Preservation (library and archive)

1765:: with the ever-changing world outside, the library will remain stable and dependable. Preservation is a great help in this regard. Through digitization and reformatting, preservation librarians are able to retain material while at the same time adapting to new methods. In this way, libraries can adapt to the changes in user needs without changing the quality of the material itself. Through preservation efforts, patrons can rest assured that although materials are constantly deteriorating over time, the library itself will remain a stable, reliable environment for their information needs. Another sacred ability of the library is to provide information and a connection to the past. By working to slow down the processes of deterioration and decay of library materials, preservation practices help keep this link to the past alive. 1733:, which chronicled his efforts to save many old runs of American newspapers (formerly owned by the British Library) from being sold to dealers or pulped. A similar concern persists over the retention of original documents reformatted by any means, analog or digital. Concerns include scholarly needs and legal requirements for authentic or original records as well as questions about the longevity, quality, and completeness of reformatted materials. Retention of originals as a source or fail-safe copy is now a fairly common practice. Another controversy revolving around different preservation methods is that of digitization of original material to maintain the intellectual content of the material while ignoring the physical nature of the book. Further, the 1721:. Handling materials promotes their progression to an unusable state, especially if they are handled carelessly. On the other hand, materials must be used in order to gain any benefit from them. In a collection with valuable materials, this conflict is often resolved by a number of measures which can include heightened security, requiring the use of gloves for photographs, restricting the materials researchers may bring with them into a reading room, and restricting use of materials to patrons who are not able to satisfy their research needs with less valuable copies of an item. These restrictions can be considered hindrances to researchers who feel that these measures are in place solely to keep materials out of the hands of the public. 31: 1302:

needs and desires of their local communities, which could cause an emphasis on acquiring new materials over preserving old ones. Librarians working in public facilities frequently have to make complicated decisions about how to best serve their patrons. Commonly, public library systems work with each other and sometimes with more academic libraries through interlibrary loan programs. By sharing resources, they are able to expand upon what might be available to their own patrons and share the burdens of preservation across a greater array of systems.

1737:'s Committee on the Future of the Print Record structured its "Statement on the Significance of Primary Records" on the inherent theoretical ideology that there is a need to preserve as many copies of a printed edition as is possible as texts and their textual settings are, quite simply, not separable, just as the artifactual characteristics of texts are as relevant and varied as the texts themselves (in the report mentioned herewith, 5551: 885: 6146: 5367: 5357: 277: 461: 6156: 62: 603:

are often more valuable for future use. Fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to scan, which creates a selection problem for preservationists where they must decide if digital access in the future is worth potentially damaging the item during the scanning process. Other problems include scan quality, redundancy of digitized books among different libraries, and copyright law.

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difficulties in providing access to these items. Discussion as to the best ways to utilize digital technologies is therefore ongoing, and the practice continues to evolve. Of course, the issues surrounding digital objects and their care in libraries and archives continues to expand as more and more of contemporary culture is created, stored, and used digitally. These

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consuming HVAC systems as well as the introduction of passive preservation techniques. Rather than maintaining a flat line, consistent 24/7 condition for a collection's environment, fluctuation can occur within acceptable limits to create a preservation environment while also thinking of energy efficiency and taking advantage of the outside environment.

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in the middle or low range. Generally, the relative humidity should be between 30–50% with as little variation as possible, however recommendations on specific levels to maintain vary depending on the type of material, i.e. paper-based, film, etc. A specialized dew point calculator for book preservation is available.

1761:, Nancy Kalikow Maxwell discusses how libraries are capable of performing some of the same functions as religion. Many librarians feel that their work is done for some higher purpose. The same can be said for preservation librarians. One instance of the library's role as sacred is to provide a sense of 1310:

Archival facilities focus specifically on rare and fragile materials. With staff trained in appropriate techniques, archives are often available to many public and private library facilities as an alternative to destroying older materials. Items that are unique, such as photographs, or items that are

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has stated that the study of understanding the needs of the archive/library is inherently important to their survival. To prolong the life of a collection, it is important that a systematic preservation plan is in place. The first step in planning a preservation program is to assess the institution's

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folders which are then placed in acid-free of low-lignin boxes for further protection. Similarly, books that are fragile, valuable, oddly shaped, or in need of protection can be stored in archival boxes and enclosures. Additionally, housing books can protect them from many of the contributing factors

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When practicing preservation, one has several factors to consider in order to properly preserve a record: 1) the storage environment of the record, 2) the criteria to determine when preservation is necessary, 3) what the standard preservation practices are for that particular institution, 4) research

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Some individuals in the archival community have explored the possible moral responsibility to preserve all cultural phenomena, in regards to the concept of monumental preservation. Other advocates argue that such an undertaking is something that the indigenous or native communities that produce such

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It is important that preservation specialists be respectful of cultural property and the societies that created it, and it is also important for them to be aware of international and national laws pertaining to stolen items. In recent years there has been a rise in nations seeking out artifacts that

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and bleaching the paper, which would eventually lead to yellowing, brittle paper. Barrow's 1933 article on the fragile state of wood pulp paper predicted the life expectancy, or "LE", of this paper was approximately 40–50 years. At that point the paper would begin to show signs of natural decay, and

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Limited, tax-driven funding can often interfere with the ability for public libraries to engage in extensive preservation activities. Materials, particularly books, are often much easier to replace than to repair when damaged or worn. Public libraries usually try to tailor their services to meet the

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Because budget and time limitations require priorities to be set, standards have been established by the profession to determine what should be preserved in a collection. Considerations include existing condition, rarity, and evidentiary and market values. With non-paper formats, the availability of

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Bound materials are sensitive to rapid temperature or humidity cycling due to differential expansion of the binding and pages, which may cause the binding to crack and/or the pages to warp. Changes in temperature and humidity should be done slowly so as to minimize the difference in expansion rates.

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Books and other materials take up and give off moisture making them sensitive to relative humidity. Very high humidity encourages mold growth and insect infestations. Low humidity causes materials to lose their flexibility. Fluctuations in relative humidity are more damaging than a constant humidity

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However, many of these problems are being solved through educational initiatives. Educational programs are tailoring themselves to fit preservation needs and help new students understand preservation practices. Programs teaching graduate students about digital librarianship are especially important.

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Ethics will play an important role in many aspects of the conservator's activities. When choosing which objects are in need of treatment, the conservator should do what is best for the object in question and not yield to pressure or opinion from outside sources. Conservators should refer to the AIC

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Forms of significance can be historically, culturally, socially, or spiritually significant. In the preservation context, libraries and archives make decisions in different ways. In libraries, decision-making likely targets existing holding materials, whereas in archives, decisions for preservation

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Although digitization seems to be a promising area for future preservation, there are also problems. The main problems are that digital space costs money, media and file formats may become obsolete, and backwards compatibility is not guaranteed. Higher-quality images take a longer time to scan, but

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For manuscripts, digitization is achieved through scanning an item and saving it to a digital format. For example, the Google Book Search program has partnered with over forty libraries around the world to digitize books. The goal of this library partnership project is to "make it easier for people

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on the management of cultural heritage objects as well as the historic environment has prompted research efforts to investigate alternative climate control methods and strategies that include the implementation of alternative climate control systems to replace or supplement traditional high-energy

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One instance in which these decisions may get tricky is when the conservator is dealing with cultural objects. The AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice has addressed such concerns, stating "All actions of the conservation professional must be governed by an informed respect for cultural

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Selection for treatment determines the survival of materials and should be done by a specialist, whether in relation to an established collection development policy or on an item by item basis. Once an object or collection has been chosen for preservation, the treatment must be determined that is

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Groups such as the Digital Preservation Network strive to ensure that "the complete scholarly record is preserved for future generations". The Library of Congress maintains a Sustainability of Digital Formats web site that educates institutions on various aspects of preservation: most notably, on

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Sri Lankan symbols or images of the Sinhalese "Fire Demons" are hung in the corners of libraries and other buildings to appease the incendiary demons and to avert fire, lightning and cataclysm, according to Sinhalese mythology. Since fire and acid decomposition (also known as "slow fires") are a

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The ancient Chinese god Wei T'O is the patron god of libraries and books. Many examples of appeals to Wei T'O can be found in Chinese manuscripts dated five hundred or more years ago. Wei T'O is especially invoked for the protection of books and libraries against fire. Since the modern books are

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Institutions should establish an environment that prioritizes preservation and create an understanding among administration and staff. Additionally, the institution's commitment to preservation should be communicated to funders and stakeholders so that funds can be allocated towards preservation

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for preservation should be made considering significance and value of materials. Significance is considered to have two major components: importance and quality. "Importance" relates to the collection's role as a record, and "quality" covers comprehensiveness, depth, uniqueness, authenticity and

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Many digitized items, such as back issues of periodicals, are provided by publishers and databases on a subscription basis. If these companies were to cease providing access to their digital information, facilities that elected to discard paper copies of these periodicals could face significant

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The care of cultural and sacred objects often affects the physical storage or the object. For example, sacred objects of the native peoples of the Western United States are supposed to be stored with sage to ensure their spiritual well-being. The idea of storing an object with plant material is

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is being explored by students and professionals in archives/libraries. The two main issues that most institutions tend to face are the rapid disintegration of acidic paper and water damage (due to flooding, plumbing problems, etc.). Therefore, these areas of preservation, as well as new digital

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is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely and may include monitoring the condition of items, maintaining the temperature and humidity in collection storage

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Learning the proper methods of preservation is important and most archivists are educated on the subject at academic institutions that specifically cover archives and preservation. In the United States most repositories require archivists to have a degree from an ALA-accredited library school.

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problem. In later studies, Barrow tested paper from American books made between 1900 and 1949, and learned that after forty years the books had lost on average 96 percent of their original strength; after less than ten years, they had already lost 64 percent. Barrow determined that this rapid

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In general, the lower the temperature is, the better it is for the collection. However, since books and other materials are often housed in areas with people, a compromise must be struck to accommodate human comfort. A reasonable temperature to accomplish both goals is 65–68˚F (18–20 °C)

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The Preservation, Planning and Publications Committee of the Preservation and Reformatting Section (PARS) in the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services has created a Preservation Education Directory of ALA Accredited schools in the U.S. and Canada offering courses in

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Since 2010, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation has enhanced funding for library and archives conservation education in three major conservation programs. These programs are all part of the Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property (ANAGPIC).

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equipment to access the information will be a factor (for example, playback equipment for audio-visual materials, or microform readers). An institution should determine how many, if any, other institutions hold the material, and consider coordinating efforts with those that do.

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With old media deteriorating or showing their vulnerabilities and new media becoming available, research remains active in the field of conservation and preservation. Everything from how to preserve paper media to creating and maintaining electronic resources and gauging their

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reputation of the collection. Moreover, analyzing the significance of materials can be used to uncover more about their meaning. Assessment of significance can also aid in documenting the provenance and context to argue the case for grant funding for the object and collection.

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most appropriate to the material and its collecting institution. If the information is most important, reformatting or creation of a surrogate is a likely option. If the artifact itself is of value, it will receive conservation treatment, ideally of a reversible nature.

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or the amount of lumens/m, the generally accepted level of illumination with sensitive materials is limited to 50 lux per day. Materials receiving more lux than recommended can be placed in dark storage periodically to prolong the original appearance of the object.

1701:(NAGPRA). The First Archivists Circle, a group of Native American archivists, has also created Protocols for Native American Archival Materials. The non-binding guidelines are suggestions for libraries and archives with Native American archival materials. 433:/ Disaster Mitigation Plan) is the practice of arranging for the necessary resources and planning the best course of action to prevent or minimize damage to a collection in the event of a disaster of any level of magnitude, whether natural or human-made. 1705:

inherently problematic to an archival collection because of the possibility of insect infestation. When conservators have faced this problem, they have addressed it by using freeze-dried sage, thereby meeting both conservation and cultural needs.

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However, an accelerated aging study on the effects of fluctuating temperature and humidity on paper color and strength showed no evidence that cycling of one temperature to another or one RH to another caused a different mechanism of decay.

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Because so many museum holdings are unique, including print materials, art, and other objects, preservationists are often most active in this setting; however, since most holdings are usually much more fragile, or possibly corrupted,

1427:, sustain and transmit information from one group to another. This level of preservation has been supplemented over the last century with the professional practice of preservation and conservation in the cultural heritage community. 617:

is another name for digitization, and is the term more commonly used in archival courses. The main goal of digital preservation is to guarantee that people will have access to the digitally preserved materials long into the future.

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cultural objects are better suited to perform. Currently, however, many indigenous communities are not financially able to support their own archives and museums. Still, indigenous archives are on the rise in the United States.

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There is also controversy surrounding preservation methods. A major controversy at the end of the twentieth century centered on the practice of discarding items that had been microfilmed. This was the subject of novelist

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worked as head of Columbia University Libraries' Preservation Division from 1981 until 1987, where she worked closely with Paul Banks. She published extensive research throughout her career, especially dealing with

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efforts. The first steps an institution should implement, according to the NEDCC, are to establish a policy that defines and charts the course of action and create a framework for carrying out goals and priorities.

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have been stolen and are now in museums. In many cases museums are working with the nations to find a compromise to balance the need for reliable supervision as well as access for both the public and researchers.

1647:, as the first president of the Commission on Preservation and Access, worked to organize a national campaign both for the use of alkaline paper in publishing companies and for a national program of preservation 4708: 825:

There are three methods for carrying out a preservation survey: general preservation assessment, collection condition surveys, and an item-by-item survey. General condition surveys can be part of a library

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issues. In many cases, a library is allowed to make a limited number of copies of an item for preservation purposes. In the United States, certain exceptions have been made for libraries and archives.

4699: 4245: 1567:(1904–1967) was an American chemist and paper conservator, and a pioneer of library and archives conservation. He introduced the field of conservation to paper deacidification through alkalization. 1697:

Conservators are not just bound by ethics to treat cultural and religious objects with respect, but also in some cases by law. For example, in the United States, conservators must comply with the

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Pests, such as insects and vermin, eat and destroy paper and the adhesive that secures book bindings. Food and drink in libraries, archives, and museums can increase the attraction of pests. An

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property, its unique character and significance and the people or person who created it." This can be applied in both the care and long-term storage of objects in archives and institutions.

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existing preservation needs. This process entails identifying the general and specific needs of the collection, establishing priorities, and gathering the resources to execute the plan.

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and wood pulp papers. Earlier papermaking methods left the final product only mildly alkaline or even neutral and such paper has maintained its strength for 300 to 800 years, despite

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for outstanding preservation specialists in library and archival science, is given annually by the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, a subdivision of the

1629:, former Conservation Officer at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, worked in the areas of disaster recovery and preparedness, and the salvaging of water-damaged paper goods. 4315: 4204: 1698: 599:

to find relevant books – specifically, books they wouldn't find any other way such as those that are out of print – while carefully respecting authors' and publishers' copyrights."

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suggests that presently existing book stacks need not be abandoned with emerging technologies; rather they serve as vitally important original (primary) sources for future study).

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Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice, which states that the conservation professional must "strive to attain the highest possible standards in all aspects of conservation."

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is the maintenance of digitally stored information. Some means of digital preservation include refreshing, migration, replication and emulation. This should not be confused with

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special problem for libraries because of the concentration of paper products, the "Fire Demons" are also included when used to assuage these destroyers of libraries and books.

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is the heavenly patron of books and protector of clay tablets. Nabu is the Babylonian god of wisdom and writing, and is the patron of the scribes, librarians and archivists.

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In Arabic and other eastern societies, sometimes a traditional method to protect books and scrolls was a metaphysical appeal to "Kabi:Kaj", the "King of the Cockroaches".

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are often made when they acquire materials. Therefore, different criteria might be needed on different occasions. In general, for archive criteria, the points include:

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Preservation as a formal profession in libraries and archives dates from the twentieth century, but its philosophy and practice has roots in many earlier traditions.

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Contamination can occur at the time of manufacture, especially with electronic materials. It must be stopped before it spreads, but it is usually irreversible.

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deterioration was not the direct result of using wood-pulp fibers, since rag papers of this period were also aging rapidly, but rather due to the residual

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In some Christian monasteries, prayers and curses were placed at the end of books to prevent theft, or to damn the thieves. Frequently called a "

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preservation. The directory is updated approximately every three years. The 10th Edition was made available on the ALCTS web site in March 2015.

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materials raise their own new kinds of preservation challenges and in some cases they may even require use new kinds of tools and techniques.

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In many ancient societies, appeals to heavenly protectors were used to preserve books, scrolls and manuscripts from insects, fire and decay.

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Albany, NY: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Dept., The New York State Library, Division of Library Development.

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Environmental controls are necessary to facilitate the preservation of organic materials and are especially important to monitor in rare and

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The Flickr user describes an incident of putting a banana stained book in their backpack and leaving it for a couple weeks with this result.

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Exposure to light also has a significant effect on materials. It is not only the light visible to humans that can cause damage, but also

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Kaschins, Elizabeth and Jane Kemp. "Saint Jerome, the Patron Saint of Librarians." Library Journal. September 1, 1988, pages 135-136.

2262: 5065: 3532: 3500: 3098: 2530: 2415: 1596: 1141: 925: 2334: 1260: 5918: 4612: 3902: 1790: 369:, which refers to the treatment and repair of individual items to slow the process of decay, or restore them to a usable state. " 38: 2804: 5584: 5410: 5313: 5170: 5088: 3847: 3747: 1825: 1101: 269: 53: 2133: 1670:. It is awarded in recognition of professional preservation specialists who have made significant contributions to the field. 6025: 5160: 3787: 1272: 1023: 1013: 963: 216: 2134:"UCSD Libraries Preservation Department. "Why is Eating and Drinking in the Library Discouraged?" 2006. UCSD. 18 June 2008" 5436: 4128: 4058: 4015: 3767: 3727: 2974: 2247: 1805: 30: 5538: 5308: 5276: 5123: 5113: 5083: 5018: 4490: 4063: 3837: 3752: 3737: 1667: 1170: 1134: 852: 426: 128: 34: 655:

however, if possible, film and photography collections should be kept in a segregated area at 55 ˚F (13 °C).

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Matthews, Graham (1995). "Surveying Collections: The importance of Condition Assessment for Preservation Management".

2412:"A Regional Approach to Identifying Items of National Significance Held by Small Cultural Institutions in New Zealand" 1734: 1654:

John F. Dean, Preservation and Conservation Librarian at Cornell University, has made contributions towards improving

1582: 1396:), Wei T'O is especially relevant to modern librarianship. A modern product to de-acidify paper is named in his honor. 1121: 2309: 1717:

There is a longstanding tension between preservation of and access to library materials, particularly in the area of

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Another educational resource available to preservationists is the Northeast Document Conservation Center or NEDCC.

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Additional preservation education is available to librarians through various professional organizations, such as:

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Gacek, Adam. "The Use of Kabikaj in Arabic Manuscripts." Manuscripts of the Middle East. Volume I, 1986. Page 49.

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and testing, and 5) if any vendor services will be needed for further preservation and potentially conservation.

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that developed in the 4th millennium BC. Written record keeping and information sharing practices, along with

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1989: March 7 Major US print publishers convene at NYPL to endorse a community-wide commitment to utilizing

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Conway, Paul (2010). "Preservation in the Age of Google: Digitization, Digital Preservation, and Dilemmas".

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and other air pollutants. The manufacturing methods used after 1870, however, employed sulfuric acid for

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The Aztec and Mayan Indians of Latin America also had deities concerned with libraries. The major god,

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There are three saints in the Christian church that are closely associated with libraries as patrons:

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Conservation environment guidelines for libraries and archives; with the assistance of Paul N. Banks.

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out of print, can be preserved in archival facilities more easily than in many library settings.

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introduces the field of conservation to paper deacidification when he publishes a paper on the

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approximately 200 digital format types and which are most likely to last into the future.

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Making a proper decision is an important factor before starting preservation practices.

6149: 6116: 6042: 5957: 5952: 5923: 5903: 5736: 5651: 5570: 5501: 5210: 5060: 4947: 4930: 4920: 4883: 4863: 4856: 4831: 4642: 4627: 4562: 4512: 4133: 4048: 3822: 3667: 3346: 3087: 3058:"The Archival Paradigm—The Genesis and Rationales of Archival Principles and Practices" 3057: 2573: 1592: 1517: 1481: 1431: 1424: 1370: 1051: 774: 674: 254: 250: 3425: 2377:"A Significance Recognition Scheme for Non-National Museums and Galleries in Scotland" 6174: 6047: 5855: 5825: 5773: 5175: 4898: 4572: 4502: 4068: 3922: 3832: 2808: 2522:

The Evidence in Hand: Report of the Task Force on the Artifact in Library Collections

2352: 1585:, and problems related to conservation. He designed and implemented a curriculum for 1570: 1509: 1412: 1076: 1046: 3380: 2715:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Archived from 2022: 460: 342:, and increasing accessibility. Preservation, in this definition, is practiced in a 6159: 6020: 5768: 5753: 5683: 5666: 5526: 5480: 5463: 4984: 4582: 4537: 4113: 4073: 2475: 2458: 2137: 1746: 1626: 1533: 1513: 1435: 1404: 1374: 865:

International Preservation News, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

800:

comparative value (rarity, completeness, integrity relative to others of its kind).

592: 440: 204: 196: 3248: 2576:(2000). "Selection for Preservation". In Banks, Paul N.; Pilette, Roberta (eds.). 1554:

9706 certified permanent durable paper in order to combat the acid paper epidemic.

1525:

he concluded that research for a new media on which to write and print was needed.

855:

has many scholarly journals that publish articles on preservation topics, such as

61: 3495:. Bristol & London: British Library and Joint Information Systems Committee. 3180: 338:

areas, writing a plan in case of emergencies, digitizing items, writing relevant

5962: 5872: 5783: 5758: 5720: 5705: 5624: 5617: 5607: 5468: 4989: 4868: 4770: 4517: 4153: 4098: 4043: 3990: 3950: 3807: 3657: 2520: 2119:"Dew Point Calculator." Image Permanence Institute. Retrieved May 16, 2011 from 1957: 1762: 1637: 1578: 1486: 1471: 1461: 1081: 769: 727: 685: 640: 506: 446:

Reformatting is the practice of creating copies of an object in another type of

238: 158: 3445:

Tanselle, G.T. (1998). Texts and artifacts in the electronic era. 21stC, 3.2.

2982: 6037: 5908: 5741: 5678: 5612: 5511: 4893: 4577: 4557: 4088: 3955: 3945: 3897: 3702: 2902:. The Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record. Archived from 1504: 1393: 1385: 1325: 1056: 713: 586: 1678:

Reformatting, or in any other way copying an item's contents, raises obvious

1328:. Museums typically hold to the same practices led by archival institutions. 6052: 5982: 5803: 5793: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5661: 5533: 5010: 4662: 4587: 3940: 2595: 2540: 2174:. Centre for Sustainable Heritage, University College London. Archived from 1840: 1679: 1648: 1544: 451: 359: 355: 170: 3328: 3280: 2953: 2903: 1573:(1934–2000) was Conservator and Head of the Conservation Department at the 3586: 3565: 3372: 2649: 6062: 5974: 5967: 5865: 5838: 5778: 5762: 5646: 5521: 5473: 4592: 4552: 4547: 4093: 3917: 3229: 2013: 1589:

School of Library Science that dealt directly with preservation training.

1028: 689: 488: 404: 339: 162: 154: 3581: 2924: 5860: 5850: 5843: 5629: 4836: 4826: 4801: 3980: 3662: 3552:

Preserving our heritage: perspectives from antiquity to the digital age

3166: 1356: 1234: 1116: 483: 347: 343: 234: 2741: 1324:

may be more necessary than preservation. This is especially common in

6072: 3872: 3862: 1521: 1446: 1442: 1106: 857:

College and Research Libraries, Information Technology and Libraries,

479: 3576: 3319: 3294: 3158: 2713:"American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works" 2069:

Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS)

1934:"Preservation in the Age of Large-Scale Digitization: A White Paper" 863:. Scholarly periodicals in this field from other publishers include 27:

Set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record or object

2310:"For Delicate Books, Safe and Snug Houses | Preservation Week 2014" 2004: 781:

For archival criteria, the following are evidence of significance:

6094: 6077: 5992: 5987: 5788: 5421: 3907: 3812: 2525:. Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources. 1850: 1465: 726: 716:, archival records, and other paper documents is to place them in 670: 648: 3489:

Digital archaeology? Rescuing Neglected or Damaged Data Resources

2829: 2628:"Preservation and Conservation | The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation" 2335:"Preservation, Conservation, Restoration: What's the Difference?" 2175: 6089: 5593: 3672: 3525:

Sacred Stacks: The Higher Purpose of Libraries and Librarianship

2670: 1759:

Sacred Stacks: The Higher Purpose of Libraries and Librarianship

1419:, some 32,000–40,000 years ago. More direct antecedents are the 1360: 678: 150: 5566: 5425: 4774: 3595: 3003: 2900:"The Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record" 2854: 2740:. Amigos Library Services Preservation Service. Archived from 2459:"Building Collections for All Time: the Issue of Significance" 878: 721:

to book damage: pests, light, temperature changes, and water.

693: 568: 1641:, a criticism of libraries' destruction of paper-based media. 5549: 3230:

Association for Library Collections & Technical Services

2762: 1595:, author and historian, was Preservation Specialist for the 1547:

which examines paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay

3688:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

2580:. Chicago: American Library Association. pp. 206–224. 1217:

School of Film & Video Preservation Rochester, New York

3359:

Cooper, Amy (2002). "Issues in Native American Archives".

1348:

To the ancient Egyptians, the scarab or dung beetle (see:

3693:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

2783: 2120: 753:

the characteristics of a record (purpose, creator, etc.);

5562: 4079:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

3132: 2098:. Northeast Document Conservation Center. Archived from 2051:"Library of Congress: Sustainability of Digital Formats" 1226:

Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record

939:

Similar institutions exist in countries outside the US.

4727:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

1910:. Southern Polytechnic State University. Archived from 1474:

and the changing conception of artists and works of art

1181:

Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

903: 365:

Preservation should be distinguished from interventive

3426:"Inheritance and loss? A brief survey of Google Books" 2716: 2405: 2403: 2036: 1699:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

848:

technologies, receive much of the research attention.

1263:. Master of Art Conservation Program, Ontario, Canada 6008: 5942: 5881: 5729: 5600: 5262: 5241: 5074: 5008: 4812: 4676: 4489: 4218: 4162: 4029: 3931: 3633: 3145:Stevens, Rolland E. (October 1968). "The Library". 2832:. Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies 2830:"Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies" 2492:"Assessing Preservation Needs, A Self-Survey Guide" 1545:

Slow Fires: On the Preservation of the Human Record

396:is the preventive care of a collection as a whole. 3458:"Statement on the Significance of Primary Records" 3086: 1635:is a contemporary American novelist and author of 1209:Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts 669:Particulate and gaseous pollutants, such as soot, 6196:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage 4732:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 3868:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 3683:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 3402:. American Historical Association. Archived from 2497:. Andover: Northeast Document Conservation Center 1203:Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies 765:the cost against the benefits from its existence. 666:system is one way to control pests in libraries. 4755:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 4745:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 4709:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 3587:Protocols for Native American Archival Materials 3277:"AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice" 3029:"Preservation Programs at the National Archives" 2556:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 1664:Paul Banks and Carolyn Harris Preservation Award 1411:Human record-keeping arguably dates back to the 1388:", these were placed in the book to deter theft. 1199:. Art Conservation Department, Buffalo, New York 759:the record in context (part of a series or not); 464:Preservation and recording of magnetic tapes at 4750:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 4722:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 2692:"Preservation Education Directory 10th Edition" 373:" is used interchangeably with "preservation". 4686:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 3843:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 3064:. Council on Library and Information Resources 2738:"Amigos Library Services Preservation Service" 1890:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology 1577:from 1964 to 1981, and published regularly on 1530:The Flood of the River Arno in Florence, Italy 5578: 5437: 4786: 3607: 3464:. Modern Language Association. Archived from 2172:"Climate change and the historic environment" 1306:Archival repositories and special collections 1142: 892:The examples and perspective in this section 756:the quality of the information in the record; 639:. Key environmental factors to watch include 302: 8: 2952:. North Bennet Street School. Archived from 2765:. Association for Recorded Sound Collections 2763:"Association for Recorded Sound Collections" 2463:Australian Academic & Research Libraries 1656:preservation efforts in developing countries 6181:Preservation (library and archival science) 3571:Preservation (library and archival science) 3093:. Chicago: Society of American Archivists. 2876:"International Federation of Film Archives" 2805:"Buffalo State Art Conservation Department" 2652:. University of Texas School of Information 2514: 2512: 762:potential use and possible limitations; and 388:Standard functions of preservation programs 5585: 5571: 5563: 5444: 5430: 5422: 5386: 4793: 4779: 4771: 4251:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 3614: 3600: 3592: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 2807:. Buffalo State University. Archived from 2439:. Heritage Collections Council (Australia) 2382:. Scottish Museums Council. Archived from 2240:"Energy Savings and Collection Management" 1284:Art Conservation Program, Newark, Delaware 1185:Association for Recorded Sound Collections 1149: 1135: 952: 910:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 791:high level of impact – over time or place, 415:, and more specialized activities such as 309: 295: 60: 44: 3798:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 3577:American Institute for Conservation (AIC) 3527:. Chicago: American Library Association. 3318: 2610:"Best Archives and Preservation Programs" 2519:Nichols, Stephen G.; Smith, Abby (2001). 2474: 2012: 1221:International Federation of Film Archives 926:Learn how and when to remove this message 3698:Conservation science (cultural property) 3349:", Winter 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2786:. Association of Moving Image Archivists 2784:"Association of Moving Image Archivists" 2673:. Northeast Document Conservation Center 2261:Bigourdan, Jean-Louis; Reilly, James M. 861:Library Resources and Technical Services 768: 459: 383:Digital preservation § Fundamentals 29: 1877: 1543:1987: Terry Saunders releases the film 1292:Preservation in non-academic facilities 1245:Conservation Center, New York, New York 1037: 962: 955: 554:Color photography § Preservation issues 525:Preservation of Illuminated Manuscripts 52: 3271: 3269: 2853:. George Eastman House. Archived from 2410:Dorner, Daniel; Young, Sophie (2007). 2333:Kroslowitz, Karen (October 26, 2012). 1352:) was a protector of written products. 1255:Northeast Document Conservation Center 1191:Association of Moving Image Archivists 811:Northeast Document Conservation Center 3004:"Winterthur Art Conservation Program" 2065:"Definitions of Digital Preservation" 7: 5376: 2981:. Queen's University. Archived from 2161:. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1986 1904:"Preservation of Cultural Artifacts" 1856:Tribal Historic Preservation Officer 1538:burning of the Library of Alexandria 473:Media-specific issues and treatments 5406: 3396:"Google Books: What's Not to Like?" 3089:Preserving Archives and Manuscripts 1753:The library as a sacred institution 1392:suffering from acid decomposition ( 1269:(RBS) at the University of Virginia 1166:American Institute for Conservation 3883:Preservation (library and archive) 3343:"The Moral Imperative to Preserve" 1816:History of Public Library Advocacy 1460:Medieval practices, including the 538:Preservation of magnetic audiotape 468:(National Sound Archive of Mexico) 25: 5066:Library and information scientist 3185:Preservation, Library of Congress 2578:Preservation: Issues and Planning 1892:. Society of American Archivists. 1597:Association of Research Libraries 1441:Antiquarian practices, including 712:The preferred method for storing 450:. Reformatting processes include 399:Preservation can include general 6154: 6145: 6144: 6134: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5356: 5355: 4737:Conservation-restoration of the 4613:Indigenous intellectual property 3564: 3206:"Carolyn Price Horton 1909-2001" 1791:Art conservation and restoration 883: 276: 275: 39:U.S. Declaration of Independence 6135: 5396: 5089:Library and information science 3848:Inventory (library and archive) 3748:Cultural property documentation 3523:Maxwell, Nancy Kalikow (2006). 3486:Ross, Seamus; Gow, Ann (1999). 3204:Eldridge, Betsy Palmer (2002). 3147:The Journal of Higher Education 1826:Library and information science 1102:Library and information science 54:Library and information science 5161:Electronic resource management 4246:Bone, horn, and antler objects 3788:Digital photograph restoration 3550:Cloonan, M. V. (Ed.). (2015). 2476:10.1080/00048623.2006.10755323 2220:. Getty Conservation Institute 2199:. Getty Conservation Institute 2037:"Digital Preservation Network" 1273:Society of American Archivists 1024:Science and technology studies 394:Risk management in collections 217:Science and technology studies 1: 4431:South Asian household shrines 4129:Reconstruction (architecture) 4059:Cultural property radiography 4016:Registrar (cultural property) 3768:Cultural resources management 3728:Collections management system 3255:. Legal Information Institute 1806:Hand-colouring of photographs 1211:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 797:representation of a type, and 773:Worn books at the library of 6058:Conservation and restoration 4700:Conservation-restoration of 4691:Conservation-restoration of 4064:Detachment of wall paintings 3838:Intangible cultural heritage 3753:Cultural property exhibition 3738:Cultural heritage management 2950:"North Bennet Street School" 2614:U.S. News & World Report 1959:Google Books Library Project 1668:American Library Association 1171:American Library Association 1038:Related fields and subfields 853:American Library Association 367:conservation and restoration 35:National Bureau of Standards 5094:Education for librarianship 4144:Transfer of panel paintings 2238:Herzog, Peter (July 2008). 1735:Modern Language Association 1583:book and paper conservation 1457:and other ancient archives. 1122:Quantum information science 906:, discuss the issue on the 6212: 5254:History of library science 4608:Heritage language learning 3878:Optical media preservation 2975:"Art Conservation Program" 2267:Image Permanence Institute 2244:Image Permanence Institute 1821:Integrated Pest Management 1781:Architectural conservation 1620:and the 1972 flood of the 1249:North Bennet Street School 700:Recent concerns about the 664:Integrated Pest Management 591:A relatively new concept, 584: 573: 564:Optical media preservation 380: 6130: 5547: 5459: 5351: 4648:Oral history preservation 3763:Cultural property storage 3758:Cultural property imaging 1796:Digital artifactual value 1489:'s imperative to preserve 1230:Library Binding Institute 1205:, Mount Carroll, Illinois 647:, pests, pollutants, and 558:Architectural reprography 543:Oral history preservation 18:Archives and preservation 5371:Category:Library science 5056:Information professional 4953:Learning Resource Centre 4695:by Elías García Martínez 3913:Sustainable preservation 3393:See Robert B. Townsend, 3010:. University of Delaware 2925:"Institute of Fine Arts" 1674:Legal and ethical issues 794:high level of influence, 702:impact of climate change 409:environmental monitoring 181:Interdisciplinary fields 5716:Collection (publishing) 5640:Illuminated manuscripts 4653:Preservation of meaning 4638:Language revitalization 4306:Illuminated manuscripts 4084:Historic paint analysis 3976:Conservation technician 3778:Deaccessioning (museum) 3718:Collections maintenance 3643:Agents of deterioration 3582:First Archivists Circle 3083:Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn 2339:Computer History Museum 1932:Rieger, Oya Y. (2008). 1861:Video game preservation 1846:Public Library Advocacy 1713:Criticism and reception 1622:Corning Museum of Glass 1379:Catherine of Alexandria 1251:, Boston, Massachusetts 1176:Amigos Library Services 692:radiation. Measured in 401:collections maintenance 371:Preventive conservation 5554: 5141:Collection development 4663:Tradition preservation 4316:Iron and steel objects 4205:Outdoor bronze objects 4149:UVC-based preservation 4006:Photograph conservator 3971:Conservation scientist 3723:Collections management 3653:Archaeological science 3423:See also Paul Duguid, 3135:accessed July 10, 2010 2851:"George Eastman House" 2694:. ALCTS. 12 March 2012 2159:The Museum Environment 2121:http://www.dpcalc.org/ 1801:Disaster recovery plan 1618:1966 flood of the Arno 1278:University of Delaware 1243:Institute of Fine Arts 1087:Information technology 1009:Knowledge organization 778: 732: 681:is a helpful defense. 469: 125:Information management 113:Collections management 42: 6085:Intellectual property 5711:Volume (bibliography) 5553: 5146:Collective collection 4668:Traditional knowledge 4633:Language preservation 4241:Ancient Greek pottery 4139:Textile stabilization 4001:Paintings conservator 3888:Preservation metadata 3773:Database preservation 3627:historic preservation 3373:10.1300/j105v27n02_05 3361:Collection Management 3133:http://www.weito.com/ 2931:. New York University 2562:(4). Washington, D.C. 2490:Patkus, Beth (2003). 2269:. RIT. Archived from 2246:. RIT. Archived from 1811:Historic preservation 1587:Columbia University's 1287:The National Archives 1223:(FIAF) Bologna, Italy 1215:George Eastman Museum 1197:Buffalo State College 1097:Intellectual property 1067:Computer data storage 869:Collection Management 809:Since the 1970s, the 772: 736:Preservation criteria 730: 574:Further information: 548:Language Preservation 463: 427:Business Continuation 425:(RT: Disaster Plan / 423:Disaster preparedness 201:Documentation science 189:Communication studies 33: 5309:Library associations 5249:History of libraries 5166:Information literacy 4456:Time-based media art 4266:Copper-based objects 4180:Archaeological sites 4109:Mass deacidification 4054:Cradling (paintings) 3966:Conservator-restorer 3793:Digital preservation 3573:at Wikimedia Commons 3341:Cloonan, Michele V. 1614:Carolyn Price Horton 1608:mass deacidification 1178:Preservation Service 1092:Intellectual freedom 904:improve this section 894:may not represent a 838:Research and testing 615:Digital Preservation 437:Digital preservation 417:mass deacidification 413:preservation surveys 133:Knowledge management 5186:Library instruction 5046:Periodicals/serials 4965:Special collections 4760:World Heritage Site 4623:Indigenous language 4523:Endangered language 4421:Shipwreck artifacts 4401:Photographic plates 4351:Musical instruments 4104:Lining of paintings 4021:Textile conservator 3996:Objects conservator 3986:Exhibition designer 3893:Preservation survey 3818:Found in collection 3708:Collection (museum) 3678:Calendar (archives) 3648:Archival processing 3311:2006Natur.440R.716. 3253:www.law.cornell.edu 2081:Lull, W.P. (1990). 1776:Archaeological site 1719:special collections 1610:of wood-pulp paper. 1449:, the libraries at 1240:New York University 957:Information science 871:among many others. 637:special collections 631:Storage environment 533:and Video recording 448:data-storage device 403:activities such as 213:Information science 109:Archives management 48:Part of a series on 6122:World Book Capital 5555: 5487:The Book Collector 5361:Category:Libraries 5228:Technical services 5196:Library publishing 5191:Library management 5019:Distance education 4618:Indigenous culture 3961:Collection manager 3858:Media preservation 3853:Inventory (museum) 3713:Collection catalog 3400:www.historians.org 3235:2007-12-14 at the 2457:Pymm, Bob (2006). 1836:Library management 1739:G. Thomas Tanselle 1559:Significant people 1494:Significant events 1261:Queen's University 845:digital permanence 779: 733: 576:Media preservation 552:Visual material - 536:Sound recording - 470: 137:Library management 43: 6168: 6167: 6000:Coffee table book 5831:Bookworm (insect) 5560: 5559: 5419: 5418: 5206:Readers' advisory 4879:Library of things 4768: 4767: 4717:Pompeian frescoes 4603:Heritage language 4493:cultural heritage 4281:Flags and banners 4226:cultural property 4190:Heritage railways 4170:cultural property 4119:Paleo-inspiration 3803:Film preservation 3743:Cultural property 3733:Cultural heritage 3623:Cultural heritage 3569:Media related to 3295:"Rightful Owners" 3283:on March 4, 2000. 2587:978-0-585-37626-4 2289:National Archives 1993:Library Quarterly 1512:produced in both 1487:Romantic movement 1417:Upper Paleolithic 1350:Scarab (artifact) 1282:Winterthur Museum 1159: 1158: 936: 935: 928: 788:irreplaceability, 645:relative humidity 531:Film preservation 466:Fonoteca Nacional 454:and digitization. 431:Disaster Recovery 319: 318: 16:(Redirected from 6203: 6191:Archival science 6186:Collections care 6158: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6068:History of books 5587: 5580: 5573: 5564: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5423: 5409: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5156:Discovery system 5104:Archival science 4814:Types of library 4795: 4788: 4781: 4772: 4704:by Thomas Eakins 4702:The Gross Clinic 4598:Folklore studies 4508:Applied folklore 4481:Wooden furniture 4476:Wooden artifacts 4471:Woodblock prints 4451:Tibetan thangkas 4311:Insect specimens 4200:Outdoor artworks 4195:Historic gardens 3828:Heritage science 3616: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3568: 3539: 3538: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3356: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3305:(6): 716. 2006. 3291: 3285: 3284: 3279:. Archived from 3273: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3092: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3033:www.archives.gov 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2634:. Archived from 2624: 2618: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2414:. Archived from 2407: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273:on 26 July 2011. 2258: 2252: 2251: 2250:on 26 July 2011. 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2136:. Archived from 2130: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2016: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1786:Archival science 1575:Newberry Library 1443:scribal practice 1297:Public libraries 1267:Rare Book School 1151: 1144: 1137: 1072:Cultural studies 953: 931: 924: 920: 917: 911: 887: 886: 879: 521:Parchment repair 515:Print permanence 331:archival science 311: 304: 297: 284: 279: 278: 193:Computer science 185:Archival science 64: 45: 21: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6126: 6111:The Philobiblon 6004: 5938: 5877: 5725: 5672:limited edition 5596: 5591: 5561: 5556: 5545: 5507:Limited edition 5455: 5453:Book collecting 5450: 5420: 5415: 5347: 5314:Library schools 5258: 5237: 5181:Library history 5076:Library science 5070: 5004: 4970:Special library 4808: 4806:library science 4799: 4769: 4764: 4711:The Last Supper 4678: 4672: 4658:Primitive music 4568:Folk instrument 4543:Family folklore 4533:Ethnomusicology 4528:Ethnochoreology 4495: 4492: 4485: 4406:Plastic objects 4391:Performance art 4376:Panel paintings 4371:Painting frames 4336:Leather objects 4256:Ceramic objects 4228: 4225: 4223: 4222:and restoration 4221: 4214: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:and restoration 4165: 4158: 4124:Paper splitting 4039:Aging (artwork) 4031: 4025: 4011:Preservationist 3933: 3927: 3783:Digital library 3635: 3629: 3620: 3561: 3554:. Neal-Schuman. 3547: 3542: 3535: 3522: 3521: 3510: 3503: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3320:10.1038/440716b 3293: 3292: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3237:Wayback Machine 3228: 3224: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3159:10.2307/1980093 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2880:www.fiafnet.org 2874: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2588: 2574:Harris, Carolyn 2572: 2571: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2533: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2076: 2071:. 24 June 2007. 2063: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2030: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866:Wood-pulp paper 1831:Library binding 1771: 1755: 1727:Nicholson Baker 1715: 1676: 1645:Patricia Battin 1633:Nicholson Baker 1561: 1496: 1447:burial practice 1421:writing systems 1339: 1334: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1294: 1155: 1126: 1033: 964:General aspects 932: 921: 915: 912: 901: 888: 884: 877: 840: 807: 742:Decision making 738: 718:acid-free paper 633: 624: 589: 583: 578: 529:Moving image - 511:Paper splitting 503:Japanese tissue 499:Acid-free paper 484:Leather Binding 475: 390: 385: 379: 315: 274: 262: 261: 228: 220: 219: 209:Library science 182: 174: 173: 148: 140: 139: 121:Data management 106: 98: 97: 88: 37:preserving the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6209: 6207: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6152: 6142: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6117:World Book Day 6114: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6043:Book packaging 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5929:United Kingdom 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5136:Classification 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5061:Informationist 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4995:Transportation 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643:Living history 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:Language death 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:Folk etymology 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:Dance notation 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4426:Silver objects 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4210:Outdoor murals 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4134:Rissverklebung 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4049:Arrested decay 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4032:and techniques 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3823:Heritage asset 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3668:Bioarchaeology 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3560: 3559:External links 3557: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3508: 3501: 3478: 3449: 3438: 3428:. First Monday 3416: 3386: 3351: 3347:Library Trends 3334: 3286: 3265: 3240: 3222: 3196: 3172: 3153:(7): 407–409. 3137: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3074: 3049: 3020: 2995: 2979:www.queensu.ca 2966: 2941: 2916: 2891: 2867: 2842: 2821: 2796: 2775: 2754: 2729: 2704: 2683: 2662: 2641: 2638:on 2014-10-09. 2619: 2601: 2586: 2565: 2546: 2531: 2508: 2482: 2449: 2428: 2399: 2368: 2344: 2325: 2301: 2276: 2253: 2230: 2209: 2188: 2163: 2150: 2125: 2112: 2087: 2074: 2056: 2042: 2028: 2005:10.1086/648463 1983: 1974: 1965: 1949: 1946:on 2015-09-19. 1924: 1895: 1886:"conservation" 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1754: 1751: 1714: 1711: 1675: 1672: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1642: 1630: 1624: 1611: 1603:Carolyn Harris 1600: 1593:Pamela Darling 1590: 1568: 1565:William Barrow 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1526: 1518:sulfur dioxide 1501:William Barrow 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1482:Encyclopedists 1475: 1469: 1458: 1439: 1432:Oral tradition 1425:oral tradition 1409: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1382: 1371:Saint Lawrence 1367: 1364: 1353: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Classification 1059: 1054: 1052:Categorization 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 970: 967: 966: 960: 959: 934: 933: 898:of the subject 896:worldwide view 891: 889: 882: 876: 873: 839: 836: 806: 803: 802: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 775:Merton College 767: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 737: 734: 675:sulfur dioxide 632: 629: 623: 620: 585:Main article: 582: 579: 572: 571: 566: 561: 550: 545: 540: 534: 527: 517: 495: 486: 474: 471: 458: 457: 456: 455: 444: 434: 420: 389: 386: 378: 375: 317: 316: 314: 313: 306: 299: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 272: 264: 263: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 79: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6208: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:Book swapping 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5934:United States 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:Print culture 5854: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774:Bibliotherapy 5772: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5552: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:First edition 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5412: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5392: 5384: 5382: 5374: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Legal deposit 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Folk medicine 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4503:Ancient music 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Stained glass 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416:Road vehicles 4414: 4412: 4411:Rail vehicles 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361:New media art 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Ivory objects 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Human remains 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Glass objects 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168:of immovable 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4069:Desmet method 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934:and expertise 3930: 3924: 3923:Web archiving 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833:Inherent vice 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3534:0-8389-0917-5 3530: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502:1-900508-51-6 3498: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3468:on 2008-07-01 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3406:on 2008-09-14 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 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