1081:
2633:
1213:
133:
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157:
207:
145:
193:
169:
3037:
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121:
3212:(which was iced up for six months of the year) and Vladivostok (13,000 kilometers from the front) was it now possible to ship exports and, most important, to receive imports vital to the war. The opening in 1916 of a new ice-free port at Romanov-on-Murman (later Murmansk) on the Kola Peninsula north of the Arctic Circle and at the terminus of the Murman railroad, ultimately failed to solve Russia's supply problems.
1062:
181:
1080:
3211:
From on, the
Dardanelles and the Bosporous were no longer passable for the Allies, and the Russian Empire had to endure a total blockade of the Black Sea. Since the German navy also largely controlled the Baltic Russia found itself cut off early from two key supply routes. Only through Arkhangelsk
2901:
was badly damaged by a torpedo and the
Admiralty was informed of the hit by an Enigma intercept the next day. The information could not always be acted upon because much of it was obtained at short notice but the intelligence did allow the Royal Navy to prepare for battle and convoys could be given
2845:
who was charged with the defence of Norway and offensive operations against Allied convoys. The three U-boats in the area were increased to nine and another six were distributed between Bergen, Trondheim and Narvik to reconnoitre and oppose Allied landings. In May, all the U-boats came under Arctic
2632:
2652:
to make up for shortages in the Soviet Union. The Arctic convoys caused major changes to naval dispositions on both sides, which arguably had a major impact on the course of events in other theatres of war. As a result of early raids by destroyers on German coastal shipping and the
3020:. Provisions for the airfields were transferred to river vessels and barges on the estuaries of large Siberian rivers. Remaining ships continued westbound and were the only seaborne cargoes to reach Archangel while J W convoys were suspended through the summers of 1943 and 1944.
2756:), where a strong German naval force failed to defeat a British escort of cruisers and destroyers, infuriated Hitler and led to the strategic change from surface raiders to submarines. Some capital ships were physically dismantled and armament used in coastal defences.
50:
2993:. After December 1941, only Soviet ships could be used and as Japan and the USSR observed a strict neutrality towards each other, only non-military goods could be transported. Nevertheless, 8,244,000 tons of goods went by this route, 50 percent of the total.
1021:. Britain was quick to provide materiel aid to the USSR beginning in August - including tanks and aircraft - in order to try to keep her new ally in the war against the Axis powers. One major conduit for supplies was through Iran. The two nations began a
2885:
aircraft and ground stations. The reinforcement of the U-boat force in the Arctic to 12 in March and 21 in August (the real number was later found to be 23) was followed, along with the transfer orders to the large German ships, leading to the ambush of
2787:
while on the way to
Leningrad. However, convoys continued deliveries of food in 1942, 1943, and through 1944. Towards the end of the war the material significance of the supplies was probably not as great as the symbolic value hence the continuation—at
3269:
4712:
2782:
was one of important destinations for supplies from the convoys. From 1941 food and munition supplies were delivered from
British convoys to Leningrad by trains, barges, and trucks. Supplies were often destroyed by the Nazi air-bombings, and by
3356:
2657:, Hitler was led to believe that the British intended to invade Norway again. This, together with the obvious need to stop convoy supplies reaching the Soviet Union, caused him to direct that heavier ships, especially the battleship
4732:
2945:, which cannot be said about MacLean). Both convey vividly the atmosphere of combined extreme belligerent action and inhospitable nature, pushing protagonists to the edge of endurance and beyond. The Norwegian historic account
259:
4727:
4722:
4717:
974:, and many aircraft. The convoys demonstrated the Allies' commitment to helping the Soviet Union, prior to the opening of a second front, and tied up a substantial part of Germany's naval and air forces.
2985:
was the longest route (and the only all-weather route) to the USSR, but was not fully operational until mid-1942. Thereafter it saw the passage of 4,160,000 tons of goods, 27 percent of the total. The
1045:
program was signed into law in March 1941. It provided
Britain and the Soviet Union with limited war materiel beginning in October that year. The programme began to increase in scale during 1943. The
1353:
arrived, most ships to
Murmansk and eight to Archangel; the convoy was such a success in terms of the war stores delivered that the Germans made greater efforts to disrupt the following convoys. The
1203:
the alternation between the difficulties of navigating and maintaining convoy cohesion in constant darkness in winter convoys or being attacked around-the-clock in constant daylight in summer convoys
4702:
2953:) also 1967 by writer Per Hansson is based on the experience of the Norwegian sailor Leif Heimstad and other members of the Norwegian merchant fleet during World War II. The 1973 Russian novel
4697:
2795:
It has been said that the main value of the convoys was political, proving that the Allies were committed to helping the Soviet Union at a time when they were unable to open a second front.
252:
1160:. Escorts would accompany the outbound convoy to a cross-over point, meeting and then conducting the homebound convoy back, while the close escort finished the voyage with its charges.
1108:(homebound), ran from September 1941 to September 1942. These convoys ran twice monthly, with interruptions in the summer of 1942, when the series was suspended after the disaster of
1143:
to
Arkhangelsk when the ice permitted in the summer months, shifting south as the pack ice increased and terminating at Murmansk. From February 1942 they assembled and sailed from
2678:
and the other German capital ships tied down
British resources which might have been better used elsewhere, for example combating the Japanese in the Indian Ocean. The success of
2981:
of goods were shipped by the Arctic route; 7 percent was lost, while 93 percent arrived safely. This constituted some 23 percent of the total aid to the USSR during the war. The
1150:
Outbound and homebound convoys were planned to run simultaneously; a close escort accompanied the merchant ships to port, remaining to make the subsequent return trip, whilst a
245:
1388:, had sailed to intercept the convoy (although the German group did not leave port until the following day, and was subsequently ordered to return to port). Only 11 of the 35
2841:
bombers, torpedo-bombers and long range reconnaissance aircraft were sent to northern Norway and new command organisations established at
Stavanger and Kirkenes, followed by
1212:
4677:
1474:
and her escorts in a night action before it could return to port. German destroyers missed the convoy, which had been diverted north based on intelligence from the
3780:
Hill, Alexander (2006). "The
Allocation of Allied "Lend-Lease" Aid to the Soviet Union Arriving with Convoy PQ 12, March 1942 — a State Defense Committee Decree".
2821:
played an important part in the eventual success of the convoys. German documents related to the Enigma coding machine were captured during the commando raids of
3733:
4687:
3084:
1375:
4707:
1382:. Under attack from German aircraft and U-boats, the convoy was ordered to scatter, following reports that a battle group, which included the battleship
1034:
2829:(27 December 1941). The documents enabled the British to read messages on the home waters naval Enigma used by surface ships and U-boats in the Arctic (
4682:
4004:
4672:
3089:
2648:
Cargo included tanks, fighter planes, fuel, ammunition, raw materials, and food. The early convoys in particular delivered armoured vehicles and
269:
3016:. A total of 452,393 tons passed through the Bering Strait aboard 120 ships. Part of this northern tonnage was fuel for the airfields along the
2969:, reflecting the bravery and courage of ordinary sailors in the merchant ships and their escorts, who took mortal risks to provide Allied aid.
2977:
The Arctic route was the shortest and most direct route for lend-lease aid to the USSR, though it was also the most dangerous. Some 3,964,000
3960:
3859:
3679:
3634:
3615:
1131:(homebound) ran from December 1942 until the end of the war, though with interruptions in the summer of 1943 and again in the summer of 1944.
331:
1164:
4028:
3770:
1427:
998:(present-day Murmansk); however, supplies arriving via the Arctic came too little and too late to prevent the Allied collapse on the
3197:
352:
4692:
3921:
3226:
956:. Eighty-five merchant vessels and 16 Royal Navy warships (two cruisers, six destroyers, eight other escort ships) were lost.
456:
4064:
3154:
3549:
2759:
2640:
3723:
2686:
1475:
1453:
1418:
1022:
967:
402:
3885:
3013:
2691:
2679:
999:
2941:
are set during the Arctic convoys. The two books differ in style, characterisation and philosophy (de Hartog was a
3051:
3700:
3100:
2753:
2659:
2054:
1410:
1383:
1155:
397:
3993:
2932:
2224:
1460:
1089:
474:
437:
418:
380:
4047:
1002:. But the operation of Murmansk proved and established the feasibility of an Arctic supply-line for military
392:
3894:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th ed.). London: HMSO.
3073:
3001:
2707:
286:
2989:
opened in late summer 1941, but was affected by the start of hostilities between Japan and the US with the
2990:
1283:
1265:
1030:
1018:
937:
933:
oceans, with periods with no sailings during several months in 1942, and in the summers of 1943 and 1944.
359:
101:
3604:
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition)
3129:
3998:
2907:
1468:
991:
345:
3000:
to the Soviet Arctic coast in June 1942. From July through September small Soviet convoys assembled in
1333:
1321:
1289:
3425:
3079:
2804:
1046:
1014:
994:
via the Black Sea and the Baltic. The Tsarist authorities sped up development of an ice-free port at
423:
373:
4549:
4431:
4426:
4033:
2922:
2387:
1397:
1311:
1269:
1066:
949:
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in Russia. There were 78 convoys between August 1941 and May 1945, sailing via several seas of the
834:
819:
779:
722:
717:
55:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4616:
4611:
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4564:
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4539:
4534:
4529:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4421:
4416:
4380:
4375:
4348:
4328:
3976:
3809:
Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 –June 1942".
2614:
2604:
2592:
2582:
2570:
2560:
2548:
2534:
2497:
2487:
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2431:
2421:
2409:
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2377:
2353:
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2314:
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2180:
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2124:
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4288:
4165:
3834:
3826:
3797:
3338:
3251:
3243:
3224:
Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941-June 1942".
3005:
2784:
2779:
1848:
1826:
1804:
1776:
1745:
1686:
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1327:
1273:
1050:
655:
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645:
640:
635:
531:
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430:
324:
298:
3704:
3645:
3036:
3028:
1017:, invading the USSR. The following month, Britain and the Soviet Union formed an alliance, the
4023:
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3929:
3895:
3855:
3766:
3737:
3710:
3675:
3651:
3630:
3611:
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was an important port in this route. Today there are several plaques commemorating this work.
2891:
2822:
2654:
1976:
1519:
1442:
1423:
1299:
1277:
1222:
1136:
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305:
293:
3915:
3848:
3818:
3789:
3293:
3235:
3183:
2982:
2928:
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network; Dolphin to the British) for the rest of the war. In January 1942 reinforcements of
2826:
2808:
2722:
2695:
2649:
1403:
1379:
1305:
1140:
1026:
449:
385:
4077:
4014:
Soviet account on the war in Arctic and the convoys: Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov
3889:
3709:. History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series. London: HMSO and Longmans.
4008:
3881:
3553:
2737:
1359:
1117:
913:
which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the
366:
237:
4039:
Convoy PQ.17 Primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS
2792:
insistence—of these convoys long after the Soviets had turned the German land offensive.
2694:
during early 1941 had demonstrated the potential German threat. As the Allies closed the
3583:
4217:
4212:
4114:
2962:
2818:
2671:
2540:
1511:
1343:
1151:
987:
926:
548:
310:
126:
936:
About 1,400 merchant ships delivered essential supplies to the Soviet Union under the
4666:
4473:
4468:
4441:
4436:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4272:
4267:
3838:
3801:
3696:
3255:
2997:
2986:
2938:
2878:
2874:
2869:
The British read these moves from Ultra intercepts and traffic analysis from the RAF
2789:
2282:
2266:
2229:
2214:
2202:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2044:
2028:
1449:
1434:
1414:
1389:
1317:
1230:
749:
744:
732:
727:
702:
697:
692:
687:
625:
162:
86:
1154:
of heavy surface units was also provided to guard against sorties by ships such as
49:
4483:
4478:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4082:
4029:
The Quiet Courage of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ.17
3952:
3067:
2966:
2741:
2664:
2326:
2304:
2013:
2001:
1984:
1968:
1944:
1934:
1912:
1900:
1890:
1878:
1864:
1838:
1816:
1788:
1762:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1179:
1113:
1109:
1073:
1061:
962:
957:
930:
914:
759:
754:
618:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
563:
558:
553:
212:
138:
90:
62:
41:
1768:
4087:
4059:
3187:
1975:
arrived Arkhangelsk September 21: first convoy with aircraft carrier escort (HMS
4207:
4202:
4197:
4170:
4160:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
3745:
3546:
3094:
2814:
2714:
1758:
1735:
1698:
1676:
1661:
1647:
1635:
1625:
1609:
1583:
1563:
1547:
1537:
1525:
1226:
1038:
1010:
983:
918:
543:
526:
516:
511:
198:
3727:
3162:
3104:— A Russian comedy partly based on the life of a war veteran in Arctic convoys.
3793:
3009:
2870:
2764:
1854:
1668:
1555:
1254:
1116:, because of the long daylight hours and the preparations for November 1942's
1042:
945:
941:
4034:
Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" and the Russian Convoys
3933:
3899:
3714:
3655:
3334:
2713:
Aside from an abortive attempt to interdict PQ12 in March 1942 and a raid on
17:
4018:
3741:
3076:— Aviation supply route from North America to Siberia used by Allied forces
2775:
2703:
2699:
1569:
1438:
1295:
1229:, ten days later. The convoy was relatively small and consisted of only six
1198:
1175:
1025:
in late August, to neutralize German influence. The Soviet Union joined the
953:
174:
2733:
1406:
contains fictional events reminiscent of PQ 17 and other historical events.
3822:
3239:
3192:. Translated by Camiller, Patrick. Harvard University Press. p. 142.
2732:. She was penned in and repeatedly attacked until she was finally sunk in
1029:
in London in September. The USSR thereafter became one of the "Big Three"
4713:
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
3951:. Public Record Office War Histories (repr. ed.). Richmond, Surrey:
2978:
2942:
1794:
1655:
1601:
1144:
1003:
922:
3830:
3342:
3318:
3247:
4013:
3045:
1191:
the strong currents and the mixing of cold and warm waters, which made
4019:
Murmansk Run: Arctic Convoys to Russia: free print-and-play boardgame.
2931:, considered a classic of naval warfare literature and the 1967 novel
1049:
and, to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union reciprocated with a smaller
3763:
The Ghost Ships of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage That Defied the Nazis
2726:
1393:
1093:
971:
910:
630:
186:
150:
1338:. As evidence of Churchill's astute mastery of propaganda, on board
1065:
Ice forms on a 20-inch (51 cm) signal projector on the cruiser
4733:
Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
3035:
3027:
3017:
3004:
to be escorted north through the Bering Strait and west along the
2758:
2729:
2639:
2631:
1371:
1211:
1192:
1079:
1060:
613:
608:
603:
573:
568:
4038:
3924:: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II (3rd ed.). London:
3925:
3724:"Chapter 9: The Persian Corridor as a Route for Aid to the USSR"
3607:
3070:("Knight's Move") — German naval campaign to sink Arctic convoys
2752:). In particular, the unsuccessful attack on convoy JW-51B (the
1870:
1112:, and again in the autumn after the final convoy of the series,
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
4091:
3606:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London:
3137:
2996:
A branch of the Pacific Route began carrying goods through the
241:
3054:
commemorates the Arctic Convoys by a special brand beer named
2902:
appropriate escorting forces. The interception and sinking of
3875:
1225:
and sailed on 21 August 1941. It arrived at its destination,
986:(1914–1918), Central Powers blockades halted traffic between
3567:
3565:
3270:"How Much of What Goods Have We Sent to Which Allies? | AHA"
3985:
2748:), were chased off, or were sunk by superior forces (e.g.
3726:. In Roberts Greenfield, Kent; Blumenson, Martin (eds.).
3501:
3499:
1437:. The German force was driven off by a combined force of
1413:: In December 1942, German surface forces, including the
3629:(4th pbk. Phoenix ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1367:(now Severodvinsk) unloading convoys for over 14 months.
4728:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada
4723:
Battles and operations of World War II involving France
4718:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway
3872:
Arctic Convoys: Bletchley Park and the War for the Seas
3357:"How Much Help Do We Get Via Reverse Lend-Lease? | AHA"
2710:
protection, the scope for commerce raiding diminished.
1459:. Two British warship forces were in the area. In the
61:
as she sails on convoy duty through the waters of the
3949:
The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10)
2514:
2246:
2076:
1719:
1491:
65:. In the background are merchant ships of the convoy.
4625:
4594:
4587:
4522:
4461:
4454:
4409:
4368:
4361:
4281:
4190:
4183:
4153:
4107:
4100:
3650:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2702:(radio triangulation equipment) improved, airborne
1392:in the convoy succeeded in running the gauntlet of
3847:
2813:Ultra signals intelligence gained from the German
1467:encountered British cruisers and was then sunk by
1170:to the Soviet ports. Particular dangers included:
3294:"Milestones: 1937–1945 - Office of the Historian"
1216:A British wartime poster about the Arctic convoys
3490:
3319:"Lend-Lease and Reverse Lend-Lease Aid: Part II"
1084:Routes of the northern allied convoys. 1941–1945
3584:"The Unknown World War II in the North Pacific"
3547:Sea routes of Soviet Lend-Lease:Voice of Russia
3189:Pandora's Box: A History of the First World War
2744:capital ships either never got to Norway (e.g.
1072:, part of an escort of an Arctic convoy to the
34:
4703:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations
4698:Soviet Union–United States military relations
3734:United States Army Center of Military History
253:
8:
3149:
3147:
4078:Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War
3085:List of merchant ships lost in Convoy PQ 17
4591:
4458:
4365:
4187:
4104:
4088:
3542:
3540:
2913:was greatly assisted by ULTRA intercepts.
1135:The convoys ran from Iceland (usually off
1037:, the United States, fighting against the
260:
246:
238:
31:
2018:sailings by independent unescorted ships
3706:Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War
2763:Members of the crew clearing the frozen
4678:Arctic naval operations of World War II
3891:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive
3530:
3528:
3526:
3505:
3478:
3454:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3155:"Imperial War Museum: "Arctic Convoys""
3118:
3090:Arctic Ocean operations of World War II
2667:was partly undertaken for this reason.
1349:On 30 May 1942, the surviving ships of
271:Arctic naval operations of World War II
3782:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
3674:(pbk. ed.). London: John Murray.
3647:The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia
3571:
3124:
3122:
7:
2706:was introduced and convoys received
1342:were two journalists and the artist
1088:After the first convoy, code-named
2494:arrived Kola Inlet January 8, 1945
2051:arrived Kola Inlet January 4, 1943;
966:lost a number of vessels including
4688:Military logistics of World War II
1989:departed Arkhangelsk September 13;
1683:arrived Murmansk January 12, 1942
1552:departed Arkhangelsk September 28;
1542:departed Hvalfjörður September 29;
1272:. The escorts comprised the ocean
1221:The "Dervish" convoy assembled at
944:program, escorted by ships of the
25:
4708:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
2736:fjord on 12 November 1944 by the
2414:departed Kola Inlet September 28;
2372:(cycle postponed through summer)
2367:(cycle postponed through summer)
2209:arrived Loch Ewe January 1, 1944
2185:departed Arkhangelsk November 26;
2143:(cycle postponed through summer)
2138:(cycle postponed through summer)
1703:departed Hvalfjörður December 31;
1691:departed Arkhangelsk December 29;
1681:departed Hvalfjörður December 26;
1640:departed Arkhangelsk November 27;
1630:departed Hvalfjörður November 27;
1614:departed Hvalfjörður November 17;
4683:Economic aid during World War II
3625:Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2001) .
2644:The ships on Arctic convoy duty.
2636:Northern sea convoy on the hike.
2553:departed Kola Inlet February 17;
2480:departed Kola Inlet December 10;
2458:departed Kola Inlet November 11;
2406:arrived Kola Inlet September 23
2404:departed Liverpool September 15;
2234:departed Kola Inlet December 31;
2207:departed Kola Inlet December 22;
2199:arrived Arkhangelsk December 22
2107:departed Kola Inlet January 29;
2064:departed Kola Inlet December 30;
2006:departed Kola Inlet November 17;
1652:departed Hvalfjörður December 8;
1632:arrived Arkhangelsk December 13
1616:arrived Arkhangelsk November 28
1598:departed Arkhangelsk November 3;
1590:arrived Arkhangelsk November 22
1588:departed Hvalfjörður November 9;
1185:the likelihood of severe weather
205:
191:
179:
167:
155:
143:
131:
119:
48:
3977:"Convoys to North Russia, 1942"
3922:History of the Second World War
3864:– via Archive Foundation.
3811:The Journal of Military History
3627:Enigma: The Battle for the Code
3227:The Journal of Military History
3044:The northern town in Scotland,
2698:with very long range aircraft,
2696:air gap over the North Atlantic
2545:arrived Kola Inlet February 15
2502:departed Kola Inlet January 11;
2436:departed Kola Inlet November 2;
2311:arrived Kola Inlet February 28
2309:departed Liverpool February 20;
2297:departed Kola Inlet February 3;
2219:departed Liverpool December 20;
2197:departed Liverpool December 12;
2177:arrived Arkhangelsk December 3
2175:departed Liverpool November 22;
2163:departed Kola Inlet November 1;
2155:arrived Kola Inlet November 24
2153:departed Liverpool November 15;
2121:arrived Kola Inlet February 27
2119:departed Liverpool February 15;
2049:departed Liverpool December 22;
2035:arrived Kola Inlet December 25
2033:departed Liverpool December 15;
1811:dispersed, arrived February 15
1742:arrived Arkhangelsk January 17
1740:departed Hvalfjörður January 8;
1574:arrived Arkhangelsk October 30
1544:arrived Arkhangelsk October 11
4673:Arctic convoys of World War II
4094:Arctic convoys of World War II
3874:(Yale University Press, 2023)
3850:Convoy: Drama in Arctic Waters
3744:. CMH Pub 70-7. Archived from
3323:Bulletin of International News
2897:off Trondheim on 23 February.
2492:departed Loch Ewe December 30;
2472:arrived Kola Inlet December 7
2470:departed Loch Ewe November 29;
2448:departed Liverpool October 31;
2428:arrived Kola Inlet October 28
2426:departed Liverpool October 20;
2392:departed Kola Inlet August 28;
2289:arrived Kola Inlet February 1
2287:departed Liverpool January 22;
2271:departed Liverpool January 12;
2221:arrived Archangel December 30;
2099:arrived Kola Inlet January 27
2097:departed Liverpool January 17;
1991:arrived Loch Ewe September 26
1973:departed Loch Ewe September 2;
1809:departed Murmansk February 12;
1799:departed Kirkwall February 14;
1783:dispersed, arrived January 28
1752:dispersed, arrived January 19
1642:dispersed, arrived December 3
1396:and German bombers. The novel
1376:the worst losses of any convoy
1123:The second series of convoys,
1027:Second Inter-Allied Conference
907:Arctic convoys of World War II
35:Arctic convoys of World War II
1:
4073:while protecting convoy PQ 18
3394:, p. b14, 35–36, 44, 56.
2597:departed Kola Inlet April 29;
2575:departed Kola Inlet March 23;
2555:arrived Loch Ewe February 28
2482:arrived Loch Ewe December 19
2460:arrived Loch Ewe November 17
2394:arrived Loch Ewe September 5
2384:arrived Kola Inlet August 25
2382:departed Liverpool August 15;
2358:departed Kola Inlet April 28;
2299:arrived Loch Ewe February 11
2273:arrived Archangel January 28
2165:arrived Loch Ewe November 14
2008:arrived Loch Ewe November 30
1949:departed Arkhangelsk June 26;
1883:departed Kola Inlet April 10;
1801:arrived Murmansk February 22
1781:departed Murmansk January 24;
1773:arrived Murmansk February 10
1750:departed Murmansk January 13;
1693:dispersed, arrived January 9
1476:Norwegian resistance movement
4065:Pathe Newsreel video of HMS
4060:The Norwegian Merchant Fleet
4049:Lend-Lease, Northern Convoys
3987:Allies and Lend-Lease Museum
3722:Coackley, Robert W. (1960).
3052:The Loch Ewe Brewing Company
3032:Poolewe Arctic Convoy plaque
3014:Admirable class minesweepers
2628:Purpose and strategic impact
2589:arrived Kola Inlet April 25
2567:arrived Kola Inlet March 21
2504:arrived Loch Ewe January 21
2450:arrived Murmansk November 6
2438:arrived Loch Ewe November 9
2341:departed Kola Inlet April 7;
2331:departed Liverpool March 27;
2319:departed Kola Inlet March 2;
2187:arrived Loch Ewe December 9
2129:departed Kola Inlet March 1;
2109:arrived Loch Ewe February 9
2066:arrived Loch Ewe January 11
1843:departed Reykjavík March 20;
1705:arrived Murmansk January 11
3854:. London: Arms and Armour.
3644:Motter, T. H. Vail (1952).
3559:Retrieved: 16 December 2011
3517:
2619:departed Kola Inlet May 23;
2416:arrived Loch Ewe October 5
2350:(escorts only to Murmansk)
2333:arrived Kola Inlet April 4
2236:arrived Loch Ewe January 8
1963:(August sailing postponed)
1958:(August sailing postponed)
1939:departed Reykjavik June 27;
1927:departed Kola Inlet May 21;
1905:departed Murmansk April 28;
1885:arrived Reykjavík April 21
1833:arrived Reykjavík March 11
1821:departed Reykjavík March 1;
1096:convoys ran in two series:
1009:In June 1941, the European
4749:
3876:online review of this book
3670:Woodman, Richard (2004) .
3466:
2881:on communications between
2858:at Trondheim, followed by
2802:
2663:, be sent to Norway. The
2611:arrived Kola Inlet May 20
2343:arrived Loch Ewe April 14
2321:arrived Loch Ewe March 10
2131:arrived Loch Ewe March 14
1941:dispersed, arrived July 4
1917:departed Reykjavík May 21;
1875:arrived Murmansk April 19
1859:arrived Reykjavík April 3
1845:arrived Murmansk March 31
1831:departed Murmansk March 1;
1823:arrived Murmansk March 12
3794:10.1080/13518040601028545
2951:Hver tiende mann måtte dø
2754:Battle of the Barents Sea
2577:arrived Loch Ewe April 1
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2055:Battle of the Barents Sea
1951:arrived Reykjavík July 7
1929:arrived Reykjavík May 29
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1506:
1499:
1411:Battle of the Barents Sea
1174:the proximity of German
279:
219:
112:
69:
47:
39:
27:Allied oceangoing convoys
4083:Thank you, Brave Comrade
3914:Roskill, S. W. (1962) .
3761:Geroux, William (2020).
3672:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945
3602:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) .
3589:Retrieved: 13 July 2012.
3018:Alaska-Siberia Air Route
2955:Requiem for Convoy PQ-17
2587:departed Clyde April 16;
2565:departed Clyde March 11;
2225:Battle of the North Cape
1919:arrived Murmansk May 30
1907:arrived Reykjavík May 7
1671:, Scotland, December 29
1604:, Scotland, November 17
1501:
1494:
1461:Battle of the North Cape
1363:stayed at Archangel and
1268:was Captain JCK Dowding
1260:and the Dutch freighter
1139:) and traveled north of
1033:along with Britain and,
1023:joint occupation of Iran
3074:Northwest Staging Route
3040:Arctic convoy IPA label
3002:Providence Bay, Siberia
2965:depicts the mission of
2866:had arrived at Narvik.
2846:Command and on 23 May,
2655:Commando raid on Vågsøy
2360:arrived Loch Ewe May 6
2023:(QP cycle terminated )
1998:(PQ cycle terminated )
1897:arrived Murmansk May 5
1895:departed Oban April 10;
1558:, Scotland, October 10
1318:anti-submarine trawlers
970:, three destroyers, 30
4693:Military in the Arctic
3101:Don't Play the Fool...
3041:
3033:
2991:Attack on Pearl Harbor
2959:Реквием каравану PQ-17
2772:
2645:
2637:
2609:departed Clyde May 12;
2543:, Scotland February 3;
1797:, Scotland February 7;
1658:, Russia, December 20
1572:, England, October 13;
1483:List of Arctic convoys
1452:was the target of the
1433:, sailed to intercept
1217:
1085:
1077:
1031:Allies of World War II
1019:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
938:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
77:August 1941 – May 1945
54:View from the cruiser
3917:The Period of Balance
3823:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206
3491:Sebag-Montefiore 2001
3240:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206
3039:
3031:
2947:One in Ten Had to Die
2843:Fliegerführer Lofoten
2762:
2643:
2635:
2621:arrived Clyde May 30
1771:, Iceland February 1;
1522:, Iceland, August 21;
1370:In July 1942, convoy
1357:from PQ 16 including
1215:
1083:
1064:
220:Casualties and losses
3994:MOD veterans' agency
3080:Operation Wunderland
2973:Other supply convoys
2805:Ultra (cryptography)
2799:British intelligence
2599:arrived Clyde May 8
1873:, Scotland March 26;
1528:, Russia, August 31
1239:New Westminster City
1188:the frequency of fog
1092:in August 1941, the
1047:British Commonwealth
1015:Operation Barbarossa
3846:Kemp, Paul (1993).
3748:on 30 December 2007
3574:, pp. 481–482.
3520:, pp. 293–303.
3481:, pp. 443–445.
3469:, pp. 329–330.
3445:Hill, 2007 p773–808
3415:Hill, 2006 p727–738
2927:by Scottish writer
2917:Literary depictions
2717:in September 1943,
1163:The route skirted
1057:Convoy organisation
950:Royal Canadian Navy
225:85 merchant vessels
4007:2012-04-15 at the
3999:German account of
3982:13th October, 1950
3552:2012-04-01 at the
3361:www.historians.org
3317:E., D. P. (1945).
3274:www.historians.org
3042:
3034:
3006:Northern Sea Route
2785:Naval Detachment K
2773:
2721:spent most of the
2646:
2638:
1857:, Russia March 21;
1454:German battleship
1448:In December 1943,
1340:Llanstephan Castle
1251:Llanstephan Castle
1235:Lancastrian Prince
1218:
1100:The first series,
1086:
1078:
1051:Reverse Lend-Lease
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4583:
4582:
4450:
4449:
4357:
4356:
4179:
4178:
4024:Naval History.net
3962:978-1-903365-30-4
3861:978-1-85409-130-7
3765:. Penguin Books.
3729:Command Decisions
3697:Behrens, C. B. A.
3681:978-0-7195-6617-2
3636:978-0-7538-1130-6
3617:978-0-11-630961-7
3457:, pp. 63–64.
3382:, pp. 33–43.
3298:history.state.gov
3056:Arctic Convoy IPA
2890:by the submarine
2823:Operation Archery
2704:centimetric radar
2650:Hawker Hurricanes
2625:
2624:
2508:
2507:
2240:
2239:
2070:
2069:
1713:
1712:
1424:pocket battleship
1178:, submarine and
1090:Operation Dervish
996:Romanov-on-Murman
900:
899:
236:
235:
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
4740:
4592:
4459:
4366:
4188:
4105:
4089:
3966:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3886:Butler, J. R. M.
3865:
3853:
3842:
3805:
3776:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3718:
3685:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3640:
3621:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3560:
3544:
3535:
3532:
3521:
3518:Sebag-Montefiore
3515:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3426:"Arctic Convoys"
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3161:. Archived from
3151:
3142:
3141:
3136:. Archived from
3126:
2983:Persian Corridor
2937:by Dutch author
2929:Alistair MacLean
2827:Operation Anklet
2817:being broken at
2809:Traffic analysis
2723:Second World War
2692:Operation Berlin
2515:
2247:
2077:
1720:
1492:
1404:Alistair MacLean
1380:Second World War
1141:Jan Mayen Island
921:(Archangel) and
909:were oceangoing
457:Petsamo–Kirkenes
274:
272:
262:
255:
248:
239:
215:
211:
209:
208:
197:
195:
194:
185:
183:
182:
173:
171:
170:
161:
159:
158:
149:
147:
146:
137:
135:
134:
125:
123:
122:
71:
70:
52:
32:
21:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4652:
4621:
4579:
4518:
4446:
4405:
4353:
4277:
4175:
4149:
4096:
4053:Voice of Russia
4009:Wayback Machine
3973:
3963:
3947:
3938:
3936:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3880:
3870:Kenyon, David.
3862:
3845:
3808:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3721:
3695:
3692:
3690:Further reading
3682:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3554:Wayback Machine
3545:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3186:(5 May 2020) .
3182:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3064:
3026:
3012:and Lend-Lease
2975:
2921:The 1955 novel
2919:
2811:
2803:Main articles:
2801:
2738:Royal Air Force
2630:
2620:
2610:
2598:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2554:
2544:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2481:
2471:
2459:
2449:
2437:
2427:
2415:
2405:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2342:
2332:
2320:
2310:
2298:
2288:
2272:
2245:
2235:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2198:
2186:
2176:
2164:
2154:
2130:
2120:
2108:
2098:
2075:
2065:
2052:
2050:
2034:
2007:
1990:
1974:
1950:
1940:
1928:
1918:
1906:
1896:
1884:
1874:
1858:
1844:
1832:
1822:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1782:
1772:
1751:
1741:
1718:
1704:
1692:
1682:
1666:
1653:
1641:
1631:
1615:
1599:
1589:
1573:
1553:
1543:
1523:
1490:
1485:
1360:SS Empire Elgar
1210:
1208:Notable convoys
1165:occupied Norway
1127:(outbound) and
1118:Operation Torch
1104:(outbound) and
1059:
1041:. The American
988:Imperial Russia
980:
903:
902:
901:
896:
466:
275:
270:
268:
266:
231:
226:
206:
204:
203:
192:
190:
189:
180:
178:
177:
168:
166:
165:
156:
154:
153:
144:
142:
141:
132:
130:
129:
120:
118:
93:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4062:
4057:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3980:London Gazette
3972:
3971:External links
3969:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3911:
3882:Roskill, S. W.
3878:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3843:
3817:(3): 773–808.
3806:
3788:(4): 727–738.
3777:
3772:978-0525557487
3771:
3758:
3719:
3701:Hancock, Keith
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3667:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3616:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3576:
3561:
3536:
3522:
3510:
3508:, p. 144.
3495:
3493:, p. 229.
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3438:
3417:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3348:
3329:(4): 157–164.
3309:
3285:
3261:
3234:(3): 773–808.
3216:
3198:
3184:Leonhard, Jörn
3175:
3143:
3140:on 2000-12-19.
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3025:
3022:
2974:
2971:
2963:Valentin Pikul
2918:
2915:
2860:Admiral Hipper
2848:Admiral Scheer
2819:Bletchley Park
2800:
2797:
2708:escort carrier
2672:fleet in being
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1446:
1419:Admiral Hipper
1407:
1390:merchant ships
1368:
1347:
1344:Felix Topolski
1249:, the elderly
1231:merchant ships
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1152:covering force
1133:
1132:
1121:
1058:
1055:
979:
976:
968:one battleship
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
471:
470:
460:
459:
454:
441:
440:
435:
428:
421:
410:
409:
408:
407:
395:
390:
383:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
337:
336:
329:
316:
315:
308:
303:
296:
291:
280:
277:
276:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
201:
127:United Kingdom
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
99:
95:
94:
85:
83:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4745:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4069:fighting the
4068:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3406:, p. 36.
3405:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3201:
3199:9780674244801
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3165:on 2015-04-05
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3134:The Telegraph
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:Bering Strait
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:Pacific Route
2984:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Jan de Hartog
2936:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:(RAF). Other
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:Convoy JW 55B
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Convoy JW 51B
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:heavy cruiser
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:use difficult
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:in Scotland.
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:from December
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Eastern Front
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
539:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
439:
436:
434:
433:
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
406:
405:
401:
400:
399:
396:
394:
393:Motovsky Gulf
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:Cape Pikshuev
379:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:
344:
343:
342:
341:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
314:
313:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
240:
232:30 submarines
229:
224:
223:
218:
214:
202:
200:
188:
176:
164:
163:United States
152:
140:
128:
117:
116:
111:
103:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:Norwegian Sea
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Arctic convoy
4263:Operation FB
4093:
4070:
4066:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4001:Rösselsprung
4000:
3986:
3979:
3953:Air Ministry
3948:
3937:. Retrieved
3916:
3903:. Retrieved
3890:
3871:
3849:
3814:
3810:
3785:
3781:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3746:the original
3728:
3705:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3646:
3626:
3603:
3596:Bibliography
3587:Alla Paperno
3586:
3579:
3556:
3513:
3506:Hinsley 1994
3486:
3479:Woodman 2004
3474:
3462:
3455:Woodman 2004
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3420:
3411:
3404:Woodman 2004
3399:
3392:Woodman 2004
3387:
3380:Woodman 2004
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:
3351:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:
3264:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3203:. Retrieved
3188:
3178:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3158:
3138:the original
3133:
3099:
3068:Rösselsprung
3055:
3050:
3043:
2995:
2976:
2967:Convoy PQ 17
2961:) by writer
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2910:Duke of York
2909:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2879:eavesdropped
2868:
2863:
2862:; by 26 May
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2812:
2794:
2774:
2768:
2749:
2745:
2742:Kriegsmarine
2718:
2712:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:Channel Dash
2658:
2647:
2525:
2518:
2257:
2250:
2014:Operation FB
1977:
1512:
1502:
1495:
1471:Duke of York
1470:
1464:
1455:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1398:
1384:
1358:
1351:Convoy PQ 16
1339:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1274:minesweepers
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1114:Convoy PQ 18
1110:Convoy PQ 17
1105:
1101:
1087:
1074:Soviet Union
1068:
1008:
981:
963:Kriegsmarine
961:
958:Nazi Germany
935:
917:– primarily
915:Soviet Union
906:
904:
850:
849:
738:
737:
671:
670:
619:
537:
536:
475:
467:
463:
450:
443:
442:
431:
424:
412:
411:
403:
386:
374:
367:
361:Doppelschlag
360:
354:Rösselsprung
353:
346:
339:
338:
332:
325:
318:
317:
311:
299:
287:
281:
139:Soviet Union
113:Belligerents
91:Arctic Ocean
63:Arctic Ocean
57:
42:World War II
4041:La Malouine
3572:Motter 1952
3431:12 February
3130:"Telegraph"
3095:Arctic Star
3010:icebreakers
2934:The Captain
2924:HMS Ulysses
2904:Scharnhorst
2899:Prinz Eugen
2888:Prinz Eugen
2875:RAF Cheadle
2852:Prinz Eugen
2815:Enigma code
2750:Scharnhorst
2715:Spitsbergen
2687:Scharnhorst
1526:Arkhangelsk
1520:Hvalfjörður
1465:Scharnhorst
1456:Scharnhorst
1399:HMS Ulysses
1355:crane ships
1255:fleet oiler
1223:Hvalfjörður
1137:Hvalfjörður
1039:Axis Powers
1011:Axis powers
984:World War I
919:Arkhangelsk
398:Barents Sea
347:Sportpalast
227:16 warships
199:Free France
4667:Categories
3366:2021-09-01
3303:2021-08-23
3279:2021-09-01
3169:2013-11-30
3159:iwm.org.uk
3109:References
2778:under the
2769:Inglefield
2085:Homebound
1855:Kola Inlet
1728:Homebound
1669:Scapa Flow
1556:Scapa Flow
1439:destroyers
1402:(1955) by
1296:destroyers
1285:Salamander
1258:Aldersdale
1043:Lend-Lease
978:Background
952:, and the
946:Royal Navy
942:Lend-Lease
438:North Cape
425:Zitronella
404:Regenbogen
375:Wunderland
288:Weserübung
230:4 warships
4626:Homebound
4523:Homebound
4410:Homebound
4282:Homebound
4154:Homebound
4071:Luftwaffe
4051:from the
3955:. 2001 .
3934:174453986
3900:881709135
3884:(1957) .
3839:159715267
3802:144712146
3715:557756251
3656:459693332
3534:Kemp p235
3335:2044-3986
3256:159715267
3114:Footnotes
3024:Memorials
2908:HMS
2892:HMS
2883:Luftwaffe
2871:Y-station
2839:Luftwaffe
2776:Leningrad
2746:Gneisenau
2727:Norwegian
2700:Huff-Duff
2681:Gneisenau
2539:departed
2526:Homebound
2258:Homebound
2080:Outbound
1869:departed
1853:departed
1793:departed
1769:Reykjavík
1767:departed
1757:Combined
1723:Outbound
1570:Liverpool
1568:departed
1518:departed
1469:HMS
1374:suffered
1365:Molotovsk
1313:Impulsive
1266:Commodore
1227:Archangel
1199:drift ice
1069:Sheffield
1053:program.
1013:launched
954:U.S. Navy
175:Australia
58:Sheffield
56:HMS
4595:Outbound
4462:Outbound
4369:Outbound
4191:Outbound
4108:Outbound
4005:Archived
3989:, Moscow
3939:19 March
3905:19 March
3831:30052890
3742:45058603
3699:(1955).
3557:Ruvr.ru.
3550:Archived
3343:25643770
3248:30052890
3062:See also
2943:pacifist
2877:, which
2833:, later
2831:Heimisch
2790:Stalin's
2765:fo'c'sle
2519:Outbound
2251:Outbound
1795:Loch Ewe
1667:arrived
1656:Murmansk
1654:arrived
1602:Kirkwall
1600:arrived
1554:arrived
1524:arrived
1443:cruisers
1316:and the
1168:en route
1145:Loch Ewe
1004:materiel
990:and its
927:Atlantic
923:Murmansk
432:Ostfront
419:Kara Sea
333:Polyarny
326:Claymore
300:Alphabet
82:Location
40:Part of
4115:Dervish
4055:website
3888:(ed.).
3752:9 March
3703:(ed.).
3661:9 March
3467:Woodman
3205:10 July
3046:Poolewe
2894:Trident
2856:Tirpitz
2854:joined
2767:of HMS
2719:Tirpitz
2676:Tirpitz
2660:Tirpitz
1978:Avenger
1513:Dervish
1394:U-boats
1385:Tirpitz
1378:in the
1335:Ophelia
1329:Macbeth
1301:Electra
1291:Harrier
1279:Halcyon
1262:Alchiba
1247:Trehata
1180:surface
1157:Tirpitz
982:During
972:U-boats
940:and US
911:convoys
549:PQ 9/10
476:Dervish
464:Convoys
306:Wilfred
213:Germany
104:victory
4565:RA 61A
4550:RA 59A
4504:JW 61A
4474:JW 56B
4469:JW 56A
4442:RA 55B
4437:RA 55A
4432:RA 54B
4427:RA 54A
4401:JW 55B
4396:JW 55A
4391:JW 54B
4386:JW 54A
4273:JW 51B
4268:JW 51A
4067:Scylla
3959:
3932:
3898:
3858:
3837:
3829:
3800:
3769:
3740:
3713:
3678:
3654:
3633:
3614:
3341:
3333:
3254:
3246:
3196:
2864:Lützow
2734:Tromsø
2730:fjords
2670:As a "
2454:RA 61A
2444:JW 61A
2388:RA 59A
2283:JW 56B
2267:JW 56A
2230:RA 55B
2215:JW 55B
2203:RA 55A
2193:JW 55A
2181:RA 54B
2171:JW 54B
2159:RA 54A
2149:JW 54A
2045:JW 51B
2029:JW 51A
1429:Lützow
1323:Hamlet
1307:Active
1294:, the
1264:. The
1253:, the
1182:forces
1094:Arctic
992:Allies
931:Arctic
835:RA 61A
820:RA 59A
780:JW 61A
750:JW 56B
745:JW 56A
733:RA 55B
728:RA 55A
723:RA 54B
718:RA 54A
703:JW 55B
698:JW 55A
693:JW 54B
688:JW 54A
631:JW 51B
626:JW 51A
451:Mascot
387:Orator
294:Narvik
210:
196:
187:Norway
184:
172:
160:
151:Canada
148:
136:
124:
102:Allied
98:Result
4648:RA 67
4643:RA 66
4638:RA 65
4633:RA 64
4617:JW 67
4612:JW 66
4607:JW 65
4602:JW 64
4575:RA 63
4570:RA 62
4560:RA 61
4555:RA 60
4545:RA 59
4540:RA 58
4535:RA 57
4530:RA 56
4514:JW 63
4509:JW 62
4499:JW 61
4494:JW 60
4489:JW 59
4484:JW 58
4479:JW 57
4422:RA 53
4417:RA 52
4381:JW 53
4376:JW 52
4349:RA 51
4344:QP 15
4339:QP 14
4334:QP 13
4329:QP 12
4324:QP 11
4319:QP 10
4258:PQ 18
4253:PQ 17
4248:PQ 16
4243:PQ 15
4238:PQ 14
4233:PQ 13
4228:PQ 12
4223:PQ 11
4218:PQ 10
4203:PQ 7b
4198:PQ 7a
3835:S2CID
3827:JSTOR
3798:S2CID
3339:JSTOR
3252:S2CID
3244:JSTOR
2835:Hydra
2780:siege
2615:RA 67
2605:JW 67
2593:RA 66
2583:JW 66
2571:RA 65
2561:JW 65
2549:RA 64
2541:Clyde
2535:JW 64
2498:RA 63
2488:JW 63
2476:RA 62
2466:JW 62
2432:RA 61
2422:JW 61
2410:RA 60
2400:JW 60
2378:JW 59
2354:RA 59
2337:RA 58
2327:JW 58
2315:RA 57
2305:JW 57
2293:RA 56
2125:RA 53
2115:JW 53
2103:RA 52
2093:JW 52
2060:RA 51
2002:QP 15
1985:QP 14
1969:PQ 18
1945:QP 13
1935:PQ 17
1923:QP 12
1913:PQ 16
1901:QP 11
1891:PQ 15
1879:QP 10
1865:PQ 14
1839:PQ 13
1817:PQ 12
1789:PQ 11
1763:PQ 10
1699:PQ 7b
1677:PQ 7a
1372:PQ 17
1243:Esneh
1193:ASDIC
892:RA 67
887:RA 66
882:RA 65
877:RA 64
872:JW 67
867:JW 66
862:JW 65
857:JW 64
845:RA 63
840:RA 62
830:RA 61
825:RA 60
815:RA 59
810:RA 58
805:RA 57
800:RA 56
795:JW 64
790:JW 63
785:JW 62
775:JW 61
770:JW 60
765:JW 59
760:JW 58
755:JW 57
713:RA 53
708:RA 52
683:JW 53
678:JW 52
666:RA 51
661:QP 12
614:PQ 18
609:PQ 17
604:PQ 16
599:QP 11
594:QP 15
589:PQ 15
584:QP 14
579:PQ 14
574:QP 13
569:PQ 13
564:PQ 12
559:PQ 11
554:QP 10
368:Zarin
4588:1945
4455:1944
4362:1943
4314:QP 9
4309:QP 8
4304:QP 7
4299:QP 6
4294:QP 5
4289:QP 4
4213:PQ 9
4208:PQ 8
4184:1942
4171:QP 3
4166:QP 2
4161:QP 1
4145:PQ 6
4140:PQ 5
4135:PQ 4
4130:PQ 3
4125:PQ 2
4120:PQ 1
4101:1941
3957:ISBN
3941:2018
3930:OCLC
3926:HMSO
3907:2018
3896:OCLC
3856:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3754:2018
3738:OCLC
3711:OCLC
3676:ISBN
3663:2018
3652:OCLC
3631:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3608:HMSO
3433:2020
3331:ISSN
3207:2024
3194:ISBN
2979:tons
2850:and
2825:and
2807:and
2684:and
2511:1945
2243:1944
2223:see
2073:1943
2053:see
1871:Oban
1849:QP 9
1827:QP 8
1805:QP 7
1777:QP 6
1761:and
1759:PQ 9
1746:QP 5
1736:PQ 8
1716:1942
1687:QP 4
1662:QP 6
1648:PQ 6
1636:QP 3
1626:PQ 5
1610:PQ 4
1594:QP 2
1584:PQ 3
1564:PQ 2
1548:QP 1
1538:PQ 1
1503:Home
1488:1941
1441:and
1422:and
1409:The
1332:and
1320:HMS
1310:and
1298:HMS
1288:and
1276:HMS
1067:HMS
929:and
905:The
851:1945
739:1944
672:1943
656:QP 9
651:QP 8
646:QP 7
641:QP 6
636:QP 5
544:PQ 8
538:1942
532:QP 4
527:QP 3
522:QP 2
517:QP 1
512:PQ 7
507:PQ 6
502:PQ 5
497:PQ 4
492:PQ 3
487:PQ 2
482:PQ 1
468:1941
444:1944
413:1943
340:1942
319:1941
312:Juno
282:1940
89:and
74:Date
3819:doi
3790:doi
3236:doi
3008:by
2906:by
2873:at
2725:in
2690:in
2674:",
1496:Out
1270:RNR
1176:air
960:'s
4669::
3928:.
3920:.
3833:.
3825:.
3815:71
3813:.
3796:.
3786:19
3784:.
3736:.
3732:.
3610:.
3564:^
3539:^
3525:^
3498:^
3359:.
3337:.
3327:22
3325:.
3321:.
3296:.
3272:.
3250:.
3242:.
3232:71
3230:.
3209:.
3157:.
3146:^
3132:.
3121:^
3058:.
1981:)
1463:,
1326:,
1304:,
1282:,
1245:,
1241:,
1237:,
1233::
1129:RA
1125:JW
1106:QP
1102:PQ
1006:.
948:,
620:FB
4043:.
3965:.
3943:.
3909:.
3841:.
3821::
3804:.
3792::
3775:.
3756:.
3717:.
3684:.
3665:.
3639:.
3620:.
3435:.
3369:.
3345:.
3306:.
3282:.
3258:.
3238::
3172:.
2957:(
2949:(
2771:.
1478:.
1445:.
1346:.
1120:.
1076:.
261:e
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247:v
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