410:, there are typically seven or fewer of these glands. The silk proteins created by the glands include flagelliform spidroins, called Flag; tubuliform spidroins, called TuSp; aciniform spidroins, called AcSp; aggregate spidroins, called AgSp; pyriform spidroins, called PySp; and major and minor ampullate spidroins, respectively called MaSp and MiSp. Of these proteins, AcSp and TuSp help to create egg coverings, while the other five are involved in the spider silk's structure. However, thanks to recent analysis of the
33:
46:
204:
259:
491:. These supraesophageal ganglia eventually lead to the spider's four pairs of eyes through the optic nerve. The leading portion of the nerve cord then consists of the subesophageal ganglia, including the ventral subesophageal mass. The subesophageal ganglia, unlike the supraesophageal ganglia, are responsible for the nerves tied to the spider's appendages and pedipalps. Furthermore, the
432:
Aciniform silk, on the other hand, is involved in prey-wrapping behaviors along with creating egg coverings. With these two uses, this form of spider silk is much stronger and more flexible than most other silk types, making it a valuable research subject. For instance, similarly to the TuSp1 gene, a
389:
for genes coding for this silk in the species have been studied to examine the potential for artificial production. In the study by Lee et al., clones of the genes for this silk were produced and injected into insect cells to determine if future cells would also contain these genetic motifs. Since
360:
The spider primarily resides in garden, fields, and forest ecosystems. When considering the spider's global distribution, it is commonly found in East Asia. Specific countries in which it is primarily spotted include China, North and South Korea, and Japan.
458:
have three types of eye cells - blue, ultraviolet, and green. In noct-diurnal spiders, meaning those active during both the day and night, the blue eye cells have been found to be most responsive to circadian systems. In the nocturnal
313:
venom was even able to find evidence of glutamic acid methylation, which had not been found in animal venom before, while a local venom protein database (LVPD) recognized 130 protein chains related to toxins.
390:
the later generations of this strain of cells were able to maintain the AvFlag tag, it was discovered that the species could potentially be used to produce large quantities of this dragline spider silk.
247:
is able to produce flagelliform silk, and its TuSp1 (tubuliform spidroin) and AcSp1 (aciniform spidroin) genes have been sequenced. The spider also has unique eyes that are affected by their
417:
Tubuliform silk, which may also be called cylindriform silk, is used to develop egg coverings, so it is only produced by glands in female spiders. One specific tubuliform spidroin gene in
463:, it has then been found that their anterior median eyes are able to change sensitivity in accordance with their circadian rhythm, meaning that the spider likely has an efferent
381:
types. However, this highly valuable silk type is very difficult to create through artificial means. Since spider silk has a variety of potential uses, including in fabrics and
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1325:
223:
found primarily in China, Japan, and Korea that has been involved in numerous research studies and is easily identified by its nocturnal web-building behavior.
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1312:
800:
Yamashita, Shigeki; Nakamura, Takiko (25 August 1999). "Circadian
Oscillation of Sensitivity of Spider Eyes: Diurnal and Nocturnal Spiders".
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1140:
835:
293:, primarily insects as an adult, and is not dangerous to humans, but has been reported to bite pets and other animals. The venom of
877:"A combined de novo protein sequencing and cDNA library approach to the venomic analysis of Chinese spider Araneus ventricosus"
1066:"Long-read transcriptomic analysis of orb-weaving spider Araneus ventricosus indicates transcriptional diversity of spidroins"
1317:
1113:"Microstructural Organization of the Central Nervous System in the Orb-Web Spider Araneus ventricosus (Araneae: Araneidae)"
520:
1234:
377:
is able to produce flagelliform silk, also known as dragline silk, which has been found to be the most elastic of all
282:
is known to build a web throughout the night before destroying it in the morning. The spider is also known to perform
999:"High-Toughness Silk Produced by a Transgenic Silkworm Expressing Spider (Araneus ventricosus) Dragline Silk Protein"
1330:
177:
952:"Molecular cloning and expression of the C-terminus of spider flagelliform silk protein from Araneus ventricosus"
422:
322:
This species has several unique classifications taxonomically. Excluding the information provided in the chart,
45:
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is commonly brown, black, or gray. It is also identifiable by its characteristic web-building behavior, as the
1202:
495:
subesophageal mass and brain both lack soma, or cell bodies, in the neurons of their central fibrous masses.
997:
Kuwana, Yoshihiko; Sezutsu, Hideki; Nakajima, Ken-ichi; Tamada, Yasushi; Kojima, Katsura (27 August 2014).
642:
Liu, Kai; Wang, Meichi; Herzig, Volker; Liu, Zhen; Hu, Weijun; Zhou, Guihua; Duan, Zhigui (21 April 2016).
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513:"Photo 52324044, (c) Kim, Hyun-tae, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Kim, Hyun-tae · iNaturalist"
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252:
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Lee, Kwang Sik; Kim, Bo Yeon; Je, Yeon Ho; Woo, Soo Dong; Sohn, Hung Dae; Jin, Byung Rae (1 June 2007).
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752:"Molecular cloning and analysis of the full-length aciniform spidroin gene from Araneus ventricosus"
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contains fused supraesophageal ganglia, which are then composed of substantially-sized clusters of
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344:
334:, which is a group branching from Entelygynae. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of
186:
40:
1304:
1338:
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1093:
1085:
1064:
Zhou, Shi-Yi; Dong, Qing-Lin; Zhu, Ke-Sen; Gao, Lei; Chen, Xin; Xiang, Hui (31 January 2021).
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467:. Additionally, their eyes are unable to find differences in color and have only one type of
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Wen, Rui; Wang, Kangkang; Liu, Xiangqin; Li, Xue; Mi, Junpeng; Meng, Qing (1 October 2018).
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663:
644:"Venom from the spider Araneus ventricosus is lethal to insects but inactive in vertebrates"
560:
549:"Complete mitogenomes of two orb-weaver spiders, Argiope bruennichi and Araneus ventricosus"
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1014:
659:
1041:
998:
547:
Kim, Jung A.; Jeon, Hye Sook; Kang, Tae Hwa; Yoo, Jung Sun; Jun, Jumin (2 April 2020).
414:
genome, it has been discovered that there may be more than these seven spidroin types.
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338:
was established and published in 2020, from which it was determined that the spider's
1383:
850:
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117:
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702:"Characterization of full-length tubuliform spidroin gene from Araneus ventricosus"
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residues with 9 collective repeats can be coded for by the gene's main component.
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has been researched extensively and has several unique properties. For instance,
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has different effects on spider bite victims depending on the bitten animal's
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long distance PCR was performed on the gene for the aciniform spidroins in
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Duan, Zhigui; Cao, Rui; Jiang, Liping; Liang, Songping (January 2013).
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and imply the existence of an efferent optic nerve within the species'
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that make up all types of spider silk are produced by
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Wen, Rui; Liu, Xiangqin; Meng, Qing (December 2017).
441:
with 3445 amino acids and contains 10338 base pairs.
437:, AcSp1. This procedure found that AcSp1 produces a
266:
1171:
301:. While the venom has been found to be inactive in
1070:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
756:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
706:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
808:(Pt 18). The Company of Biologists: 2539–2542.
425:. Through this study, it was found that 1921
8:
615:"Araneus ventricosus (Araneus ventricosus)"
305:, it is easily capable of killing insects.
1159:
348:. This was able to then solidify that the
31:
20:
1040:
1022:
564:
202:
1111:Park, Yong-Ki; Moon, Myung-Jin (2013).
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423:long distance polymerase chain reaction
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330:subgroup of Araneomorphae, as well as
231:prey, but its venom is ineffective in
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592:"Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch, 1878)"
289:The spider feeds on other animals in
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342:arrangement was almost the same as
1143:from the original on 23 April 2024
523:from the original on 25 April 2024
421:, TuSp1, has been studied using a
14:
1367:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:015279
849:Ko, Jerome (16 September 2023).
44:
802:Journal of Experimental Biology
406:. In orb-weaving spiders, like
210:walking on plant in South Korea
1082:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.182
768:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.090
718:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.086
1:
834:: CS1 maint: date and year (
668:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.010
566:10.1080/23802359.2020.1741463
1024:10.1371/journal.pone.0105325
370:Flagelliform silk production
893:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.10.011
365:Spider silk characteristics
227:venom is effective against
1416:
1395:Spiders described in 1878
968:10.1007/s12038-007-0070-8
450:Eye cells and sensitivity
192:
185:
166:
159:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
553:Mitochondrial DNA Part B
356:Distribution and habitat
326:is also included in the
1129:10.9729/AM.2013.43.2.65
814:10.1242/jeb.202.18.2539
383:biomedical technologies
352:class is monophyletic.
286:as a courtship ritual.
956:Journal of Biosciences
481:central nervous system
475:Central nervous system
267:
253:central nervous system
211:
881:Journal of Proteomics
851:"Araneus ventricosus"
261:
206:
456:anterior median eyes
225:Araneus ventricosus'
1217:Araneus_ventricosus
1203:Araneus ventricosus
1173:Araneus ventricosus
1015:2014PLoSO...9j5325K
660:2016Txcn..115...63L
493:Araneus ventricosus
485:Araneus ventricosus
461:Araneus ventricosus
435:Araneus ventricosus
419:Araneus ventricosus
412:Araneus ventricosus
408:Araneus ventricosus
375:Araneus ventricosus
336:Araneus ventricosus
324:Araneus ventricosus
311:Araneus ventricosus
295:Araneus ventricosus
276:Araneus ventricosus
271:General description
264:Araneus ventricosus
245:Araneus ventricosus
216:Araneus ventricosus
208:Araneus ventricosus
170:Araneus ventricosus
152:A. ventricosus
25:Araneus ventricosus
1117:Applied Microscopy
345:Argiope bruennichi
309:sequencing of the
268:
212:
1377:
1376:
1339:Open Tree of Life
1165:Taxon identifiers
712:(Pt 1): 702–710.
221:orb-weaver spider
201:
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195:Epeira ventricosa
16:Species of spider
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1009:(8): e105325.
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962:(4): 705–712.
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619:Picture Insect
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762:: 1352–1360.
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469:photoreceptor
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454:Orb-weavers'
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161:Binomial name
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1123:(2): 65–74.
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830:cite journal
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622:. Retrieved
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596:www.gbif.org
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525:. Retrieved
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229:invertebrate
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138:
114:Infraorder:
24:
18:
1287:iNaturalist
1197:Wikispecies
1076:: 395–402.
887:: 416–427.
855:iNaturalist
517:iNaturalist
465:optic nerve
379:spider silk
332:Orbicularae
328:Entelygynae
303:vertebrates
233:vertebrates
88:Chelicerata
84:Subphylum:
1384:Categories
499:References
445:Morphology
427:amino acid
291:Arthropoda
78:Arthropoda
1137:2287-5123
1090:0141-8130
1033:1932-6203
976:0973-7138
923:"UniProt"
901:1874-3919
776:0141-8130
726:0141-8130
676:0041-0101
654:: 63–69.
575:2380-2359
400:spidroins
394:Spidroins
350:Arachnida
146:Species:
128:Araneidae
98:Arachnida
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1305:10025451
1224:BioLib:
1188:Q1309665
1182:Wikidata
1147:12 April
1141:Archived
1098:33275979
1051:25162624
1003:PLOS ONE
984:17762143
909:23088928
860:12 April
822:10460741
784:29269010
734:28735001
684:26995209
527:14 April
521:Archived
318:Taxonomy
299:taxonomy
280:arachnid
237:arachnid
187:Synonyms
124:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1390:Araneus
1354:2054413
1279:2159950
1266:1194610
1227:1032291
1042:4146547
1011:Bibcode
932:2 April
656:Bibcode
648:Toxicon
624:1 April
489:neurons
439:protein
307:De novo
235:. This
180:, 1878)
178:L. Koch
139:Araneus
134:Genus:
108:Araneae
104:Order:
94:Class:
1351:uBio:
1344:244799
1331:182803
1318:851816
1292:332301
1240:683302
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