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19:
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desire to reconcile these elements to make Sikkim a commercial centre under
British rule. Campbell was chosen to achieve these ends. Campbell took various measures for the economic development of the region that led to a population increase from less than 100 in 1839 to around 10,000 in 1849, swelled
127:
or minister of the Raja of Sikkim and held prisoner at
Tumlung. Hooker was allowed to leave but he chose to stay with Campbell. The two were released without harm on 9 December but the outrage led the British Government of India to annex a part of the Sikkim Terai region and stop the annual payment
54:
under the name of "Dr
Campbell" or "Dr A. Campbell" which has led some authors to misidentify his first name as Arthur or even Andrew. Campbell is credited with the introduction of tea cultivation in Darjeeling and for playing a role in the early experiments on the cultivation of
122:
Campbell collaborated with naturalists like Brian
Hodgson who worked in Nepal as well as visiting botanists like Sir Joseph Hooker. He accompanied Hooker in Sikkim along with Chibu Lama who knew the area and the three were taken prisoner on 7 November 1849 by Namgay, a
148:. By 1852, Campbell had organised the construction of 70 European style houses, a bazaar and jail along with roads. Forced labour was abolished and more the Rs. 50,000 had been raised in revenue. He was very interested in economic botany and brought tea seeds from the
184:
Campbell married Emily Ann the second daughter of John Lamb of the Bengal
Medical Service at Darjeeling on 10 November 1841 (Emily Ann is reported under aged at the time of marriage) and they had twelve children of whom nine survived him. The magnolia species,
106:
to his namesake father
Lieutenant Archibald Campbell of Ardmore and his wife Helen. He studied at Glasgow and later from 1824 to 1827 at Edinburgh University where he graduated M.D. He joined the Bengal medical establishment of the
119:. In 1832 he became surgeon at Kathmandu in Nepal serving under Brian Hodgson who influenced him greatly. He was made Superintendent of Darjeeling from 1840 and he stayed in this position until his retirement on 8 February 1862.
180:
where he worked with the Orphan Asylum and local institutions. He attended the
International Congress of Orientalists in 1874 and came down with an illness shortly after and died at his home. He was buried at Upton.
152:
region and in 1841, he began to grow some tea on an experimental basis near his home at
Beechwood, Darjeeling. His experiments were followed by several others, and soon, tea began to be cultivated in the area as
131:
According to Hooker, the
Darjeeling region was inhabited by five tribes, the Lepchas, Moormis, Tibetans, Limboos and Mechis who had been harassed by the Bhutanese and Nepalis. According to him, it was
27:
36:(20 April 1805 – 5 November 1874) of the Bengal Medical Service (which became part the Indian Medical Service after 1857) was the first superintendent (1840-1862) of the
667:
220:
On the state of the Arts of
Weaving, Spinning, and Dyeing in the Valley of Nipal. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. v.
677:
50:
682:
631:
246:
On the Lepchas of Sikim, with Vocabulary, &c., &c. Journal of the Asiatic Society. in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1873.
213:
On the Agricultural and other Implements used in the Valley of Nipal. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. v.
524:
132:
285:
Proposal for an interchange of Agricultural Seeds between different districts in India. Journal of the Agricultural Society, 1848.
324:
Sketch of Political Relations between the Bengal Government and Sikim to 1861, with supplement to 1874. January, 1874. Oriental.
206:
On the Agriculture and Rural Economy of the Valley of Nipal. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. v.
672:
199:
Campbell wrote many papers on Himalayan geography, ethnology and natural history. A partial list of his publications include:
111:
service on 8 May 1827 and rose to the position of Surgeon on 16 January 1844. In 1828 he was posted to the horse artillery at
350:
270:
On the Manufacture of Paper from the Bark of the Daphne Cannabina, vol. v. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Calcutta.
249:
On the Limboos of Nipal and Sikim, with Vocabulary, &c., &c.Ditto, ditto, Journal of the Ethnological Society, 1869.
333:
Paper on Indian Teas, and Importance of extending their adoption in Home Market. Society of Arts Journal, 30 January 1874.
421:
East India. Statement exhibiting the moral and material progress and condition of India during the Year 1860-61. Part I
48:. He also took a great interest in ethnology, economic botany and the study of the region and wrote extensively in the
398:
279:
On the Pooah Fibre, or Hemp of Nipal and Sikim, from a species of Nettle. Journal of the Agricultural Society, 1847.
662:
227:
On the Musical Instruments of the Nipalese. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. v.
69:. The latter travelled around Sikkim with Campbell on an expedition in which the two were held prisoner by
315:
Notes on Eastern Thibet, with a Chart, 1855, Phari. No. 1, February 1871. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
62:
261:
On the Comparative Anatomy of the Dog and the Wild Dog, Buansu of Nipal. Journal of the Natural History.
309:
Diary of a Journey through Sikim to the confines of Thibet, in 1849-50. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
606:
243:
On the Mech Tribe of Sikim, with Vocabulary of their Language, &c. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
657:
652:
203:
Observations on the Goitre in Animals as it occurs in Nipal. Medical and Physiological Society, 1833.
158:
66:
502:
399:""A difficult country, a hostile chief, and a more hostile minister": The Anglo-Sikkim war of 1861"
267:
A Gardener's Calendar for Darjeeling. Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society, 1840.
187:
86:
587:
552:
480:
288:
Itinerary from Phari in Thibet to Lassa,1848. Published in Phari. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
108:
330:
Note on the Valley of Choombi. Royal Asiatic Society, Great Britain and Ireland, September 1873.
608:
Records of clan Campbell in the Military service of the Honourable East India Company 1600-1858
627:
472:
81:
381:
579:
464:
95:
70:
73:, the local ruler. This incident led to the British annexation of the Sikkim Terai region.
23:
264:
On the Comparative Anatomy of the Ox, Bison, and Gavial. Journal of the Natural History.
170:
154:
149:
646:
435:
318:
Note on the Limboo Language, with an Alphabet, 1855. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
306:
On the Cultivation of Cotton in the Morung. Published by the Government of Bengal.
18:
115:
sometimes serving at the then recently established European Convalescent Depot at
234:
Barometrical and Thermometrical Observations at Cathmandoo in 1837. India Review.
294:
On the Elevation of Peaks in the Himalaya, 1848. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
162:
363:
362:
Darwin Correspondence Project, "Letter no. 1558," accessed on 26 October 2017,
258:
Note on the Origin and Language of the Limboos. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
327:
Paper on the Commerce of India. Journal of the Society of Arts, 17 March 1871.
99:
41:
37:
476:
321:
Paper on the Joshues. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, March 1873.
240:
On Earthquakes in Nipal and Thibet in 1833. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
498:
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The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
57:
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Report on the Sikim Morung 1851. Published by the Government of Bengal.
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452:
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Routes from Darjeeling to Thibet, 1848. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
116:
177:
145:
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112:
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On Winds and Storms in Thibet, 1851. Journal of the Asiatic Society.
572:
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)
423:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1862. pp. 192–195.
176:
He retired on 8 February 1862 and returned in 1872 to his home in
137:
103:
80:
45:
17:
383:
A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume II
61:. Campbell corresponded with numerous naturalists including
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Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
165:. Campbell also attempted to grow the first few samples of
297:
Journal of a Trip to Sikim in December, 1848, with a Map.
353:, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996.
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Report on Copper Ores in the Darjeeling Territory, 1854.
276:
On the Cultivation of the Tea Plant at Darjeeling, 1846.
351:
The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj
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of Rs 3,000 to the Sikkim Raja as rent for Darjeeling.
173:. These plants, however, did not survive the winter.
364:
Letter number 1558: To J. D. Hooker. 10 March 1854.
161:cultivation in the Terai as well as the culture of
624:Plants and their names : a concise dictionary
457:Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London
237:On the Proboscis of the Elephant. India Review.
440:. Indian Army Intelligence Branch. p. 41.
273:On the Soils and Cultivation round Darjeeling.
8:
437:Frontier and overseas expeditions from India
94:Archibald Campbell was born at Kilciarain,
529:. Calcutta: Bengal Government. p. 72.
611:. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 35–37.
386:. London: W. Thacker and Co. p. 132.
51:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
622:Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995),
499:"Pre-Independence [Darjeeling]"
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526:Bengal District Gazetteers. Darjeeling
570:"Introduction of Cinchona to India".
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169:brought to India from Kew in 1834 by
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375:
373:
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626:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
605:Campbell, Sir Duncan, ed. (1925).
252:On the Moormis of Nipal and Sikim.
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453:"On the Tribes around Darjeeling"
282:On a Lime Deposit in Sikim, 1843.
255:On the Haioos of Nipal and Sikim.
191:, was named after him by Hooker.
157:. He also took a lead in testing
668:British people in colonial India
678:Indian Medical Service officers
683:Naturalists from British India
419:"The Expedition into Sikhim".
90:named after Campbell by Hooker
1:
434:Paget, William Henry (1907).
699:
523:O'Malley, L.S.S. (1907).
503:Government of Darjeeling
380:Crawford, D.G. (1914).
673:People from Darjeeling
406:Bulletin of Tibetology
91:
30:
451:Campbell, A. (1869).
84:
21:
578:(3): 113–117. 1931.
397:McKay, Alex (2009).
188:Magnolia campbellii
136:by immigrants from
87:Magnolia campbellii
109:East India Company
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34:Archibald Campbell
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633:978-0-19-866189-4
551:: 379–391. 1878.
159:sea-island cotton
102:on the Island of
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63:B.H. Hodgson
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658:1874 deaths
653:1805 births
463:: 144–333.
163:Tassar silk
647:Categories
338:References
100:Port Ellen
42:Darjeeling
38:sanatorium
508:17 August
477:1368-0366
96:Kildalton
26:from the
637:, p. 303
408:: 31–48.
167:Cinchona
65:and Sir
58:Cinchona
40:town of
22:Undated
592:4102564
557:2841015
485:3014347
231:, 1837.
224:, 1837.
217:, 1837.
210:, 1837.
117:Landour
630:
590:
555:
483:
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178:Slough
150:Kumaun
146:Bhutan
142:Sikkim
113:Meerut
588:JSTOR
553:JSTOR
481:JSTOR
402:(PDF)
138:Nepal
125:dewan
104:Islay
46:India
628:ISBN
576:1931
543:"".
510:2015
473:ISSN
144:and
580:doi
465:doi
649::
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