1280:
1197:
1242:
1212:
1167:
1295:
1325:
1310:
1152:
1182:
1807:
1227:
1829:
41:
294:
and
Baltica were connected during the Late Palaeoproterzoic (1.7–1.74 Ga) and Siberia later joined them. Paleomagnetic reconstructions indicate that they formed a single supercontinent during the Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.45 Ga) but paleomagnetic data and geological pieces of evidence also
270:
argued that most cratons that were around at 2.5 Ga most likely formed in a single region simply because they were located in a single region in
Pangaea, which is the reason Rogers argued for the existence of Arctica. The core of Arctica was the Canadian Shield, which
208:) was the first to assume that the crust in the Arctic region was of continental origin. Shatsky, however, was a "fixist" and, erroneously, explained the presence of Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks on the New Siberian, Wrangel, and De long Islands with
287:
orogenies. These two orogenies are derived from continental crust (not oceanic crust) and were probably intracontinental, leaving
Kenorland intact from 2.5 Ga to the present. Correlations between orogenies in Canada and Siberia remain more controversial.
346:. During this period the configuration of Arctica changed and the continent moved from near the Equator to near the North Pole while keeping its position between three major cratons: Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia. An extended magmatic event, the
212:. "Mobilists", on the other hand, also erroneously, proposed that North America had rifted from Eurasia and that the Arctic basins had opened behind a retreating Alaska.
652:"Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5 Ga to the Present"
1115:
1879:
1034:
Williams, H.; Hoffman, P. E.; Lewry, J. F.; Monger, J .W. H.; Rivers, T. (1991). "Anatomy of North
America: thematic portrayals of the continent".
728:
315:
basins formed, but the presence of
Precambrian metamorphic complexes discovered in the 1980s indicated a continent once existed between
347:
303:
The current geological structure of the Arctic Region is the result of tectonic processes during the
Mesozoic and Cenozoic (250
186:
cratons. Russian geologists writing in
English call the continent "Arctida" since it was given that name in 1987, alternatively the
1884:
1108:
1076:
1874:
1889:
1859:
434:
1817:
690:
Khain, V. E.; Filatova, N. I. (2009). "From
Hyperborea to Arctida: The Problem of the Precambrian Central Arctic Craton".
1723:
1101:
279:. They argued that this continent formed around 2.5 Ga and then rifted before reassembling along the 1.8 Ga
1010:
Vernikovsky, V. A.; Metelkin, D. V.; Vernikovskaya, A. E.; Matushkin, N. Y.; Lobkovsky, L. I.; Shipilov, E. V. (2014).
1683:
1628:
1618:
1371:
295:
suggest a considerable spatial gap between
Siberia and Laurentia and Arctica is thought to be the missing link.
1837:
1603:
17:
1660:
1655:
284:
1598:
972:"Geodynamic evolution of the Arctic Ocean and modern problems in geological studies of the Arctic region"
771:
1483:
1391:
1201:
1196:
257:
179:
167:
104:
252:
and eastern South
America. Arctica then grew around 1.5 Ga by accretion of East Antarctica and
1869:
1822:
1577:
1468:
1043:
874:
822:
786:
743:
699:
663:
398:
366:
280:
221:
1832:
1779:
1569:
1528:
1012:"Early evolution stages of the arctic margins (Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic) and plate reconstructions"
324:
249:
183:
84:
1687:
1533:
1513:
991:
846:
838:
715:
374:
1806:
1754:
1608:
1573:
1072:
1064:
410:
127:
437: – Terrane that includes parts of Alaska, Siberia and the continental shelf between them
1864:
1769:
1433:
1051:
983:
951:
882:
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794:
751:
707:
671:
440:
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1670:
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929:
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308:
241:
237:
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163:
139:
99:
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878:
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703:
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225:
159:
94:
71:
902:
886:
1853:
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1246:
1241:
1231:
1226:
1055:
995:
971:
942:
859:
850:
719:
651:
143:
813:
Rogers, J. J. W. (1996). "A history of continents in the past three billion years".
798:
624:, 90–130 Ma: northern Canada, initiation of the Arctic Ocean, p. 701, fig. 6b, p.705
1811:
1764:
1498:
1473:
1284:
1279:
406:
351:
175:
155:
147:
89:
1065:"Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordivician Through the Cretaceous"
40:
1011:
260:. Around 1 Ga Nena, Ur, and Atlantica collided to form the supercontinent
1665:
1633:
1623:
950:. 2nd International Conference on Precambrian Continental Growth and Tectonism.
486:
393:
and Timan-Pechora Plates). Remains of the last continent are now located on the
382:
377:, Inuit Fold Belt in northern Greenland, and two Arctic underwater ridges, the
1703:
1613:
1593:
1443:
1171:
1166:
987:
755:
711:
355:
209:
191:
131:
1774:
1743:
1638:
1588:
1508:
1503:
1448:
1381:
1124:
414:
316:
304:
291:
276:
245:
229:
123:
955:
342:. It reformed during the Permian-Triassic 255 Ma and became part of
1698:
1583:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1376:
1299:
1294:
597:
394:
390:
362:
233:
46:
842:
1718:
1713:
1478:
1458:
1406:
1396:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1309:
343:
339:
320:
261:
253:
151:
1093:
1749:
1518:
1216:
1211:
1156:
1151:
402:
370:
335:
135:
24:
675:
834:
1523:
1128:
240:; Arctica formed around 2.5–2 Ga by the amalgamation of the
487:
Siberian craton - a fragment of a Paleoproterozoic supercontinent
389:. More recent reconstructions also include Barentsia (including
1186:
1181:
1069:
The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology
1019:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Arctic Margins VI
1097:
729:"Tectonics and petroleum potential of the East Arctic province"
770:
Metelkin, D. V.; Vernikovsky, V. A.; Matushkin, N. Y. (2015).
633:
331:
573:, Arctica and Kenorland (~2500 Ma), pp. 360–361
272:
593:
591:
727:
Khain, V. E.; Polyakova, I. D.; Filatova, N. I. (2009).
934:
Geology and Mineral Resources in the North of the USSR
522:
470:
468:
466:
334:, Arctica originally formed as a continent during the
609:
474:
448: – Orogen that formed during the Neoproterozoic
248:
formed around 2 Ga by the amalgamation of the
350:, broke Arctica in part 130–90 Ma, opened the
77:
67:
59:
54:
413:in easternmost Siberia, and fragments in northern
338:950 Ma and became part of the supercontinent
944:Siberia, Laurentia and Baltica in Mesoproterozoic
546:
170:cratons in North America. Arctica was named by
582:
1109:
970:Vernikovsky, V. A.; Dobretsov, N. L. (2015).
570:
534:
267:
8:
936:(in Russian). Vol. 1. pp. 149–165.
621:
33:
1557:
1552:
1352:
1347:
1269:
1264:
1141:
1136:
1116:
1102:
1094:
1063:Zonenshain, L. P.; Natapov, L. M. (1987).
932:(1935). "On the tectonics of the Arctic".
634:Metelkin, Vernikovsky & Matushkin 2015
525:, Tectonic units and their history, p. 335
332:Metelkin, Vernikovsky & Matushkin 2015
236:in the Middle Proterozoic by accretion to
39:
976:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
903:"The Supercontinent Medley: Recent Views"
244:and Siberian shields plus Greenland; and
361:Fragments of this continent include the
941:Tait, J. A.; Pisarevsky, S. A. (2009).
462:
205:
30:Ancient continent in the Neoarchean era
858:Rogers, J. J. W.; Santosh, M. (2003).
636:, Introduction, p. 114; Fig. 1, p. 115
558:
509:
497:
171:
126:which formed approximately 2.565
32:
224:, Rogers proposed that the continent
7:
772:"Arctida between Rodinia and Pangea"
523:Khain, Polyakova & Filatova 2009
860:"Supercontinents in Earth History"
656:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
348:High Arctic Large Igneous Province
14:
1880:Natural history of North America
1828:
1827:
1805:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1165:
1150:
610:Vernikovsky & Dobretsov 2015
475:Vernikovsky & Dobretsov 2015
178:formed by the separation of the
1651:Possible future supercontinents
799:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.09.013
650:Ernst, R.; Bleeker, W. (2010).
736:Russian Geology and Geophysics
435:Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane
134:era. It was made of Archaean
1:
887:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70993-X
547:Zonenshain & Natapov 1987
220:In his reconstruction of the
1429:Other prehistoric continents
1056:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90416-P
1067:. In Herman, Yvonne (ed.).
600:, Introduction, pp. 265–266
256:to form the supercontinent
1906:
583:Tait & Pisarevsky 2009
299:Phanerozoic microcontinent
122:is a hypothetical ancient
22:
15:
1797:
1555:
1551:
1350:
1346:
1267:
1263:
1139:
1135:
988:10.1134/S1019331615030193
756:10.1016/j.rgg.2009.03.006
712:10.1134/S1028334X09070071
571:Rogers & Santosh 2003
535:Khain & Filatova 2009
330:In the reconstruction of
268:Rogers & Santosh 2003
38:
1885:Prehistory of the Arctic
1838:Chronology of continents
901:Sankaran, A. V. (2003).
622:Ernst & Bleeker 2010
23:Not to be confused with
18:Arctica (disambiguation)
1875:Natural history of Asia
598:Vernikovsky et al. 2014
228:formed at about 3
1890:Former supercontinents
1599:Great Australian Bight
956:10.13140/2.1.3432.3840
821:(1): 91–107, Chicago.
692:Doklady Earth Sciences
549:, Introduction, p. 829
190:, in reference to the
1860:Historical continents
421:and in the submerged
354:, and left radiating
307:to present) when the
216:Precambrian continent
105:North Atlantic Craton
1823:Continental fragment
1818:Regions of the world
779:Precambrian Research
401:and adjacent shelf,
399:New Siberian Islands
367:New Siberian Islands
273:Williams et al. 1991
222:supercontinent cycle
55:Historical continent
16:For other uses, see
1780:Indian Subcontinent
1570:Submerged continent
1048:1991Tectp.187..117W
1021:. Fairbanks, Alaska
879:2003GondR...6..357R
827:1996JG....104...91R
791:2015PreR..259..114M
748:2009RuGG...50..334K
704:2009DokES.428.1076K
668:2010CaJES..47..695E
358:across the Arctic.
250:West African Craton
35:
1561:
1356:
1273:
1145:
815:Journal of Geology
375:Chukotka Peninsula
188:Hyperborean craton
45:Arctica, 2400 Ma (
1847:
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1609:Kerguelen Plateau
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867:Gondwana Research
411:Chukchi Peninsula
128:billion years ago
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1812:World portal
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1042:(1–3): 117–134.
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698:(1): 1076–1079.
686:
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619:
613:
612:, Fig. 2, p. 208
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441:Penokean orogeny
387:Mendeleev Ridges
232:and formed East
138:, including the
43:
36:
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1900:
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1770:Eastern Siberia
1760:Central America
1748:
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1730:Terra Australis
1697:
1681:
1675:
1671:Pangaea Proxima
1654:
1649:
1643:
1582:
1578:microcontinents
1567:
1543:
1538:
1484:East Antarctica
1432:
1427:
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1366:supercontinents
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500:, Fig. 4, p. 97
496:
492:
485:
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473:
464:
460:
455:
446:Timanide Orogen
431:
423:Lomonosov Ridge
419:Northern Canada
301:
238:East Antarctica
218:
202:Nikolay Shatsky
196:Greek mythology
140:Siberian Craton
109:
100:Superior Craton
85:Siberian craton
50:
31:
28:
21:
12:
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1765:Eastern Africa
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1036:Tectonophysics
1031:
1007:
982:(3): 206–212.
967:
938:
930:Shatsky, N. S.
926:
916:(8): 1121–1123
898:
873:(3): 357–368.
855:
835:10.1086/629803
810:
767:
742:(4): 334–345.
724:
687:
662:(5): 695–739.
646:
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614:
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537:, p. 1076
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285:Taltson-Thelon
217:
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180:North American
168:North Atlantic
111:
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95:Wyoming Craton
92:
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81:
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72:Paleocontinent
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1744:Subcontinents
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42:
37:
26:
19:
1803:
1742:
1728:
1692:hypothesised
1682:
1650:
1568:
1499:Kazakhstania
1474:Congo Craton
1438:
1428:
1364:Prehistoric
1363:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1285:Afro-Eurasia
1277:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1082:. Retrieved
1071:. Springer.
1068:
1039:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1018:
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943:
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918:. Retrieved
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679:. Retrieved
659:
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629:
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585:, p. 37
578:
566:
554:
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517:
512:, p. 97
505:
493:
482:
407:Brooks Ridge
360:
352:Arctic Ocean
329:
302:
290:
281:Trans-Hudson
266:
219:
206:Shatsky 1935
200:
192:hyperboreans
187:
176:Arctic Ocean
174:because the
119:
115:
114:
90:Slave Craton
1870:Proterozoic
1666:Novopangaea
1534:South China
1514:North China
920:28 February
785:: 114–129.
559:Rogers 1996
510:Rogers 1996
498:Rogers 1996
369:, northern
356:dyke swarms
172:Rogers 1996
142:, with its
1854:Categories
1802:See also:
1704:Hyperborea
1694:continents
1629:Seychelles
1614:Madagascar
1594:Doggerland
1489:Euramerica
1444:Asiamerica
1172:Antarctica
1125:Continents
561:, Abstract
453:References
363:Kara Shelf
210:subduction
154:, and the
132:Neoarchean
1775:Greenland
1639:Zealandia
1604:Jan Mayen
1589:Cathaysia
1509:Laurentia
1504:Laramidia
1494:Kalaharia
1449:Atlantica
1382:Kenorland
1202:Australia
996:152499653
851:128776432
720:128422376
415:Greenland
405:north of
379:Lomonosov
317:Laurentia
309:Amerasian
292:Laurentia
277:Kenorland
246:Atlantica
124:continent
1833:Category
1699:Atlantis
1684:Mythical
1619:Mauritia
1584:Beringia
1469:Cimmeria
1464:Chilenia
1454:Avalonia
1434:Amazonia
1417:Vaalbara
1402:Pannotia
1387:Laurasia
1377:Gondwana
1372:Columbia
1300:Americas
1084:19 March
1025:19 March
961:19 March
843:30068065
681:28 March
429:See also
395:Kara Sea
391:Svalbard
313:Eurasian
242:Canadian
234:Gondwana
184:Siberian
164:Superior
116:Arctica,
47:Siderian
1865:Archean
1719:Meropis
1714:Lemuria
1529:Siberia
1479:Cuyania
1459:Baltica
1439:Arctica
1407:Rodinia
1397:Pangaea
1330:Oceania
1315:Eurasia
1044:Bibcode
1001:5 March
892:8 March
875:Bibcode
823:Bibcode
804:5 March
787:Bibcode
761:5 March
744:Bibcode
700:Bibcode
664:Bibcode
643:Sources
397:Shelf,
344:Pangaea
340:Rodinia
325:Siberia
321:Baltica
262:Rodinia
254:Baltica
160:Wyoming
152:Siberia
136:cratons
130:in the
120:Arctida
63:2565 Ma
34:Arctica
1755:Arabia
1750:Alaska
1690:, and
1661:Aurica
1656:Amasia
1519:Pampia
1217:Europe
1157:Africa
1075:
994:
849:
841:
718:
403:Alaska
371:Alaska
336:Tonian
323:, and
275:named
166:, and
144:Anabar
60:Formed
25:Arctic
1634:Sunda
1624:Sahul
1574:lands
1524:Sahul
1129:Earth
1015:(PDF)
992:S2CID
948:(PDF)
906:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
847:S2CID
839:JSTOR
775:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
716:S2CID
521:E.g.
458:Notes
383:Alpha
156:Slave
1688:lost
1576:and
1392:Nena
1187:Asia
1086:2016
1073:ISBN
1027:2016
1003:2016
963:2016
922:2016
894:2016
806:2016
763:2016
683:2016
417:and
381:and
311:and
283:and
258:Nena
182:and
68:Type
1127:of
1052:doi
1040:187
984:doi
952:doi
883:doi
831:doi
819:104
795:doi
783:259
752:doi
708:doi
696:428
672:doi
194:in
150:in
118:or
1856::
1724:Mu
1686:,
1412:Ur
1050:.
1038:.
1017:.
990:.
980:85
978:.
974:.
914:85
912:.
908:.
881:.
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714:.
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660:47
658:.
654:.
590:^
465:^
425:.
409:,
373:,
365:,
327:.
319:,
305:Ma
264:.
230:Ga
226:Ur
198:.
162:,
158:,
1572:/
1117:e
1110:t
1103:v
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1054::
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954::
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885::
877::
871:6
853:.
833::
825::
808:.
797::
789::
765:.
754::
746::
722:.
710::
702::
685:.
674::
666::
385:-
204:(
146:/
49:)
27:.
20:.
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