525:
560:, located at a distance of 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi). According to the reading of Dupont-Sommer, Palmyra is separated by two hundred "bows" from Laghman. In the inscription, the word used to indicate bow is "QŠTN", and Dupont-Sommer asserted that it is an Aramaic word denoting a unit to measure a distance of 15 to 20 kilometres (9.3 to 12.4 mi), which could represent a day on the road for an archer. Other distances are then given, which makes it possible to interpret Laghman's inscription as a kind of information terminal on the main trade route with the West.
154:
40:
179:
1100:
648:
161:
634:
498:
620:
593:
rejected the readings of both Dupont-Sommer and de
Menasce; he contested the large value attributed to "bow", considering it a small unit. The historian also rejected the reading of Tdmr and Trmd as referring to a city; in the view of Mukherjee, the name, whether Tdmr or Trmd refers to the rock on
570:, c. 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), which would result in a number close to the actual 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi) distance between Laghman and Palmyra. The linguist Helmut Humbach criticized the reading of Dupont-Sommer and considered his claims regarding the distance to have no validation.
245:
The chance discovery by two
Belgian anthropologists of this inscription in 1969 is one of a set of similar inscriptions in Aramaic or Greek (or both together), written by Asoka. In 1915, Sir John Marshall had discovered the
237:, it seems that this inscription was addressed directly to the populations of this ancient empire still present in this area, or to border populations for whom Aramaic remained the language used in everyday life.
544:, who made a detailed analysis of the script observed in multiple rock inscriptions in the Laghman valley as well as in other Aramaic inscriptions of Ashoka, the inscription mentions the city of
524:
843:
A new
Aramaic inscription of Asoka found in the Laghman Valley (Afghanistan), André Dupont-Sommer Proceedings of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres Year 1970 114-1
1206:
153:
1019:
855:
History of
Discoveries and identifications from M. Boyce / F. Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule, 1991.
513:
The translation is slightly incomplete but brings some valuable indications. It first mentions the propagation of moral rules, which Ashoka will call "
988:
Essenism and
Buddhism, Dupont-Sommer, André, Proceedings of the sessions of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres Year 1980 124-4 pp.698-715
706:
MacDowall, David w.; Taddei, Maurizio (1978). "The Early
Historic Period: Achaemenids and Greeks". In Allchin, Frank Raymond; Hammond, Norman (eds.).
278:. The Aramaic parts translate the Indian parts transcribed in the Aramaic alphabet. A few years after this description was discovered, in 1973, the
715:
696:
1211:
521:, consisting of the abandonment of vanity and respect for the life of the people and animals (here, urging people to give up fishing).
1121:
251:
89:
886:
785:
169:
687:
Kaizer, Ted (2017). "Trajectories of
Hellenism at Tadmor-Palmyra and Dura-Europos". In Chrubasik, Boris; King, Daniel (eds.).
1139:
1012:
815:
672:
666:
598:
589:
also contested the reading of Dupont-Sommer and considered that the inscription refers to an estate called "Trmr". Historian
255:
566:
and Ruth
Altheim-Stiehl read three hundred instead of two hundred bows; they equated it with the Vedic unit of measurement
1216:
290:
The text of the
Aramaic Inscription of Laghman has been transliterated into the Latin alphabet and translated as follows:
247:
1165:
661:
267:
1221:
1005:
1051:
605:
279:
198:
541:
259:
222:
528:
The word "Tadmor" in the
Laghman inscription (top, right to left), compared to "Tadmor" in the Imperial
1079:
573:
Another issue is that in the Aramaic alphabet, the letters "r" and "d" share an identical character.
557:
234:
39:
1180:
1084:
1069:
989:
864:
844:
178:
1089:
1064:
882:
876:
811:
781:
775:
747:
730:
711:
692:
266:. In the same year 1963 and again in Kandahar, an inscription in "Indo-Aramaic" known as the
226:
218:
17:
976:
933:
905:
805:
1149:
1074:
1059:
1028:
597:
The Aramaic Inscription of Laghman is the oldest of the known Ashoka inscriptions, with the
518:
303:
202:
182:
138:
124:
61:
671:
Asoka - the Buddhist Emperor of India Chapter 4 by Vincent Arthur Smith: The Rock Edicts (
653:
590:
586:
574:
608:, almost identical, was discovered nearby in the Laghman Valley, and published in 1974.
1099:
625:
529:
275:
1200:
1170:
563:
533:
1116:
1038:
639:
1185:
689:
Hellenism and the Local Communities of the Eastern Mediterranean: 400 BCE-250 CE
206:
142:
128:
647:
615:
230:
751:
201:
discovered later, is an inscription on a slab of natural rock in the area of
104:
91:
1144:
1108:
1043:
734:
582:
479:
454:
421:
392:
367:
346:
334:
497:
556:), the destination of the great commercial road leading from India to the
1175:
263:
708:
The Archaeology of Afghanistan from Earliest Times to the Timurid Period
1131:
553:
506:
271:
210:
501:
The Laghman Valley was a compulsory stop on the main trade route from
578:
567:
545:
514:
214:
997:
436:. This is the KNPTY road, that is to say (the road) of the Garden:
523:
502:
496:
177:
744:
Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies
274:
language and the Aramaic language alternate, but using only the
1001:
258:, written in Greek and Aramaic was discovered, and in 1963 the
448:𐡂𐡍𐡕𐡀 𐡉𐡕𐡓𐡉 𐡝 𐡜 𐡕𐡓𐡕𐡀 𐡕𐡍𐡄 𐡝 𐡏𐡋𐡀 𐡜 𐡜 𐡜 𐡜
742:
Rosenthal, Franz (1978). "The Second Laghmân Inscription".
944:
942:
746:. 14: H.L. Ginsberg Volume. Israel Exploration Society.
461:
more than 120 ("bow"). At TRT', here: 100. Above: 80.
386:𐡌𐡍 𐡔𐡓𐡉𐡓𐡉𐡍 𐡃𐡅𐡃𐡉 𐡌𐡄 𐡏𐡁𐡃 𐡓𐡉𐡒 𐡒𐡔𐡕𐡍
160:
221:
of Ashoka. This inscription was published in 1970 by
777:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
432:
At 200 "bows", there is over there the place called
1158:
1130:
1107:
1050:
577:read the city's name "Trmd" and identified it with
217:about 260 BCE, and often categorized as one of the
134:
120:
83:
75:
67:
57:
49:
32:
225:. Since Aramaic was an official language of the
917:
601:, both dated to the year 10 of Ashoka's reign.
270:or Kandahar II was found, in which the Indian
173:Location of the Aramaic inscription of Laghman
1013:
552:in the Aramaic script in the inscription, ie
456:gntʾ ytry 100 20 trtʾ tnh 100 ʿlʾ 20 20 20 20
8:
349:expelled vanity from among prosperous men,
1020:
1006:
998:
415:𐡔𐡌𐡄 𐡆𐡍𐡄 𐡀𐡓𐡄𐡀 𐡊𐡍𐡐𐡕𐡉 𐡎𐡄𐡕𐡉
399:friends of those who fish fish-creatures.
29:
1207:Archaeological discoveries in Afghanistan
960:
948:
594:which the inscription was carved itself.
292:
233:tongue in 320 BCE with the conquests of
766:
972:
929:
901:
881:. Seoul Selection. 2016. p. 991.
729:(2 ed.). Kolkata: Indian Museum.
7:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
799:
797:
780:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 349.
725:Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (2000) .
1122:Hajji Dunya Gul Niazi Jamia Masjid
865:Script of the Laghman Valley Fig 3
727:Studies in Aramaic Edicts of Aśoka
252:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
25:
604:Another Aramaic inscription, the
345:In the year 10, behold, the king
229:, and reverted to being just its
1098:
646:
632:
618:
540:Then, according to semitologist
159:
152:
38:
374:friends of that which is vain,
361:𐡌𐡄 𐡌𐡑𐡃 𐡁𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡕 𐡊𐡅𐡓𐡉
294:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1140:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
667:Kandahar Bilingual Inscription
599:Kandahar Bilingual Inscription
394:mn šryryn dwdy mh ʿbd ryq qštn
256:Bilingual Kandahar Inscription
191:Aramaic inscription of Laghman
44:Aramaic inscription of Laghman
33:Aramaic inscription of Laghman
18:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1:
248:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
662:List of the Edicts of Ashoka
532:(middle), and in the modern
480:
455:
422:
393:
368:
335:
268:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1212:History of Laghman Province
918:MacDowall & Taddei 1978
691:. Oxford University Press.
1238:
878:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
807:Handbuch der Orientalistik
804:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
250:, followed in 1932 by the
197:to differentiate from the
27:Rock inscription by Ashoka
1096:
1035:
774:Nakamura, Hajime (1987).
486:Done with Wasu the judge
472:
447:
410:
385:
360:
324:𐡁𐡔𐡍𐡕 𐡛 𐡗 𐡇𐡆𐡉 𐡗
323:
37:
591:Bratindra Nath Mukherjee
328:𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡀 𐡗 𐡓𐡒 𐡃𐡇𐡀
606:Laghman II inscription
537:
510:
473:𐡏𐡌 𐡅𐡀𐡔𐡅 𐡃𐡉𐡍𐡀
427:šmh znh ʾrʾ knpty shty
280:Lahmann II inscription
260:Greek Edicts of Ashoka
213:by the Indian emperor
199:Laghman II inscription
186:
810:. BRILL. p. 39.
527:
500:
254:. In 1958 the famous
195:Laghman I inscription
181:
1217:Aramaic inscriptions
411:𐡙 𐡝 𐡆𐡍𐡄 𐡕𐡌𐡄
312:English translation
241:Epigraphical context
170:class=notpageimage|
558:Mediterranean basin
542:André Dupont-Sommer
295:
235:Alexander the Great
223:André Dupont-Sommer
105:34.5846°N 70.1834°E
101: /
1181:Laghman University
710:. Academic Press.
538:
511:
293:
193:, also called the
187:
1194:
1193:
717:978-0-120-50440-4
698:978-0-192-52819-3
490:
489:
369:mh mṣd brywt kwry
227:Achaemenid Empire
219:Minor Rock Edicts
148:
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16:(Redirected from
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1222:Edicts of Ashoka
1150:Laghman massacre
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1029:Laghman Province
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519:Edicts of Ashoka
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336:bšnt 10 ∣ ḥzy ∣
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309:Transliteration
304:Aramaic alphabet
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139:Laghman Province
135:Present location
125:Laghman Province
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110:34.5846; 70.1834
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654:Religion portal
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587:Franz Rosenthal
575:Jean de Menasce
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493:Interpretations
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286:The inscription
243:
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79:3rd Century BCE
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993:
981:
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961:Rosenthal 1978
953:
949:Mukherjee 2000
938:
922:
920:, p. 192.
910:
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530:Aramaic script
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53:Natural stone.
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1171:Alingar River
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978:
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963:, p. 99.
962:
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951:, p. 11.
950:
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534:Hebrew script
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340:mlkʾ ∣ rq dḥʾ
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71:circa 260 BCE
70:
66:
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60:
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41:
36:
31:
19:
1117:Qala-e-Seraj
1037:
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673:this version
640:India portal
603:
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539:
512:
481:ʿm Wʾšw dynʾ
466:
441:
433:
424:
423:200 znh rmh
412:
404:
379:
354:
337:
326:𐡐𐡓𐡉𐡃𐡓𐡔
325:
317:
289:
244:
194:
190:
188:
1186:Lalkhanabad
1080:Dawlat Shah
973:Kaizer 2017
930:Kaizer 2017
902:Kaizer 2017
262:, again in
207:Afghanistan
143:Afghanistan
129:Afghanistan
108: /
1201:Categories
975:, p.
932:, p.
904:, p.
845:pp.158-173
817:9004135952
761:References
302:Original (
282:followed.
231:vernacular
96:70°11′00″E
93:34°35′05″N
84:Discovered
1166:Governors
1145:Char Bagh
1109:Landmarks
1085:Mihtarlam
1070:Baad Pakh
1052:Districts
1044:Mihtarlam
752:0071-108X
536:(bottom).
517:" in his
347:Priyadasi
1176:Alishang
1090:Qarghayi
1065:Alishing
735:62327000
612:See also
413:𐡕𐡃𐡌𐡓
264:Kandahar
50:Material
1132:History
1075:Badpash
1060:Alingar
1039:Capital
680:Sources
581:on the
554:Palmyra
507:Palmyra
475:
450:
417:
388:
363:
330:
272:Prakrit
211:Aramaic
203:Laghmân
185:valley.
183:Laghman
68:Created
62:Aramaic
58:Writing
906:33, 34
885:
814:
784:
750:
733:
714:
695:
579:Termez
568:yojana
546:Tadmor
515:Dharma
434:Tadmor
338:Prydrš
215:Ashoka
1159:Other
990:p.707
977:33,34
503:India
299:Line
121:Place
883:ISBN
812:ISBN
782:ISBN
748:ISSN
731:OCLC
712:ISBN
693:ISBN
583:Oxus
550:Tdmr
425:Tdmr
189:The
505:to
1203::
1042::
941:^
934:34
826:^
796:^
306:)
205:,
141:,
127:,
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
979:.
936:.
908:.
891:.
820:.
790:.
754:.
737:.
720:.
701:.
675:)
548:(
509:.
467:6
442:5
405:4
380:3
355:2
318:1
20:)
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