780:
20:
861:. Also, felsic volcanic rocks are distributed across long distances because of their extensive deposition. However, the rock sequences of greenstone belts are commonly obscured by later deformation, such as regional folding or intrusion of granitoids. By identifying these felsic sequences and dating their time of formation, stratigraphic units of different locations can be correlated despite the obstacles or discontinuity between felsic volcanic units.
421:
630:. The average composition of felsic volcanic rocks in Archean greenstone belts is between dacite and rhyolite (Table 2). In comparison, the modern felsic volcanic rock average composition (after Archean, <2.5 Ga) is similar to rhyolite, indicating a more felsic shift with greater alkali content in felsic volcanism. However, the composition may be biased because of weathering right after
1046:
510:
1084:
893:) are lack of zircon, only the age of felsic rocks can be dated among the volcanic rocks in greenstone belts. As felsic volcanic rocks are episodically deposited in between mafic layers, the age range of a particular mafic layer can be constrained by the upper and lower felsic volcanic layers. Thus the time of occurrence and the duration of volcanic episodes can be revealed.
614:
content in the rock are low, and it forms dacite or rhyolite. Magma is a mixture of various minerals. When minerals crystallise from the molten magma, they are progressively removed and dissociated from the melt. The last proportion of the melt is strongly fractionated, causing richness in quartz and
1033:
Records of
Archean felsic volcanic rocks shows a peculiar trend. The eruption of felsic volcanic rocks and plutonic activities in Archean are largely synchronised as show in overlapping zircon ages. On contrary, the chemical compositions of some felsic volcanic rocks are similar to that of GMS but
820:
felsic lava flows elongate several kilometres. During an eruption, lava continuously wells out from the vent, then starts to flow outward on the sea floor. Due to quenching, lava is rapidly fragmented to form breccia. A new lobe of lava is injected inside the breccia but it is cooled less quickly,
783:
Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of documented subaqueous felsic lava deposits. (a) Submarine lava flow, based on Héré Creek rhyolite (modified from De Rosen-Spence et al., 1980). (b) Submarine lava dome, based on the Gold Lake dome and flow complex (modified from
Lambert et al., 1990). Illustration
1096:
alters the geochemical signatures of the felsic rocks above the Earth's surface. The earliest weathering record can be traced back to 3.8 Ga during
Eoarchean. Potassium is enriched but sodium is depleted in these weathered felsic rocks. Altered feldspars in the rocks may result in such anomalous
513:
Fig. 3. Archean felsic volcanic rocks have particular characteristic structure. Some are tuffs, formed by volcanic materials from eruption. A significant structure is fiamme, which are recrystallised quartz with flame-like ending points. The illustration is fiamme in
Archean Woman Lake rhyolitic
720:, are reluctant to substitute into early-forming crystals. As a result, they tend to remain in the melt. In strongly fractionated felsic magma, zircon is easily saturated. As a result, zircon is common in felsic rocks. The timing of felsic volcanism and tectonic constraints can be identified by
804:
are so rare in the post-Archean. The dacitic or rhyolitic lava flows are quenched right after the eruption. When seawater contacts the flow, the lava quickly cools down. Finally, The lava solidifies and breaks up as clasts, and the clasts accumulate on the flow fronts to form
1915:
DiMarco, Michael J.; Lowe, Donald R. (1989). "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of an early
Archean felsic volcanic sequence, eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia, with special reference to the Duffer Formation and implications for crustal evolution".
2177:
Jayananda, M.; Peucat, J.-J.; Chardon, D.; Rao, B. Krishna; Fanning, C.M.; Corfu, F. (2013). "Neoarchean greenstone volcanism and continental growth, Dharwar craton, southern India: Constraints from SIMS U–Pb zircon geochronology and Nd isotopes".
195:
units make up the major volume of the volcanic units. The remaining volcanic units are extensive but thin felsic volcanic layers, such as Duffer
Formation of the Warrawoona Group. The greenstone belts may be subsequently intruded by dome-shaped
1066:
rips up all GMS suites and deposited at a proximal distance. If this is true, then GMS and TTG intruded the crust together at the same time. No solid evidence is present yet but the irregular geochemical fingerprints may link both to TTG or
1790:
Manikyamba, C.; Ganguly, Sohini; Santosh, M.; Subramanyam, K.S.V. (2017). "Volcano-sedimentary and metallogenic records of the
Dharwar greenstone terranes, India: Window to Archean plate tectonics, continent growth, and mineral endowment".
1570:
Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Hugh Smithies, R.; Hickman, Arthur H.; Wingate, Michael T.D.; Bodorkos, Simon (2010). "Evidence for Mesoarchean (≈3.2Ga) rifting of the Pilbara Craton: The missing link in an early Precambrian Wilson cycle".
2223:
Vaasjoki, M., Sorjonen-Ward, P. and
Lavikainen, S. (1993). U-Pb age delerminations and sulfide Pb-Pb Characteristics from the late Archean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland. Geological Survev of Finland, Special Paper 17,
2980:
Liu, Xiao-Chi; Wu, Yuan-Bao; Fisher, Christopher M.; Hanchar, John M.; Beranek, Luke; Gao, Shan; Wang, Hao (2016). "Tracing crustal evolution by U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Lu-Hf isotopes in detrital monazite and zircon from modern rivers".
2636:
Krüner, Alfred; Byerly, Gary R.; Lowe, Donald R. (1991). "Chronology of early
Archaean granite-greenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation".
1087:
Fig 6. Possible relationship 2 of Archean felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids. GMS and TTG may have intruded the crust at the same time. Yet, GMS was concentrated at the upper crust and TTG at deeper intermediate
1020:
materials formed older sodium-rich TTG and (b) melting of felsic materials (e.g. TTG and/or sediments) formed younger potassium-rich GMS (see Table 3). They imply gradual chemical changes in the magma and the
2283:
Nutman, Allen P.; Bennett, Vickie C.; Friend, Clark R.L.; Rosing, Minik T. (1997). "~ 3710 and ⪖ 3790 Ma volcanic sequences in the Isua (Greenland) supracrustal belt; structural and Nd isotope implications".
1673:
Paradis, Suzanne; Ludden, John; Gélinas, Léopold (1988). "Evidence for contrasting compositional spectra in comagmatic intrusive and extrusive rocks of the late Archean Blake River Group, Abitibi, Quebec".
23:
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram showing the formation environment of Archean felsic volcanic rocks. Modified from Giles (1980). Felsic eruption forms felsic volcanic rocks near the volcano and a spectrum of
1401:
de Rosen-Spence, Andrée F.; Provost, Gilles; Dimroth, Erich; Gochnauer, Karen; Owen, Victor (1980). "Archean subaqueous felsic flows, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada, and their Quarternary equivalents".
2237:
KAMBER, B; WHITEHOUSE, M; BOLHAR, R; MOORBATH, S (2005). "Volcanic resurfacing and the early terrestrial crust: Zircon U–Pb and REE constraints from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland".
1042:
than other Archean felsic volcanic rocks) has no plutonic equivalent in the same period. The composition of felsic volcanic rocks are being altered concurrently with shifting granitoid composition.
1627:
Thorpe, R.I.; Hickman, A.H.; Davis, D.W.; Mortensen, J.K.; Trendall, A.F. (1992). "U-Pb zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic units in the Marble Bar region, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia".
2406:
Lesher, C. M.; Goodwin, A. M.; Campbell, I. H.; Gorton, M. P. (1986). "Trace-element geochemistry of ore-associated and barren, felsic metavolcanic rocks in the Superior Province, Canada".
800:
are the two common types of underwater deposits formed by Archean felsic volcanic rocks (Fig. 4). Documented Archean lava structures are distinctive from post-Archean felsic lava because
2451:"Evolution of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt based on U–Pb geochronology: autochthonous volcanic construction followed by plutonism, regional deformation and sedimentation"
2707:
Eruptive environment and geochemistry of Archaean ultramafic, mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the eastern Yilgarn Craton : IAVCEI, Canberra 1993 : excursion guide
829:
Short, stocky dome with subsequent pyroclastic deposits extend less than few kilometres long. When explosive eruption occurs, volcanic fragments would be deposited by violent
1111:
3027:
Lowe, Donald R.; Byerly, Gary R. (2007), "Chapter 5.3 An Overview of the Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and Vicinity: Implications for Early Crustal Development",
771:(hot, dense gas with volcanic fragments) instead of fluid lava flow. However, if the rhyolitic lava is still molten during eruption, it can behave and flow like fluid lava.
2010:
Kerrich, Robert; Polat, Ali (2006). "Archean greenstone-tonalite duality: Thermochemical mantle convection models or plate tectonics in the early Earth global dynamics?".
149:) that contributes over half the portion of Archean cratons. They have implications in finding how the felsic volcanic rocks were formed and related to the granitoids.
558:
into quartz with flame-like ending tips. The eutaxitic texture represents a hot vapour-phase emplacement of the fragmented volcanic materials on the Earth's surface.
2501:
Sylvester, Paul J.; Attoh, Kodjo; Schulz, Klaus J. (1987). "Tectonic setting of late Archean bimodal volcanism in the Michipicoten (Wawa) greenstone belt, Ontario".
564:
are present in massive, uniform felsic lava flow units. When the viscous lava flow encounters a surface, friction drags the mobile lava and forms internal banding.
3059:
Watkins, J. M.; Clemens, J. D.; Treloar, P. J. (2007-03-06). "Archaean TTGs as sources of younger granitic magmas: melting of sodic metatonalites at 0.6–1.2 GPa".
1049:
Fig 5. Possible relationship 1 of Archean felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids. GMS may have intruded the crust at a very shallow depth, and later TTG intruded.
2086:
Nelson, David R. (2001). "An assessment of the determination of depositional ages for precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks by U–Pb dating of detrital zircons".
2850:
Mueller, Wulf; White, James D.L. (1992). "Felsic fire-fountaining beneath Archean seas: pyroclastic deposits of the 2730 Ma Hunter Mine Group, Quebec, Canada".
1170:
Le Bas, M. J.; Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B. (1986). "A Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks Based on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram".
1070:
GMS is concentrated at the upper crust and TTG at deeper intermediate crust. Later, GMS as well as GMS-like volcanics are eroded and deposit as sediments. The
2544:
Turek, A.; Smith, Patrick E.; Schmus, W. R. Van (1982). "Rb–Sr and U–Pb ages of volcanism and granite emplacement in the Michipicoten belt—Wawa, Ontario".
2898:
Yamagishi, Hiromitsu; Dimroth, Erich (1985). "A comparison of Miocene and Archean rhyolite hyaloclastites: Evidence for a hot and fluid rhyolite lava".
165:
that pull apart, collide or tear continents. On average, the felsic volcanic rocks only contribute to ≈15-20% in volcanic rocks of greenstone belts.
767:
Submarine rhyolitic flows were widespread in the Archean but are uncommon in the modern volcanic environment. Viscous felsic eruption often causes
1325:
Condie, Kent C. (1993). "Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: Contrasting results from surface samples and shales".
2590:
Baldock, J.W.; Evans, J.A. (1988). "Constraints on the age of the Bulawayan group metavolcanic sequence, Harare Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe".
1754:
Sylvester, P. J.; Harper, G. D.; Byerly, G. R.; Thurston, P. C. (1997). "Volcanic Aspects". In De Wit, Maarten J.; Ashwal, Lewis D. (eds.).
96:, silicate content <52%) occupy about 50% in the greenstone belts. Thus, felsic volcanic rocks are rare members in the Archean terranes.
599:
2167:
Nelson, D. R. (2001). 168961: welded tuffaceous rhyolite, Marda Tank. Geochronology Record, 195. Geological Survey of Western Australia.
833:. Coarse breccia would be formed as a result. Submarine sediments would subsequently be deposited along the steep flank of the volcano.
211:
constantly started removing earlier formed materials. So, studying the Archean supracrustal rocks back in deep time may be subjected to
2358:
Goodwin, A.M.; Smith, I.E.M. (1980). "Chemical discontinuities in Archean metavolcanic terrains and the development of Archean crust".
2714:
2062:
1964:
Barley, M.E. (1993). "Volcanic, sedimentary and tectonostratigraphic environments of the ≈3.46 Ga Warrawoona Megasequence: a review".
1763:
960:
907:
760:
is viscous, volcanic eruptions that form dacite or rhyolite are explosive and violent. The Archean felsic eruption may be assigned to
146:
2794:
Watson, E. Bruce (1979). "Zircon saturation in felsic liquids: Experimental results and applications to trace element geochemistry".
3044:
424:
Fig. 2. A map showing examples greenstone belts with documented Archean felsic volcanic rocks localities. See citations in Table 1.
1149:
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.M., Gibbard, P.L., Fan, J.-X. (2013). The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36, 199-204.
1836:"Subduction or sagduction? Ambiguity in constraining the origin of ultramafic–mafic bodies in the Archean crust of NW Scotland"
926:. They are magma chambers that later formed the volcanics on the Earth's surface by volcanic eruption. Later they intruded the
3119:"3806Ma Isua rhyolites and dacites affected by low temperature Eoarchaean surficial alteration: Earth's earliest weathering"
1214:
1071:
2954:"Stratigraphy, Facies and Structure in Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks of the Archean Back River Volcanic Complex, N.w.t."
176:
77:
25:
878:
1835:
1136:
A comparative study of Archaean and Proterozoic felsic volcanic associations in Southern Australia / by Chris W. Giles
576:
551:
171:
All Archean felsic volcanic rocks are distributed in greenstone belts. In Archean cratons, greenstone belts represent
3117:
Nutman, Allen P.; Bennett, Vickie C.; Chivas, Allan R.; Friend, Clark R.L.; Liu, Xiao-Ming; Dux, Florian W. (2015).
1092:
Revealing the relationship between Archean felsic volcanic rocks and the granitoids may be difficult. It is because
3169:
1720:
Bleeker, W.; Davis, B. (2004). "What is a craton? How many are there? How do they relate? And how did they form?".
1528:"A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal craton: Linking plutonic and volcanic records"
930:
of similar age and composition in the Archean. The uprising magma bodies deformed the surface greenstone belt on a
595:
1834:
Johnson, Tim E.; Brown, Michael; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Clark, Chris; Kinny, Peter D.; White, Richard W. (2016).
535:
65:
As the Archean Earth was hotter than the present, formation of felsic volcanic rocks may differ from the modern
3118:
145:
are the most prevalent rock type in Archean terranes. These intrusive felsic igneous rocks include TTG suites (
874:
736:
In the Archean aeon, underwater eruptions of felsic lava were common. Submarine eruption is evident by coarse
1035:
264:
184:
2125:
Hallberg, J.A.; Johnston, C.; Bye, S.M. (1976). "The Archaean Marda igneous complex, Western Australia".
3174:
639:
3130:
3068:
2990:
2907:
2859:
2803:
2760:
2646:
2599:
2553:
2510:
2462:
2415:
2367:
2293:
2246:
2187:
2134:
2091:
2055:
Volcanic successions modern and ancient: a geological approach to processes, products and successions
2019:
1973:
1925:
1850:
1800:
1729:
1683:
1636:
1580:
1461:
1411:
1334:
1262:
1179:
713:
631:
107:
environments. The composition of Archean felsic volcanic rocks are equivalent to a spectrum between
1134:
1039:
923:
834:
450:) content from 62 to 78 wt% in rock. In terms of mineralogy, the felsic volcanic rocks are rich in
857:
in greenstone belts. Felsic eruptions are episodic, making the felsic volcanic layers distinctive
779:
3092:
2827:
858:
801:
721:
672:
200:. The intrusion deformed the felsic volcanic rocks along with the volcano-sedimentary sequences.
84:
and only contribute to less 20% of rocks in the Archean greenstone belts worldwide. In contrast,
2751:
Thurston, P. C. (1980). "Subaerial volcanism in the Archean Uchi-Confederation volcanic belt".
1062:
GMS may have intruded the crust and GMS-like volcanics at a very shallow depth. Later, intense
3146:
3084:
3040:
3006:
2923:
2875:
2819:
2776:
2720:
2710:
2670:
2662:
2615:
2569:
2526:
2480:
2431:
2383:
2309:
2262:
2203:
2150:
2107:
2068:
2058:
2035:
1989:
1941:
1876:
1816:
1769:
1759:
1699:
1652:
1596:
1549:
1479:
1427:
1358:
1280:
1195:
1106:
1058:
The older GMS-like felsic volcanic rocks formed with similar age of TTG has two implications:
927:
830:
817:
555:
539:
347:
172:
104:
51:
19:
3138:
3076:
3032:
2998:
2960:
2915:
2867:
2811:
2768:
2654:
2650:
2607:
2561:
2518:
2470:
2423:
2375:
2338:
2301:
2254:
2250:
2195:
2142:
2099:
2027:
1981:
1933:
1866:
1858:
1808:
1691:
1644:
1588:
1539:
1469:
1419:
1350:
1342:
1270:
1187:
768:
761:
745:
737:
725:
583:
400:
180:
55:
1022:
886:
619:
580:
514:
tuff, Superior Province, Canada. Adopted and modified from photograph of Thurston (1980).
443:
188:
162:
73:
66:
3134:
3072:
2994:
2911:
2863:
2807:
2764:
2603:
2557:
2514:
2466:
2419:
2371:
2297:
2191:
2138:
2095:
2023:
1977:
1929:
1854:
1804:
1733:
1687:
1640:
1584:
1465:
1415:
1338:
1266:
1183:
531:
479:
286:
3036:
2475:
2450:
2449:
Ayer, J.; Amelin, Y.; Corfu, F.; Kamo, S.; Ketchum, J.; Kwok, K.; Trowell, N. (2002).
2305:
2103:
3163:
3096:
2919:
2871:
2831:
2772:
2658:
2611:
2379:
2146:
1985:
1937:
1648:
1423:
1346:
870:
571:
is commonly found in Archean felsic volcanic rocks. In submarine environments, water
494:). The mineralogy seems similar with modern rhyolites and dacites. The volcanics are
212:
197:
131:
39:
3142:
2199:
1862:
1592:
1450:"A Geochemical Overview of Mid-Archaean Metavolcanic Rocks from Southwest Greenland"
1016:
The two kinds of granitoids have different magma origins: (a) melting of water-rich
161:. A craton is an ancient stable continental block. Also, a craton has survived from
2330:
Mortensen, J. K.; Thorpe, R. I.; Padgham, W. A.; Keng, J. E.; Davis, W. J. (1988).
850:
749:
635:
561:
527:
124:
120:
2952:
Lambert, M B; Burbidge, G; Jefferson, C W; Beaumont-smith, C; Lustwerk, R (1990).
219:
Table 1. Examples of Archean felsic volcanic rocks occurrence in greenstone belts
167:
See Figure 2 and Table 1 for Examples of Archean felsic volcanic rocks occurrence.
1191:
2031:
1250:
499:
420:
81:
2258:
1474:
1449:
1251:"Archaean granitoids: an overview and significance from a tectonic perspective"
3080:
1544:
1527:
1093:
1083:
1004:
503:
471:
116:
62:
on the Earth's surface started 500 million years after the Earth's formation.
3150:
3088:
3010:
2927:
2879:
2823:
2780:
2724:
2666:
2619:
2573:
2530:
2484:
2435:
2387:
2313:
2266:
2207:
2154:
2111:
2072:
2039:
1993:
1945:
1880:
1871:
1820:
1812:
1703:
1656:
1600:
1553:
1483:
1431:
1362:
1284:
1199:
1773:
1045:
993:
975:
915:
906:
Two plutonic, igneous rock suites form 50% of Archean cratons. They are (1)
854:
838:
796:
790:
717:
607:
572:
509:
491:
475:
204:
142:
100:
93:
72:
Archean felsic volcanic rocks are distributed only in the preserved Archean
59:
2674:
1034:
they are much older than GMS. For example, a GMS-like rhyolite unit in the
495:
463:
451:
112:
1354:
2815:
1063:
997:
989:
919:
911:
806:
741:
568:
487:
208:
179:. Some volcanic sequences can be several kilometers thick, such as the
43:
3002:
1275:
971:
966:
931:
890:
753:
709:
547:
543:
523:
467:
459:
455:
439:
158:
138:. They are important to reconstruct Archean geological environments.
135:
108:
89:
47:
36:
2565:
2522:
2427:
1695:
542:
tuff from Superior Province, Canada (Figure 3), contains lenticular
2965:
2953:
2709:. Australia: Australian Geological Survey Organisation. p. 6.
2343:
2331:
784:
adopted from Sylvester et al. (1997) in de Wit & Ashwal (1997).
58:, Archean felsic volcanic rocks provide clues on the Earth's first
2957:
Current Research, Part C, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-IC
1082:
1044:
1017:
897:
Relationships between Archean felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids
882:
778:
757:
603:
508:
419:
192:
85:
18:
2332:"U-Pb zircon ages for felsic volcanism in Slave Porvince, N.W.T."
627:
611:
519:
483:
207:
is relatively easier than observing Archean volcanism, because
594:
The composition of Archean felsic volcanic rocks falls in the
175:
formed at the Earth's surface and the belts are dominated by
1074:
may show a range of mixed GMS and TTG geochemical signature.
157:
Archean felsic volcanic rocks are only preserved in Archean
849:
Archean felsic volcanic rocks are important in determining
1526:
Agangi, Andrea; Hofmann, Axel; Elburg, Marlina A. (2018).
1249:
Halla, J; Whitehouse, M. J.; Ahmad, T.; Bagai, Z. (2017).
938:
Table 3. Comparison between 2 common Archean Granitoids
2592:
Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)
646:
Table 2. Average composition of felsic volcanic rocks
2705:
Morris, P. A.; Barnes, S. J.; Hill, R. E. T. (1993).
1112:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
550:deposits on a cool surface, it is rapidly cooled,
134:and match distant rock units in separated Archean
80:are common. Felsic volcanic rocks are rare in the
54:content of 62–78%. Given that the Earth formed at
1038:(abnormally more enriched in potassium and heavy
1255:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
615:feldspars that make the volcanic rocks felsic.
16:Felsic volcanic rocks formed in the Archean Eon
2900:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2852:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
618:Dacite and rhyolite are characterised by high
130:Archean felsic volcanic rocks are utilised to
2335:Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies: Report 2
708:Archean felsic volcanic rocks also have high
8:
1758:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 55–90.
598:series. Such magmatic series indicate that
1215:"How Science Figured Out the Age of Earth"
518:Felsic volcanic rocks also include felsic
217:
3061:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2964:
2796:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2474:
2342:
1870:
1543:
1473:
1274:
936:
644:
46:(4 to 2.5 billion years ago). The term "
1668:
1666:
1122:
78:sequences of volcanic-sedimentary rocks
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3022:
3020:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2631:
2629:
2585:
2583:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2325:
2323:
2278:
2276:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2217:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1910:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1715:
1713:
1396:
1394:
1392:
821:and pushes the flow further outwards.
526:was consolidated. Tuff is composed of
502:texture that certain larger minerals (
366:Upper Michipicoten volcanic sequences
2496:
2494:
2005:
2003:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1785:
1783:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1565:
1563:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1443:
1441:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1128:
1126:
873:of Archean events strongly relies on
115:. They can be distinguished by their
7:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
132:date the timing of geological events
2639:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2239:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1133:Giles, Christopher William (1980).
2546:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2503:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2408:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1676:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
961:Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
908:Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
579:. The flow is fragmented and form
458:. A typical mineral assemblage is
147:Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
14:
224:Felsic volcanic units/localities
2053:Cas, R.; A.F Wright, J. (1996).
3143:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.07.014
2200:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.05.002
1863:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.07.013
1593:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.11.007
3031:, Elsevier, pp. 481–526,
744:, hyaloclastite or underwater
575:and cools lava rapidly during
330:Musk massive sulphide deposit
1:
3037:10.1016/s0166-2635(07)15053-2
2476:10.1016/s0301-9268(02)00006-2
2306:10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00084-3
2104:10.1016/s0037-0738(01)00067-7
177:volcano-sedimentary sequences
33:Archean felsic volcanic rocks
2920:10.1016/0377-0273(85)90040-x
2872:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90118-w
2773:10.1016/0301-9268(80)90024-8
2659:10.1016/0012-821x(91)90148-b
2612:10.1016/0899-5362(88)90022-x
2380:10.1016/0301-9268(80)90016-9
2147:10.1016/0301-9268(76)90029-2
1986:10.1016/0301-9268(93)90044-3
1938:10.1016/0301-9268(89)90080-6
1722:AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts
1649:10.1016/0301-9268(92)90100-3
1424:10.1016/0301-9268(80)90023-6
1347:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90140-e
277:Kallehadlu Felsic Volcanics
50:" means that the rocks have
26:volcano-sedimentary sequence
2032:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.12.004
1448:Szilas, Kristoffer (2018).
3191:
2259:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.037
1475:10.3390/geosciences8070266
1192:10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
949:Important mineral present
902:From TTG to GMS granitoids
845:Stratigraphic significance
600:fractional crystallisation
3081:10.1007/s00410-007-0181-0
2337:. Paper No. 88-2: 85–95.
1545:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.08.003
606:occurred during cooling.
28:in the sea in Archean.
1813:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.005
1029:Conflicting compositions
986:Younger (2nd granitoid)
626:) content from 62 to 78
498:, whereas some exhibits
88:volcanic rocks (such as
42:that were formed in the
2651:1991E&PSL.103...41K
2251:2005E&PSL.240..276K
1036:Abitibi Greenstone Belt
638:during later stages of
506:) are visible by eyes.
250:Eastern Pilbara Craton
125:rock layer relationship
1089:
1054:Possible relationships
1050:
957:Older (1st granitoid)
785:
762:Vesuvius eruption type
515:
434:Mineralogy and texture
425:
322:North Atlantic Craton
265:Marda Volcanic Complex
185:Eastern Pilbara Craton
29:
1086:
1048:
981:hydrated mafic crust
910:(TTG) suites and (2)
782:
714:Incompatible elements
522:that was formed when
512:
423:
56:~4.5 billion year ago
22:
3123:Precambrian Research
3029:Earth's Oldest Rocks
2753:Precambrian Research
2455:Precambrian Research
2360:Precambrian Research
2180:Precambrian Research
2127:Precambrian Research
2057:. Chapman and Hall.
1966:Precambrian Research
1918:Precambrian Research
1843:Precambrian Research
1629:Precambrian Research
1573:Precambrian Research
1532:Geoscience Frontiers
1404:Precambrian Research
1172:Journal of Petrology
837:would occur to form
835:Submarine landslides
802:underwater eruptions
764:in the present day.
756:only). Since felsic
3135:2015PreR..268..323N
3073:2007CoMP..154...91W
2995:2017Geo....45..103L
2912:1985JVGR...23..337Y
2864:1992JVGR...54..117M
2808:1979CoMP...70..407W
2765:1980PreR...12...79T
2604:1988JAfES...7..795B
2558:1982CaJES..19.1608T
2515:1987CaJES..24.1120S
2467:2002PreR..115...63A
2420:1986CaJES..23..222L
2372:1980PreR...10..301G
2298:1997ChGeo.141..271N
2192:2013PreR..227...55J
2139:1976PreR....3..111H
2096:2001SedG..141...37N
2088:Sedimentary Geology
2024:2006Tectp.415..141K
1978:1993PreR...60...47B
1930:1989PreR...44..147D
1855:2016PreR..283...89J
1805:2017GondR..50...38M
1734:2004AGUSM.T41C..01B
1688:1988CaJES..25..134P
1641:1992PreR...56..169T
1585:2010PreR..177..145V
1466:2018Geosc...8..266S
1416:1980PreR...12...43D
1339:1993ChGeo.104....1C
1267:2017GSLSP.449....1H
1219:Scientific American
1213:Braterman, Paul S.
1184:1986JPet...27..745B
1040:rare-earth elements
967:Na-rich plagioclase
939:
924:chronological order
885:rocks (contain low
865:Timing of volcanism
859:stratigraphic units
775:Subaqueous deposits
673:Rock Classification
647:
313:Sample SM/GR/93/57
296:Kovero schist belt
220:
117:mineral assemblages
101:volcanic activities
60:volcanic activities
2816:10.1007/bf00371047
2090:. 141–142: 37–60.
1090:
1051:
937:
928:supracrustal rocks
786:
752:rock, composed of
722:radiometric dating
645:
516:
426:
392:Zimbabwean Craton
375:Superior Province
358:Superior Province
283:Gadag-Chitradurga
218:
205:volcanic processes
173:supracrustal rocks
127:in the sequences.
103:commonly occur in
30:
3170:Archean volcanism
1872:20.500.11937/9924
1793:Gondwana Research
1107:Eoarchean geology
1014:
1013:
889:content, such as
831:pyroclastic flows
726:isotopic analysis
706:
705:
577:volcanic eruption
442:" refers to high
418:
417:
348:Blake River Group
333:2689.3 +2.4/-1.8
241:Duffer Formation
203:Observing modern
76:, where deformed
3182:
3155:
3154:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3003:10.1130/g38720.1
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2949:
2932:
2931:
2906:(3–4): 337–355.
2895:
2884:
2883:
2858:(1–2): 117–134.
2847:
2836:
2835:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2748:
2729:
2728:
2702:
2679:
2678:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2598:(5–6): 795–804.
2587:
2578:
2577:
2552:(8): 1608–1626.
2541:
2535:
2534:
2509:(6): 1120–1134.
2498:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2366:(3–4): 301–311.
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2292:(3–4): 271–287.
2286:Chemical Geology
2280:
2271:
2270:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2018:(1–4): 141–165.
2007:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1912:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1756:Greenstone belts
1751:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1635:(3–4): 169–189.
1624:
1605:
1604:
1579:(1–2): 145–161.
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1398:
1367:
1366:
1327:Chemical Geology
1322:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1276:10.1144/SP449.10
1246:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1167:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1072:detrital zircons
940:
922:(GMS) suites in
769:pyroclastic flow
738:volcanic breccia
688:Dacite–Rhyolite
648:
584:volcanic breccia
536:lithic fragments
438:The meaning of "
411:Kaapvaal Craton
401:Onverwacht Group
383:Bulawayan Group
230:Greenstone belt
221:
181:Warrawoona Group
74:greenstone belts
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3026:
3025:
3018:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2951:
2950:
2935:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2750:
2749:
2732:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2682:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2566:10.1139/e82-138
2543:
2542:
2538:
2523:10.1139/e87-109
2500:
2499:
2492:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2428:10.1139/e86-025
2405:
2404:
2395:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1914:
1913:
1888:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1696:10.1139/e88-013
1672:
1671:
1664:
1626:
1625:
1608:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1525:
1524:
1491:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1400:
1399:
1370:
1324:
1323:
1292:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1169:
1168:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1103:
1081:
1056:
1031:
904:
899:
867:
847:
827:
815:
777:
734:
668:
664:
657:
625:
592:
449:
436:
431:
429:Characteristics
339:Slave Province
269:Yilgarn Craton
236:Country/Region
163:plate tectonics
155:
99:Archean felsic
67:plate tectonics
17:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3102:
3051:
3045:
3016:
2989:(2): 103–106.
2972:
2966:10.4095/131253
2933:
2885:
2837:
2802:(4): 407–419.
2786:
2759:(1–4): 79–98.
2730:
2716:978-0642196637
2715:
2680:
2645:(1–4): 41–54.
2625:
2579:
2536:
2490:
2461:(1–4): 63–95.
2441:
2414:(2): 222–237.
2393:
2350:
2344:10.4095/126606
2319:
2272:
2245:(2): 276–290.
2226:
2213:
2169:
2160:
2133:(2): 111–136.
2117:
2078:
2064:978-0412446405
2063:
2045:
2012:Tectonophysics
1999:
1972:(1–4): 47–67.
1951:
1924:(2): 147–169.
1886:
1826:
1779:
1765:978-0198540564
1764:
1739:
1709:
1682:(1): 134–144.
1662:
1606:
1559:
1538:(3): 667–688.
1489:
1437:
1410:(1–4): 43–77.
1368:
1290:
1230:
1205:
1178:(3): 745–750.
1151:
1142:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1052:
1030:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1001:
987:
983:
982:
979:
964:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
903:
900:
898:
895:
866:
863:
846:
843:
826:
823:
814:
811:
776:
773:
733:
732:Eruption style
730:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
623:
591:
588:
567:Structureless
552:recrystallised
447:
435:
432:
430:
427:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
305:Baltic Shield
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
287:Dharwar Craton
284:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
198:magma chambers
154:
151:
121:rock chemistry
40:volcanic rocks
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:(1): 91–110.
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3046:9780444528100
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(1–4): 1–37.
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
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1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
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1231:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1023:Earth's crust
1019:
1010:felsic crust
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
952:Magma origin
951:
948:
945:
943:Relative age
942:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:geochronology
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
824:
822:
819:
812:
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799:
798:
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781:
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772:
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755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
698:
695:
693:Post-Archean
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
674:
671:
660:
653:
650:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:calc-alkaline
589:
587:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:hyaloclastite
565:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
507:
505:
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489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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461:
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453:
445:
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433:
428:
422:
414:South Africa
413:
410:
407:
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402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
371:
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351:
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321:
318:
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312:
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294:
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285:
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279:
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275:
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268:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
216:
214:
213:sampling bias
210:
206:
201:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
27:
21:
3175:Felsic rocks
3126:
3122:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3028:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2956:
2903:
2899:
2855:
2851:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2756:
2752:
2706:
2642:
2638:
2595:
2591:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2506:
2502:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2411:
2407:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2242:
2238:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2087:
2081:
2054:
2048:
2015:
2011:
1969:
1965:
1921:
1917:
1846:
1842:
1829:
1796:
1792:
1755:
1725:
1721:
1679:
1675:
1632:
1628:
1576:
1572:
1535:
1531:
1457:
1453:
1407:
1403:
1355:10068/310317
1330:
1326:
1258:
1254:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1208:
1175:
1171:
1145:
1135:
1097:signatures.
1091:
1057:
1032:
1015:
1003:
970:
905:
879:Lu-Hf dating
868:
851:absolute age
848:
828:
816:
795:
789:
787:
766:
735:
707:
636:metamorphism
617:
593:
590:Geochemistry
566:
560:
532:glass shards
528:volcanic ash
517:
437:
336:Yellowknife
202:
170:
166:
156:
140:
129:
98:
71:
64:
32:
31:
3129:: 323–338.
2959:: 151–165.
1728:: T41C–01.
1454:Geosciences
1261:(1): 1–18.
875:U-Pb dating
746:pyroclastic
712:abundance.
640:deformation
546:. When hot
538:. Reported
504:phenocrysts
500:porphyritic
352:2694.1±4.5
258:Marda Tank
247:Warrawoona
187:. However,
82:early Earth
44:Archean Eon
3164:Categories
1849:: 89–105.
1460:(7): 266.
1224:2018-12-02
1118:References
1094:weathering
1079:Limitation
1005:K-feldspar
946:Granitoid
855:rock units
839:turbidites
748:deposits (
696:73.0–73.6
682:72.2–73.0
632:deposition
562:Flow bands
472:oligoclase
408:Barberton
386:2615 ± 28
325:Greenland
302:Ilomantsi
272:Australia
253:Australia
189:ultramafic
153:Occurrence
143:granitoids
3151:0301-9268
3097:131343174
3089:0010-7999
3011:0091-7613
2928:0377-0273
2880:0377-0273
2832:128813711
2824:0010-7999
2781:0301-9268
2725:221544061
2667:0012-821X
2620:0899-5362
2574:0008-4077
2531:0008-4077
2485:0301-9268
2436:0008-4077
2388:0301-9268
2314:0009-2541
2267:0012-821X
2208:0301-9268
2186:: 55–76.
2155:0301-9268
2112:0037-0738
2073:961300385
2040:0040-1951
1994:0301-9268
1946:0301-9268
1881:0301-9268
1821:1342-937X
1799:: 38–66.
1704:0008-4077
1657:0301-9268
1601:0301-9268
1554:1674-9871
1484:2076-3263
1432:0301-9268
1363:0009-2541
1285:0305-8719
1200:0022-3530
1139:(Thesis).
994:Monzonite
976:amphibole
916:Monzonite
825:Lava dome
813:Lava flow
797:lava dome
791:lava flow
718:zirconium
702:Rhyolite
608:Magnesium
540:eutaxitic
496:aphanitic
492:muscovite
476:amphibole
405:3445 ± 3
395:Zimbabwe
369:2696 ± 2
316:3710 ± 4
299:2754 ± 6
280:2677 ± 2
261:2734 ± 3
244:3468 ± 2
227:Age (Ma)
105:submarine
94:komatiite
2675:11538384
1774:33104147
1101:See also
934:scale.
932:cratonic
881:. Since
818:Effusive
699:7.0–8.0
685:6.4–6.8
679:Archean
669:O (wt%)
573:quenches
480:chlorite
464:feldspar
452:feldspar
355:Abitibi
308:Finland
113:rhyolite
3131:Bibcode
3069:Bibcode
2991:Bibcode
2983:Geology
2908:Bibcode
2860:Bibcode
2804:Bibcode
2761:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2600:Bibcode
2554:Bibcode
2511:Bibcode
2463:Bibcode
2416:Bibcode
2368:Bibcode
2294:Bibcode
2247:Bibcode
2224:103-131
2188:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
2092:Bibcode
2020:Bibcode
1974:Bibcode
1926:Bibcode
1851:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1684:Bibcode
1637:Bibcode
1581:Bibcode
1462:Bibcode
1412:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
1263:Bibcode
1180:Bibcode
1064:erosion
998:Syenite
990:Granite
920:Syenite
912:Granite
853:of the
807:breccia
788:Felsic
750:clastic
742:in situ
740:formed
716:, like
490:and/or
488:biotite
389:Harare
378:Canada
361:Canada
342:Canada
233:Craton
209:erosion
159:cratons
141:Felsic
136:cratons
3149:
3095:
3087:
3043:
3009:
2926:
2878:
2830:
2822:
2779:
2723:
2713:
2673:
2665:
2618:
2572:
2529:
2483:
2434:
2386:
2312:
2265:
2206:
2153:
2110:
2071:
2061:
2038:
1992:
1944:
1879:
1819:
1772:
1762:
1702:
1655:
1599:
1552:
1482:
1430:
1361:
1283:
1198:
1088:crust.
1000:(GMS)
972:garnet
963:(TTG)
891:basalt
887:silica
754:tephra
710:zircon
658:(wt%)
620:silica
581:glassy
556:welded
548:pumice
544:fiamme
524:tephra
468:albite
460:quartz
456:quartz
444:silica
440:felsic
291:India
109:dacite
90:basalt
52:silica
48:felsic
37:felsic
3093:S2CID
2828:S2CID
1839:(PDF)
1018:mafic
883:mafic
758:magma
651:Time
604:magma
484:micas
372:Wawa
319:Isua
193:mafic
86:mafic
3147:ISSN
3085:ISSN
3041:ISBN
3007:ISSN
2924:ISSN
2876:ISSN
2820:ISSN
2777:ISSN
2721:OCLC
2711:ISBN
2671:PMID
2663:ISSN
2616:ISSN
2570:ISSN
2527:ISSN
2481:ISSN
2432:ISSN
2384:ISSN
2310:ISSN
2263:ISSN
2204:ISSN
2151:ISSN
2108:ISSN
2069:OCLC
2059:ISBN
2036:ISSN
1990:ISSN
1942:ISSN
1877:ISSN
1817:ISSN
1770:OCLC
1760:ISBN
1726:2004
1700:ISSN
1653:ISSN
1597:ISSN
1550:ISSN
1480:ISSN
1428:ISSN
1359:ISSN
1281:ISSN
1196:ISSN
1067:GMS.
877:and
869:The
794:and
724:and
622:(SiO
612:iron
610:and
554:and
534:and
520:tuff
482:) +
474:) +
454:and
446:(SiO
191:and
123:and
111:and
92:and
35:are
3139:doi
3127:268
3077:doi
3065:154
3033:doi
2999:doi
2961:doi
2916:doi
2868:doi
2812:doi
2769:doi
2655:doi
2643:103
2608:doi
2562:doi
2519:doi
2471:doi
2459:115
2424:doi
2376:doi
2339:doi
2302:doi
2290:141
2255:doi
2243:240
2196:doi
2184:227
2143:doi
2100:doi
2028:doi
2016:415
1982:doi
1934:doi
1867:hdl
1859:doi
1847:283
1809:doi
1692:doi
1645:doi
1589:doi
1577:177
1540:doi
1470:doi
1420:doi
1351:hdl
1343:doi
1331:104
1271:doi
1259:449
1188:doi
665:O+K
654:SiO
634:or
628:wt%
602:of
183:of
3166::
3145:.
3137:.
3125:.
3121:.
3105:^
3091:.
3083:.
3075:.
3063:.
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2997:.
2987:45
2985:.
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2902:.
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2854:.
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2818:.
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2800:70
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2182:.
2149:.
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2002:^
1988:.
1980:.
1970:60
1968:.
1954:^
1940:.
1932:.
1922:44
1920:.
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1815:.
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