers 6292:Westminster Assembly 6255:1663 Explanation Act 5753:Frederick Cornwallis 4913:Thirty-nine Articles 4805:Apostolic succession 4681:Anglican realignment 4561:Thirty-Nine Articles 4096:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 4066:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 3957:"Archbishop Cranmer" 3439:, pp. 189–198; 3411:, pp. 148–153; 3383:, pp. 277–280; 3323:, pp. 273–276; 3307:, pp. 267–271; 3212:, pp. 336–337; 3184:, pp. 322–327; 3156:, pp. 318–321; 3089:, pp. 308–315; 3061:, pp. 322–323; 2885:, pp. 227–228; 2857:, pp. 265–270; 2721:, pp. 217–223; 2669:, pp. 195–206; 2641:, pp. 178–184; 2613:, pp. 161–165; 2573:, pp. 118–123; 2557:, pp. 115–118; 2505:, pp. 100–104; 1839:Broad Street, Oxford 1801:Thirty-Nine Articles 1726:Aftermath and legacy 1624:Third Succession Act 1467:Bishop of Gloucester 1413:. At the same time, 915:and ceremonies, and 848:canonical visitation 647:Continental reformer 376:Thirty-Nine Articles 6513:Anglican liturgists 6418:Doctors of Divinity 6267:1874 Regulation Act 5788:Edward White Benson 4780:English Reformation 4723:Celtic Christianity 4161:Mills, Jon (2010). 3833:Classical Philology 3820:(1891). "Ch VIII". 3748:10.1558/rrr.v0i4.75 2871:Coleman-Norton 1929 1878:Christianity portal 1843:Prayer Book Society 1793:Convocation of 1563 1675:Juan de Villagarcía 1553:, who was based in 1510:English Reformation 1373:St Paul's Cathedral 1065:Schmalkaldic League 1044:Philipp Melanchthon 1006:Philipp Melanchthon 976:Schmalkaldic League 940:Pilgrimage of Grace 739:St Stephen's Chapel 576:Catherine of Aragon 485:(later reformed as 426:in Lincolnshire. A 395:Cranmer's paternal 359:to Catholics and a 353:burned at the stake 326:of saints. Cranmer 262:Catherine of Aragon 238:English Reformation 6322:Millenary Petition 6225:Acts of Uniformity 6057:Edwardine Ordinals 5571:William Whittlesey 5549:Thomas Bradwardine 5492:William Chillenden 5481:Edmund of Abingdon 5385:William de Corbeil 5346:Robert of Jumièges 5321:Ælfric of Abingdon 5216:Theodore of Tarsus 4836:King James Version 4676:Anglican Communion 4556:Fordham University 4213:Ashgate Publishing 3711:10.1558/rrr.v0i3.9 3479:, pp. 11–12; 3455:, pp. 630–632 3427:, pp. 620–621 3399:, pp. 606–608 3333:Acts and Monuments 3311:, pp. 574–582 3264:, pp. 547–553 3252:, pp. 263–264 3240:, pp. 538–541 3188:, pp. 504–513 3172:, pp. 158–159 3144:, pp. 501–502 3132:, pp. 493–500 3093:, pp. 469–484 3077:, pp. 410–411 3065:, pp. 460–469 3037:, pp. 454–459 2997:, pp. 293–297 2973:, pp. 414–417 2945:, pp. 285–289 2929:, pp. 405–406 2913:, pp. 223–224 2901:, pp. 421–422 2889:, pp. 380–382 2821:, pp. 352–361 2785:, pp. 316–322 2773:, pp. 235–238 2749:, pp. 308–311 2737:, pp. 297–308 2725:, pp. 274–289 2645:, pp. 235–250 2617:, pp. 213–221 2601:, pp. 205–213 2589:, pp. 123–125 2561:, pp. 169–172 2545:, pp. 113–115 2533:, pp. 160–166 2521:, pp. 149–159 2509:, pp. 157–158 2465:, pp. 127–135 2441:, pp. 125–130 2437:, pp. 81–86; 2321:, pp. 53–58; 2309:, pp. 637–638 2277:, pp. 49–53; 2265:, pp. 116–117 2249:, pp. 39–47; 2172:, pp. 25–33; 2104:, pp. 16–20; 2030:, pp. 13–15; 1827:calendar of saints 1811:language, and the 1797:Forty-two Articles 1757: 1742:Acts and Monuments 1706: 1687:Zwinglian theology 1663: 1607: 1579:Forty-two Articles 1569:Forty-two Articles 1518: 1459:Heinrich Bullinger 1433: 1319: 1259:transubstantiation 1238: 1168:. The traditional 1155: 1118:Prebendaries' Plot 1052: 980:Friedrich Myconius 967:(faith alone) and 844: 778: 763:Bishop of St Asaph 678:Holy Roman Emperor 643: 634:vulning themselves 613:The Determinations 591:Waltham Holy Cross 564: 499:Doctor of Divinity 473:of Jesus College. 404: 38:The Right Reverend 6428:English Anglicans 6345: 6344: 6046:Church of England 6022:Special printings 5911:Church of England 5861: 5860: 5581:William Courtenay 5537:John de Stratford 5515:Robert Winchelsey 5401:Roger de Bailleul 5119: 5118: 5025:Books of Homilies 4867:Anglo-Catholicism 4800:Church of Ireland 4795:Church of England 4627: 4626: 4618:Succeeded by 4528:(Subscription or 4369:The Boydell Press 4346:The Boydell Press 4320:The Boydell Press 4306:978-0-7524-4604-2 4222:978-0-7546-5579-4 4176:978-1-4438-2433-0 4132:978-0-300-17062-7 4111:978-0-19-061682-3 4029:The Boydell Press 3964:Churchman Journal 3938:The Boydell Press 3915:The Boydell Press 3892:The Boydell Press 3869:The Boydell Press 3680:The Boydell Press 3657:The Boydell Press 3603:978-1-64065-235-4 3049:, pp. 97–99. 1831:Church of England 1781:Church of England 1762:Edward Whitchurch 1710:University Church 1411:diocese of London 1405:, from the minor 1330:abbey of Chertsey 1271:Bernardino Ochino 921:Cuthbert Tunstall 819:with men such as 747:Bishop of Lincoln 622:New arms granted 487:Magdalene College 316:clerical celibacy 285:Church of England 231: 230: 77:Church of England 16:(Redirected from 6520: 6332:Nonjuring schism 6297:Savoy Conference 6287:Caroline Divines 5888: 5881: 5874: 5865: 5798:Randall Davidson 5793:Frederick Temple 5773:John Bird Sumner 5713:William Sancroft 5679:Richard Bancroft 5657:Post-Reformation 5616:Thomas Bourchier 5560:William Edington 5498:Robert Kilwardby 5455:Richard le Grant 5449:Walter d'Eynsham 5412:Baldwin of Forde 5407:Richard of Dover 5146: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5111: 5110: 4857:Nonjuring schism 4852:Caroline Divines 4703: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4630: 4601:Preceded by 4591: 4587: 4586: 4533: 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63–65 2041: 2035: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1956: 1946: 1940: 1926: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1523:Council of Trent 1457:, a follower of 1407:see of Rochester 1350:Hermann von Wied 1348:, writings from 1182:House of Commons 1114:Germain Gardiner 1073:Catherine Howard 1034:Nicholas Shaxton 925:bishop of Durham 860:Act of Supremacy 755:Bishop of Exeter 702:Andreas Osiander 659:Huldrych Zwingli 562: 559: 531:Stephen Gardiner 501:degree in 1526. 214: 147:Personal details 65: 44: 42:Right Honourable 32: 21: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6508:Lutheran saints 6393:Anglican saints 6348: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6337:Oxford Movement 6278:Revising groups 6213: 6142: 6137:Sunday Services 6101:Anglican Missal 6035: 6011:Church in Wales 5895: 5892: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5813:Geoffrey Fisher 5778:Charles Longley 5708:Gilbert Sheldon 5652: 5527:Walter Reynolds 5443:Stephen Langton 5390:Theobald of Bec 5380:Ralph d'Escures 5355: 5164: 5155: 5150: 5120: 5115: 5105: 5099: 5043: 5014:Liturgical year 4943: 4876: 4862:Oxford Movement 4704: 4695: 4662: 4657: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4584: 4527: 4509: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4426: 4420: 4407: 4403: 4401:Further reading 4398: 4385: 4379: 4362: 4356: 4336: 4330: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4271: 4257:Clarendon Press 4243: 4229: 4223: 4206: 4200: 4183: 4177: 4160: 4139: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4094: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4022: 4003: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3931: 3925: 3908: 3902: 3885: 3879: 3859: 3830: 3816: 3810: 3793: 3787: 3770: 3733: 3696: 3690: 3673: 3667: 3650: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3453:MacCulloch 1996 3451: 3447: 3441:MacCulloch 1996 3435: 3431: 3425:MacCulloch 1996 3423: 3419: 3413:MacCulloch 1996 3407: 3403: 3397:MacCulloch 1996 3395: 3391: 3385:MacCulloch 1996 3379: 3375: 3369:MacCulloch 1996 3367:, p. 279; 3363: 3359: 3353:MacCulloch 1996 3351: 3347: 3325:MacCulloch 1996 3319: 3315: 3309:MacCulloch 1996 3303: 3299: 3286:MacCulloch 1996 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3262:MacCulloch 1996 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3238:MacCulloch 1996 3236: 3232: 3226:MacCulloch 1996 3224: 3220: 3214:MacCulloch 1996 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3186:MacCulloch 1996 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3158:MacCulloch 1996 3152: 3148: 3142:MacCulloch 1996 3140: 3136: 3130:MacCulloch 1996 3128: 3124: 3118:MacCulloch 1996 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3091:MacCulloch 1996 3085: 3081: 3075:MacCulloch 1996 3073: 3069: 3063:MacCulloch 1996 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3035:MacCulloch 1996 3033: 3029: 3023:MacCulloch 1996 3021:, p. 160; 3017: 3013: 3007:MacCulloch 1996 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2971:MacCulloch 1996 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2939:MacCulloch 1996 2937: 2933: 2927:MacCulloch 1996 2925:, p. 284; 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2899:MacCulloch 1996 2897: 2893: 2887:MacCulloch 1996 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2859:MacCulloch 1996 2853: 2849: 2843:MacCulloch 1996 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2819:MacCulloch 1996 2817: 2813: 2807:MacCulloch 1996 2805: 2801: 2795:MacCulloch 1996 2793: 2789: 2783:MacCulloch 1996 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2759:MacCulloch 1996 2757: 2753: 2747:MacCulloch 1996 2745: 2741: 2735:MacCulloch 1996 2733: 2729: 2723:MacCulloch 1996 2717: 2713: 2707:MacCulloch 1996 2705: 2701: 2695:MacCulloch 1996 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2671:MacCulloch 1996 2665: 2661: 2655:MacCulloch 1996 2653: 2649: 2643:MacCulloch 1996 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2615:MacCulloch 1996 2609: 2605: 2599:MacCulloch 1996 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2575:MacCulloch 1996 2569: 2565: 2559:MacCulloch 1996 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2531:MacCulloch 1996 2529: 2525: 2519:MacCulloch 1996 2517: 2513: 2507:MacCulloch 1996 2501: 2497: 2489:, p. 154; 2487:MacCulloch 1996 2485: 2481: 2475:MacCulloch 1996 2473: 2469: 2463:MacCulloch 1996 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2423:MacCulloch 1996 2421: 2417: 2411:MacCulloch 1996 2409: 2405: 2397:, p. 507; 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2359:MacCulloch 1996 2357: 2353: 2347:MacCulloch 1996 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2323:MacCulloch 1996 2317: 2313: 2307:MacCulloch 1996 2305: 2301: 2289: 2285: 2279:MacCulloch 1996 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2251:MacCulloch 1996 2245: 2241: 2231:MacCulloch 1996 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2203:MacCulloch 1996 2201: 2197: 2186:MacCulloch 1996 2184: 2180: 2174:MacCulloch 1996 2168: 2164: 2158:MacCulloch 1996 2156: 2152: 2146:MacCulloch 1996 2144: 2140: 2134:MacCulloch 2016 2132: 2128: 2122:MacCulloch 1996 2120:, p. 506; 2116: 2112: 2106:MacCulloch 1996 2100: 2096: 2090:MacCulloch 1996 2088: 2084: 2078:MacCulloch 1996 2072: 2068: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2034:, pp. 7–15 2032:MacCulloch 1996 2026: 2022: 2016:MacCulloch 1996 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1959: 1953:MacCulloch 1996 1947: 1943: 1935:, p. 340; 1933:MacCulloch 1996 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1858:Nicholas Ridley 1835:lesser festival 1728: 1631:Duke of Suffolk 1588: 1486: 1480: 1471:Stranger church 1403:Nicholas Ridley 1386:Seymour regency 1382: 1306: 1275:John Chrysostom 1227: 1098: 1016:Duke of Norfolk 1002: 880:Tower of London 864:Thomas Cromwell 836:Thomas Cromwell 829: 788:sceptre and rod 783:excommunication 714: 560: 543: 535:Richard Sampson 523:Lord Chancellor 519:Cardinal Wolsey 483:Buckingham Hall 444: 412:Nottinghamshire 389: 274:royal supremacy 270:Thomas Cromwell 171: 162: 156: 138: 104:4 December 1555 96:3 December 1533 68: 49: 46: 45: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6250:Clarendon Code 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6204:Samuel Seabury 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6154:Thomas Cranmer 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6089:Common Worship 6085: 6078: 6075:English Missal 6071: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5838:Rowan Williams 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Michael Ramsey 5815: 5810: 5808:William Temple 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:William Howley 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5743:Matthew Hutton 5740: 5738:Thomas Herring 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Thomas Tenison 5720: 5718:John Tillotson 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5669:Edmund Grindal 5666: 5664:Matthew Parker 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5643:Thomas Cranmer 5640: 5638:William Warham 5635: 5630: 5627:Thomas Langton 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5601:Henry Chichele 5598: 5596:Thomas Arundel 5593: 5588: 5586:Thomas Arundel 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5543:John de Ufford 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5504:Robert Burnell 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5048:Related topics 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5028: 5021: 5019:Biblical canon 5016: 5011: 5009:Evening Prayer 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4957: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4714: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4607: 4604:William Warham 4602: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4573: 4567:Thomas Cranmer 4564: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4534: 4507: 4493: 4479: 4468: 4467:External links 4465: 4463: 4462: 4453: 4433:History Review 4424: 4418: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4383: 4377: 4360: 4354: 4334: 4328: 4311: 4305: 4292: 4286: 4269: 4251:Thomas Cranmer 4245:Ridley, Jasper 4241: 4227: 4221: 4204: 4198: 4181: 4175: 4158: 4137: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4092: 4086: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4037: 4020: 4001: 3952: 3946: 3929: 3923: 3906: 3900: 3883: 3877: 3861:Dowling, Maria 3857: 3845:10.1086/361140 3828: 3814: 3808: 3791: 3785: 3768: 3731: 3694: 3688: 3671: 3665: 3648: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3583: 3553: 3532:"The Calendar" 3523: 3497: 3485: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3437:Stevenson 1993 3429: 3417: 3401: 3389: 3373: 3357: 3345: 3313: 3297: 3278: 3276:, p. 397. 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3202: 3190: 3174: 3162: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3107: 3095: 3079: 3067: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2969:, p. 82; 2959: 2947: 2931: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2875: 2863: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2659: 2647: 2631: 2619: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2563: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2495: 2491:Schofield 2008 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2311: 2299: 2283: 2267: 2255: 2239: 2233:, p. 72; 2229:, p. 19; 2219: 2207: 2195: 2178: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2110: 2094: 2082: 2076:, p. 16; 2066: 2048: 2036: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1970:, p. 181. 1957: 1951:, p. 70; 1941: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1881: 1865: 1862: 1805:Edmund Grindal 1727: 1724: 1647:Bocardo prison 1620:Lady Jane Grey 1604:Oxford Martyrs 1587: 1584: 1512:. Portrait by 1479: 1476: 1381: 1378: 1334:Windsor Castle 1305: 1299: 1226: 1223: 1215:Lord Protector 1102:Richard Turner 1097: 1094: 1090:All Saints Day 1085:John Lascelles 1081:Edward Seymour 1061:Anne of Cleves 1048:Albrecht Dürer 1011:House of Lords 1001: 998: 993:private masses 984:Lambeth Palace 969:predestination 852:John Stokesley 828: 825: 772:The family of 759:Henry Standish 719:William Warham 713: 710: 651:Simon Grynaeus 542: 539: 467:Master of Arts 443: 440: 388: 385: 318:, the role of 234:Thomas Cranmer 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 216: 215: 208: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 181: 177: 176: 168: 164: 163: 157: 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 135: 131: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 113:William Warham 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 67:Portrait, 1545 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 48:Thomas Cranmer 47: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6525: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:Bishops' Wars 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199:William White 6197: 6195: 6194:William Smith 6192: 6190: 6189:Samuel Clarke 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:John Merbecke 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5828:Robert Runcie 5826: 5824: 5823:Donald Coggan 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Thomas Secker 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703:William Juxon 5701: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:John Whitgift 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5648:Reginald Pole 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:John Stafford 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:Simon Sudbury 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566:Simon Langham 5564: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Simon Mepeham 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5521:Thomas Cobham 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5461:Ralph Neville 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5424:Hubert Walter 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5395:Thomas Becket 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4872:Modern Church 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4622: 4621:Reginald Pole 4613: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4419:0-8192-1315-2 4415: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4378:0-85115-549-9 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4355:0-85115-549-9 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4329:0-85115-549-9 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4287:0-521-48088-4 4283: 4279: 4276:. Cambridge: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4199:0-19-827021-6 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4087:0-300-06688-0 4083: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4057:0-582-77226-5 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4038:0-85115-549-9 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3947:0-85115-549-9 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3924:0-85115-549-9 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3901:0-85115-549-9 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3878:0-85115-549-9 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3809:0-300-12271-3 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3786:0-521-77662-7 3782: 3778: 3775:. Cambridge: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742:(1): 75–125. 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3689:0-85115-549-9 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3666:0-85115-549-9 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:(2): 95–110. 3629: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3495:, p. 279 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3467:, p. 207 3466: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3371:, p. 603 3370: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3355:, p. 597 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294:Matthew 10:22 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274:Marshall 2017 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3120:, p. 520 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Robinson 1998 2963: 2960: 2957:, p. 177 2956: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 375 2844: 2839: 2836: 2833:, p. 155 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2797:, p. 362 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709:, p. 280 2708: 2703: 2700: 2697:, p. 275 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657:, p. 137 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2629:, p. 180 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493:, p. 119 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2477:, p. 149 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2373:, p. 102 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Perceval 1841 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2136:, pp. xi 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2006:, p. 81. 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1955:, p. 106 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1892:Saints portal 1882: 1879: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770:Thomas Norton 1767: 1763: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671:Christ Church 1668: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:William Paget 1387: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1193:Edmund Bonner 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Privy Council 1108:, before the 1107: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Thomas Audley 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 999: 997: 994: 990: 989:Privy Council 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 965: 960: 954: 951: 950: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895: 891: 890: 884: 881: 877: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:John Longland 853: 849: 841: 837: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 813:real presence 810: 804: 802: 798: 793: 789: 784: 775: 770: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:John Longland 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 698:Imperial Diet 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640: 638: 635: 631: 625: 620: 616: 614: 610: 609: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 555: 551: 547: 540: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521:, the king's 520: 516: 515:Martin Luther 512: 508: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 441: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 402: 398: 393: 386: 384: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304: 298: 296: 295: 291:service, the 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 268:. Along with 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 226: 222: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:Protestantism 182: 178: 174: 169: 165: 160: 154: 150: 145: 142: 141:John Longland 137:30 March 1533 136: 132: 127: 124: 123:Reginald Pole 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 103: 95: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 64: 59: 56: 52: 43: 39: 33: 30: 19: 6209:Walter Frere 6179:Jenny Geddes 6174:Matthew Wren 6169:William Laud 6159:Martin Bucer 6153: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6049: 5940: 5900: 5853: 5843:Justin Welby 5833:George Carey 5728:William Wake 5696:Commonwealth 5693: 5689:William Laud 5684:George Abbot 5642: 5625: 5591:Roger Walden 5558: 5541: 5519: 5510:John Peckham 5502: 5490: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5447: 5437:John de Gray 5435: 5428: 5416: 5399: 5360:Conquest to 5208: 5039:Broad church 5037: / 5033: / 5023: 5007: / 5000:Anglican Use 4960: 4911: 4834: 4784: 4609: 4511: 4486:Open Library 4457: 4447:16 September 4445:. 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Retrieved 3500: 3488: 3472: 3465:Overell 2008 3460: 3448: 3432: 3420: 3404: 3392: 3376: 3360: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3316: 3300: 3289: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3205: 3193: 3177: 3165: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3098: 3082: 3070: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2962: 2950: 2934: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2878: 2866: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2662: 2650: 2634: 2622: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2566: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2498: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2395:Bernard 2005 2390: 2378: 2371:Dowling 1993 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2314: 2302: 2286: 2270: 2258: 2242: 2237:, p. 46 2222: 2217:, p. 39 2210: 2198: 2189: 2181: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2118:Bernard 2005 2113: 2097: 2092:, p. 21 2085: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2039: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1994:, p. 2. 1987: 1975: 1944: 1924: 1854:Hugh Latimer 1847: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1774: 1758: 1740: 1729: 1707: 1679: 1667:recantations 1664: 1643: 1639:Star Chamber 1635:Peter Martyr 1628: 1615:Regius Chair 1608: 1578: 1567: 1565: 1560:Black Rubric 1558: 1535: 1519: 1487: 1447: 1440: 1434: 1397: 1394:Thomas Smith 1383: 1358: 1354:Justus Jonas 1343: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1301: 1287: 1278: 1267:Peter Martyr 1251: 1241: 1239: 1234:Martin Bucer 1186: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1140:Ralph Morice 1137: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1099: 1069: 1053: 1021:Six Articles 1019: 1003: 973: 962: 955: 947: 944:Ten Articles 943: 937: 933:Ten Articles 932: 894:former seven 889:Ten Articles 887: 885: 876:Jane Seymour 872: 845: 842:, 1532–1533. 840:Hans Holbein 821:Hugh Latimer 805: 779: 735:papal nuncio 715: 675: 667:Martin Bucer 644: 627: 623: 612: 606: 588: 565: 503: 475: 445: 435: 428:ledger stone 405: 400: 397:canting arms 374: 370: 364: 349:recantations 338: 331: 301: 299: 292: 278: 233: 232: 224:Venerated in 180:Denomination 134:Consecration 29: 6363:1556 deaths 6358:1489 births 6124:(Unitarian) 5733:John Potter 5633:Henry Deane 5621:John Morton 5554:Simon Islip 5362:Reformation 5070:Monasticism 4905:Holy Spirit 4815:Elizabeth I 4660:Anglicanism 3826:. E. Stock. 3705:(1): 9–33. 3493:Heinze 1993 3477:Ridley 1962 3409:Ridley 1962 3381:Heinze 1993 3365:Heinze 1993 3321:Heinze 1993 3305:Heinze 1993 3250:Heinze 1993 3210:Ridley 1962 3182:Ridley 1962 3154:Ayris 1993b 3103:Loades 2004 3087:Ridley 1962 3059:Ridley 1962 3019:Loades 1993 2995:Ridley 1962 2955:Spinks 1993 2943:Ridley 1962 2923:Ridley 1962 2855:Ridley 1962 2771:Ridley 1962 2719:Ridley 1962 2683:Howell 1816 2667:Ridley 1962 2639:Ridley 1962 2627:Ridley 1962 2611:Ridley 1962 2587:Ridley 1962 2571:Ridley 1962 2555:Ridley 1962 2543:Ridley 1962 2503:Ridley 1962 2451:Ridley 1962 2439:Ayris 1993a 2399:Ridley 1962 2383:Ridley 1962 2335:Ridley 1962 2319:Ridley 1962 2275:Ridley 1962 2263:Ayris 1993a 2247:Ridley 1962 2235:Ridley 1962 2215:Ridley 1962 2170:Ridley 1962 2102:Ridley 1962 2074:Ridley 1962 2044:Selwyn 1993 2028:Ridley 1962 1980:Ridley 1962 1968:Strype 1840 1949:Ridley 1962 1937:Ridley 1962 1777:Elizabeth I 1720:dying words 1531:John Calvin 1455:John Hooper 1425:John Hooper 1398:coup d'état 1304:(1548–1549) 1290:Paul Fagius 1246:monasticism 1197:John Dudley 1189:Wriothesley 1174:invocations 1057:Great Bible 1026:Ford Palace 929:Convocation 792:Clement VII 774:Anne Boleyn 731:papal bulls 723:Anne Boleyn 696:. When the 694:Reformation 603:Thomas More 599:Edward Foxe 561: 1536 328:promulgated 227:Anglicanism 188:Anglicanism 155:2 July 1489 109:Predecessor 6352:Categories 6184:John Cosin 5803:Cosmo Lang 5758:John Moore 5475:John Blund 4924:Sacraments 4775:Henry VIII 4735:Æthelberht 4668:Communions 4532:required.) 4255:. Oxford: 4188:. Oxford: 4144:. Oxford: 4076:. London: 3981:7 November 3839:(3): 279. 3798:. London: 3198:Ayris 2001 2983:Mills 2010 2911:Hall 1993b 2883:Hall 1993b 2435:Ayris 2002 2293:, p. 2227:Hall 1993a 2004:Brown 1891 1992:Hirst 1934 1911:References 1820:Nicodemite 1715:Antichrist 1691:absolution 1575:John Cheke 1514:Hans Asper 1415:John Ponet 1346:Sarum Rite 1207:last rites 1178:veneration 1151:Henry VIII 1106:John Bland 897:sacraments 868:vicegerent 809:John Frith 799:. Cranmer 751:John Vesey 686:Regensburg 671:Strasbourg 550:Henry VIII 527:Edward Lee 511:marginalia 471:fellowship 452:scholastic 416:armigerous 324:veneration 289:vernacular 281:liturgical 246:Henry VIII 196:Alma mater 101:Term ended 87:Canterbury 40: and 6096:Elsewhere 5611:John Kemp 5336:Æthelnoth 5301:Byrhthelm 5261:Feologild 5251:Æthelhard 5241:Bregowine 5221:Berhtwald 5204:Deusdedit 5179:Augustine 4929:Eucharist 4842:Charles I 4810:Edward VI 4760:Hygeberht 3853:162281389 3764:145396417 3756:1462-2459 3727:170741842 3719:1462-2459 3644:1744-1366 3481:Null 2006 3337:John Foxe 3047:Avis 2005 1916:Citations 1737:John Foxe 1610:Edward VI 1555:Newcastle 1551:John Knox 1496:canon law 1429:Zwinglian 1295:Jan Łaski 1283:patristic 1263:adoration 1219:Edward VI 1211:executors 964:sola fide 917:purgatory 797:Elizabeth 706:Margarete 690:Nuremberg 682:Charles V 649:was with 584:annulment 572:Henry VII 456:humanists 408:Aslockton 312:Eucharist 258:annulment 250:Edward VI 219:Sainthood 207:Signature 175:, England 159:Aslockton 119:Successor 93:Installed 5486:Boniface 5430:Reginald 5370:Lanfranc 5311:Æthelgar 5286:Wulfhelm 5276:Plegmund 5271:Æthelred 5266:Ceolnoth 5246:Jænberht 5236:Cuthbert 5231:Nothhelm 5199:Honorius 5189:Mellitus 5184:Laurence 5171:Conquest 5065:Ministry 5060:Heraldry 4882:Theology 4755:Paulinus 4615:1533–56 4580:LibriVox 4441:Archived 4247:(1962). 4233:(1841). 4154:56568095 4098:(2016). 4068:(1996). 3972:Archived 3970:(2): 2. 3570:Archived 3546:27 March 3540:Archived 3516:22 March 3510:Archived 1864:See also 1683:Lutheran 1365:Cornwall 1261:and the 1255:Mühlberg 1242:Homilies 801:baptised 630:pelicans 507:Lutheran 495:ordained 491:theology 381:Anglican 373:and the 341:Catholic 333:Homilies 266:Holy See 139:by 6218:History 5854:Italics 5351:Stigand 5341:Eadsige 5326:Ælfheah 5316:Sigeric 5306:Dunstan 5296:Ælfsige 5256:Wulfred 5226:Tatwine 5210:Wighard 5005:Morning 4953:worship 4949:Liturgy 4890:Trinity 4830:James I 4785:Cranmer 4710:History 4569:at the 4545:at the 4498:at the 4016:3815652 3615:Sources 2193:stance. 1833:with a 1829:of the 1600:Latimer 1539:rubrics 1516:, 1560. 1409:to the 1332:and in 901:penance 790:. Pope 463:Erasmus 424:Cranmer 387:Origins 357:heretic 83:Diocese 6308:Events 6147:People 6062:Primer 5375:Anselm 5331:Lyfing 5281:Athelm 5194:Justus 4939:Saints 4895:Father 4825:Hooker 4820:Parker 4526: 4416: 4375: 4352: 4326: 4303: 4284: 4265:398369 4263: 4219: 4196: 4173: 4152: 4129: 4108: 4084: 4054: 4035: 4014: 3944: 3921: 3898: 3875: 3851: 3806: 3783: 3762: 3754: 3725: 3717: 3686: 3663: 3642: 3600: 3576:8 June 1766:Surrey 1733:exiles 1704:(1563) 1602:, the 1598:, and 1596:Ridley 1543:curate 1491:felony 1463:Zürich 1392:, and 1170:litany 1124:faith 1050:, 1526 959:Edward 957:heir, 923:, the 909:saints 905:images 757:; and 727:Mantua 637:proper 632:sable 595:plague 568:Arthur 479:reader 361:martyr 345:heresy 320:images 254:Mary I 173:Oxford 129:Orders 73:Church 5075:Music 4740:Edwin 3975:(PDF) 3960:(PDF) 3849:S2CID 3760:S2CID 3723:S2CID 1775:When 1361:Devon 1323:1549 1172:uses 1126:alone 913:rites 741:, by 655:Basel 624:circa 420:manor 379:, an 6262:1872 6245:1662 6240:1558 6235:1552 6230:1548 6016:1984 6004:1929 6000:1912 5996:1637 5984:1962 5980:1918 5969:1979 5964:1928 5960:1892 5957:1790 5946:1928 5936:1662 5931:1604 5926:1559 5921:1552 5916:1549 5169:Pre- 5031:High 4993:1979 4988:1962 4983:1928 4978:1662 4973:1552 4968:1549 4951:and 4934:Mary 4847:Laud 4765:Bede 4745:Offa 4449:2017 4414:ISBN 4373:ISBN 4350:ISBN 4324:ISBN 4301:ISBN 4282:ISBN 4261:OCLC 4217:ISBN 4194:ISBN 4171:ISBN 4150:OCLC 4127:ISBN 4106:ISBN 4082:ISBN 4052:ISBN 4033:ISBN 4012:OCLC 3997:link 3983:2018 3942:ISBN 3919:ISBN 3896:ISBN 3873:ISBN 3804:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3752:ISSN 3715:ISSN 3684:ISBN 3661:ISBN 3640:ISSN 3598:ISBN 3578:2024 3548:2021 3518:2012 1856:and 1848:The 1795:the 1685:and 1613:the 1363:and 1269:and 1104:and 1079:and 1030:Kent 661:and 580:Mary 533:and 461:and 240:and 167:Died 152:Born 5291:Oda 5035:Low 4900:Son 4578:at 4547:BBC 4518:doi 4484:at 4475:at 3841:doi 3744:doi 3707:doi 3632:doi 3335:by 2295:188 1028:in 669:in 481:at 422:of 410:in 6354:: 4439:. 4437:68 4435:. 4431:. 4390:. 4371:. 4348:. 4322:. 4280:. 4259:. 4215:. 4192:. 4148:. 4080:. 4031:. 3993:}} 3989:{{ 3968:48 3966:. 3962:. 3940:. 3917:. 3894:. 3871:. 3847:. 3837:24 3835:. 3802:. 3779:. 3758:. 3750:. 3738:. 3721:. 3713:. 3701:. 3682:. 3659:. 3638:. 3626:. 3568:. 3564:. 3538:. 3534:. 3508:. 3290:Cf 3110:^ 2059:. 1960:^ 1931:; 1845:. 1277:, 1221:. 935:. 911:, 907:, 854:, 761:, 753:, 749:; 745:, 680:, 558:c. 556:, 529:, 399:: 314:, 297:. 248:, 5887:e 5880:t 5873:v 5698:) 5145:e 5138:t 5131:v 4652:e 4645:t 4638:v 4524:. 4520:: 4451:. 4422:. 4394:. 4381:. 4358:. 4332:. 4309:. 4290:. 4267:. 4225:. 4202:. 4179:. 4156:. 4135:. 4114:. 4090:. 4060:. 4041:. 4018:. 3999:) 3985:. 3950:. 3927:. 3904:. 3881:. 3855:. 3843:: 3812:. 3789:. 3766:. 3746:: 3740:4 3729:. 3709:: 3703:3 3692:. 3669:. 3646:. 3634:: 3628:1 3606:. 3580:. 3550:. 3520:. 3343:. 2297:. 190:) 186:( 20:)

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