783:, now led by Ali Eid's son Rifaat, being between 1,000 and 2,000 men strong. During the 2008 conflict, where Sunnis and Shias fought throughout Lebanon, Rifaat said in an interview: "We're the most convenient targets, the stand-in for Hezbollah, our problem can only be solved when the Shiites and Sunnis solve theirs." As many as 9,000 Alawites fled their homes during the conflict. Despite years of operating freely a militia throughout Tripoli, the Lebanese Army later severely cracked down on the ADP's military wing starting in April 2014. This forced most militants to surrender to the
1457:
36:
375:
876:"Sporadic fighting in Tripoli between the Alawite ADP forces and anti-Syrian Sunni Moslem groups has continued throughout the 1980s. Open conflict between the ADP and anti-Syrian Sunni groups broke out in the streets of Tripoli in 1981–82, largely in response to the conflict in Syria between the Sunni majority and the Alawites who constitute the ruling elite."
291:
815:
And on April 10, 2014, the
Lebanese Military Investigative Judge Riyad Abu Ghayda issued an arrest warrant in absentia for the pro-Assad figure Rifaat Eid and 11 of his associates over their alleged involvement in clashes on the northern city of Tripoli. Abu Ghayda's warrants are based on articles in
1062:
1100:"President Bashar Assad's exiled uncle, Rifaat Assad, is reactivating his "Red Knights" dissident organization in Alawite-populated regions surrounding the northern port city of Tripoli after the downfall of Syria's 29-year control of Lebanon, An Nahar reported on Sunday."
760:. Prior to this, no Alawite had been elected to the Lebanese parliament. The Party seems to have revised its traditional pro-Syrian stance in the 1990s, in favour of a moderate, cautious neutralist posture in the current sphere of Lebanon's internal politics.
1066:
149:
652:
the ARK initially aligned just 500 militiamen, but subsequently grew to 1,000 well-armed male and female fighters, organized into infantry, signals, medical and
Military Police 'branches', plus a motorized corps made of
724:' militia, the Red Knights also controlled the city's commercial harbour and oil refinery – the second largest deep-waters port of Lebanon – in collusion with the director of Tripoli's harbour
488:
However, internal disagreements soon led to the dissolution of the alliance at the early 1980s, when Eid and some of its ex-coalition partners went to form in 1982 the ADP, choosing the
1904:
1445:
1179:
1102:
865:
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560:
864:"Rifaat founded the Red Knights in northern Lebanon in the early 1970s and they were eventually instrumental in helping Yasser Arafat to slip by sea to Tripoli in 1983..."
53:
1899:
1204:
1013:
September 30, 2007. "the pro-Syrian Arab
Democratic Party, whose militiamen are sometimes called the Pink Panthers because of their raspberry-colored fatigues".
1622:
1524:
830:
1874:
1869:
1087:
556:
509:
704:, a sub-urban strategic high ground area overlooking the whole city of Tripoli though they also claimed to control some of the Alawite villages of the
1859:
835:
514:
A pro-Syrian force which received support from the Syrian government, the ADP and its Red
Knights' battled several Tripoli-based factions hostile to
1438:
1423:
1889:
1844:
1403:
1894:
575:
1294:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1225:
1050:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1909:
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1010:
1000:
796:
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100:
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306:
72:
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1314:
1106:
79:
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958:
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1402:, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –
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437:'s vice-president at the time and himself a member of that sect. During the early war years, the AYM kept itself outside the
1849:
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57:
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740:) and Haj Muhammad Awadah, run in the behalf of the ADP and LCP a profitable fuel smuggling ring that stretched to the
1793:
1556:
890:
438:
1884:
1506:
682:
637:
1740:
784:
717:
700:. The ADP/ARK operated mainly in northern Lebanon, with its main stronghold in the adjacent Alawite-populated
564:
1805:
1711:
1604:
1500:
877:
461:), a pro-Syrian multiconfessional coalition of Lebanese notables and activists founded in Tripoli by the MP
46:
93:
1764:
806:
787:(ISF) and led the group's leaders/commanders to flee in order to avoid the possibility of life in prison.
620:
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489:
340:
1725:
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780:
772:
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311:
1752:
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474:
1823:
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645:
430:
301:
1770:
1758:
1734:
825:
733:
686:
239:
234:
1103:"Naharnet Newsdesk - Rifaat Assad Resurrects Tripoli's 'Red Knights' to Stage Comeback to Syria"
1776:
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in 1985. In the process, the AYM was absorbed into the new party and became its youth branch.
411:
359:
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207:
17:
1321:
Technicals: Non-Standard
Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
1131:
1037:
Technicals: Non-Standard
Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
1646:
1595:
1479:
971:
950:
805:, spillover from that conflict has led to further tensions between the ADP and neighbouring
802:
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1005:
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The ADP traced back its origins to an earlier leftist students' organization called the
910:
776:
752:
After the end of the civil strife in
October 1990, the ADP was disarmed and its leader
705:
587:
1838:
1610:
1488:
1360:
840:
737:
721:
694:
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591:
227:
1205:"Army crackdown pacifies Tripoli as militia leaders flee | News , Lebanon News"
1693:
741:
725:
701:
583:
164:
944:
1411:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997.
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729:
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595:
552:
35:
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363:
169:
1634:
1616:
1494:
654:
1296:, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in
887:
418:, a former teacher. As its name implies, the AYM drew its support from the
148:
374:
732:
officers. The
National Fuel Company (NFC) headed jointly by businessmen
515:
422:
223:
779:
had planned to attack the
Alawites of Tripoli. It was active during the
582:(LNSF) in July 1983 against the American-backed government of President
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753:
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571:
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351:
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The ADP raised in July 1981 with Syrian support its own militia, the
454:
391:
1226:"Arab Democratic Party Official Shot Dead in Tripoli amid Flare up"
1180:"Al-Qa'ida sends its warriors from Iraq to wage 'jihad' in Lebanon"
434:
373:
1154:"Tripoli Turmoil Increases Risk of a Sunni-Shiite War in Lebanon"
756:
was elected in 1991 to the newly established
Alawite seat in the
1427:
1323:, New Vanguard series 257, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018.
442:
29:
590:
and supported the parliament-based provisional government of
551:) since 1981–82, which they suppressed with the help of the
812:
On 29 March 2014, Rifaat and Ali Eid Left Lebanon to Syria.
816:
the Penal Code that could lead to the death penalty.
1409:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
625:
578:
and later its successor, the wider Syrian-sponsored
574:) guerrilla alliance in September 1982 to fight the
544:
496:
as their first secretary-general, later replaced by
345:
1786:
1724:
1671:
1594:
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1534:
1478:
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1371:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
485:being elected vice-president of the new formation.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1009:. (September 3, 1984). p. 21 (box). Archived from
673:(civilian versions of the Willys M38A1 MD jeep),
445:alliance, but in 1977–78 the movement joined the
1256:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990
775:, after it was revealed that the Islamist group
1905:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
888:"Hashem Minqara: Free at Last" (September 2000)
1439:
8:
1026:(2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
831:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
1623:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
1525:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
1307:A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition
1591:
1475:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1349:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
644:due to their green- and raspberry-colored
131:
836:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
429:, even receiving the personal backing of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1386:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
1351:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
949:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 1988. p.
767:was reviving the Red Knights militia in
708:right up to the Lebanese-Syrian border.
857:
1152:Williams, Daniel (29 September 2008).
1086:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1079:
576:Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon
1900:Political parties established in 1974
976:arab democratic party arafat tripoli.
797:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
510:Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict
7:
1130:. mideastmonitor.org. Archived from
909:. mideastmonitor.org. Archived from
69:"Arab Democratic Party" Lebanon
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1335:Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks
1282:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
615:
602:Military structure and organization
534:
335:
1875:Lebanese National Resistance Front
1870:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1398:Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka,
716:By the mid-1980s, allied with the
712:Illegal activities and controversy
570:The ADP/ARK also joined the LNRF (
504:The ADP in the civil war 1982–1990
25:
1400:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
1024:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
636:for short. Trained by Rifa'at's
586:. In 1988–1990 they accepted the
580:Lebanese National Salvation Front
400:Mouvement de la Jeunesse Alaouite
1860:Arab nationalist militant groups
1455:
1337:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008.
736:(brother of late prime-minister
598:'s military interim government.
459:Jabhat al-Muearadat al-Wataniyya
289:
147:
34:
1519:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1369:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
946:Middle East Contemporary Survey
675:Santana 88 Ligero Militar jeeps
640:, they were also known as the '
557:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
410:, originally formed in 1972 at
45:needs additional citations for
1890:Nationalist parties in Lebanon
1845:1974 establishments in Lebanon
1800:Popular Nasserist Organization
1653:Popular Nasserist Organization
1178:Robert Fisk (15 August 2008).
846:2nd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)
347:Al-Hizb Al-'Arabi Al-Dimuqrati
18:Arab Democratic Party, Lebanon
1:
1895:Pan-Arabist political parties
1388:, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003.
1280:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92
763:In 2005 it was rumoured that
396:Harakat al-Shabab al-Alawiyya
1910:Socialist parties in Lebanon
1462:Political parties in Lebanon
1309:, Pluto Press, London 2012.
685:light pickups equipped with
628:Al-Fursan al-Hammur al-Arabi
527:Islamic Unification Movement
1855:Arab nationalism in Lebanon
1794:Progressive Socialist Party
1557:Progressive Socialist Party
661:'. The latter consisted of
626:
545:
346:
191:; 50 years ago
1926:
794:
646:lizard camouflage uniforms
507:
457:: جبهة المعارضة الوطنية |
447:Patriotic Opposition Front
354:political party, based in
1880:Left-wing militant groups
1819:
1507:Lebanese Democratic Party
683:Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
360:North Lebanon Governorate
297:
288:
146:
1741:Lebanese Communist Party
785:Internal Security Forces
771:. It rearmed during the
718:Lebanese Communist Party
679:Land-Rover series II-III
665:light utility vehicles,
565:Lebanese Communist Party
362:. Its current leader is
139:
27:Lebanese political party
1806:National Dialogue Party
1605:Free Patriotic Movement
1501:Free Patriotic Movement
394:: حركة الشباب العلوي |
336:الحزب العربي الديمقراطي
235:Political position
140:الحزب العربي الديمقراطي
1706:National Liberal Party
1258:, Fayard, Paris 2005.
893:April 8, 2008, at the
608:Arab Red Knights – ARK
384:Alawite Youth Movement
379:
1850:Alawite organizations
1726:17 October Revolution
1700:Independence Movement
795:Further information:
781:2008 Lebanon conflict
773:2007 Lebanon conflict
508:Further information:
377:
324:Arab Democratic Party
257:Parliament of Lebanon
137:Arab Democratic Party
1128:"mideastmonitor.org"
1022:Makdisi and Sadaka,
989:Civil War in Lebanon
932:Civil War in Lebanon
907:"mideastmonitor.org"
616:الفرسان الحمر العربي
522:, in particular the
246:National affiliation
54:improve this article
1824:Politics of Lebanon
1407:William W. Harris,
1333:Moustafa El-Assad,
758:Lebanese Parliament
465:(elected in 1972),
302:Politics of Lebanon
1305:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
1292:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
1052:(2007), parte III.
826:Lebanese Civil War
748:The post-war years
687:heavy machine-guns
567:(LCP) in 1985–86.
380:
271:Cabinet of Lebanon
1865:Ba'athist parties
1832:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1673:March 14 Alliance
1586:National Assembly
1580:
1579:
1536:March 14 Alliance
1264:978-2-213-61521-9
691:recoilless rifles
638:Defense Companies
624:
563:factions and the
555:, the pro-Syrian
543:
425:minority sect of
344:
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307:Political parties
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16:(Redirected from
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1885:March 8 Alliance
1647:Dignity Movement
1596:March 8 Alliance
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1276:Edgar O'Ballance
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1207:. The Daily Star
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1065:. Archived from
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1001:"False Security"
998:
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791:Syrian Civil War
765:Rifa'at al-Assad
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494:Nassib Al-Khatib
479:Nassib Al-Khatib
471:Rashid Al-Muadim
463:Talal El-Merhebi
431:Rifa'at al-Assad
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1688:Future Movement
1682:Lebanese Forces
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1664:Independent (5)
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642:Pink Panthers'
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518:' presence in
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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31:
19:
1771:Osos Lebanon
1694:Kataeb Party
1641:Ba'ath Party
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1347:Rex Brynen,
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1248:Bibliography
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
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1209:. Retrieved
1199:
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1183:
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1157:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1122:
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1107:the original
1096:
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1067:the original
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987:O'Ballance,
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926:
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911:the original
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742:Beqaa Valley
728:and corrupt
726:Ahmad Karami
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702:Jabal Mohsen
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584:Amin Gemayel
569:
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204:Headquarters
156:Abbreviation
116:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1787:Others (10)
1759:Khatt Ahmar
1659:Union Party
1365:Robert Fisk
1048:Traboulsi,
801:During the
734:Maan Karami
730:Syrian Army
698:autocannons
634:Red Knights
596:Michel Aoun
559:(SSNP) and
553:Syrian Army
110:August 2012
1839:Categories
1567:Others (5)
1235:8 February
1211:2016-06-10
1189:13 October
1163:13 October
1138:2016-06-10
1113:2007-09-27
1073:2013-09-22
966:13 October
917:2016-06-10
852:References
659:technicals
655:gun trucks
364:Rifaat Eid
284:Party flag
170:Rifaat Eid
80:newspapers
1777:ReLebanon
1635:Al-Ahbash
1617:Hezbollah
1495:Hezbollah
1470:Ministers
1158:Bloomberg
1035:Neville,
671:Jeep CJ-8
667:Jeep CJ-5
621:romanized
547:al-Tawhid
540:romanized
358:, in the
341:romanized
312:Elections
240:Left-wing
1735:Taqaddom
1230:Naharnet
1082:cite web
891:Archived
866:Naharnet
820:See also
516:Damascus
352:Lebanese
224:Baathism
215:Ideology
769:Tripoli
754:Ali Eid
663:UAZ-469
650:Ali Eid
623::
572:Jammoul
542::
535:التوحيد
529:– IUM (
520:Lebanon
498:Ali Eid
492:lawyer
483:Ali Eid
481:, with
427:Lebanon
423:Alawite
416:Ali Eid
412:Tripoli
370:Origins
356:Tripoli
350:) is a
343::
263:0 / 128
208:Tripoli
194: (
186:Founded
180:Ali Eid
176:Founder
94:scholar
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531:Arabic
477:, and
455:Arabic
408:French
392:Arabic
332:Arabic
277:0 / 30
165:Leader
96:
89:
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67:
1588:(128)
807:Sunni
657:and '
632:) or
524:Sunni
435:Syria
406:) in
398:) or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1765:Lana
1728:(13)
1684:(19)
1675:(38)
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1598:(60)
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1472:(24)
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1284:ISBN
1270:) –
1266:(in
1260:ISBN
1237:2015
1191:2012
1165:2012
1088:link
1006:Time
968:2012
955:ISBN
693:and
681:and
669:and
420:Shia
322:The
196:1974
189:1974
73:news
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414:by
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390:) (
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330:) (
328:ADP
159:ADP
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