287:(also known as Constantine the Philosopher) who went to Crimea to preach the gospel to the Khazars in c. 850. He lists "Goths" as people who read and praised the Christian God "in their own language". Medieval "Gothia" was still far from uniformly Gothic-speaking. Many "Crimean Goths" were Greek speakers and many non-Gothic Byzantine citizens were settled in the region called "Gothia" by the government in Constantinople. The official language of the Principality of Theodoro was Greek, but the Gothic language remained in use in private homes at least until the 18th century (
321:, with the consent of the Mongols, in 1266. The Genoese during the 14th century came to control much of the southwestern coast of the Crimea. From 1287, Genoese arch-rival Venice also established trading posts on the Black Sea coast. Wedged between the Mongols in the steppe and the Italian powers on the coast, the Crimean Goths became limited to the Crimean hinterland and essentially pass out of the historical record.
264:
at some point between the late 8th and the late 9th century. It was the first diocese established outside the historical boundaries of the Roman Empire (just before the
Metropolitanates of Alania and of Rus'). Its existence is documented in a list of Byzantine dioceses in a Paris manuscript, dated to
388:
confirming the metropolitan's authority "over the
Christians dwelling in Caffa, Mankup, Balaclava and Azov" in accordance with custom. In June 1778, Metropolitan Ignatios took the initiative to move the Christians of the khanate into Russia. This move had support within Russia, eventually even from
353:
managed to maintain their ethnic identity under Turkic rule during the 16th and 17th centuries, and in marginalized form even until the 18th century. The only surviving report of Gothic
Christians in the Crimea is that of Joseph-Juste Scaliger who in 1606 claimed that the Goths of Crimea read both
291:
in the 16th century reported having had a conversation with two Goths in
Constantinople, and left a Gothic-Latin glossary with about a hundred Gothic words), but it is unknown for how long the Gothic language survived as liturgical language in the Crimean Gothic church.
191:
in 451 recognized an expansion of the boundaries of the
Patriarchate of Constantinople and of its authority over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians", which has been variously interpreted as referring either to areas outside the Byzantine Empire or to non-Greeks.
269:
in 1891. Its continued existence is a matter of doubt, as there are practically no records on it, and it may have been little more than a missionary project with the aim of evangelizing the
Khazars, or essentially a diocese
689:. Кулаковский Ю., "К истории готской епархии в Крыму в VII в." Журнал Министерства народного просвещения 1898. Ч.2. Науменко В.Е., "Византийско-хазарские отношения в середине IX века" Хазары. М.-Иерусалим, 2005.
666:
Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th
Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange: Papers of the Thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, St John's College, University of Oxford, March
995:
142:. The evidence suggests that Theophilus was the bishop of a territorial see in area of Crimea. The bishops of Crimean Gothia were Nicene (whereas most of the Goths were Arians) and were appointed by the
184:. It was he who appointed the successor of Bishop Unila to the seat of ruling bishop over the Archdiocese of the Goths, and acted as the protector and benefactor of the Archdiocese at this period.
172:
The "Archdiocese of the Goths" existed autonomously during the 5th to 9th centuries, but from the 5th century there seems to have been a close relation to the
Patriarchate of Constantinople.
1015:
176:
consecrated Unila (d. 404) as bishop of the
Archdiocese of the Goths. John Chrysostomos preached to the Goths with aid of interpreter in the Goths' church in
33:
299:, or Gothia. From 1283, the diocese was known as the "Metropolitanate of Gothia and Kaphas (Caffa)", whose direct jurisdiction was at Marcopia (modern
916:
694:
161:), consisting only of the southeastern coastal area of the peninsula. The Crimean Goths from about 370 were thus wedged between the
406:
276:. The archidiocese with its seat at Doros comprised seven dioceses (most of which correspond to unknown or uncertain locations).
119:
1000:
972:
261:
62:
229:, John reputedly gathered Orthodox refugees from Constantinople in the Crimea. A bishop of Gothia attended the iconoclastic
118:
came into contact with
Christianity from the late 3rd century, and were Christianized in the course of the 4th century.
143:
284:
371:
288:
926:
Mathisen, Ralph W. (1997). "Barbarian Bishops and the Churches 'in Barbaricis Gentibus' During Late Antiquity".
237:
from Gothia 787; the Khazars however managed to retake the city in less than a year, and John was imprisoned in
1010:
306:
296:
205:
131:
89:
279:
The first extant medieval record which confirms that the Gothic language was still spoken in "Gothia" is the
584:
535:
97:
1005:
534:
Cyril of Jerusalem, 'Teachings of Catechesis', 16:22 "Theophil, a bishop of the Goths, was present at the
397:. He retained his title until his death, but after him no further metropolitans of Gothia were appointed.
359:
272:
173:
233:
in 754, but his flock soon expelled him and elected John in his place. John overthrew and expelled the
547:
329:
in 1395, but Gothia remained nominally independent for another 80 years, until it finally fell to the
226:
188:
58:
466:
390:
266:
209:
109:
951:
943:
76:
was centered in the Crimea, but it seems to have had dioceses further afield, as far east as the
598:
Ulfilas, apostle of the Goths: together with an account of the Gothic churches and their decline
908:
The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs
912:
889:
690:
670:
539:
375:
318:
230:
686:
614:
935:
310:
246:
201:
180:, which had priests, deacons and readers whom were Goths and read, preached and sang in the
158:
346:
295:
Historical records grow more reliable only in the 13th century, with the emergence of the
242:
181:
85:
17:
433:
342:
330:
214:
177:
123:
81:
149:
The Crimean Goths themselves were a remnant of the migration-era Gothic population of
989:
955:
350:
162:
367:
154:
139:
906:
976:
379:
77:
66:
257:
was composed within a generation or so of his death, in the early 9th century.
322:
890:"The Mariupol Greeks: Tsarist Treatment of an Ethnic Minority ca. 1778–1859"
153:. The Byzantine Metropolitanate, however, was limited to a remnant of the
538:
in 325. Codex Syriacus ms. nr. 14528, British Museum. Alban Butler, 1838
394:
249:, where he died in 791. His remains were brought home to a church on the
238:
218:
166:
135:
127:
635:
370:, capital of the khanate. For reasons unknown, he was sent by Patriarch
947:
631:
250:
234:
384:
326:
300:
222:
169:) to the north and the Roman (Byzantine) territory to the southeast.
73:
939:
628:Житие Иоанна Готского в контексте истории Крыма "хазарского периода"
354:
the Old and New Testaments "in the letters of Wulfila's alphabet".
314:
115:
150:
357:
The Metropolitanate of Gothia and Kaphas continued to exist
981:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
378:
for ten years from 1750 to 1760. In 1759, the Ottoman sultan
638:: Некоторые проблемы истории Крыма иконоборческого периода)
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
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807:
782:
780:
778:
765:
763:
761:
683:
Svenska folkets historia från äldsta till närwarande tider
996:
Dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
253:
mountain, where a memorial to him has been built. John's
855:
853:
851:
849:
648:
646:
644:
88:
in 1475, the Metropolitanate of Gothia was within the
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
965:
Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus
366:
Archbishop Gedeon resided at Mariampol, a suburb of
122:, the first known bishop of the Goths, defended the
313:in the 1220s, but remained nominally independent.
241:. He later managed to escape, and sought refuge in
626:Ю. М. Могаричев, А. В. Сазанов, А. К. Шапошников,
80:coast, but they were probably short-lived, as the
126:and Orthodox Christological position against the
717:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
8:
260:The Gothic church was incorporated into the
34:Archdiocese of the Goths and the Northlands
345:in 1475 as the vassal-state known as the
317:was established as a trading port by the
840:
815:
798:
786:
769:
752:
652:
567:
871:
859:
740:
728:
522:
515:
96:). In 1779, it was transferred to the
27:Medieval Christian territorial division
664:J. Shepard in: M. Mundell Mango (ed.)
337:Ottoman conquests and disestablishment
100:and disestablished a few years later.
36:for the 1994 establishment in Sweden.
7:
1016:Eastern Orthodox dioceses in Ukraine
596:Charles Archibald Andersson Scott,
72:The 9th-century Metropolitanate of
609:Herwig Wolfram, Thomas J. Dunlap,
84:. From the 13th century until the
25:
401:List of bishops and metropolitans
285:Saint Cyril, Apostle to the Slavs
221:) was a Metropolitan bishop of
187:In its disputed 28th Canon, the
393:. Ignatios founded the city of
265:the 14th century, published by
581:History of the Ancient Germans
262:Patriarchate of Constantinople
63:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1:
669:, Ashgate Publishing, 2009,
82:Khazars converted to Judaism
963:Stearns, MacDonald (1978).
905:Kiminas, Demetrius (2009).
894:Journal of Modern Hellenism
451:Constantine (fl. 1166–1170)
144:patriarch of Constantinople
92:(known in Greek as Γοτθία,
1032:
681:Anders Magnus Strinnholm,
600:, Cambridge, 1885, p. 154.
499:Parthenios (fl. 1710–1721)
199:
107:
372:Cyril V of Constantinople
289:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
196:Byzantine metropolitanate
43:Metropolitanate of Gothia
341:The Crimea fell to the
309:became tributary to the
297:Principality of Theodoro
206:Principality of Theodoro
132:First Ecumenical Council
90:Principality of Theodoro
55:Metropolitanate of Doros
18:Archdiocese of the Goths
978:The Goths in the Crimea
888:Karidis, Vyron (1986).
454:Arsenius (13th century)
225:. During the period of
98:Russian Orthodox Church
1001:Christianity in Crimea
973:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
911:. Wildside Press LLC.
502:Gedeon (fl. 1725–1769)
475:Constantius (fl. 1587)
445:Constantine (fl. 1147)
360:in partibus infidelium
273:in partibus infidelium
715:Paul Robert Magocsi,
478:Seraphimus (fl. 1635)
460:Theodosius (fl. 1385)
457:Sophronius (fl. 1292)
200:Further information:
108:Further information:
49:), also known as the
611:History of the Goths
548:preteristarchive.com
505:Ignatios (1771–1786)
493:Neophytos (fl. 1680)
490:Methodius (fl. 1673)
481:Anthymus (1639–1652)
463:Antonius (1386–1389)
227:Byzantine Iconoclasm
189:Council of Chalcedon
138:325, and signed the
59:metropolitan diocese
579:John Jacob Maskov,
544:Syriac Miscellanies
496:Makarios (fl. 1707)
472:Damianus (fl. 1427)
469:(fl. 1399, d. 1410)
391:Catherine the Great
210:Empire of Trebizond
110:Gothic Christianity
47:of Gothia and Caffa
542:. B. H. Cowper,
487:David (1652–1673)
376:Varlaam Monastery
231:Council of Hieria
174:John Chrysostomos
51:Eparchy of Gothia
16:(Redirected from
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838:
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536:Council of Nicea
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247:Byzantine Empire
202:Bosporan Kingdom
159:Bosporan Kingdom
86:Ottoman conquest
21:
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1024:
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1011:Medieval Crimea
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621:
608:
604:
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529:
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442:(fl. 1066–1067)
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347:Crimean Khanate
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182:Gothic language
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934:(3): 664–697.
923:
917:
902:
883:
880:
877:
876:
864:
845:
843:, p. 279.
820:
818:, p. 278.
803:
801:, p. 277.
791:
789:, p. 276.
774:
772:, p. 147.
757:
755:, p. 146.
745:
733:
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708:
699:
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602:
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525:, pp. 19.
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467:John Holobolos
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448:John (d. 1166)
446:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
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412:Unila (d. 404)
410:
402:
399:
374:into exile at
343:Ottoman Empire
338:
335:
331:Ottoman Empire
215:John of Gothia
197:
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178:Constantinople
105:
102:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1007:
1006:Crimean Goths
1004:
1002:
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967:. Anma Libri.
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918:9781434458766
914:
910:
909:
903:
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895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
874:, p. 69.
873:
868:
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862:, p. 65.
861:
856:
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852:
850:
846:
842:
841:Vasiliev 1936
837:
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833:
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816:Vasiliev 1936
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799:Vasiliev 1936
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787:Vasiliev 1936
783:
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770:Vasiliev 1936
766:
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762:
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753:Vasiliev 1936
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
731:, p. 16.
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709:
703:
700:
696:
695:5-93273-196-6
692:
688:
684:
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661:
658:
655:, p. 89.
654:
653:Vasiliev 1936
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629:
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860:Karidis 1986
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741:Karidis 1986
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729:Stearns 1978
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702:
685:, Vol. 1,
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523:Kiminas 2009
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439:
430:(fl. 753–54)
427:
421:
418:(fl. c. 404)
415:
383:
365:
363:until 1778.
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267:Carl de Boor
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155:Roman Crimea
148:
140:Nicene Creed
113:
93:
71:
54:
50:
46:
42:
40:
31:
719:, p. 118f.
585:pp. 378-384
436:(c.755–791)
380:Mustafa III
325:devastated
165:(and later
124:Trinitarian
67:Middle Ages
990:Categories
882:Literature
510:References
407:Theophilus
368:Bahcesaray
323:Timur Lenk
120:Theophilus
956:162456476
632:samlib.ru
424:(fl. 548)
409:(fl. 325)
382:issued a
333:in 1475.
217:(John of
975:(1936).
928:Speculum
900:: 57–74.
671:p. 424f.
630:, 2007,
613:, 1998,
583:, 1738,
546:, 1861,
395:Mariupol
389:Empress
243:Amastris
239:Phoulloi
219:Partenit
167:Khazaria
57:, was a
948:3040758
636:ГЛАВА V
440:Unnamed
428:Unnamed
422:Unnamed
416:Unnamed
319:Genoese
311:Mongols
251:Ayu-Dag
245:in the
235:Khazars
130:at the
78:Caspian
65:in the
61:of the
954:
946:
915:
693:
540:p. 124
385:firman
349:. The
307:Gothia
301:Mangup
208:, and
128:Arians
94:Gothia
45:(also
952:S2CID
944:JSTOR
687:p. 78
615:p. 78
327:Doros
315:Caffa
223:Doros
157:(the
136:Nicea
116:Goths
74:Doros
913:ISBN
691:ISBN
667:2004
434:John
281:Vita
255:Vita
151:Oium
114:The
41:The
32:See
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283:of
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950:.
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892:.
848:^
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958:.
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634:(
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