1347:
2550:
1934:
1385:, he met during the course of his long and extraordinary life. After-dinner conversations in the drawing room would inevitably involve passionate debates about science or politics. "Every Sunday we would have to attend a tea party at grandpa’s house and apart from entertaining some extraordinary guests, he would devise some great games for us, such as frog racing in the garden or looking through the lens of a (dissected) sheep’s eye". Sir
1648:
33:
410:. Someone dubbed his motley group "Hill's Brigands", which they proudly adopted. Later in the war they also worked on locating enemy planes from their sound. He sped between their working sites on his beloved motorcycle. At the end of the war, Major Hill issued certificates to more than one hundred Brigands. He was appointed an
474:
from 1940 to 1945. In 1940, he was posted to the
British Embassy in Washington to promote war research in the still neutral United States. He was authorized to swap secrets with the Americans, but this could not work: how do you place a value on another's secret? Hill saw the answer and persuaded the
1392:
who proposed the Blue plaque, said: "The Nobel Prize winner A. V. Hill contributed vastly to our understanding of muscle physiology. His work has resulted in wide-ranging application in sports medicine. As an outstanding
Humanitarian and Parliamentarian, he was uncompromising in his condemnation of
445:
persecution. He prominently displayed in his laboratory a toy figure of Adolf Hitler with saluting arm upraised, which he explained was in gratitude for all the scientists
Germany had expelled, some of whom were now working with him. Hill believed that "Laughter is the best detergent for nonsense".
1151:
Hill made many exacting measurements of the heat released when skeletal muscles contract and relax. A key finding was that heat is produced during contraction, which requires investment of chemical energy, but not during relaxation, which is passive. His earliest measurements used equipment left
385:
to come for a day to advise them on how to train anti-aircraft gunners. On site, Hill immediately proposed a simple two mirror method to determine airplanes' heights. Transferred to
Munitions, he realized that the mirrors could measure where smoke shells burst and if he fitted this data with the
465:
was president. Both had been frustrated by the delay in putting scientists to work in the previous war. The Royal
Society collated a list of scientists and Hill represented the Society at the Ministry of Labour. When the war came Hill led a campaign to liberate refugee scientists who had been
4914:
1160:
and he went to
Germany to learn more about their work. He continually improved his apparatus to make it more sensitive and to reduce the time lag between the heat released by the preparation and its recording by his
2190:
501:
from 1955 to 1960. In 1967, he retired to
Cambridge where he gradually lost the use of his legs. He died "held in the greatest affection by more than a hundred scientific descendants all over the world".
485:
After the war he rebuilt his laboratory at
University College and vigorously carried on research. In 1951, his advocacy was rewarded by the establishment of a Biophysics Department under his leadership.
4904:
3100:
347:. In this paper, Hill's first publication, he derived both the equilibrium form of the Langmuir equation, and also the exponential approach to equilibrium. The paper, written under the supervision of
595:
4859:
1195:, Hill elucidated the processes whereby mechanical work is produced in muscles. The two shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for this work. Hill introduced the concepts of
2651:
4919:
1062:
4984:
943:
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1673:
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the Nazi regime for its persecution of scientists and others. A. V. Hill played a crucial role in assisting and rescuing many refugees to continue their work in this country".
3093:
498:
475:
British to show the
Americans everything they were working on (except for the atomic bomb). The mobilization of Allied scientists was one of the major successes in the war.
510:
Although Hill's work in muscle physiology is probably the most important, and certainly responsible for his Nobel Prize, he is also very well known in biochemistry for the
4924:
4643:
490:
3109:
2580:
471:
687:
4939:
1187:. Using himself as the subject — he ran every morning from 7:15 to 10:30 — he showed that running a dash relies on energy stores which afterwards are replenished by
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790:
736:
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816:
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2373:
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1137:
963:
912:
866:
756:
707:
658:
638:
618:
478:
He visited India between
November 1943 and April 1944 to survey scientific and technological research. His suggestions influenced the establishment of the
1346:
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494:
411:
272:
1369:, where Hill was a Governor from 1929 to 1960. It has now been sold, redeveloped and renamed as Hurstbourne. In Hill's time, according to his grandson
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4969:
2637:
4979:
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4934:
1188:
1156:, Hill measured a temperature rise of only 0.003 °C. After publication he learned that German physiologists had already reported on heat and
434:
2273:. Washington, DC: American Academy of Physical Education and the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. pp. 63–65.
2064:
Hale, Tudor (15 February 2008). "History of developments in sport and exercise physiology: A. V. Hill, maximal oxygen uptake, and oxygen debt".
1607:
Trails and Trials in Physiology: A Bibliography, 1909–1964; with reviews of certain topics and methods and a reconnaissance for further research
4636:
4899:
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3113:
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140:
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1280:
425:, a few years later becoming a Royal Society Research professor there, where he remained until retirement in 1951. In 1933, he became with
2477:
1810:"The mode of action of nicotine and curari, determined by the form of the contraction curve and the method of temperature coefficients"
2600:
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391:
329:
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describing a shell's flight they could provide accurate range tables for anti-aircraft guns. To measure and compute he assembled the
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2559:
1777:
450:
3666:
4489:
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1208:
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479:
129:
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3181:
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4392:
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theory, because the context for the derivation was the binding of nicotine and curare to the "receptive substance" at the
4954:
4113:
1315:
512:
119:
340:. While still an undergraduate at Trinity College, he derived in 1909 what came to be known as the Langmuir equation.
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325:
196:
92:
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4681:
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3173:
3001:
2881:
2873:
2801:
2624:
759:
422:
344:
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4662:
3957:
2889:
1495:
467:
192:
978:
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371:
363:
352:
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3595:
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1933:
1227:
356:
242:
206:
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2374:"A prize property: this £10 million Highgate mansion was once home to a Nazi-fighting Nobel Prize winner"
4670:
3997:
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3674:
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1489:
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1894:"Mirrors and smoke: A. V. Hill, his Brigands, and the science of anti-aircraft gunnery in World War I"
1365:, where he had lived from 1923 to 1967. Since then the house had been divided into flats and owned by
4854:
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4097:
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4025:
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3642:
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2673:
2242:
Cardinal, Bradley J. (2022). "The National Academy of Kinesiology: Its founding, focus, and future".
1629:
1558:
1469:
1230:(1914–2005), economist, married K.A.C. Humphreys, registrar of the West African Examinations Council.
348:
321:
188:
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1373:, regular guests at the house included 18 exiled Nobel laureates, his brother-in-law, the economist
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2713:
2456:"A. V. Hill, Nobel Prize Winner and Sports Medicine Pioneer, receives English Heritage Blue Plaque"
1460:
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1212:
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462:
437:(which in 1936 became the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning). By the start of the
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268:
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1067:
This shows that when the Hill equation is accurately obeyed (which usually it is not) a plot of
965:
these symbols are misleading if taken to imply that it shows the number of binding sites on the
663:
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1839:
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1412:
1370:
1233:
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426:
254:
246:
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4253:
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4189:
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4009:
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3324:
3129:
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2251:
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2128:
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1829:
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825:
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438:
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220:
102:
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1070:
871:
795:
441:, the organisation had saved 900 academics (18 of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes) from
110:
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1179:
Hill returned briefly to Cambridge in 1919 before taking the chair in physiology at the
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150:
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32:
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1664:
1630:"Archibald V. Hill – The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 – Biographical"
1327:
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403:
285:
224:
155:
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3153:
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2761:
2629:
2309:
Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Belfast in 1952
1358:
1308:
1153:
521:
216:
145:
4915:
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Cambridge
1786:
4732:
4296:
3555:
3503:
3450:
2969:
2897:
2077:
1386:
1173:
868:
is an integer, and in most experimental cases, apart from the trivial case of
387:
337:
289:
178:
174:
115:
4621:
2142:
2085:
1918:
280:(26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977), better known to friends and colleagues as
4497:
4049:
72:
2517:
Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime
2093:
1926:
1910:
1843:
1753:
1704:
1687:
1668:
1571:
1546:
1442:
1425:
1416:
2544:
2150:
1426:"Muscular Exercise, Lactic Acid, and the Supply and Utilisation of Oxygen"
4292:
2255:
1362:
1874:
1196:
966:
317:
53:
1859:"The adsorption of gases on plane surface of glass, mica and platinum"
1696:
1403:
Gray, C. H. (1947). "The significance of the van den Bergh reaction".
2117:"Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints"
1728:"Scientific contributions of A. V. Hill: exercise physiology pioneer"
1304:
517:
333:
305:
106:
1858:
1245:
Janet Hill (1918–2000) child psychiatrist, married the immunologist
1345:
458:
442:
4625:
3082:
2633:
1458:
Hill, A. V. (April 1926). "The scientific study of athletics".
374:. The British made no effort to make use of their scientists.
398:(a wounded officer), and lads too young for service including
2435:
Hektoen International – An online medical humanities journal
758:
is a parameter that expresses the degree of departure from
2537:
Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology: 1901–1950
461:. He was also biological secretary of the Royal Society;
2029:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 286–288.
1669:"Archibald Vivian Hill. 26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977"
1361:
was erected at Hill's former home, 16 Bishopswood Road,
377:
At the end of 1915, while home on leave he was asked by
1551:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1430:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1236:(1915–2002), physiologist, married Stella Mary Humphrey
366:; he was a crack shot. In 1914, at the outbreak of the
4905:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1524:
Muscular Activity: Herter Lectures – Sixteenth Course
1125:
1073:
981:
951:
920:
900:
874:
854:
828:
798:
772:
744:
715:
695:
666:
646:
626:
606:
590:{\displaystyle v=V{\frac {a^{h}}{K_{0.5}^{h}+a^{h}}}}
533:
1886:
1884:
1674:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
506:
Cooperativity of protein binding and enzyme kinetics
288:, one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of
4742:
4723:
4704:
4680:
4661:
4279:
3944:
3605:
3341:
3120:
234:
212:
202:
184:
170:
135:
125:
98:
88:
80:
61:
39:
23:
4860:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
2431:"How Britain rescued scientists from Nazi tyranny"
2402:
1892:
1781:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1598:The Ethical Dilemma of Science, and Other Writings
1507:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1131:
1111:
1056:
957:
937:
906:
886:
860:
840:
810:
784:
750:
730:
701:
681:
652:
632:
612:
589:
491:British Association for the Advancement of Science
300:for his elucidation of the production of heat and
1584:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1242:(1919–1966), oceanographer, married Philippa Pass
4920:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
2478:"Famous homes in north London with many stories"
2396:
2394:
2051:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922"
1424:Hill, A. V.; Long, C. N. H.; Lupton, H. (1924).
1377:, and also friends as diverse and unexpected as
969:. Hill himself avoided any such interpretation.
2321:"On Archibald Vivien Hill and the honours list"
1964:Hitler's gift: Scientists who fled Nazi Germany
1775:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography".
1322:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
4985:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4637:
3094:
2645:
1350:Blue plaque at 16 Bishopswood Road, Highgate.
8:
2217:The Journal of Health and Physical Education
1988:All Hell let loose: The World at War 1939-45
1526:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company.
4930:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
2121:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
972:The equation can be rearranged as follows:
433:a founder member and vice-president of the
4644:
4630:
4622:
3101:
3087:
3079:
2652:
2638:
2630:
2555:
2548:
2519:(Paperback). New York: Arcade Publishing.
2027:Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th edn.)
1659:
1657:
1314:International Member of the United States
495:International Council of Scientific Unions
412:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
394:, a team of men too old for conscription,
370:, Hill became the musketry officer of the
20:
4925:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
2132:
1833:
1743:
1686:
1570:
1441:
1124:
1086:
1072:
1048:
994:
980:
950:
927:
926:
921:
919:
899:
873:
853:
848:. Note that there is no implication that
827:
797:
771:
743:
714:
694:
672:
667:
665:
645:
625:
620:is the rate of reaction at concentration
605:
578:
565:
560:
549:
543:
532:
2404:"Houses stamped with a mark of prestige"
1891:Van der Kloot, William (December 2011).
1863:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1600:. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.
1285:Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move
2169:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1778:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1628:Nobel Prize Outreach AB (3 June 1977).
1620:
1279:In 1926, he was invited to deliver the
1223:. They had two sons and two daughters:
1211:(1885-1974), daughter of the economist
1057:{\displaystyle \ln=h\ln a-h\ln K_{0.5}}
894:, it is not. Although many authors use
516:, which is used to quantify binding of
362:While a student he had enrolled in the
4865:Academics of University College London
2510:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
2347:"Blue Plaque at AV Hill's former home"
2115:Bassett, D. R.; Howley, E. T. (1997).
1976:Van der Kloot, William (2014). p. 202.
1899:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1487:
524:, written here as a kinetic equation:
4875:British Army personnel of World War I
3114:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1951:. Stroud: Fonthill. pp. 191–214.
1292:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1290:International Honorary Member of the
1274:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
298:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
141:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
4940:People educated at Blundell's School
4870:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
2401:Rowlinson, Liz (18 September 2015).
2372:Crossley, Frankie (17 August 2017).
457:on the committee that gave birth to
2515:Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2012).
1949:Great Scientists wage the Great War
1590:Chemical Wave Transmission in Nerve
1281:Royal Institution Christmas Lecture
1152:behind by the Swedish physiologist
1482:10.1038/scientificamerican0426-224
938:{\displaystyle {n_{\mathrm {H} }}}
928:
392:Anti-Aircraft Experimental Section
351:, is a landmark in the history of
14:
4990:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
1962:Jean Medawar; David Pyke (2001).
1452:Textbook of Anti-Aircraft Gunnery
1405:The Quarterly Journal of Medicine
1191:. Paralleling the work of German
1181:Victoria University of Manchester
4975:Jodrell Professors of Physiology
4970:Cambridgeshire Regiment officers
2560:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2508:Lectures on nutrition: 1924–1925
2134:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00002
1932:
1646:
482:(IITs) in the following decade.
31:
16:British physiologist (1886–1977)
4980:Military personnel from Bristol
2429:Pearce, J.M.S. (2 April 2021).
2215:"It may interest you to know".
2003:Trails and Trials in Physiology
1966:. London: Piatkus. p. 122.
1947:Van der Kloot, William (2014).
1745:10.1152/japplphysiol.01246.2001
1119:gives a straight line of slope
489:In 1952, he became head of the
480:Indian Institutes of Technology
4950:Recipients of the Copley Medal
4935:British operations researchers
2229:10.1080/23267240.1938.10619861
1857:Langmuir, Irving (June 1918).
1826:10.1113/jphysiol.1909.sp001344
1299:American Philosophical Society
1215:, and sister of the economist
1106:
1103:
1091:
1080:
1014:
1011:
999:
988:
470:Member of Parliament (MP) for
421:as professor of physiology at
1:
2858:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
2015:Katz, Bernard (1978). p. 133.
1990:. London: Harper. p. 81.
1732:Journal of Applied Physiology
1168:Hill is regarded, along with
499:Marine Biological Association
493:and Secretary General of the
4900:Fellows of the Royal Society
1795:UK public library membership
1316:National Academy of Sciences
1297:International Member of the
1189:increased oxygen consumption
1172:, as one of the founders of
660:is the rate at saturation,
241:He is notably the father of
120:Hill equation (biochemistry)
4206:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2946:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1330:of the Royal Society (1948)
1307:in the National Academy of
1261:Order of the British Empire
435:Academic Assistance Council
343:This is closely related to
5006:
2601:Sir Kenneth Pickthorn, Bt.
2593:Sir Kenneth Pickthorn, Bt.
2569:Sir Kenneth Pickthorn, Bt.
2540:. New York: Henry Schuman.
2066:Journal of Sports Sciences
2025:Cornish-Bowden A. (2012).
497:. He was President of the
466:interned. He served as an
326:Trinity College, Cambridge
197:University College, London
93:Trinity College, Cambridge
4767:
3403:Charles Scott Sherrington
3379:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2882:Charles Scott Sherrington
2874:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2668:
2625:Churchill Archives Centre
2597:
2579:Member of Parliament for
2577:
2565:
2558:
2351:The Physiological Society
2269:Scott, M. Gladys (1978).
2078:10.1080/02640410701701016
1814:The Journal of Physiology
1726:Bassett, D.R. Jr (2002).
1199:and oxygen debt in 1922.
1183:in 1920 in succession to
760:Michaelis-Menten kinetics
682:{\displaystyle {K_{0.5}}}
423:University College London
345:Michaelis-Menten kinetics
253:, and the grandfather of
239:
230:
163:
30:
4393:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2890:Charles Algernon Parsons
2534:Stevenson, L.G. (1953).
2005:. London: Edward Arnold.
1582:Adventures in Biophysics
1532:Muscular Movement in Man
1450:Hill, A.V. (1924–1925).
1354:On 9 September 2015, an
449:In 1935, he served with
193:University of Manchester
111:Muscle contraction model
4945:Scientists from Bristol
4890:British Nobel laureates
4885:English Nobel laureates
2325:DC's Improbable Science
2165:"Archibald Vivian Hill"
1209:Margaret Neville Keynes
792:, no cooperativity for
372:Cambridgeshire Regiment
364:Officers Training Corps
130:Margaret Neville Keynes
4773:Nobel Prize recipients
4744:Physiology or Medicine
3174:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
3018:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
2802:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
1986:Hastings, Max (2011).
1911:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0090
1787:10.1093/ref:odnb/31230
1688:10.1098/rsbm.1978.0005
1572:10.1098/rspb.1928.0029
1547:"Myothermic apparatus"
1443:10.1098/rspb.1924.0037
1351:
1133:
1113:
1058:
959:
939:
908:
888:
862:
842:
841:{\displaystyle h<1}
820:negative cooperativity
812:
786:
785:{\displaystyle h>1}
764:positive cooperativity
752:
732:
731:{\displaystyle v=0.5V}
703:
683:
654:
634:
614:
591:
417:In 1923, he succeeded
357:neuromuscular junction
207:Walter Morley Fletcher
4895:English physiologists
4880:English biophysicists
4671:Francis William Aston
3675:Dickinson W. Richards
3359:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2826:Horace Tabberer Brown
2730:Alfred Russel Wallace
1522:Hill, A. V. (1926b).
1503:Hill, A. V. (1926a).
1349:
1247:John Herbert Humphrey
1197:maximal oxygen uptake
1134:
1114:
1059:
960:
940:
909:
889:
863:
843:
813:
787:
753:
733:
704:
684:
655:
635:
615:
592:
383:Ministry of Munitions
320:, he was educated at
296:. He shared the 1922
265:Archibald Vivian Hill
25:Archibald Vivian Hill
4098:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3459:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3034:Edgar Douglas Adrian
2674:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2581:Cambridge University
2256:10.1123/kr.2021-0064
2223:(7): 449–451. 1938.
2195:search.amphilsoc.org
2191:"APS Member History"
2001:Hill, A. V. (1965).
1808:Hill, A. V. (1909).
1605:Hill, A. V. (1965).
1596:Hill, A. V. (1960).
1580:Hill, A. V. (1931).
1545:Hill, A. V. (1928).
1537:Hill, A.V. (1927b).
1530:Hill, A.V. (1927a).
1494:: CS1 maint: year (
1397:Publications by Hill
1207:In 1913, he married
1123:
1071:
979:
949:
918:
898:
872:
852:
826:
796:
770:
742:
713:
693:
664:
644:
624:
604:
531:
472:Cambridge University
349:John Newport Langley
189:Cambridge University
4955:Royal Medal winners
4758:Otto Fritz Meyerhof
4490:William C. Campbell
4401:Elizabeth Blackburn
4238:Robert F. Furchgott
4230:Stanley B. Prusiner
4222:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4122:George H. Hitchings
4086:Joseph L. Goldstein
4046:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3875:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2906:William Henry Bragg
2738:George William Hill
2722:Albert A. Michelson
1875:10.1021/ja02242a004
1588:Hill, A.V. (1932).
1563:1928RSPSB.103..117H
1474:1926SciAm.134..224H
1461:Scientific American
1375:John Maynard Keynes
1335:British Association
1217:John Maynard Keynes
1213:John Neville Keynes
1193:Otto Fritz Meyerhof
1139:. This is called a
1112:{\displaystyle \ln}
887:{\displaystyle h=1}
811:{\displaystyle h=1}
738:, and the exponent
570:
463:William Henry Bragg
332:in the mathematics
324:and graduated from
294:operations research
4550:William Kaelin Jr.
4546:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4289:Leland H. Hartwell
4178:Richard J. Roberts
4058:Barbara McClintock
4002:Godfrey Hounsfield
3903:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3835:Marshall Nirenberg
3803:Charles B. Huggins
3592:Tadeusz Reichstein
3580:António Egas Moniz
3375:Christiaan Eijkman
2978:Thomas Hunt Morgan
2962:Henry Hallett Dale
2938:John Scott Haldane
2922:George Ellery Hale
2547:on Nobelprize.org
2327:. 31 December 2010
2271:The Academy Papers
2244:Kinesiology Review
1352:
1158:muscle contraction
1129:
1109:
1054:
955:
935:
904:
884:
858:
838:
808:
782:
748:
728:
699:
679:
650:
630:
610:
587:
556:
336:before turning to
4960:Sports scientists
4837:
4836:
4695:Jacinto Benavente
4619:
4618:
4584:Ardem Patapoutian
4433:Ralph M. Steinman
4429:Jules A. Hoffmann
4417:Robert G. Edwards
4385:Harald zur Hausen
4309:H. Robert Horvitz
4210:Eric F. Wieschaus
4146:E. Donnall Thomas
4130:J. Michael Bishop
4118:Gertrude B. Elion
3990:Hamilton O. Smith
3915:Christian de Duve
3651:Frederick Robbins
3528:Alexander Fleming
3467:Corneille Heymans
3313:Frederick Banting
3218:Allvar Gullstrand
3076:
3075:
2842:Ernest Rutherford
2661:Copley Medallists
2611:
2610:
2598:Succeeded by
2545:Archibald V. Hill
2526:978-1-61145-709-4
2506:Lusk, G. (1925).
2476:Jacoby, Charlie.
2353:. 16 January 2020
2289:www.nasonline.org
2171:. 9 February 2023
2036:978-3-527-33074-4
1793:(Subscription or
1609:. London: Arnold.
1514:978-0-8493-5494-6
1505:Muscular Activity
1371:Nicholas Humphrey
1333:President of the
1254:Honors and awards
1234:David Keynes Hill
1170:Hermann Helmholtz
1147:Muscle physiology
1132:{\displaystyle h}
958:{\displaystyle h}
907:{\displaystyle h}
861:{\displaystyle h}
751:{\displaystyle h}
702:{\displaystyle a}
653:{\displaystyle V}
633:{\displaystyle a}
613:{\displaystyle v}
585:
427:William Beveridge
322:Blundell's School
262:
261:
255:Nicholas Humphrey
247:David Keynes Hill
203:Academic advisors
165:Scientific career
50:26 September 1886
4997:
4965:UK MPs 1935–1945
4775:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4623:
4612:
4597:
4586:
4571:
4565:Michael Houghton
4552:
4542:Gregg L. Semenza
4536:
4530:James P. Allison
4524:
4522:Michael W. Young
4508:
4506:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4500:
4484:
4468:
4466:Thomas C. Südhof
4452:
4440:
4419:
4411:
4405:Carol W. Greider
4395:
4379:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4299:
4272:
4256:
4248:
4232:
4224:
4218:Peter C. Doherty
4212:
4196:
4190:Alfred G. Gilman
4184:
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4134:Harold E. Varmus
4124:
4108:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4060:
4052:
4036:
4020:
4010:Baruj Benacerraf
4004:
3992:
3976:
3960:
3937:
3921:
3905:
3889:
3877:
3869:
3853:
3837:
3827:Robert W. Holley
3821:
3805:
3793:
3777:
3765:
3749:
3733:
3731:Georg von Békésy
3725:
3713:
3701:
3699:Joshua Lederberg
3685:
3677:
3671:Werner Forssmann
3661:
3653:
3637:
3625:
3617:
3598:
3582:
3570:
3562:
3560:Bernardo Houssay
3546:
3538:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3441:
3433:
3417:
3409:
3397:
3389:
3387:Karl Landsteiner
3381:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3351:Johannes Fibiger
3334:
3333:
3327:
3325:Willem Einthoven
3319:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3190:Élie Metchnikoff
3184:
3182:Alphonse Laveran
3176:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3069:
3061:
3058:George de Hevesy
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2714:Élie Metchnikoff
2709:
2706:Dmitri Mendeleev
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2631:
2573:Sir John Withers
2566:Preceded by
2556:
2552:
2541:
2530:
2511:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2285:"Archibald Hill"
2281:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1869:(9): 1361–1402.
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1738:(5): 1567–1582.
1723:
1717:
1716:
1690:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1601:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1557:(723): 117–137.
1539:Living Machinery
1527:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1447:
1445:
1436:(679): 438–475.
1420:
1356:English Heritage
1305:Associate Fellow
1219:and the surgeon
1185:William Stirling
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1090:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:
998:
964:
962:
961:
956:
944:
942:
941:
936:
934:
933:
932:
931:
913:
911:
910:
905:
893:
891:
890:
885:
867:
865:
864:
859:
847:
845:
844:
839:
817:
815:
814:
809:
791:
789:
788:
783:
757:
755:
754:
749:
737:
735:
734:
729:
708:
706:
705:
700:
689:is the value of
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:
676:
659:
657:
656:
651:
639:
637:
636:
631:
619:
617:
616:
611:
596:
594:
593:
588:
586:
584:
583:
582:
569:
564:
554:
553:
544:
451:Patrick Blackett
439:Second World War
284:, was a British
279:
213:Notable students
159:
68:
49:
47:
35:
21:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4771:
4763:
4754:(Great Britain)
4738:
4719:
4714:Fridtjof Nansen
4700:
4676:
4657:
4650:
4620:
4615:
4600:
4589:
4574:
4569:Charles M. Rice
4561:Harvey J. Alter
4555:
4539:
4527:
4518:Michael Rosbash
4514:Jeffrey C. Hall
4511:
4503:
4487:
4478:May-Britt Moser
4471:
4455:
4450:Shinya Yamanaka
4443:
4422:
4414:
4409:Jack W. Szostak
4398:
4382:
4377:Oliver Smithies
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4325:Peter Mansfield
4318:
4313:John E. Sulston
4302:
4286:
4275:
4259:
4251:
4235:
4227:
4215:
4202:Edward B. Lewis
4199:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4111:
4106:Susumu Tonegawa
4103:
4091:
4079:
4063:
4055:
4039:
4023:
4007:
3995:
3979:
3966:Roger Guillemin
3963:
3958:Daniel Gajdusek
3954:Baruch Blumberg
3951:
3940:
3931:Renato Dulbecco
3927:David Baltimore
3924:
3908:
3895:Karl von Frisch
3892:
3880:
3872:
3856:
3840:
3824:
3815:Haldan Hartline
3808:
3796:
3780:
3768:
3752:
3747:Maurice Wilkins
3736:
3728:
3716:
3711:Arthur Kornberg
3704:
3688:
3680:
3664:
3656:
3640:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3601:
3585:
3573:
3565:
3549:
3541:
3525:
3516:Joseph Erlanger
3513:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3444:
3436:
3420:
3412:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3372:
3367:Charles Nicolle
3364:
3356:
3348:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3210:Albrecht Kossel
3207:
3199:
3187:
3179:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3116:
3107:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3010:Joseph Barcroft
3008:
3002:Robert Robinson
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2914:Arthur Schuster
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2866:Albert Einstein
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2818:William Bayliss
2816:
2810:Hendrik Lorentz
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2698:William Crookes
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2533:
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2514:
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2502:
2497:
2496:
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2413:
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2303:
2293:
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2283:
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2278:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1595:
1579:
1544:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1486:
1457:
1423:
1411:(63): 135–142.
1402:
1399:
1383:Stephen Hawking
1367:Highgate School
1344:
1259:Officer of the
1256:
1221:Geoffrey Keynes
1205:
1149:
1121:
1120:
1069:
1068:
1044:
977:
976:
947:
946:
922:
916:
915:
896:
895:
870:
869:
850:
849:
824:
823:
794:
793:
768:
767:
740:
739:
711:
710:
691:
690:
668:
662:
661:
642:
641:
622:
621:
602:
601:
574:
555:
545:
529:
528:
508:
431:Lord Rutherford
419:Ernest Starling
400:Douglas Hartree
396:Ralph H. Fowler
368:First World War
314:
302:mechanical work
267:
258:
223:
221:Ralph H. Fowler
219:
195:
191:
154:
149:
144:
139:
118:
113:
109:
103:Mechanical work
76:
70:
66:
57:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5003:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4752:Archibald Hill
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4689:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:Katalin Karikó
4598:
4587:
4572:
4553:
4537:
4525:
4509:
4501:
4485:
4469:
4462:Randy Schekman
4453:
4441:
4420:
4412:
4396:
4389:Luc Montagnier
4380:
4369:Mario Capecchi
4364:
4352:
4345:Barry Marshall
4340:
4328:
4321:Paul Lauterbur
4316:
4305:Sydney Brenner
4300:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4266:Paul Greengard
4262:Arvid Carlsson
4257:
4249:
4233:
4225:
4213:
4197:
4194:Martin Rodbell
4185:
4173:
4170:Edwin G. Krebs
4166:Edmond Fischer
4161:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4114:James W. Black
4109:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4074:César Milstein
4070:Georges Köhler
4061:
4053:
4042:Sune Bergström
4037:
4034:Torsten Wiesel
4030:David H. Hubel
4021:
4005:
3993:
3986:Daniel Nathans
3977:
3970:Andrew Schally
3961:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3922:
3906:
3890:
3883:Gerald Edelman
3878:
3870:
3867:Julius Axelrod
3854:
3851:Salvador Luria
3847:Alfred Hershey
3838:
3822:
3806:
3794:
3783:François Jacob
3778:
3766:
3750:
3734:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3686:
3678:
3667:André Cournand
3662:
3654:
3638:
3626:
3623:Selman Waksman
3618:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3588:Edward Kendall
3583:
3571:
3563:
3547:
3544:Hermann Muller
3539:
3523:
3520:Herbert Gasser
3511:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3475:Gerhard Domagk
3470:
3462:
3454:
3442:
3434:
3431:William Murphy
3423:George Whipple
3418:
3410:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3308:
3301:Archibald Hill
3296:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3234:Charles Richet
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3185:
3177:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:James Chadwick
3062:
3054:
3050:Archibald Hill
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2930:Theobald Smith
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2746:Francis Galton
2742:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2619:The Papers of
2615:
2614:External links
2612:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2596:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2468:
2447:
2421:
2390:
2378:Ham & High
2364:
2338:
2312:
2301:
2276:
2261:
2234:
2207:
2182:
2156:
2127:(5): 591–603.
2107:
2072:(4): 365–400.
2056:
2042:
2035:
2017:
2008:
1993:
1978:
1969:
1954:
1939:
1905:(4): 393–410.
1880:
1849:
1820:(5): 361–373.
1800:
1767:
1718:
1653:
1634:NobelPrize.org
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1468:(4): 224–225.
1455:
1448:
1421:
1398:
1395:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1266:Fellow of the
1264:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1204:
1201:
1148:
1145:
1128:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
954:
930:
925:
903:
883:
880:
877:
857:
837:
834:
831:
807:
804:
801:
781:
778:
775:
747:
727:
724:
721:
718:
698:
675:
671:
649:
640:of substrate,
629:
609:
598:
597:
581:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
552:
548:
542:
539:
536:
507:
504:
408:James Crowther
313:
310:
260:
259:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
227:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
186:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
151:Actonian Prize
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
71:
69:(aged 90)
63:
59:
58:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5002:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Keynes family
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4611:
4610:Drew Weissman
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4494:Satoshi Ōmura
4491:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:James Rothman
4454:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:Bruce Beutler
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4337:Linda B. Buck
4334:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4254:Günter Blobel
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:Louis Ignarro
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4182:Phillip Sharp
4179:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4142:Joseph Murray
4138:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4094:Stanley Cohen
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:Michael Brown
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:Allan Cormack
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3974:Rosalyn Yalow
3971:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:George Palade
3916:
3912:
3911:Albert Claude
3907:
3904:
3900:
3899:Konrad Lorenz
3896:
3891:
3888:
3887:Rodney Porter
3884:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3863:Ulf von Euler
3860:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:Ragnar Granit
3807:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3791:Jacques Monod
3788:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3763:Andrew Huxley
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:Francis Crick
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:Peter Medawar
3720:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:George Beadle
3687:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3659:Hugo Theorell
3655:
3652:
3648:
3647:Thomas Weller
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:Fritz Lipmann
3632:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:Howard Florey
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3415:Thomas Morgan
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3305:Otto Meyerhof
3302:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3242:Róbert Bárány
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3226:Alexis Carrel
3222:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:Camillo Golgi
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:Paul Langevin
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:Joseph Larmor
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:J. J. Thomson
2775:
2771:
2770:Ray Lankester
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:George Darwin
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:Joseph Lister
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2605:Wilson Harris
2602:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1665:Katz, Bernard
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Sigmund Freud
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:Royal Society
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:Personal life
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1126:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1002:
995:
991:
985:
982:
975:
974:
973:
970:
968:
952:
945:rather than
923:
901:
881:
878:
875:
855:
835:
832:
829:
821:
805:
802:
799:
779:
776:
773:
765:
761:
745:
725:
722:
719:
716:
696:
673:
669:
647:
627:
607:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
550:
546:
540:
537:
534:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
513:Hill equation
505:
503:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
481:
476:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
379:Horace Darwin
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
112:
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4751:
4595:Svante Pääbo
4580:David Julius
4534:Tasuku Honjo
4482:Edvard Moser
4474:John O'Keefe
4437:posthumously
4436:
4373:Martin Evans
4349:Robin Warren
4333:Richard Axel
4280:2001–present
4158:Bert Sakmann
4026:Roger Sperry
4018:George Snell
4014:Jean Dausset
3982:Werner Arber
3935:Howard Temin
3859:Bernard Katz
3843:Max Delbrück
3799:Francis Rous
3775:Feodor Lynen
3771:Konrad Bloch
3759:Alan Hodgkin
3743:James Watson
3719:Frank Burnet
3707:Severo Ochoa
3695:Edward Tatum
3683:Daniel Bovet
3596:Philip Hench
3508:Edward Doisy
3439:Hans Spemann
3427:George Minot
3407:Edgar Adrian
3395:Otto Warburg
3317:John Macleod
3300:
3286:August Krogh
3278:Jules Bordet
3194:Paul Ehrlich
3146:Niels Finsen
3130:Emil Behring
3049:
3026:Oswald Avery
2994:Thomas Lewis
2954:Arthur Evans
2690:Eduard Suess
2591:
2578:
2536:
2516:
2507:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2409:Times online
2408:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
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2329:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
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2198:. Retrieved
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1996:
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1637:. Retrieved
1633:
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1554:
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1490:cite journal
1465:
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1454:, 2 volumes.
1451:
1433:
1429:
1408:
1404:
1353:
1328:Copley Medal
1284:
1240:Maurice Hill
1206:
1178:
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1163:thermocouple
1150:
1140:
1066:
971:
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763:
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455:Henry Tizard
448:
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404:Arthur Milne
376:
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315:
286:physiologist
281:
264:
263:
251:Maurice Hill
225:Bernard Katz
185:Institutions
164:
156:Copley Medal
67:(1977-06-03)
18:
4855:1977 deaths
4850:1886 births
4654:Nobel Prize
4446:John Gurdon
4361:Craig Mello
4357:Andrew Fire
4270:Eric Kandel
4246:Ferid Murad
4154:Erwin Neher
4066:Niels Jerne
3831:Har Khorana
3819:George Wald
3787:André Lwoff
3755:John Eccles
3643:John Enders
3615:Max Theiler
3576:Walter Hess
3568:Paul Müller
3532:Ernst Chain
3202:Emil Kocher
3162:Robert Koch
3154:Ivan Pavlov
3138:Ronald Ross
3042:G. H. Hardy
2850:Horace Lamb
2794:James Dewar
2786:Ivan Pavlov
2762:Felix Klein
2663:(1901–1950)
2250:(1): 6–25.
1359:Blue plaque
1342:Blue plaque
1309:Kinesiology
1154:Magnus Blix
709:that gives
522:haemoglobin
468:independent
217:Te-Pei Feng
146:Royal Medal
81:Nationality
65:3 June 1977
4844:Categories
4733:Niels Bohr
4682:Literature
4297:Paul Nurse
3631:Hans Krebs
3556:Gerty Cori
3504:Henrik Dam
3451:Otto Loewi
3447:Henry Dale
2970:Niels Bohr
2898:Max Planck
2621:A. V. Hill
1797:required.)
1681:: 71–149.
1615:References
1387:Ralph Kohn
1228:Polly Hill
1174:biophysics
338:physiology
290:biophysics
282:A. V. Hill
243:Polly Hill
179:biophysics
175:Physiology
116:biophysics
46:1886-09-26
4760:(Germany)
4735:(Denmark)
4673:(England)
4663:Chemistry
4656:laureates
4498:Tu Youyou
4050:John Vane
3945:1976–2000
3606:1951–1975
3552:Carl Cori
3342:1926–1950
3121:1901–1925
3110:Laureates
2461:29 August
2440:29 August
2414:8 October
2383:29 August
2357:29 August
2331:29 August
2143:0195-9131
2086:0264-0414
1919:0035-9149
1639:29 August
1141:Hill plot
1098:−
1078:
1042:
1033:−
1027:
1006:−
986:
388:equations
381:from the
328:as third
312:Biography
114:Founding
89:Education
75:, England
73:Cambridge
56:, England
4716:(Norway)
4293:Tim Hunt
2623:held at
2102:33768722
2094:18228167
1927:22332470
1844:16992989
1762:14704104
1754:12381740
1713:46444782
1705:11615743
1667:(1978).
1417:20263725
1363:Highgate
453:and Sir
353:receptor
330:wrangler
316:Born in
4725:Physics
4697:(Spain)
3112:of the
2585:1940 –
2500:Sources
2151:9140894
1835:1533665
1559:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
967:protein
414:(OBE).
318:Bristol
306:muscles
107:muscles
84:British
54:Bristol
4540:2019:
4528:2018:
4512:2017:
4504:2016:
4488:2015:
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2692:(1903)
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2676:(1901)
2590:With:
2523:
2487:3 June
2482:The JC
2294:15 May
2200:15 May
2175:15 May
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1337:(1952)
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1311:(1938)
1301:(1938)
1294:(1934)
1276:(1922)
1270:(1918)
1263:(1918)
818:, and
518:oxygen
334:tripos
171:Fields
158:(1948)
153:(1928)
148:(1926)
143:(1922)
136:Awards
126:Spouse
4804:1922
4706:Peace
4652:1922
2098:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1709:S2CID
1693:JSTOR
600:Here
459:radar
275:
271:
235:Notes
4829:1927
4824:1926
4819:1925
4814:1924
4809:1923
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3482:1940
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3293:1921
3270:1918
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3256:1916
3249:1915
2587:1945
2521:ISBN
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1701:PMID
1641:2024
1509:ISBN
1496:link
1413:PMID
1381:and
833:<
822:for
777:>
766:for
443:Nazi
429:and
406:and
292:and
177:and
62:Died
40:Born
2252:doi
2225:doi
2129:doi
2074:doi
1907:doi
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1830:PMC
1822:doi
1783:doi
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1567:doi
1555:103
1478:doi
1466:224
1438:doi
1390:FRS
1283:on
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1050:0.5
914:or
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520:to
304:in
277:FRS
273:OBE
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