422:
555:-Young commission, expressed sympathy with Arab Orthodox demands. It noted that a large part of the Arab Orthodox hostility was due to scandals by the Greek monks involving money and women. However, despite supporting greater Arab participation in the patriarchate's affairs, it stopped short of demanding its Arabization. Significantly, the report's proposed reforms were delayed until a new patriarch was to be elected, which hindered the movement. The British were keen on avoiding the empowerment of Palestinian Orthodox Christians, as they were, along with their Palestinian Muslim counterparts, hostile to Zionism and the British mandate. The report stated: "It is impossible not to view with feelings of sympathy the position in which these members of the Church find themselves." The British report continued:
616:, and succeeded in getting a supportive ruling, which criticized the mandate authorities for its treatment of the laity, the ignoring of the 1926 British commission's recommendations, and accused the high commissioner of misconceiving his powers by allowing the patriarch's election to proceed. The Falastin newspaper celebrated the ruling, and the Executive Orthodox Committee met with the high commissioner to present its stances. Wachoupe was irritated by the court's ruling, but in 1934, issued as statement saying that no patriarch election would be confirmed without heeding to the demands of the laity, and approved a draft bill of a new law to replace the 1875 Ottoman Fundamental Law concerning Patriarchate. The bill was criticized by the laity. Palestinian journalist
450:, which was followed by violent riots by the Arab laity. Damianos was then deposed by the Greek-dominated brotherhood for appearing too accommodative towards Arab laity demands, but was later reinstated. In 1910, in an attempt to settle the problem, the Ottoman government set up a mixed council, consisting of six Arab and six Greek representatives; the patriarchate would also have to provide a third of its revenues towards financing schools, hospitals and charities. However, the Ottomans stopped short of allowing the Arab laity greater say in the election of their patriarch. These minor concessions were never implemented, and the Mixed Council, which the patriarch deemed having an advisory role, was soon after dissolved in 1913.
570:
540:
Transjordan, demanded
Arabization and denounced the Greek hegemony, who were "foreign of language and country... and have four centuries ago usurped the spiritual authority from the Arab Orthodox." The conference demanded renaming the church to the Jerusalem Orthodox Patriarchate; allowing Arab members into brotherhood and hierarchy; enabling Arab administrative participation in financial affairs; Arab control of church institutions; formation of a Mixed Council of an Arab majority with widespread authorities; and insistence on Arabic as liturgical language. The conference also castigated the patriarchate for its land sales to Zionists individuals and companies.
659:
925:
appeared in 1911, Falastin featured a column dedicated to
Orthodox affairs. And after being republished in 1921, Falastin's editorials featured three main messages: Arab Orthodox dedication to their church; Greek clerical greed, immorality and foreignness; and inadequate British response to the issue. By the 1920s, the newspaper's editor Issa El-Issa began to view the Arab Orthodox movement, the Arab opposition to Zionist colonization of Palestine, and Arab opposition to the British Mandate authorities, as intertwined struggles in the national liberation movement against European imperial domination of Palestine.
27:
954:, which was constructed in 1930s hosting 50 students. In 1932, the Association decided to build a church in Amman, funded by philanthropists from the laity across Transjordan and Palestine. The construction work only started in 1947, mainly thanks to a donation from Jerusalem's Orthodox Monastery. The association also acquired two more lands, for cultural and social activities. It helped shape intellectual life in Transjordan and organized Arab nationalist debates against Zionism and later communism.
994:, places within its jurisdiction, and some even outside of it, including in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, the United States, and Eastern Europe. These properties included hundreds of buildings, churches, and educational and welfare organizations. They are exclusively controlled by the Greek patriarch, including those registered in his name, in the patriarchate's name, and in the congregation's name. Thus, the patriarchate has come to be described as resembling a "small absolute kingdom".
262:
690:, with the former viewing incorporation of Palestinian Arab nationalism into the movement was counterproductive, while the latter emphasized that communal political identifications were counterproductive to the integration of Christians into Palestinian political life. While the Arab Orthodox Movement leaders, Yacoub Farraj, Issa El-Issa and Issa Bandak, continued to view the communal and national identities as intertwined.
462:, who drew a temporary reconciliation between the Arab laity and the patriarchate. Tensions arose again when the brotherhood attempted to solve the church's financial problems by taking a loan from Greece, subjecting the church to Greek government influence, and affirming the Hellenic identity of the church. These demands were opposed by Damianos and the British authorities. The
938:
1019:, believed that the Arabization of the Orthodox Church of Antioch was a critical landmark and historical turning point for the triumph of Arabism in Syria. Within the various currents of Arab cultural movements in Greater Syria, Orthodox Christian intellectuals often maintained stronger affinities with their Muslim compatriots than did their Catholic and Protestant compatriots.
729:(catastrophe), the Arab Orthodox community focused its efforts on refugee relief. The patriarchate lent lands for the construction of churches, in an effort to ease tensions with the congregation. However, it was reported that tenants faced harassment and high rents by rent collectors affiliated with the patriarchate. The patriarchate had become in the wake of the war in
488:
754:, a compromise was reached in 1958 that responded to the Arab Orthodox laity's demands, without giving the right to manage the patriarchate's properties. It demanded the adoption of Jordanian citizenship by all members of the brotherhood and the use of Arabic language among the Greek clergy. This law is in force today, regulating the patriarchate's functions.
543:
Patriarch
Damianos responded to the first Arab Orthodox Conference by organizing his own opposing party, which met several time in October 1923, and proposed less radical reforms to the British. Despite recognizing that the first Arab Orthodox Congress was representative of the community, the British
405:
provinces (Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Greek
Orthodox), who merged demands for religious reforms and national emancipation within the Ottoman Empire earlier that century. Movements demanding the Arabization of the Orthodox patriarchates started in Syria and Lebanon in 1872, and was successful
205:
The
Orthodox laity, which is mostly Arab, maintains that the patriarchate was forcibly Hellenized in 1543, while the Greek clergy says that the patriarchate was historically Greek. Opposition to the Greek clergy turned violent in the late 19th century, when they came under physical attack by the Arab
859:
If
Palestine has a right to say that it has fallen under two mandatories, a British one and a Zionist one, the Orthodox community has the right to say that it has fallen under three mandatories, a British one, a Zionist one, and yet a third Greek one. These three mandatories have combined to aid one
653:
At the end of 2 hours, I rose in my chair and in my wrath said I was profoundly disappointed and dismayed at the regrettable lack he had shown of any approach to a spirit of good will or conciliation. I said I should not forget his statement that the
Convent had the power and would part with none of
588:
had been inclusive of its Arab clergy and laity; and how the
Jerusalem Patriarchate should be Palestinian and not Greek. They regarded the Greek claim of ownership of holy sites as "groundless and arrogant". They added: "The Patriarchate is an Orthodox institution in Palestine. The Patriarch and the
380:
in 1914, the majority, around half, belonging to the Greek
Orthodox Patriarchate. The patriarchate, dominated by Greek clergy, saw itself as the guardian of the holy places, and not the spiritual guide of its mostly Arab laity, who were barred from becoming monks and had no role in administrative or
702:
On 23 and 24 September 1944, the third Arab
Orthodox Conference was held, attended by Palestinian and Transjordanian Orthodox members. Issa Bandak headed the executive committee, who wrote to the British regarding their demands. Becoming disillusioned with the Mandate authorities, the Arab Orthodox
242:
To this day, the patriarchate continues to be dominated by Greek clergy and owns vast properties that make it the second largest landowner in Israel. In recent decades, lawsuits have ensued in Israeli courts between the Arab laity and the patriarchate over ownership of properties. Land sales by the
957:
After unsuccessful attempts to register Orthodox schools in the 1950s, the Orthodox Educational Society was established in 1958, presided by Fu'ad Yaghnam, and later businessman and politician Fouad Farraj. The Society then quickly established its first school that year in Amman's Jabal Ashrafiah,
924:
The central motive behind the founding of the Falastin newspaper was to serve as an outlet for the Arab Orthodox community in their struggle against the Greek clerical hegemony of the Patriarchate, but soon after picked up the Arab fight against the Zionist colonization of Palestine. When it first
781:
In the 1980s and 1990s, the struggle between the Arab Orthodox laity and their patriarchate focused on lawsuits in Israeli courts, where both sides engaged in attempts to change ownership of some properties in their favor. Israel has maintained good relations with the patriarchate, in an effort to
539:
The first Arab Orthodox Conference was led by Iskandar Kassab as president, Yacoub Farraj as deputy president (who would in the following decade become the movement's most committed leader), Michael Khoury as secretary. It was attended by 54 delegates representing all the dioceses in Palestine and
437:
In the late 19th century, the Arab laity protested against the Jerusalem Patriarchate. The Ottomans responded to these protests by promulgating a Fundamental Law in 1875, that gave minor rights to the Arab laity but ensured Greek hegemony, partly influenced by Russian support to laity's demands.
600:
held in Jerusalem passed a resolution supporting the Arab Orthodox Movement and recognized it as part of a wider Arab nationalist struggle. The Patriarchate brotherhood moved quickly to preempt these moves, and nominated three candidates for the patriarch's position. The election was allowed to
559:
Like all young men of their time, they are full of the idea of nationalism, and cherish the language which united them with their fellow countrymen. They do not wish to abandon their Church; on the contrary, they are attached to its traditions and its rites. But they find themselves, owing to a
933:
During the first Arab Orthodox Conference in July 1923, the attendees demanded "the establishment of new societies and clubs throughout Palestine and Transjordan" to solidify Arab leadership in the Orthodox community. In 1924, the first Orthodox Club was founded in Jaffa, followed by clubs in
466:
established by the British in 1921, included recommendations to put control of the church's finances under a British-appointed committee, and greater British involvement in the patriarch's appointment; two policies that were consistent with "maintenance of religious institutions in colonial
711:
We as Arabs and our case being both nationally and politically an Arab affair present this humble petition requesting from your honourable League and from the Arab States participating in the League sympathy for our case by embracing it as an indivisible part of the general Palestinian
1010:
The Orthodox Renaissance movement, it should be remembered, became a cause célèbre within wide circles of the Muslim intelligentsia in Syria and Palestine. Many believed that it was an essential component for the development of Arab nationalist currents in the late nineteenth century.
478:
owned by Zionists, aiming to increase Jewish colonization. The Arab Orthodox laity began afterwards of portraying their Greek church a foreign oppressor, akin to the imperial British authorities, and the Zionist immigrants. The Arab Orthodox movement then started using nationalist and
693:
The movement was frustrated and lost momentum when the Patriarch's election, Timotheus, was confirmed in 1939; and it was overshadowed by growing Arab-Jewish hostilities. The Arab Orthodox community was suffering from difficulties as many of the laity began to leave the church
421:
974:. It is the second largest landowner in Israel after the Israel Land Department. Starting from the 19th century onwards, the patriarchate engaged in extensive land purchases, planned for church buildings, institutions, and businesses. It bought lands in what is today the
589:
Fraternity are Palestinians. The Community is Palestinian and the Shrines are in Palestine". A meeting was held in Jerusalem attended by 400 notables, Arab priests and the Orthodox community, that refused to recognize any patriarch elected without community's consent.
535:
of the Sawt Sha'ab magazine, petitioned the Congress to support the Arab Orthodox movement and recognize it as part of a broader nationalist struggle. Encouraged by the Congress' support, they went on to establish an Arab Orthodox Conference in Haifa on 15 July 1923.
356:
who pretended to be an Arab through his thorough knowledge of Arabic. Germanus initiated a process of Hellenization, for example by removing the names of Arab patriarchs who had served prior, appointing Greeks to the higher ranks of church, and using Greek as a
446:, a committee of 40 Orthodox Arabs met in Jerusalem and made a set of 18 demands; it was the first time that the right to participate in management of patriarchate's properties was raised. The demands were rejected by the patriarch
628:
We must in conclusion admit that the problem shall surely be trusted to the Government and that the Patriarchate and the Community shall have to enjoy what the two cats enjoyed of the piece of cheese on which they disputed one
214:
in 2014. One outcome of the 1923 conference was the laity's establishment of tens of Orthodox churches, clubs and schools in Palestine and Jordan. There were historically also several interventions to solve the conflict by the
749:
was supportive of the patriarchate's Arabization, and drafted a new law that met most of the congregation's demands in 1956. However, after his government's forced resignation in April 1957, and due to objections by Patriarch
949:
Transjordanian notables established the Arab Orthodox Renaissance Association on 14 November 1928, presided by Auda Qusus and his deputy Amin Kawar. Qusus' first preoccupations was the establishment of an Orthodox school in
670:
Despite Commissioner Wachoupe's attempts, no further action was taken by the Mandate authorities to prevent Timotheus' election. A further lawsuit by the Arab Orthodox community failed to stop his election. A year after the
457:
wrecked havoc on the patriarchate's finances. By the end of 1918, it was estimated that the patriarchate was 600,000 pounds in debt. The Ottomans were driven out of Palestine by British forces commanded by General
1230:
Neveu, Norig (2021). "Orthodox Clubs and Associations: Cultural, Educational and Religious Networks Between Palestine and Transjordan, 1925–1950". In Sanchez Summerer, Karène; Zananiri, Sary (eds.).
198:
in the late 19th century, it was later supported as a Palestinian and Arab nationalist cause and championed by some Arab Muslims, owing to the Greek-dominated patriarchate's early support to
397:
and Jerusalem — covering modern-day regions of Syria and Lebanon, and Palestine and Transjordan respectively — intensified in the late 19th century. These movements in Arab provinces of the
414:
termed this as "the first real victory of Arab nationalism". However, Arabization of the Jerusalem Orthodox patriarchate failed in Palestine and Transjordan. Other patriarchates in the
560:
peculiar historical development, subject to a monastery whose greatest pride is that it is composed of members of a race alien (or which they themselves consider alien) to their own.
609:, despite Arab laity protests, who demanded their right to elect the patriarch according to constitutional terms and in accordance with the situation in the Antioch patriarchate.
1277:
1826:
178:. The movement seeks the appointment of an Arab patriarch, Arab laity control over Jerusalem patriarchate's properties for social and educational purposes, and the use of
778:
in the 1990s, demanding control over the patriarchate's properties. Four conferences were held in Jerusalem in 1992, Amman in 1994, Nazareth in 1999, and Amman in 2002.
584:
In 1931, Patriarch Damianos died, and the laity quickly moved to renew their claims, by highlighting how the 1926 British commission sympathized with their stance; how
1831:
602:
467:
contexts". The commission also stressed that the laity's problem was bound to reappear and expressed sympathy for Arab demands of greater participation in the church.
247:
in 2005. The patriarch's total control over the patriarchate and its vast properties has led to it being described as resembling a "small absolute kingdom".
1816:
239:, the patriarchate has continued to function according to a 1958 Jordanian law, which mandates the clergy hold Jordanian citizenship and speak Arabic.
569:
474:, and after the British-Greek commission handling the church's finances sold large tracts of land in Jerusalem and its surroundings in 1923, to the
278:
256:
156:
95:
672:
585:
430:
394:
370:
365:, whose membership was exclusively Greek. Germanus and the Greek patriarchs who succeeded him handled the patriarchate from their residence in
171:
1797:
1725:
1326:
1249:
341:
298:
224:
1285:
741:
passed away in 1955, the congregation renewed its demands, which led to the intervention of the Jordanian government. The Arab nationalist
470:
In the early 1920s, tensions between the Arab laity and the Greek church worsened significantly after it had issued statements supporting
232:
1411:
1190:
853:
362:
310:
658:
766:, the West Bank was occupied by Israel. A series of demonstrations erupted by the Arab Orthodox laity against the patriarchate in
475:
243:
patriarchate to Israeli investors has led to several controversies, the most recent of which led to the dismissal of patriarch
548:
wrote to the British authorities, denouncing the Greek clergy and accusing them of continued Hellenization, greed and theft.
906:
641:
asking for his support, to which he responded positively, especially with regards to the election of an Arab patriarch. At
742:
783:
663:
410:, Michael Doumani in Arabic, was appointed patriarch of Antioch in 1899, becoming its first Arab patriarch since 1720.
649:
and his chief secretary, and found both of them to be fully opposed to any laity rights. Commissioner Wachoupe wrote:
170:
in the 19th century, the movement was inspired by the successful precedent of the Arabization of Syria and Lebanon's
806:, a Jewish organization whose declared aim is that of establishing a Jewish majority in Jerusalem's Old City and in
433:
in 1899 was considered a successful Arabization that inspired the movement among laity of the Jerusalem Patriarchate
886:
314:
216:
885:
in 1908, led to the abolishment of press censorship. Several newspapers, magazines and periodical appeared across
722:
970:
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem represents one of the largest landowners in the region known as the
439:
26:
959:
942:
738:
646:
606:
345:
945:
established in Amman in 1965, one of the largest national Orthodox institutions hosting thousands of students
1349:
975:
751:
523:, in June 1923, Arab Orthodox leaders, including activists Yacoub Bordqosh and Ibrahim Shammas, and editors
512:
508:
492:
160:
889:. Out of the twenty-five Palestinian newspapers that were launched in 1908, nineteen were Christian-owned.
798:
was dismissed from his position after being accused of selling three properties of the Greek Church in the
349:
1232:
European Cultural Diplomacy and Arab Christians in Palestine, 1918–1948: Between Contention and Connection
1034:
1029:
638:
597:
495:
passed a resolution supporting the Arab Orthodox Movement and recognized it in broader nationalist terms,
426:
407:
175:
137:
898:
890:
878:
795:
577:
544:
did not respond to its demands. In 1929, a series of letters from Orthodox clubs and association across
447:
443:
244:
1821:
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882:
869:
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528:
330:
294:
191:
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has been dominated by Greeks since the resignation in 1543 of the last Arab Palestinian Patriarch,
220:
183:
36:
261:
1255:
1124:
1116:
326:
290:
187:
66:
1715:
621:
1182:
1793:
1721:
1407:
1322:
1245:
1186:
1012:
411:
318:
1097:"The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent over Real Estate"
206:
laity in the streets. The movement held Arab Orthodox conferences, the first of which was in
1785:
1372:
1314:
1235:
1178:
1108:
1016:
746:
390:
167:
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communities of Palestine, Israel and Jordan, to which most Christians in the region belong.
105:
1717:
The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843-1914:Church and Politics in the Near East
1353:
991:
902:
687:
683:
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642:
376:
Arab Christians in the Palestine region amounted to around 10% of the population prior to
334:
195:
179:
148:
128:
1318:
962:, which later opened a second branch in Shmesani in 1965, hosting thousands of students.
893:
journalists dedicated a significant amount of space for the Orthodox cause. For example,
918:
807:
803:
730:
617:
459:
398:
366:
361:. He also took steps to ensure that his successors would be Greeks by establishing the
270:
266:
228:
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East Jerusalem, and in exchange for unfreezing some of the patriarchate's properties.
551:
In 1926, a British commission to "report on certain controversies", also known as the
418:
underwent successful Arabization, including Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches.
39:
on 28 October 1931, with delegates from various Palestinian and Transjordanian cities.
1810:
1711:
1259:
1128:
552:
1174:
Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948
1457:
1003:
914:
894:
865:
593:
592:
On 28 November 1931, the second Arab Orthodox Conference was held in Jaffa, led by
524:
306:
286:
227:(1948–1967) authorities, owing to the patriarchate's headquarters being located in
934:
Jerusalem (1926), Acre (1929), Beit Sahour (1930), Lydda (1932) and Haifa (1937).
369:
until 1834. Election of successive Jerusalem patriarchs was approved by the Greek
1779:
1401:
1308:
1172:
1240:
763:
704:
675:
against British mandate authorities in 1937, Yacoub Farraj wrote to the British
532:
454:
377:
373:, who benefitted from his proximity to and influence on the Ottoman government.
236:
152:
1458:"Issa al Issa's Unorthodox Orthodoxy: Banned in Jerusalem, Permitted in Jaffa"
1112:
937:
1376:
293:'s largest and oldest church. It was established by a decree issued from the
971:
767:
734:
415:
322:
302:
282:
825:
The Third Arab Orthodox conference in Jerusalem on September 23 and 24,1944
487:
775:
393:, Arab revolts against the Greek clergy in the Orthodox patriarchates of
1120:
1096:
471:
199:
983:
979:
402:
74:
70:
479:
anti-imperialist language in its struggle against the patriarchate.
1789:
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in 1919. The lead organ of the Orthodox movement, however, was the
987:
951:
936:
828:
The Fourth Arab Orthodox conference in Jerusalem on March 23, 1956
771:
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207:
32:
1403:
Catholics and Sultans:The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923
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The Arab Orthodox Movement however faced internal criticism from
612:
The Arab community sought the opinion of the Palestine Mandate's
822:
The Second Arab Orthodox conference in Jaffa on October 28, 1931
831:
The Fifth Arab Orthodox conference in Amman on December 8, 1992
843:
The Ninth Arab Orthodox Conference in Amman on 14 October 2014
707:
in 1946, and presented their cause in Arab nationalist terms:
794:
In early 2005, almost four years into his term as patriarch,
325:). The patriarchate's jurisdiction extends to the regions of
819:
The First Arab Orthodox conference in Haifa on July 15, 1923
662:
British troops talk to Orthodox Greek priests outside the
348:, who was known as Atallah in Arabic. He was replaced by
837:
The Seventh Arab Orthodox Conference in Nazareth in 1999
1745:
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another in depriving Palestinian Arabs of their rights.
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
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community turned their attention to the newly formed
16:
Issue in the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
840:
The Eighth Arab Orthodox Conference in Amman in 2002
645:' suggestion, Wachoupe met with the patriarch-elect
142:
115:
Establishment of separate Arab Orthodox institutions
834:
The Sixth Arab Orthodox Conference in Amman in 1994
679:presenting the Arab Orthodox community's position.
273:, where the patriarchate's headquarters are located
111:
101:
90:
80:
62:
54:
44:
1781:Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine
1008:
857:
733:, under the control of Jordan, along with the
709:
651:
626:
557:
401:gained inspiration from nationalists in fellow
1406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 62-63.
8:
1354:"The Episcopal Succession in Jerusalem from
1101:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1095:Katz, Itamar; Kark, Ruth (4 November 2005).
905:'s Al-Dustour in 1910, and Bulus Shihadeh's
31:The Second Arab Orthodox Conference held in
19:
1234:. Palgrave Macmillan Cham. pp. 37–62.
1177:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 174.
1827:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine
1107:(4). Cambridge University Press: 509–534.
117:Failure to end the Greek clerical hegemony
25:
18:
1239:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
624:wrote in the Executive Committee's memo:
144:Al-Haraka Al-ʿArabiyya Al-ʾUrthūdhuksiyya
1310:Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem
1183:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748676033.001.0001
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1006:wrote about the Arab Orthodox Movement:
279:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
260:
257:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
157:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
96:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
1832:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Jordan
1452:
1450:
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1313:. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
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7:
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1269:
186:. Initially a church movement among
1400:Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006).
132:
94:Ending the Greek domination of the
1817:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
1319:10.1093/oso/9780198812036.001.0001
476:Palestine Land Development Company
381:financial workings of the church.
305:, ranking fifth after the sees of
159:, which has jurisdiction over the
14:
1464:. Institute for Palestine Studies
854:History of Palestinian journalism
620:and Transjordanian civil servant
576:front page headline reporting on
438:Following the restoration of the
363:Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre
633:The conference sent a letter to
231:. Despite the city coming under
1365:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
725:, known to Palestinians as the
565:Second Arab Orthodox Conference
929:National Orthodox institutions
698:Third Arab Orthodox Conference
483:First Arab Orthodox Conference
340:Succession to the position of
297:in 451 AD, which elevated the
210:in 1923, and most recently in
1:
1784:. University of Texas Press.
666:in Jerusalem, 11 August 1942.
389:Within the context of rising
166:Within the context of rising
868:, founder and editor of the
664:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1241:10.1007/978-3-030-55540-5_3
371:Patriarch of Constantinople
143:
1848:
1171:Haiduc-Dale, Noah (2013).
851:
254:
133:الحركة العربية الأرثوذكسية
49:الحركة العربية الأرثوذكسية
1113:10.1017/S0020743805052189
1015:, the early ideologue of
814:Arab Orthodox Conferences
603:British High Commissioner
48:
24:
1377:10.1179/peq.1914.46.1.33
1307:Galadza, Daniel (2018).
1278:"The Monk in the Window"
1002:Palestinian sociologist
960:National Orthodox School
943:National Orthodox School
913:that was established by
762:In the wake of the 1967
758:1980s and 1990s activism
673:Arab revolt in Palestine
976:Palestinian territories
966:Land sale controversies
810:'s Arab neighborhoods.
790:2005 Irenaios dismissal
513:Palestine Arab Congress
493:Palestine Arab Congress
1778:Robson, Laura (2011).
1035:Palestinian Christians
1021:
946:
875:
714:
667:
656:
631:
598:World Islamic Congress
581:
562:
504:
434:
274:
125:Arab Orthodox Movement
20:Arab Orthodox Movement
940:
891:Palestinian Christian
879:Young Turk Revolution
848:Journalistic activism
782:solidify its hold on
661:
580:death, 18 August 1931
572:
491:Sixth meeting of the
490:
444:Young Turk Revolution
424:
264:
147:) is a political and
1030:Jordanian Christians
883:Ottoman Constitution
586:Antioch Patriarchate
440:Ottoman Constitution
295:Council of Chalcedon
172:Antioch Patriarchate
1720:. Clarendon Press.
899:Al-Karmil newspaper
721:Following the 1948
578:Patriarch Damianos'
546:Mandatory Palestine
521:Mandatory Palestine
501:Mandatory Palestine
464:Haycraft Commission
425:The appointment of
359:liturgical language
299:Bishop of Jerusalem
184:liturgical language
37:Mandatory Palestine
21:
947:
911:Falastin newspaper
881:that restored the
870:Falastin newspaper
717:1958 Jordanian law
668:
582:
574:Falastin newspaper
529:Falastin newspaper
505:
435:
285:'s most prominent
275:
233:Israeli occupation
86:القضية الأرثوذكسية
1799:978-0-292-72653-6
1727:978-0-19-821543-1
1328:978-0-19-881203-6
1251:978-3-030-55539-9
887:Ottoman Palestine
737:. When Patriarch
596:. The concurrent
515:that was held in
223:(1920–1948), and
141:
121:
120:
1839:
1803:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1362:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1284:. Archived from
1273:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1227:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1092:
1017:Arab nationalism
873:
872:in October 1931.
802:of Jerusalem to
747:Suleiman Nabulsi
723:Arab-Israeli War
654:it to the laity.
509:sixth conference
429:as patriarch of
391:Arab nationalism
168:Arab nationalism
146:
136:
134:
106:Arab nationalism
50:
45:Native name
29:
22:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1735:
1728:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1488:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1252:
1229:
1228:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1094:
1093:
1048:
1043:
1026:
1000:
992:Sinai Peninsula
968:
931:
907:Mir'at al-Sharq
903:Khalil Sakakini
874:
864:
856:
850:
816:
792:
760:
719:
700:
688:Khalil Sakakini
684:George Antonius
677:Peel Commission
643:George Antonius
607:Arthur Wauchope
567:
485:
387:
352:, a Greek from
335:Sinai Peninsula
301:to the rank of
281:is regarded as
259:
253:
196:Arab Christians
151:aiming for the
149:social movement
116:
85:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1790:10.7560/726536
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1733:
1726:
1712:Hopwood, Derek
1703:
1691:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1611:
1599:
1578:
1561:
1546:
1534:
1517:
1494:
1475:
1438:
1426:
1412:
1389:
1341:
1327:
1299:
1265:
1250:
1205:
1191:
1160:
1141:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1013:Sati' al-Husri
999:
998:Historiography
996:
967:
964:
930:
927:
919:Yousef El-Issa
862:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
815:
812:
808:East Jerusalem
804:Ateret Cohanim
791:
788:
759:
756:
731:East Jerusalem
718:
715:
699:
696:
618:Yousef El-Issa
566:
563:
503:, 16 June 1923
484:
481:
460:Edmund Allenby
412:Sati' al-Husri
399:Ottoman Empire
386:
383:
367:Constantinople
321:(known as the
311:Constantinople
271:East Jerusalem
267:Holy Sepulchre
252:
249:
229:East Jerusalem
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
84:Orthodox Cause
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:, p. 88.
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:, p. 87.
1751:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1701:, p. 98.
1700:
1695:
1692:
1689:, p. 97.
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:, p. 96.
1673:
1668:
1665:
1662:, p. 94.
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:, p. 93.
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:, p. 92.
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:, p. 91.
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:, p. 90.
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:, p. 89.
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:, p. 85.
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:, p. 83.
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:, p. 82.
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 81.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:, p. 80.
1514:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:, p. 78.
1491:
1486:
1484:
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1480:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1413:9780521027007
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1288:on 8 Jun 2022
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:Hasson, Nir.
1272:
1270:
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1257:
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1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
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1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1192:9780748676033
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:, p. 77.
1157:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
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1087:
1085:
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1079:
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1063:
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1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
955:
953:
944:
939:
935:
928:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
871:
867:
861:
855:
847:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
787:
785:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
713:
708:
706:
697:
695:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Emir Abdullah
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
599:
595:
590:
587:
579:
575:
571:
564:
561:
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541:
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384:
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343:
338:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
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288:
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272:
268:
263:
258:
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238:
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226:
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218:
213:
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201:
197:
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177:
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154:
150:
145:
139:
130:
126:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
83:
81:Also known as
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
38:
34:
28:
23:
1780:
1772:Bibliography
1757:
1716:
1706:
1694:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1602:
1537:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:Salim Tamari
1461:
1436:, p. 3.
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1402:
1380:. Retrieved
1371:(1): 33–40.
1368:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1309:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1281:
1231:
1196:. Retrieved
1173:
1132:. Retrieved
1104:
1100:
1009:
1004:Salim Tamari
1001:
969:
956:
948:
932:
923:
915:Issa El-Issa
895:Najib Nassar
876:
866:Issa El-Issa
858:
793:
780:
761:
720:
710:
701:
692:
681:
669:
652:
632:
627:
611:
594:Issa El-Issa
591:
583:
558:
550:
542:
538:
525:Issa El-Issa
506:
469:
452:
442:by the 1908
436:
388:
375:
346:Dorotheus II
339:
287:patriarchate
276:
265:View of the
241:
204:
194:'s Orthodox
165:
124:
122:
58:1860–present
1822:Arabization
1762:Robson 2011
1750:Robson 2011
1699:Robson 2011
1687:Robson 2011
1672:Robson 2011
1660:Robson 2011
1648:Robson 2011
1636:Robson 2011
1624:Robson 2011
1607:Robson 2011
1595:Robson 2011
1574:Robson 2011
1557:Robson 2011
1542:Robson 2011
1530:Robson 2011
1513:Robson 2011
1490:Robson 2011
1434:Robson 2011
1156:Robson 2011
764:Six Day War
705:Arab League
639:Transjordan
601:proceed by
533:Issa Bandak
507:During the
455:World War I
427:Meletius II
408:Meletius II
378:World War I
331:Transjordan
192:Transjordan
153:Arabization
1811:Categories
1468:10 January
1419:10 January
1382:10 January
1358:. A.D. 30"
1334:11 January
1198:13 January
1134:10 January
1041:References
852:See also:
752:Benedictus
743:government
622:Auda Qusus
614:High Court
315:Alexandria
255:See also:
251:Background
1350:Dowling,
1260:229454185
1129:159569868
972:Holy Land
921:in 1911.
901:in 1908,
768:Bethlehem
739:Timotheus
735:West Bank
647:Timotheus
453:The 1914
416:Holy Land
342:patriarch
327:Palestine
323:Pentarchy
303:Patriarch
291:Palestine
283:Jerusalem
225:Jordanian
188:Palestine
138:romanized
67:Palestine
1714:(1969).
1352:(1914).
1024:See also
863:—
800:Old City
796:Irenaios
784:occupied
776:Nazareth
629:another.
448:Damianos
385:Movement
350:Germanus
333:and the
245:Irenaios
161:Orthodox
63:Location
1292:14 June
1282:Haaretz
1121:3879643
553:Bertram
527:of the
511:of the
472:Zionism
431:Antioch
395:Antioch
319:Antioch
221:British
217:Ottoman
200:Zionism
155:of the
140::
112:Outcome
1796:
1724:
1410:
1325:
1258:
1248:
1189:
1127:
1119:
984:Jordan
980:Israel
531:, and
403:Balkan
317:, and
289:, and
235:since
180:Arabic
129:Arabic
102:Motive
75:Israel
71:Jordan
1361:(PDF)
1256:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1117:JSTOR
988:Egypt
952:Amman
772:Jaffa
727:Nakba
712:case.
517:Jaffa
497:Jaffa
406:when
354:Morea
212:Amman
208:Jaffa
182:as a
91:Cause
33:Jaffa
1794:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1470:2023
1421:2023
1408:ISBN
1384:2023
1336:2023
1323:ISBN
1294:2022
1246:ISBN
1200:2023
1187:ISBN
1136:2023
986:and
958:the
941:The
917:and
877:The
774:and
686:and
605:Sir
307:Rome
277:The
237:1967
190:and
176:1899
123:The
55:Date
1786:doi
1373:doi
1315:doi
1236:doi
1179:doi
1109:doi
990:'s
897:'s
745:of
637:of
174:in
1813::
1792:.
1736:^
1679:^
1614:^
1581:^
1564:^
1549:^
1520:^
1497:^
1478:^
1460:.
1441:^
1392:^
1369:46
1367:.
1363:.
1321:.
1280:.
1268:^
1254:.
1244:.
1208:^
1185:.
1163:^
1144:^
1123:.
1115:.
1105:37
1103:.
1099:.
1049:^
982:,
978:,
770:,
519:,
499:,
337:.
329:,
313:,
309:,
269:,
219:,
202:.
135:,
131::
73:,
69:,
35:,
1802:.
1788::
1730:.
1472:.
1423:.
1386:.
1375::
1356:c
1338:.
1317::
1296:.
1262:.
1238::
1202:.
1181::
1138:.
1111::
127:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
