277:, states have ten years from the date of ratification to make claims to an extended continental shelf. They must present to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, a UN body, geological evidence that their shelf effectively extends beyond the 200 nautical miles limit. The Commission does not define borders but merely judges the scientific validity of assertions and it is up to countries with rightful but overlapping claims to come to a settlement. On this basis, four of the five states fronting the Arctic Ocean â Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the Russian Federation â must have made any desired claims by 2013, 2014, 2006, and 2007 respectively. Since the U.S. has yet to ratify the UNCLOS, the date for its submission is undetermined at this time.
281:
200-nautical-mile (370 km) line using territorial sea baselines as their starting point. Press reports often confuse the facts and assert that extended continental shelf claims expand a state's EEZ thereby giving a state exclusive rights to resources not only on the sea bottom or below it, but also to those in the water column above it. The Arctic chart prepared by Durham
University explicitly illustrates the extent of the uncontested Exclusive Economic Zones of the five states bordering the Arctic Ocean, and also the relatively small expanse of remaining "high seas" or totally international waters at the very North of the planet.
965:
348:, stated "hen pioneers reach a point hitherto unexplored by anybody, it is customary to leave flags there. Such was the case on the Moon, by the way... e from the outset said that this expedition was part of the big work being carried out under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, within the international authority where Russia's claim to submerged ridges which we believe to be an extension of our shelf is being considered. We know that this has to be proved. The ground samples that were taken will serve the work to prepare that evidence."
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124:(370 km; 230 mi) from the coastal states' baselines, are considered the "high seas" (i.e. international waters). The waters and sea bottom that is not confirmed to be extended continental shelf beyond the exclusive economic zones are considered to be the "heritage of all mankind." Fisheries in these waters can only be limited by international treaty. Exploitation of mineral resources on and below the seabed in these areas is administered by the UN
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1075:, which means that foreign vessels have right of "transit passage". In such a regime, Canada would have the right to enact fishing and environmental regulation, and fiscal and smuggling laws, as well as laws intended for the safety of shipping, but not the right to close the passage. In addition, the environmental regulations allowed under the UNCLOS are not as robust as those allowed if the Northwest Passage is part of Canada's internal waters.
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Canada, Russia, Denmark (via
Greenland), and Norway have all announced extended continental shelf claims that cover almost the entire Arctic seabed. This would mean that legal rights to oil, gas, and other resources in and on the seabed would belong exclusively to the Arctic coastal states, which would have sole jurisdiction to manage their resources.
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Canada had claimed Hans Island was clearly in its territory, as topographic maps originally used in 1967 to determine the island's coordinates clearly showed the entire island on Canada's side of the delimitation line. However, federal officials reviewed the latest satellite imagery in July 2007, and
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Claims to extended continental shelves, if deemed valid, give the claimant state exclusive rights to the sea bottom and resources below the bottom. Valid extended continental shelf claims do not and cannot extend a state's
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) since the EEZ is determined solely by drawing a
204:
to the North Pole to be Soviet territory. Norway (5°E to 35°E) made similar sector claims, as did the United States (170°W to 141°W), but that sector contained only a few islands, so the claim was not pressed. Denmark's sovereignty over all of
Greenland was recognized by the United States in 1916 and
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On 14 December 2014 Denmark claimed an area of 895,000 km (346,000 sq mi) extending from
Greenland past the North Pole to the limits of the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone. Unlike the Russian claim which is generally limited to the Russia sector of the Arctic, the Danish Claim extends
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that may exist there. Canada has protested diplomatically in response. The boundary could also effect the delimitation of the extended continental shelf in the
Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Ironically, each country's position within 200 nautical miles produces a line that favors the other state beyond
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In 2021, the
Russian Federation submitted several addenda to the CLCS extending the area claimed as part of its extended continental shelf. One submission extended its shelf claim across the Lomonosov Ridge up to the outer limit of Canada and Denmark's EEZ. This area overlaps completely with Danish
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beyond the 200-nautical-mile (370 km) Exclusive
Economic Zone, but within the Russian Arctic sector. The territory claimed by Russia in the submission is a large portion of the Arctic within its sector, extending to but not beyond the geographic North Pole. One of the arguments was a statement
259:
Until 1999, the geographic North Pole (a non-dimensional dot) and the major part of the Arctic Ocean had been generally considered to comprise international space, including both the waters and the sea bottom. However, the adoption of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has
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reported ice loss had opened up the
Northwest Passage "for the first time since records began in 1978", and the extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable". Further exploration for petroleum reserves elsewhere in the Arctic may now become more feasible, and the passage may become a
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On August 4, 2015, Russia submitted additional data in support of its bid, containing new arguments based on "ample scientific data collected in years of Arctic research", for territories in the Arctic to the United Nations. Through this bid, Russia is claiming 1.2 million square kilometers (over
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reserves exist below the seafloor. Such reserves are known to exist under the Barents, Kara, and Beaufort Seas. However, the vast majority of the Arctic known to contain gas and oil resources is already within uncontested EEZs. While these EEZs leave much of the Central Arctic Ocean high seas,
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The expedition aimed to establish that the eastern section of seabed passing close to the Pole, known as the Lomonosov and Mendeleyev Ridges, is in fact an extension of Russia's landmass. The expedition came as several countries are trying to extend their rights over sections of the Arctic Ocean
139:
which, if validated, gives it exclusive rights to resources on or below the seabed of that extended shelf area. Norway, Russia, Canada, and Denmark launched projects to provide a basis for seabed claims on extended continental shelves beyond their exclusive economic zones. The United States has
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As of April 2012, the governments of both countries were in negotiations which ultimately resulted in the island being split almost precisely in half. The negotiations ended in November 2012 and gave a more exact border description, but did not solve the dispute over Hans Island. One possible
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On November 27, 2006, Norway made an official submission into the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (article 76, paragraph 8). There are provided arguments to extend the Norwegian seabed claim beyond the
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Preliminary results of an analysis of the earth crust model examined by the Arktika 2007 expedition, obtained on September 20, have confirmed that the crust structure of the Lomonosov Ridge corresponds to the world analogues of the continental crust, and it is therefore part of the Russian
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With a high degree of likelihood, Russia will be able to increase its continental shelf by 1.2 million square kilometers with potential hydrocarbon reserves of not less than 9,000 to 10,000 billion tonnes of conventional fuel beyond the 200-mile (320 km) economic zone in the Arctic
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for analysis, continuing a mission to provide additional evidence related to the Russian extended continental shelf claim including the mineral riches of the Arctic. This was part of the ongoing 2007 Russian North Pole expedition within the program of the 2007â2008
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463,000 square miles) of Arctic sea shelf extending more than 350 nautical miles (about 650 kilometers) from the shore. In February 2016 additional data was submitted by Russian Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Sergey Donskoy. After the expedition "
481:. The latter led the expedition through the ice fields to the research location. Further efforts at geological study in the region were carried out by the LOMROG II expedition, which took place in 2009, and the LOMROG III expedition, launched in 2012.
681:). However, the United States points out that a coastal state's right to an extended continental shelf is well established in customary international law, so US rights do not depend on joining UNCLOS or making submissions to the CLCS.
653:" Russian researchers collected new data reinforcing Russia's claim to part of the sea bottom beyond its uncontested 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) within its Arctic sector, the North Pole area included. On August 9, 2016, the
2093:
244:, in part to demonstrate to an unconvinced American government and the Soviet Union that Canada had certain claim to its Arctic territories, which were strategic during the Cold War. In addition, Canada claims the water within the
340:, said "his is posturing. This is the true North, strong and free, and they're fooling themselves if they think dropping a flag on the ocean floor is going to change anything... This isn't the 14th or 15th century." In response,
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conceded that the line went roughly through the middle of the island. This left ownership of the island disputed, with claims over fishing grounds and future access to the Northwest Passage possibly at stake as well.
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Canada ratified UNCLOS on 7 November 2003 and had through 2013 to file its claim to an extended continental shelf. As of December 2013, Canada had announced that it would file a claim which includes the
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that neither offence nor "violation of international understanding or any Canadian sovereignty" was intended. Harper promised to defend Canada's claimed sovereignty by building and operating up to eight
147:
The status of certain portions of the Arctic sea region is in dispute for various reasons. Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States all regard parts of the Arctic seas as national waters (
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188:, a claim that is not universally recognized (there are 415 nmi (769 km; 478 mi) of ocean between the Pole and Canada's northernmost land point). On April 15 the following year, the
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550:. Until Denmark filed its claim, the Russian claim did not cross the Russia-US Arctic sector demarcation line, nor did it extend into the Arctic sector of any other Arctic coastal state.
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The legal status of the Northwest Passage is disputed: Canada considers it to be part of its historic internal waters. The United States and most maritime nations consider them to be an
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made an unannounced stop on Hans Island during a trip to the Arctic; this launched yet another diplomatic quarrel between the governments, and a truce was called that September.
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However, much research commentary since 2008 has thrown cold water on narratives that the Arctic will experience a rush for resources that could lead to conflict between states.
1753:"Transcript of Remarks and Replies to Media Questions by Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov at Joint Press Conference with Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary A"
61:(66 degrees 33 minutes North latitude). All land, internal waters, territorial seas and EEZs in the Arctic are under the jurisdiction of one of the eight Arctic coastal states:
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155:. There also are disputes regarding what passages constitute international seaways and rights to passage along them. There was one single disputed piece of land in the Arcticâ
120:(370 km; 230 mi) adjacent to their coasts measured from declared baselines filed with the UN. The waters beyond the territorial seas and EEZs, that is, beyond 200
2492:. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference, The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL Online. 2009-04-02
1963:
444: â this should remain so. Consequently, Denmark considers the Copenhagen Convention to apply solely to the waterways through Denmark proper and not the North Atlantic.
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252:. The United States is one of the countries which does not recognize Canada's, or any other countries', Arctic archipelagic water claims and has allegedly sent nuclear
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made a speech on a nuclear icebreaker on 3 May 2007, urging greater efforts to secure Russia's "strategic, economic, scientific and defense interests" in the Arctic.
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in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (article 76, paragraph 8). In the document it is proposed to establish the outer limits of the
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2016:
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765:. Among other things the declaration stated that any demarcation issues in the Arctic should be resolved on a bilateral basis between contesting parties.
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prescribed a process which prompted several countries to submit claims or to reinforce pre-existing claims to portions of the seabed of the polar region.
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wrote that the disputed area covered a 21,436 square kilometres (8,276 sq mi) section of the Beaufort Sea (smaller than Israel, larger than
712:
699:, stated the trip had been planned for months, having nothing to do with the Russians planting their flag. The purpose of the mapping work aboard the
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in the 19th century. There will be a race among nations for oil, fish, diamonds and shipping routes, accelerated by the impact of global warming.
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999:. The American position is that the maritime boundary should extend along a path equidistant from the coasts of the two nations, following the
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440:, formed on the foundation of the Copenhagen Treaty of 1857 are legally Danish territory, and â as set out in the treaty section of the
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The potential value of the North Pole and the surrounding area resides not so much in shipping itself but in the possibility that lucrative
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813:, Canada) and Greenland. The small uninhabited island, sized 1.3 km (0.5 sq mi), was named for Greenlandic Arctic traveller
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were planted on Hans Island in 1984, 1988, 1995 and 2003. The Canadian government formally protested these actions. In July 2005, former
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695:, headed to the Arctic Ocean to map the sea floor off Alaska. Larry Mayer, director of the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the
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450:, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, has the nearest coastline to the North Pole, and Denmark argues that the
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to the Bering Strait, to pass through Russian territorial and internal waters in the Kara, Vilkitskiy, and Sannikov Straits.
996:
125:
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Roberts, Kari. "Understanding Russia's security priorities in the Arctic: why Canada-Russia cooperation is still possible."
2209: â borders of the 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) zone are marked in red, territory claimed by Russia is shaded
513:. The submission also states that an additional submission for continental shelf limits in other areas may be posted later.
2947:
Ladies, PrzemysĹaw. "The United States and Canada towards Russian Arctic Policy: State of Play and Development Prospects."
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1807:"A Conversation with Stephen Harper [Rush Transcript; Federal News Service] â Council on Foreign Relations"
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Knecht, Sebastian, and Kathrin Keil. "Arctic geopolitics revisited: spatialising governance in the circumpolar North."
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The Canadian position is that the maritime boundary should extend the land boundary in a straight line, following the
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2011:
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McCormack, Michael. "More than Words: Securitization and Policymaking in the Canadian Arctic under Stephen Harper,"
1989:
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Michael McCormack, "More than Words: Securitization and Policymaking in the Canadian Arctic under Stephen Harper,"
364:
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4519:
2692:"Secretary of Commerce approves fisheries plan for ArcticSecretary of Commerce approves fisheries plan for Arctic"
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574:. In 2002 the UN Commission neither rejected nor accepted the Russian proposal, recommending additional research.
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Foreign Ministers and other officials representing Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in
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The Kingdom of Denmark simultaneously declared that ratifying UNCLOS did not change Denmark's position that the
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2490:"The Scramble for the Arctic: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas and Extending Seabed Claims"
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In 1973, Canada and Denmark negotiated the geographic coordinates of the continental shelf, and settled on a
159:âwhich was disputed until 2022 between Canada and Denmark because of its location in the middle of a strait.
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2854:"The Northwest Passage and Climate Change from the Library of Parliament â Canadian Arctic Sovereignty"
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The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons
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Russia ratified the UNCLOS in 1997 and had through 2007 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf.
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217:
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Area of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Ocean beyond 200-nautical-mile zone
1525:"The High Arctic Relocation- A Report on the 1953â55 Relocation (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples)"
750:
regular channel of international shipping and commerce if Canada is not able to enforce its claim to it.
205:
by an international court in 1933. Denmark could also conceivably claim an Arctic sector (60°W to 10°W).
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Norway and Russia have ratified an agreement on the Barents Sea, ending a 40-year demarcation dispute.
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Albert, Mathias, and Andreas Vasilache. "Governmentality of the Arctic as an international region."
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2730:"Could a Kiwi Sailor's Northwest Passage Transit Break the Legal Ice Between Canada and the U.S.?"
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In 2022, Canada and Denmark resolved the dispute, establishing a land border through Hans Island.
828:
on December 17, 1973, and has been in force since March 13, 1974. The treaty lists 127 points (by
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1093:, which encompasses only navigational routes through waters within Russia's Arctic EEZ east from
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The cross-hatched wedge-shaped region in the east is claimed by both Canada and the United States
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46:
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2511:"Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland: Landmark political declaration on the future of the Arctic"
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expedition, which were part of the 2007â2008 International Polar Year program. It comprised the
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914:)âa distance of 875 m (0.54 mi). Hans Island is situated in the centre of this area.
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399: â borders of the 200 mile zone are marked in red, territory claimed by Denmark is shaded
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325:. Canada planned to submit their claim to a portion of the Arctic continental shelf in 2018.
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on 16 November 2004 and had through 2014 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf.
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Area of the Greenland continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean beyond 200-nautical-mile zone
2464:
1942:
1300:(due to the U.S. Government definition of "Arctic", even though below the Arctic Circle)
1294:(due to the U.S. Government definition of "Arctic", even though below the Arctic Circle)
1045:" with the United States in April when the US first announced plans for the moratorium.
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declared the territory between two lines (32°04â˛35âłE to 168°49â˛30âłW) drawn from west of
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Treaty on Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean
1493:
T. E. M. McKitterick, "The Validity of Territorial and Other Claims in Polar Regions,"
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1251:
825:
639:
Viktor Posyolov, an official with Russia's Agency for Management of Mineral Resources:
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on 24 June 1996 and had through 2006 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf.
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359:
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3055:
Arctic Geopolitics 1 â oil and gas exploration, Northwest Passage, climate change
3026:
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lines between these points. The treaty does not, however, draw a line from point 122 (
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believes the eastern Lomonosov Ridge and the Mendeleyev Ridge are an extension of the
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is claiming a large extended continental shelf as far as the North Pole based on the
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117:
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58:
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Arctic Geopolitics 2 â Russia's territorial claims, UNCLOS, the Lomonosov Ridge
3025:. Carleton University School of Journalism & Communication. 2011. Archived from
2444:
2373:"The Big Melt: A Series About the Arctic and Climate Change From The New York Times"
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2183:"Continental Shelf â submission to the Commission by the Russian Federation"
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Keil, Kathrin. "The Arctic: A new region of conflict? The case of oil and gas."
2137:
Evolution of Arctic Territorial Claims and Agreements: A Timeline (1903âPresent)
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371:, and the refurbishing of an existing deepwater port at a former mining site in
156:
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In mid-September 2007, Russia's Natural Resources Ministry issued a statement:
501:
200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) EEZ in three areas of the northeastern
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1207:(due to US Government definition of "Arctic", even though below Arctic Circle)
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3049:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3048:
2592:"New proposal would see Hans Island split equally between Canada and Denmark"
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509:, the Western Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean, and the "Banana Hole" in the
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2245:"Lomonosov Ridge, Mendeleyev elevation part of Russia's shelf â report"
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70:
2973:
Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: Regional dynamics in a global world
29:
3036:
2978:
Wallace, Ron R. "Canada and Russia in an Evolving Circumpolar Arctic." in
2321:"Continental Shelf-submission to the Commission by the Russian Federation"
1404:
1011:
of the terrain below the water to search for and possibly bring to market
4468:
3584:
3436:
3364:
1471:"President's Statement on Advancing U.S. Interests in the World's Oceans"
1310:
1187:
1177:
1116:
849:
829:
802:
715:
on March 25, 2007, that riches are awaiting the shipping industry due to
209:
197:
97:. International law regulates this area as with other portions of Earth.
1939:"LOMROG 2007 cruise with the Swedish icebreaker Oden north of Greenland"
703:
is to determine the extent of the US continental shelf north of Alaska.
135:(UNCLOS), a country has a ten-year period to make claims to an extended
5081:
5038:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
3725:
3574:
3564:
3409:
3404:
3384:
3374:
2734:
2614:"Canada, Denmark should turn Hans Island into a condominium: academics"
1263:
1131:
1126:
810:
571:
544:
78:
74:
2921:
Canada and the changing Arctic: Sovereignty, security, and stewardship
1502:
1419:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)"
577:
4999:
4875:
3940:
3750:
3720:
3690:
3652:
3624:
3569:
3283:
3120:
2893:
Who owns the Arctic?: Understanding sovereignty disputes in the North
1286:
678:
623:
floor. Both Norway and Denmark are carrying out surveys to this end.
600:
540:
494:
463:
418:
116:(22 km; 14 mi) and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200
109:
90:
86:
82:
62:
38:
2513:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 2008-05-28. Archived from
2347:"Frequently Asked Questions-U.S. Extended Continental Shelf Project"
2050:, November 2014. Accessed: 15 December 2014. Size: 52 pages in 6MB.
4646:
1773:
Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Morrisson, William; Poelzer, Greg (2008).
719:. This economic sector could be transformed similar to the way the
458:
expedition in AprilâMay 2006 and included tectonic research during
256:
under the ice near Canadian islands without requesting permission.
3710:
3441:
2542:
2295:"Russia to UN: We are claiming 463,000 square miles of the Arctic"
1136:
1033:
north of Alaska, including the disputed waters. Randy Boswell, of
985:
972:
There is an ongoing dispute involving a wedge-shaped slice on the
963:
955:
576:
553:
On December 20, 2001, Russia made an official submission into the
213:
108:
surrounding it are not owned by any country. The five surrounding
2112:"Continental Shelf â submission to the Commission by Norway"
4947:
3089:
1982:"LOMROG III expedition in 2012 with the Swedish icebreaker Oden"
608:
4650:
3911:
3093:
2031:
The Northern Continental Shelf of Greenland (Executive Summary)
2919:
Griffiths, Franklyn, Rob Huebert, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer.
454:
is in fact an extension of Greenland. Danish project included
4433:
Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act
3073:
The historical and legal background of Canada's Arctic claims
1685:"Canada to submit its Arctic continental shelf claim in 2018"
1527:. Canadian Government Publishing. p. 190. Archived from
2832:"Unclos Part Iii, Straits Used For International Navigation"
1602:"The Geopolitics of Arctic Passages and Continental Shelves"
3005:"Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region"
1623:"Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region"
1544:"Princess Anne's Ottawa tour will honour 'everyday heroes'"
661:
and Canadian claims. Moscow also extended its shelf on the
2445:"Satellites witness lowest Arctic ice coverage in history"
2272:. News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Archived from
1495:
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law,
5307:
International territorial disputes of the United States
4438:
Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act
1964:"Geologists to gather data for Danish North Pole claim"
1644:
Territorial Sea Geographical Coordinates (Area 7) Order
5173:
International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
4550:
United States military and prostitution in South Korea
4428:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
2571:"Satellite imagery moves Hans Island boundary: report"
2270:"Russia's Arctic Claim Backed By Rocks, Officials Say"
2064:"Denmark challenges Russia and Canada over North Pole"
570:
on the Russian side of the Pole are extensions of the
4228:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
4317:
Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
4283:
Links between Trump associates and Russian officials
655:
UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
555:
UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
5131:
5079:
5060:
5036:
4997:
4919:
4858:
4820:
4725:
4684:
4502:
4461:
4385:
4198:
4054:
3959:
3820:
3777:
3661:
3633:
3540:
3455:
3340:
3292:
3214:
3156:
3128:
2982:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 351â372.
2980:
The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics
2221:, by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek,
1732:"Russia plants flag staking claim to Arctic region"
1567:"U.S. Suspicious Of Canada's Plan For Nuclear Subs"
385:
296:
5111:Remember about the Gas â Do not buy Russian goods!
2047:Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building (Denmark)
1223:(majority of territory south of the Arctic Circle)
4605:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4034:Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations
2926:Jensen, Leif Christian, and Geir Hønneland, eds.
2784:"American Economic Growth in the Information Age"
1888:"LORITA-1 (Lomonosov Ridge Test of Appurtenance)"
1473:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2007-05-15
1254:(most of the Republic south of the Arctic Circle)
599:, for the first time in history descended to the
112:countries are limited to a territorial sea of 12
4274:Russian interference in United States elections
2647:
2645:
2152:, 15 September 2013. Accessed: 17 December 2014.
485:across the North Pole and into Russia's sector.
176:, Canada became the first country to extend its
3206:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2900:Arctic front: defending Canada in the far north
2101:, 15 December 2014. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
2020:, 15 December 2014. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
2017:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1776:Arctic Front: Defending Canada in the Far North
1457:"U.S. Senate panel backs Law of the Sea treaty"
641:
632:
587:On August 2, 2007, a Russian expedition called
264:Extended continental shelf claims: 2006âpresent
133:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2758:"Northwest Passage gets political name change"
2694:. Worldfishing.net. 2009-08-20. Archived from
1365:CanadaâUnited States relations#Arctic disputes
4662:
4354:Viktor BoutâBrittney Griner prisoner exchange
4150:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
3923:
3105:
2247:. Interfax Moscow. 2007-09-20. Archived from
1913:"LOMROG â Lomonosov Ridge off Greenland"
665:, part of which overlaps with Danish claims.
308:Map identifying baselines and territorial sea
8:
1866:"Territorial claims â The Right Arctic"
1845:"United Nations Oceans & Law of the Sea"
1497:3rd Ser., Vol. 21, No. 1. (1939), pp. 89â97.
1007:reserves. The U.S. has already leased eight
184:, at least on paper, between 60°W and 141°W
5163:2022â2023 RussiaâEuropean Union gas dispute
3517:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
3181:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
5119:Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
4994:
4669:
4655:
4647:
4560:Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
4014:Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco
4002:Consulate-General of Russia, New York City
3987:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
3972:Ambassadors of Russia to the United States
3930:
3916:
3908:
3112:
3098:
3090:
3010:. International Boundaries Research Unit,
2971:Tamnes, Rolf, and Kristine Offerdal, eds.
2653:"Transnational Issues CIA World Fact Book"
2043:Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
1779:. Thomas Allen Publishers. pp. 109â.
1711:"Trying to head off an Arctic 'gold rush'"
1683:International, Radio Canada (3 May 2016).
1628:. International Boundaries Research Unit,
220:, partly to establish territoriality. The
151:out to 12 nautical miles (22 km)) or
2711:"Canada protests U.S. Arctic fishing ban"
1489:
1487:
1003:. The disputed area may hold significant
713:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
677:the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (
358:said he was assured by Russian President
4443:RussianâVenezuelan Threat Mitigation Act
4364:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
4165:U.S.âRussia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs
2914:The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction
2728:Cornell Overfield (September 25, 2021).
2234:ITAR-TASS (English) 0602 GMT 03 May 2009
1523:Dussault, RenĂŠ; Erasmus, George (1994).
1062:
1019:No settlement has been reached to date.
935:resolution was to treat the island as a
784:
635:Federation's adjacent continental shelf.
603:at the North Pole. There they planted a
28:
4111:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
4046:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2907:The Arctic: What Everyone Needs to Know
2090:Derfor gør Danmark nu krav pü Nordpolen
1658:"Canada to claim north pole as its own"
1396:
505:and the Arctic: the "Loop Hole" in the
200:to the North Pole and from the eastern
4845:Russian floating nuclear power station
4510:Russian EmpireâUnited States relations
3045:Selected Issues Relating to the Arctic
2928:Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic
2429:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2422:
1335:Outer Continental Shelf (in geography)
1031:moratorium on fishing the Beaufort Sea
442:United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
382:
293:
4489:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
4423:Russian undesirable organizations law
4339:Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
4223:Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
3082:Territorial sovereignty in the Arctic
2756:The Edmonton Journal (9 April 2006).
2177:
2175:
1513:Sobranie Zakonov SSSR, 1926 (Russian)
1455:Drawbaugh, Kevin (October 31, 2007).
1330:United States Outer Continental Shelf
1041:). He wrote that Canada had filed a "
7:
5327:CanadaâUnited States border disputes
4989:Russia in the European energy sector
4515:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
3997:Consulate-General of Russia, Houston
3982:Embassy of the United States, Moscow
2923:(Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2011).
2012:Submission by the Kingdom of Denmark
1600:Lasserre, FrĂŠdĂŠric (November 2011).
1313:(Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia)
657:began its review of the submission.
5023:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
4418:Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
3967:Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.
3891:
3736:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
2997:"Arctic Map shows dispute hotspots"
2959:American Review of Canadian Studies
2465:"Warming 'opens Northwest Passage'"
2223:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
1832:American Review of Canadian Studies
1590:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
1546:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1024:United States Secretary of Commerce
793:, with the formerly disputed island
591:, composed of six explorers led by
5013:2007 Russian North Pole expedition
4866:Electric power companies of Russia
4555:Russian Mission School in New York
4180:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
3795:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
3020:"Arctic Sovereignty Policy Review"
1542:Davison, Janet (7 November 2014).
952:Beaufort Sea § Border dispute
673:As of 2023, the United States has
25:
5071:2006 RussiaâGeorgia energy crisis
4525:Anti-American sentiment in Russia
4369:2022â2023 Pentagon document leaks
4233:Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries
4213:Kola Peninsula submarine incident
2351:United States Department of State
1089:Russia considers portions of the
334:Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister
216:families to the far north in the
5312:Multilateral relations of Russia
5253:
5241:
5229:
5218:
5217:
5028:Territorial claims in the Arctic
4633:
4632:
4600:Territorial claims in the Arctic
4595:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
4243:Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees
4208:Kildin Island submarine incident
3949:
3939:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3465:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
3322:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
3201:Territorial claims in the Arctic
2930:(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015).
2916:(Oxford University Press, 2012).
2909:(Oxford University Press, 2019).
2905:Dodds, Klaus, and Mark Nuttall.
1664:. The Guardian. December 9, 2013
1565:Halloran, Richard (4 May 1987).
1375:Territorial claims in Antarctica
824:treaty that was ratified by the
404:
391:
367:, a new army training centre in
302:
33:Arctic topography and bathymetry
5292:Territorial disputes of Denmark
4590:Space Flight Europe-America 500
4545:Anglo-American School of Moscow
4160:The U.S. Russia Investment Fund
3171:Arctic cooperation and politics
2966:Canadian Foreign Policy Journal
2895:(Douglas & McIntyre, 2010).
2628:"Boundary dispute Backgrounder"
2594:. National Post. April 11, 2012
2573:. Canadian Press. July 26, 2007
1380:Natural resources of the Arctic
1350:Arctic Cooperation and Politics
844:, where Nares Strait runs into
797:Hans Island is situated in the
474:and Russian nuclear icebreaker
190:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
163:North Pole and the Arctic Ocean
5332:RussiaâUnited States relations
5322:CanadaâUnited States relations
5302:Territorial disputes of Russia
5297:Territorial disputes of Norway
5287:Territorial disputes of Canada
5146:2021â2023 global energy crisis
4263:European Deterrence Initiative
3977:Russian ambassador's residence
3946:RussiaâUnited States relations
3279:Populated places in the Arctic
1868:. Arcticcontroversy.weebly.com
1270:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
997:natural prolongation principle
240:, undertook in 1970 a tour of
126:International Seabed Authority
1:
5168:2024 Lukoil transit sanctions
4953:RussiaâSaudi Arabia relations
4758:Gas Exporting Countries Forum
4570:International Launch Services
4540:Congress of Russian Americans
4484:Megatons to Megawatts Program
3802:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
3327:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
2630:. Global Affairs Canada. 2022
1986:The Continental Shelf Project
1709:Reynolds, Paul (2008-05-29).
968:Map including the border area
100:Under international law, the
4580:U.S.âRussia Business Council
4155:Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission
3507:Climate change in the Arctic
3259:Impact craters of the Arctic
3086:at Dartmouth College Library
3077:at Dartmouth College Library
2856:. Parl.gc.ca. Archived from
2760:. Canada.com. Archived from
2713:. Canada.com. Archived from
2709:Randy Boswell (2009-09-04).
2545:. 2008-05-28. Archived from
1937:Kontinentalsokkelprojektet.
1886:Kontinentalsokkelprojektet.
684:In August 2007, an American
539:within their Arctic sector.
5090:RussiaâUkraine gas disputes
4190:International Space Station
4106:U.S.âRussia peace proposals
3360:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
3302:Canadian Arctic Rift System
2536:"The Ilulissat Declaration"
1915:. Geo.su.se. Archived from
1662:Associated Press in Toronto
1370:Continental shelf of Russia
1355:Norwegian continental shelf
848:; the border is defined by
781:Beaumont Island (Greenland)
745:On September 14, 2007, the
697:University of New Hampshire
566:passing near the Pole, and
559:continental shelf of Russia
346:Minister of Foreign Affairs
328:In response to the Russian
246:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
168:National sectors: 1925â2005
5348:
4535:Center on Global Interests
4268:Operation Atlantic Resolve
3355:British Arctic Territories
1082:
1052:
949:
809:(the northernmost part of
778:
772:
5213:
5203:Unfriendly countries list
5151:2021â2023 inflation surge
4630:
4398:Russian foreign agent law
4238:Pristina airport incident
4218:Norwegian rocket incident
4170:MoscowâWashington hotline
4094:ObamaâMedvedev Commission
3873:
3191:Inuit Circumpolar Council
3053:van Efferink, Leonhardt.
2612:Weber, Bob (2015-11-15).
1809:. Cfr.org. Archived from
1340:List of Russian explorers
1211:Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
922:Canadian defence minister
564:underwater mountain ridge
562:that Lomonosov Ridge, an
436:, and the Danish part of
403:
390:
314:; retrieved 25 March 2017
301:
131:Upon ratification of the
5282:Government of the Arctic
4972:GermanyâRussia relations
4712:Greenhouse gas emissions
4585:Stanford USâRussia Forum
4448:Task Force KleptoCapture
4359:Black Sea drone incident
4118:2017 St. Petersburg raid
4007:John Henry Hammond House
3502:Arctic methane emissions
2935:Cooperation and conflict
2883:Cooperation and Conflict
1941:. A76.dk. Archived from
1890:. A76.dk. Archived from
1067:Northwest Passage routes
1059:Canadian Internal Waters
617:International Polar Year
172:In 1925, based upon the
51:exclusive economic zones
5317:CanadaâRussia relations
5260:Renewable energy portal
5008:Arctic policy of Russia
4936:Energy policy of Russia
4923: and disputes
4828:Electric power industry
4565:Russian Cultural Center
4393:JacksonâVanik amendment
4138:Arctic Ocean Conference
3176:Arctic Ocean Conference
2961:(2020) 50#4 pp 436â460.
2951:2 (63) (2020): 73â103.
2898:Coates, Ken S., et al.
2834:. Admiraltylawguide.com
2149:Henry L. Stimson Center
1834:(2020) 50#4 pp 436-460.
1442:August 8, 2007, at the
1345:Arctic policy of Russia
1325:Arctic policy of Canada
1232:Nenets Autonomous Okrug
980:, between the Canadian
759:Arctic Ocean Conference
312:Canadian Arctic islands
4960:ChinaâRussia relations
4850:Thermal power stations
4840:List of power stations
4821:Electricity generation
4575:U.S. Russia Foundation
4349:Russian bounty program
4064:Operation Provide Hope
3835:Arctic shipping routes
2678:June 13, 2007, at the
1247:Russian Arctic islands
1068:
1001:equidistance principle
974:International Boundary
969:
961:
794:
646:
637:
584:
351:On 25 September 2007,
218:High Arctic relocation
208:In the context of the
104:and the region of the
34:
5156:2022â2023 food crises
4520:NATOâRussia relations
4453:Executive Order 14071
4344:Arrest of Trevor Reed
4143:Ilulissat Declaration
3790:Petroleum exploration
3470:Arctic dipole anomaly
3447:North American Arctic
3400:Northwest Territories
3186:Ilulissat Declaration
2937:49.2 (2014): 162â190.
1385:Arctic resources race
1298:Little Diomede Island
1122:Northwest Territories
1066:
967:
959:
902:80.81889°N 66.43417°W
871:80.81722°N 66.48333°W
788:
763:Ilulissat Declaration
747:European Space Agency
717:Arctic climate change
711:It was stated by the
580:
230:the Duke of Edinburgh
32:
4123:2018 Helsinki summit
4079:2005 Slovakia Summit
4074:2001 Slovenia Summit
3860:Transpolar Sea Route
2949:Society and Politics
2944:3.1 (2013): 178â203.
2817:30 July 2007 at the
2169:, 15 September 2010.
2167:Norwegian Government
1734:. Cbc.ca. 2007-08-02
1609:Public Sector Digest
1237:New Siberian Islands
1073:international strait
1016:200 nautical miles.
757:in May 2008, at the
755:Ilulissat, Greenland
493:Norway ratified the
55:international waters
5178:during the invasion
4175:ShuttleâMir program
3761:Arctic Winter Games
3527:Polar amplification
3495:ecology and history
3254:Greenland ice sheet
2885:53.1 (2018): 3-22.
2276:on October 11, 2007
1022:On August 20, 2009
907:80.81889; -66.43417
898: /
876:80.81722; -66.48333
867: /
607:and took water and
365:Arctic patrol ships
250:own internal waters
178:maritime boundaries
5188:2023 oil sanctions
5183:2022 oil sanctions
4998:Disputes over the
4833:in Imperial Russia
4790:Barents Sea fields
4780:Petroleum industry
4717:Ministry of Energy
4479:Mutual detargeting
4128:2021 Geneva summit
4069:1998 Moscow Summit
3850:Northern Sea Route
3480:Arctic oscillation
3224:Arctic Archipelago
3148:History of whaling
3138:Arctic exploration
2999:. BBC. 2008-08-05.
2975:(Routledge, 2014).
2794:on 31 January 2002
2379:on August 28, 2007
2142:2016-01-21 at the
2070:. 15 December 2014
2036:2014-12-16 at the
1992:on August 27, 2012
1200:Arkhangelsk Oblast
1112:Arctic Archipelago
1101:Arctic territories
1091:Northern Sea Route
1069:
970:
962:
805:that runs between
795:
761:and announced the
585:
572:Eurasian continent
529:Russian Federation
410:Delineation points
273:As defined by the
149:territorial waters
41:consists of land,
35:
5269:
5268:
5127:
5126:
5018:Continental shelf
4707:Energy superpower
4697:Economy of Russia
4644:
4643:
4408:Dima Yakovlev Law
4334:Battle of Khasham
3905:
3904:
3865:Search and rescue
3845:Northwest Passage
3840:Northeast Passage
3785:Natural resources
3676:Subarctic peoples
3648:Arctic vegetation
3512:Climate of Alaska
3332:Ungava Fault Zone
3317:Innuitian orogeny
3234:Arctic Cordillera
3084:(1947) Manuscript
3075:(1952) Manuscript
3012:Durham University
2942:The Polar Journal
2411:on August 8, 2008
1630:Durham University
1085:Northeast Passage
1079:Northeast Passage
1055:Northwest Passage
1049:Northwest Passage
988:and the American
593:Artur Chilingarov
548:continental shelf
537:Mendeleyev Ridges
417:Denmark ratified
415:
414:
318:
317:
228:, accompanied by
202:Chukchi Peninsula
180:northward to the
137:continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
5339:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5220:
5133:Ukraine invasion
4995:
4965:Power of Siberia
4859:Energy companies
4802:Renewable energy
4678:Energy in Russia
4671:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4253:Illegals Program
4101:Syrian civil war
3960:Diplomatic posts
3954:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3769:
3768:(New Year's Day)
3264:Innuitian Region
3114:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2902:(Dundurn, 2010).
2891:Byers, Michael.
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2830:Todd P. Kenyon.
2827:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2790:. Archived from
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2404:. Archived from
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:. Archived from
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:Business Insider
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2179:
2170:
2159:
2153:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2088:Ramskov, Jens. "
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2027:
2021:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. Archived from
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:"Arctic Council"
1401:
1292:Aleutian Islands
1258:Severnaya Zemlya
1221:Krasnoyarsk Krai
1216:Franz Josef Land
913:
912:
910:
909:
908:
903:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
883:) to point 123 (
882:
881:
879:
878:
877:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
807:Ellesmere Island
688:icebreaker, the
597:MIR submersibles
408:
407:
395:
394:
383:
306:
305:
294:
285:Specific nations
222:Canadian monarch
174:sector principle
142:not yet ratified
47:territorial seas
21:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5209:
5135:
5123:
5075:
5056:
5032:
4993:
4924:
4915:
4901:Sakhalin Energy
4854:
4816:
4721:
4702:Energy security
4680:
4675:
4645:
4640:
4626:
4615:Second Cold War
4498:
4457:
4413:Guantanamo List
4381:
4322:Havana syndrome
4248:RM Broadcasting
4194:
4185:Exercise RIMPAC
4050:
4024:Lothrop Mansion
4019:Elmcroft Estate
3955:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3906:
3901:
3869:
3855:Polar air route
3816:
3807:Protected areas
3773:
3767:
3657:
3629:
3536:
3451:
3395:Northern Canada
3336:
3312:Greenland Plate
3307:Eurekan orogeny
3288:
3210:
3152:
3143:Arctic research
3124:
3118:
3041:Donald M. McRae
3029:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2878:
2876:Further reading
2873:
2863:
2861:
2860:on 4 March 2012
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2819:Wayback Machine
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2764:on 2 April 2016
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2680:Wayback Machine
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2626:
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2621:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2399:"Archived copy"
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2251:on May 25, 2011
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2144:Wayback Machine
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2038:Wayback Machine
2028:
2024:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:Wayback Machine
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1320:
1307:
1283:
1227:Murmansk Oblast
1196:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1108:
1103:
1087:
1081:
1061:
1053:Main articles:
1051:
1043:diplomatic note
954:
948:
906:
904:
900:
897:
892:
889:
887:
885:
884:
875:
873:
869:
866:
861:
858:
856:
854:
853:
842:Robeson Channel
791:Kennedy Channel
789:Map of part of
783:
777:
771:
709:
671:
582:MIR submersible
568:Mendeleev Ridge
533:Lomonosov Ridge
522:
491:
452:Lomonosov Ridge
405:
392:
386:External images
381:
303:
292:
287:
271:
266:
242:Northern Canada
170:
165:
153:internal waters
43:internal waters
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5142:
5140:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5080:Disputes with
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5061:Disputes with
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:Disputes with
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4932:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Climate change
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4610:New Great Game
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4288:Steele dossier
4285:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4258:Stephen Holmes
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4133:Arctic Council
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3812:Transportation
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Arctic peoples
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Arctic ecology
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3485:Arctic sea ice
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3420:Russian Arctic
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Arctic Cyclone
3246:
3241:
3239:Arctic ecology
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Arctic Council
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3061:
3051:
3034:
3032:on 2012-03-01.
3016:
3001:
2991:
2990:External links
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2912:Dodds, Klaus.
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2845:
2822:
2805:
2775:
2748:
2720:
2717:on 2024-05-24.
2701:
2698:on 2009-09-15.
2683:
2665:
2641:
2619:
2604:
2583:
2562:
2527:
2502:
2481:
2456:
2436:
2390:
2364:
2338:
2326:United Nations
2312:
2286:
2261:
2236:
2227:
2211:
2199:
2171:
2154:
2128:
2103:
2081:
2055:
2022:
2003:
1973:
1955:
1929:
1904:
1878:
1857:
1847:. 12 July 2011
1836:
1823:
1798:
1785:
1765:
1744:
1723:
1701:
1675:
1649:
1635:
1614:
1592:
1583:
1571:New York Times
1557:
1534:
1531:on 2009-10-01.
1515:
1506:
1483:
1462:
1447:
1430:
1410:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:Arctic Council
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:Wrangel Island
1272:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1252:Sakha Republic
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1050:
1047:
947:
944:
840:to the end of
826:United Nations
773:Main article:
770:
767:
708:
705:
670:
667:
625:Vladimir Putin
521:
518:
490:
487:
428:including the
426:Danish straits
413:
412:
401:
400:
388:
387:
380:
377:
360:Vladimir Putin
356:Stephen Harper
353:Prime Minister
344:, the Russian
316:
315:
299:
298:
297:External image
291:
288:
286:
283:
270:
267:
265:
262:
234:Prince Charles
212:, Canada sent
169:
166:
164:
161:
122:nautical miles
118:nautical miles
114:nautical miles
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5344:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:Energy portal
5244:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5236:Russia portal
5232:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:gas price cap
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5072:
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5064:
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5053:
5050:
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5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4982:Nord Stream 2
4980:
4978:
4977:Nord Stream 1
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:2022 invasion
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Barents Basin
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Hydroelectric
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
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4566:
4563:
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4536:
4533:
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4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Magnitsky Act
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:Russian reset
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Pioneer Point
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Arctic Bridge
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Bowhead whale
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Polar climate
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Arctic Alaska
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Arctic Circle
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Saami Council
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:Frozen Assets
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3014:. 2008-07-24.
3013:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2968:(2020): 1â17.
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2552:on 2008-06-26
2548:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2517:on 2008-06-15
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2225:, August 2007
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1968:New Scientist
1965:
1959:
1956:
1945:on 2009-04-13
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1919:on 2011-09-30
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1894:on 2009-03-26
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1813:on 2009-03-02
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1788:
1786:9780887628405
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1689:www.rcinet.ca
1686:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:, SOR/85-872
1646:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1632:. 2008-07-24.
1631:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1519:
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1510:
1507:
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1500:
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1472:
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1434:
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1420:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:United States
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Novaya Zemlya
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1095:Novaya Zemlya
1092:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
958:
953:
945:
943:
940:
938:
932:
928:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
880:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
787:
782:
776:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
743:
740:
736:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
687:
682:
680:
676:
669:United States
668:
666:
664:
658:
656:
652:
645:
640:
636:
631:
628:
626:
620:
618:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
551:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Norwegian Sea
508:
504:
498:
496:
488:
486:
482:
480:
479:
478:50 Let Pobedy
473:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
411:
402:
398:
389:
384:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
354:
349:
347:
343:
342:Sergey Lavrov
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
313:
309:
300:
295:
289:
284:
282:
278:
276:
268:
263:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Princess Anne
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
95:United States
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Arctic Circle
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
27:
19:
18:Arctic window
5258:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5109:
5105:Kharkiv Pact
5027:
4941:Soviet Union
4795:West Siberia
4775:Oil reserves
4770:Oil industry
4748:LNG industry
4621:Not One Inch
4619:
4599:
4374:
4293:Maria Butina
3889:
3877:
3766:Quviasukvik
3555:Beluga whale
3532:Polar vortex
3244:Arctic Ocean
3200:
3081:
3072:
3044:
3027:the original
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2882:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2825:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:the original
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2733:
2723:
2715:the original
2704:
2696:the original
2686:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2632:. Retrieved
2622:
2607:
2596:. Retrieved
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2471:. 2007-09-14
2468:
2459:
2448:. Retrieved
2439:
2415:February 16,
2413:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:the original
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2239:
2230:
2214:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2166:
2157:
2147:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2096:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2041:
2025:
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1860:
1849:. Retrieved
1839:
1831:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1617:
1608:
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1537:
1529:the original
1518:
1509:
1494:
1475:. Retrieved
1465:
1450:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1413:
1399:
1088:
1070:
1034:
1029:announced a
1021:
1018:
1013:oil reserves
994:
978:Beaufort Sea
971:
946:Beaufort Sea
941:
933:
929:
918:Danish flags
916:
838:Davis Strait
822:delimitation
819:
815:Hans Hendrik
799:Nares Strait
796:
752:
744:
732:
729:
710:
700:
691:
683:
675:not ratified
672:
663:Gakkel Ridge
659:
651:Arktika 2007
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
621:
605:Russian flag
595:, employing
589:Arktika 2007
586:
552:
526:
523:
515:
499:
492:
483:
477:
469:
446:
423:
416:
369:Resolute Bay
350:
338:Peter MacKay
332:expedition,
330:Arktika 2007
327:
319:
279:
272:
258:
226:Elizabeth II
207:
171:
146:
144:the UNCLOS.
140:signed, but
130:
106:Arctic Ocean
99:
36:
26:
4896:Rosneftegaz
4753:Natural gas
4386:Legislation
4039:Killenworth
3992:Spaso House
3896:WikiProject
3475:Arctic haze
3415:Nunatsiavut
2673:Sea Changes
2616:. CBC News.
1694:25 February
1668:10 December
1576:25 November
1550:23 November
1205:Big Diomede
1173:Bear Island
1039:El Salvador
1005:hydrocarbon
992:of Alaska.
937:condominium
925:Bill Graham
905: /
874: /
846:Lincoln Sea
775:Hans Island
769:Hans Island
739:natural gas
723:was by the
721:Middle East
686:Coast Guard
507:Barents Sea
434:Little Belt
157:Hans Island
53:(EEZs) and
5276:Categories
5095:of 2005â06
4738:Geothermal
4327:Zersetzung
4084:5+2 format
3580:Polar bear
3550:Arctic fox
3380:Inuvialuit
3274:North Pole
3158:Government
2864:10 January
2838:10 January
2741:10 January
2659:2012-01-10
2598:2012-05-05
2577:2007-08-27
2556:2008-06-06
2521:2008-06-06
2496:2009-11-09
2475:2007-09-14
2450:2007-09-14
2332:2023-01-02
2306:2015-08-05
2280:2012-01-10
2255:2007-09-21
2098:Ingeniøren
2094:In English
1949:2012-01-10
1923:2012-01-10
1898:2012-01-10
1872:2015-05-31
1851:2012-05-22
1817:2012-01-10
1792:2012-10-13
1759:2012-01-10
1738:2012-01-10
1717:2012-01-10
1713:. BBC News
1477:2012-01-10
1424:2007-07-26
1392:References
1035:Canada.com
1027:Gary Locke
950:See also:
779:See also:
725:Suez Canal
467:icebreaker
430:Great Belt
323:North Pole
254:submarines
182:North Pole
102:North Pole
57:above the
5138:sanctions
4911:Yamal LNG
4906:Transneft
4530:Bush legs
4494:New START
4474:START III
4200:Incidents
4056:Diplomacy
3822:Transport
3706:Icelandic
3696:Karelians
3620:Snowy owl
3370:Greenland
3269:Nordicity
3216:Geography
3043:entitled
2357:2 January
2052:UN mirror
1996:August 1,
1459:. Reuter.
1183:Jan Mayen
1149:Greenland
982:territory
893:66°26â˛3âłW
890:80°49â˛8âłN
862:66°29â˛0âłW
859:80°49â˛2âłN
834:longitude
735:petroleum
448:Greenland
373:Nanisivik
186:longitude
71:Greenland
5224:Category
4925:(before
4921:Politics
4638:Category
4469:START II
4462:Treaties
4377:incident
3884:Category
3756:Yukaghir
3716:Gwich'in
3686:Chukotka
3585:Reindeer
3365:Finnmark
2815:Archived
2676:Archived
2469:BBC News
2425:cite web
2383:July 26,
2140:Archived
2068:BBC News
2034:Archived
1755:. Mid.ru
1440:Archived
1318:See also
1266:(Russia)
1260:(Russia)
1188:Svalbard
1178:Finnmark
1117:Labrador
850:geodesic
830:latitude
803:waterway
545:Siberian
503:Atlantic
456:LORITA-1
269:Overview
224:, Queen
210:Cold War
198:Murmansk
93:and the
5100:of 2009
5082:Ukraine
5063:Georgia
5052:of 2007
5047:of 2004
5039:Belarus
4891:Rosneft
4886:Rosatom
4881:Novatek
4871:Gazprom
4765:Nuclear
4726:Sources
4503:Related
3778:Economy
3726:Koryaks
3681:Chukchi
3663:Culture
3593:bearded
3575:Narwhal
3565:Lemming
3490:decline
3457:Climate
3410:Nunavut
3405:Nunavik
3385:Karelia
3375:Iceland
3342:Regions
3294:Geology
3130:History
3067:archive
3047:in the
3037:Lecture
2735:Lawfare
2634:14 June
1264:Siberia
1161:GrĂmsey
1155:Iceland
1143:Denmark
1132:Nunavut
1127:Nunavik
976:in the
836:) from
811:Nunavut
612:samples
464:Swedish
438:Ăresund
379:Denmark
310:in the
248:as its
192:of the
79:Iceland
75:Finland
67:Denmark
5198:CAATSA
5000:Arctic
4876:Lukoil
4685:Topics
4375:Lady R
3751:Yakuts
3746:Selkup
3731:Nenets
3721:Khanty
3691:Evenks
3653:Tundra
3625:Walrus
3613:ringed
3608:ribbon
3603:hooded
3570:Muskox
3284:Tundra
3123:topics
3121:Arctic
2984:online
2953:online
2887:online
2768:31 May
2187:un.org
2116:un.org
1783:
1503:754556
1501:
1305:Others
1287:Alaska
1194:Russia
1167:Norway
1106:Canada
707:Future
690:USCGC
679:UNCLOS
601:seabed
541:Moscow
520:Russia
495:UNCLOS
489:Norway
460:LOMROG
432:, the
419:UNCLOS
290:Canada
275:UNCLOS
236:, and
110:Arctic
91:Sweden
87:Russia
83:Norway
63:Canada
39:Arctic
4807:Solar
3711:Inuit
3635:Flora
3589:Seal
3542:Fauna
3442:Yukon
3437:SĂĄpmi
3432:Sakha
3425:North
3030:(PDF)
3023:(PDF)
3008:(PDF)
2798:8 May
2788:ISUMA
2655:. CIA
2550:(PDF)
2543:um.dk
2539:(PDF)
2409:(PDF)
2402:(PDF)
2353:. n.d
2192:8 May
2121:8 May
2074:8 May
1626:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1499:JSTOR
1311:SĂĄpmi
1137:Yukon
1009:plots
990:state
986:Yukon
701:Healy
692:Healy
644:Ocean
214:Inuit
69:(via
5136:and
4948:OPEC
4812:Wind
4733:Coal
4310:2024
4305:2020
4300:2018
4278:2016
3741:Sami
3701:Komi
3598:harp
3390:Komi
2866:2012
2840:2012
2800:2015
2770:2015
2743:2012
2636:2022
2431:link
2417:2011
2385:2007
2359:2023
2194:2015
2123:2015
2076:2015
1998:2012
1781:ISBN
1696:2017
1670:2013
1578:2017
1552:2014
1057:and
832:and
801:, a
737:and
609:soil
535:and
527:The
471:Oden
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