269:, and other forms of enclosure. Bank barrows are parallel-sided mounds, usually flanked by ditches on either side. Originally believed to be Roman in origin, cursus monuments also consist of long parallel lengths of banks of earth with external ditches, but with an open avenue or enclose between. Both forms are usually associated with burial chambers. Examples of bank barrows in Scotland include from Perthshire the long mound at Auchenlaich and the hybrid bank barrow/cursus monument at Cleaven Dyke, which stretches for over 1.5 miles (2 km). Mortuary enclosures are usually sub-rectangular banks with external ditches and raised platforms of stone or wood within them, thought by J. G. Scott to be used for the exposure of corpses prior to burial elsewhere, although this interpretation is disputed. Remains of mortuary enclosures of this period are often found under
296:
379:
238:
1701:
22:
253:, the earliest probably dating from the beginning of the fourth millennium BCE. Today these monuments consist of massive mounds of earth or stone, most commonly trapezoidal in plan and often orientated to the east. They are widely distributed in the Lowlands, particularly in Aberdeenshire, Angus, Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders. Related structures include
277:. The timber halls are probably unique to Scotland and were massive roofed buildings made of oak, all of which seem to have been subsequently burnt down. There is debate as to the role of these buildings, which have been seen variously as regular farming homesteads of Neolithic families and as related to a series of monumental constructions such as barrows. The hall at
136:
416:
towers, probably dating from about 200 BCE. They are drystone hollow-walled structures that are unique to
Scotland. Most ruins only survive up to a few metres above ground level, although there are five extant examples of towers whose walls still exceed 21 feet (6 m) in height. There are at
229:
construction, built with large stones, many of which weigh several tons. Gallery graves are rectangular gallery-like spaces, where the entrance at one end is the width of the gallery. These were sometimes lined or roofed with slabs and then covered with earth. Among the most impressive surviving
452:
around an enclosure. Most are relatively small, covering one or two acres, but some are much larger as at Castle O'er, Birrenwark, Cadimuir, Cadroner and White Meldon. They appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period, but some seem to have been reoccupied after their
347:
in
Scotland, named after those at Balnuaran of Clava near Inverness. They take two distinct forms, either a circular rubble enclosure known as "ring cairns", or passage graves, with a long entrance, usually in complex astronomical alignments. As elsewhere in Europe,
327:
in
Shetland. At Jarlshof these are oval houses with thick stone walls, which may have been partly subterranean at the earliest period of inhabitation, a technique that provided both structural stability and insulation. There is also evidence of the occupation of
444:, a roundhouse with a characteristic outer wall, within which was a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel), but these would flourish most in the era of Roman occupation. There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age
310:
As bronze working developed from about 2000 BCE, there was a decline in the building of large new structures, which, with a reduction of the total area under cultivation, suggests a fall in population. From the
332:, roundhouses partially or entirely built on artificial islands, usually in lakes, rivers and estuarine waters. They were often constructed of layers of brushwood and rubble. Sometimes they were
190:
is one of the oldest surviving houses in north-west Europe, making use of locally gathered rubble in a dry-stone construction, it was probably occupied for 900 years, between 3700 and 2800 BCE.
1580:
1730:
281:, Aberdeenshire was 85 feet (26 m) long, 43 feet (13 m) wide and may have had a roof 30 feet (9 m) high, making it large enough to accommodate up to 50 people.
249:
In contrast to the
Highlands and Islands where stone was extensively used, in the south and east the most visible architectural survivals of the Neolithic are mainly earthen
170:
era, around 6,000 years ago, and the first villages around 500 years later. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the
45:
settlers began to build in wood in what is now
Scotland from at least 8,000 years ago. The first permanent houses of stone were constructed around 6,000 years ago, as at
440:. The heaviest evidence of the occupation of crannogs was in this era, but they would continue to be used until the Middle Ages. This period also saw the beginnings of
1537:
1213:
1570:
1565:
1299:
166:, dated to about 6000 BCE. With the development of agriculture, groups of settlers began building stone houses on what is now Scottish soil in the
225:, near Stenness on the mainland of Orkney (dated 3400–3200 BCE) and Monamore, Isle of Arran (dated approximately 3500 BCE) are passage graves, of
364:
in East
Lothian, which had a 20-acre enclosure, sectioned in two places west of the summit, made up of a coursed, stone wall with a rubble core.
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563:
1530:
1351:
1320:
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in
Shetland. Despite extensive research, their purpose and the nature of the societies that created them are still a matter of debate.
405:
on Orkney, and at
Clickimin in Shetland. From about 400 BC more complex Atlantic roundhouses began to be built, as at Howe, Orkney and
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1141:
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on the mainland of Orkney, which date from about 3100 BCE, of four stones, the tallest of which is 16 feet (5 m) in height.
1113:
Iron Age
Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
1006:
Iron Age
Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
916:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman Conquest
850:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest
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In the early Iron Age, from the seventh century BCE, cellular houses begin to be replaced on the northern isles by simple
198:
of Orkney also dates from this era, occupied from about 3100 to 2500 BCE and is Europe's most complete Neolithic village.
436:
Archaeologists since the 1960s have distinguished brochs from smaller structures of similar construction, usually called
462:
231:
221:. Cists are relatively simple box-like graves, usually made up of stone slabs and covered with a large stone or slab.
1068:
1646:
1686:
1546:
1499:
1304:
441:
273:. Key examples include Pitnacree, Perthshire and two closely related sites at Lochhill and Slewcairn, both in
1468:
937:
Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age
397:, substantial circular buildings with a drystone construction. Important examples are at Quanterness, Bu,
343:
The creation of cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into this period. There are approximately fifty
1651:
1294:
150:
The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the oval structure of wooden posts found at
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1256:
1222:
266:
82:
1656:
1601:
1274:
437:
417:
least 100 broch sites in Scotland, of which the best preserved include those at South Yarrows near
394:
114:
106:
209:
from this period. Many different types have been identified, but they can be roughly grouped into
1474:
1325:
1251:
426:
324:
262:
178:, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone. The stone building at
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1179:
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360:, from around 1000 BCE, which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop, and
316:
162:
period, about 8240 BCE. The earliest stone structures are probably the three hearths found at
151:
69:, often linked to timber monuments of which only remnants remain. Related structures include
37:
includes all human building within the modern borders of Scotland, before the arrival of the
1621:
1480:
357:
312:
242:
230:
monuments of the period are the first sets of standing stones in Scotland, such as those at
195:
65:
from this era, particularly in the west and north. In the south and east there are earthen
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1626:
1279:
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26:
448:, most located below the Clyde-Forth line. The majority are circular, with a single
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295:
183:
38:
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1636:
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1155:
British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History
21:
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218:
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54:
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42:
1515:
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1070:
How to Read Prehistoric Monuments: A Unique Guide to Our Ancient Heritage
449:
373:
320:
304:
226:
102:
98:
982:
The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Celts and Romans, Natives and Invaders
412:
The most massive constructions that date from this era are the circular
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1442:
1437:
1412:
1392:
1372:
1289:
1191:
329:
300:
250:
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66:
745:
The Cleaven Dyke and Littleour: Monuments in the Neolithic of Tayside
187:
50:
135:
1616:
1432:
1422:
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387:
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were first introduced in this period, including the occupation of
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236:
134:
110:
62:
1176:
Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland
29:, Orkney, one of the oldest surviving houses in north-west Europe
1407:
1519:
1195:
550:
548:
319:
there is evidence of cellular round houses of stone, as at
89:
there are fewer new buildings, but there is evidence of
958:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
829:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
808:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
504:
Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
1594:
1553:
1490:
1461:
1360:
1344:
1313:
1265:
1229:
1000:
998:
910:
908:
892:
The Crannogs of Scotland: An Underwater Archaeology
1136:(London: B. T. Batsford/Historic Scotland, 1999),
787:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
766:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
682:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
661:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
577:Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire
93:, roundhouses built on artificial islands and of
522:
520:
789:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
768:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
684:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
663:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
579:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006),
35:architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era
493:, 18 November 2012, retrieved 7 December 2012.
1531:
1207:
245:, one of the finest stone circles in Scotland
8:
528:A History of Scotland’s Masonry Construction
487:"Bridge works uncover nation's oldest house"
16:Buildings of Scotland in the Prehistoric era
1731:Architecture in Scotland by period or style
1048:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
1027:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
871:Towers in the North: The Brochs of Scotland
121:, most located below the Clyde-Forth line.
1538:
1524:
1516:
1214:
1200:
1192:
340:and sometimes surfaced with logs of oak.
117:. There is also evidence of about 1,000
20:
478:
105:there is evidence of substantial stone
747:(Society Antiquaries Scotland, 1998),
960:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
831:(London. Thames & Hudson, 2005),
810:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
724:The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland
617:F. Somerset Fry and P. Somerset Fry,
596:F. Somerset Fry and P. Somerset Fry,
506:(London: Thames & Hudson, 2005),
41:in Britain in the first century BCE.
7:
726:(Cambridge University Press, 2007),
57:. There are also large numbers of
14:
1115:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
1008:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
918:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
852:(New York, NY: Routledge, 2004),
743:G. J. Barclay and G. S. Maxwell,
558:(London: HarperPerennial, 2003),
1699:
468:Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
201:There are also large numbers of
336:around the edges with vertical
534:(Edinburgh: Arcamedia, 2005),
1:
984:(New York: Routledge, 2004),
939:(New York: Routledge, 2002),
642:(Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2007),
532:Building with Scottish Stone
463:Oldest buildings in Scotland
1092:In the Shadow of the Brochs
1073:(Duncan Baird Publishers),
621:(London: Routledge, 1992),
600:(London: Routledge, 1992),
1757:
640:Orkney: A Historical Guide
371:
288:
128:
1695:
1726:Architecture in Scotland
1547:Architecture in Scotland
1500:Scotland in the Iron Age
1178:(Botley: Osprey, 2010),
1094:(Stroud: Tempus, 2002),
1050:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
1029:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
894:(Stroud: Tempus, 2004),
873:(Stroud: Tempus, 2003),
566:, pp. 98–104 and 246–50.
1469:Battle of Mons Graupius
1090:B. Smith and I. Banks,
619:The History of Scotland
598:The History of Scotland
390:
307:
246:
147:
30:
25:The stone building at
1741:Architectural history
1581:Industrial Revolution
446:hillforts in Scotland
381:
298:
240:
138:
119:hillforts in Scotland
53:and settlements like
24:
1736:Prehistoric Scotland
1223:Prehistoric Scotland
395:Atlantic roundhouses
356:near Melrose in the
107:Atlantic roundhouses
1706:Scotland portal
1602:Atlantic roundhouse
1275:Atlantic roundhouse
1157:(McFarland, 2012),
1153:J-D. G. G. Lepage,
530:in P. Wilson, ed.,
263:mortuary enclosures
79:mortuary enclosures
1475:Siege of Burnswark
1326:Carved stone balls
638:C. Wickham-Jones,
427:Broch of Clickimin
425:on Orkney and the
391:
308:
247:
158:, dating from the
148:
31:
1713:
1712:
1513:
1512:
703:Neolithic Britain
564:978-0-00-712693-4
317:Middle Bronze Age
152:South Queensferry
1748:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1481:Great Conspiracy
1216:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:, pp. 25 and 31.
1151:
1145:
1134:Ancient Shetland
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705:(Osprey, 2008),
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358:Scottish Borders
259:cursus monuments
243:Callanish Stones
113:towers, smaller
109:, which include
75:cursus monuments
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1505:Roman Interlude
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215:gallery graves
211:passage graves
156:Firth of Forth
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97:and the first
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1004:B. Cunliffe,
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914:B. Cunliffe,
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:0-7524-3151-X
897:
893:
887:
884:
880:
879:0-7524-1932-3
876:
872:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:B. Cunliffe,
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
821:
818:, pp. 109–13.
817:
813:
809:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
779:
775:
771:
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761:
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733:
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540:1-904320-02-3
537:
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479:
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469:
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461:
460:
456:
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451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:Midhowe Broch
420:
415:
410:
409:, Caithness.
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
385:
382:The ruins of
380:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
302:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:Kirkcudbright
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
239:
235:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:Knap of Howar
177:
176:Western Isles
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
144:passage grave
141:
137:
132:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:Knap of Howar
44:
40:
36:
28:
27:Knap of Howar
23:
19:
1697:
1647:Estate house
1607:Bastle house
1576:Early modern
1560:
1331:Grooved ware
1267:Architecture
1266:
1175:
1174:A. Konstam,
1170:
1154:
1149:
1133:
1128:
1112:
1107:
1091:
1086:
1069:
1063:
1058:, pp. 15–16.
1047:
1042:
1026:
1021:
1005:
981:
973:
957:
952:
936:
931:
915:
891:
886:
870:
865:
849:
844:
828:
823:
807:
802:
786:
781:
765:
760:
744:
739:
723:
722:R. Bradley,
718:
713:, pp. 39–40.
702:
701:J. Pollard,
697:
681:
676:
660:
655:
639:
634:
618:
613:
597:
592:
576:
571:
555:
531:
527:
526:I. Maxwell,
503:
498:
490:
481:
435:
411:
392:
384:Dun Carloway
362:Traprain Law
345:Clava cairns
342:
309:
271:long barrows
267:timber halls
255:bank barrows
248:
200:
184:Papa Westray
149:
95:Clava cairns
83:timber halls
71:bank barrows
34:
32:
18:
1677:Tower house
1637:Court cairn
1561:Prehistoric
1368:Caledonians
1352:Agriculture
1336:Unstan ware
1285:Court cairn
1230:By location
1132:V. Turner,
1067:A. Butler,
956:A. Moffat,
935:C. Scarre,
827:A. Moffat,
806:A. Moffat,
776:, pp. 72–4.
734:, pp. 62–4.
514:, pp. 90–1.
502:A. Moffat,
442:wheelhouses
354:Eildon hill
219:stone cists
101:. From the
85:. From the
1720:Categories
1687:Wheelhouse
1662:Peel tower
1612:Blackhouse
1378:Carnonacae
1305:Wheelhouse
1121:0415347793
1079:178028330X
1046:I. Armit,
1025:I. Armit,
1014:0415347793
990:0415301505
966:0500287953
945:0415273145
924:0415347793
869:I. Armit,
858:0415347793
837:0500287953
816:0500287953
795:0748623388
785:G. Noble,
774:0748623388
764:G. Noble,
753:090390313X
732:0521848113
711:0747803536
690:0748623388
680:G. Noble,
669:0748623388
659:G. Noble,
648:1780270011
627:0710090013
606:0710090013
585:0748623388
575:G. Noble,
556:Britain BC
554:F. Pryor,
512:0500287953
453:departure.
403:Tofts Ness
372:See also:
350:hill forts
291:Bronze Age
289:See also:
285:Bronze Age
192:Skara Brae
160:Mesolithic
129:See also:
87:Bronze Age
55:Skara Brae
1483:(367–368)
1453:Venicones
1314:Artefacts
1300:Roman era
1295:Hillforts
1123:, p. 323.
1102:, p. 218.
1016:, p. 325.
992:, p. 190.
968:, p. 182.
947:, p. 125.
926:, p. 340.
890:N. Dixon
839:, p. 154.
755:, p. xii.
587:, p. 113.
485:R. Gray,
407:Crosskirk
399:Pierowall
386:Iron Age
279:Balbridie
223:Maes Howe
168:Neolithic
154:near the
146:on Orkney
140:Maes Howe
131:Stone Age
125:Stone Age
99:hillforts
43:Stone Age
1672:Shieling
1652:Hillfort
1571:Medieval
1492:Timeline
1448:Vacomagi
1428:Selgovae
1418:Novantae
1403:Decantae
1398:Damnonii
1388:Cornovii
1257:Shetland
1186:, p. 12.
1144:, p. 81.
1037:, p. 55.
881:, p. 28.
860:, p. 60.
797:, p. 17.
692:, p. 45.
671:, p. 71.
650:, p. 28.
542:, p. 19.
457:See also
450:palisade
429:and the
374:Iron Age
368:Iron Age
334:revetted
330:crannogs
325:Sumburgh
321:Jarlshof
305:Loch Tay
232:Stenness
227:megalith
196:Mainland
172:Northern
103:Iron Age
91:crannogs
1657:Housing
1642:Crannog
1471:(83 AD)
1462:Warfare
1443:Taexali
1438:Smertae
1413:Maeatae
1393:Creones
1373:Caereni
1345:Economy
1290:Crannog
629:, p. 8.
608:, p. 7.
301:crannog
251:barrows
194:on the
67:barrows
1632:Church
1622:Castle
1586:Modern
1361:Tribes
1252:Orkney
1182:
1161:
1140:
1119:
1098:
1077:
1054:
1033:
1012:
988:
964:
943:
922:
898:
877:
856:
835:
814:
793:
772:
751:
730:
709:
688:
667:
646:
625:
604:
583:
562:
538:
510:
401:, and
207:cairns
188:Orkney
63:cairns
51:Orkney
39:Romans
1617:Broch
1595:Forms
1566:Roman
1477:(140)
1433:Scoti
1423:Picts
474:Notes
414:broch
388:broch
338:piles
313:Early
111:broch
1554:Eras
1408:Lugi
1180:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1010:ISBN
986:ISBN
962:ISBN
941:ISBN
920:ISBN
896:ISBN
875:ISBN
854:ISBN
833:ISBN
812:ISBN
791:ISBN
770:ISBN
749:ISBN
728:ISBN
707:ISBN
686:ISBN
665:ISBN
644:ISBN
623:ISBN
602:ISBN
581:ISBN
560:ISBN
536:ISBN
508:ISBN
438:duns
419:Wick
323:and
315:and
241:The
217:and
205:and
174:and
164:Jura
142:, a
115:duns
81:and
61:and
33:The
1383:Cat
1321:Art
303:on
182:at
1722::
997:^
980:,
907:^
547:^
519:^
489:,
421:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
213:,
186:,
77:,
73:,
49:,
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1215:e
1208:t
1201:v
1081:.
902:.
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