449:, marks a change in fault polarity from NE-dipping in the Darag Basin to the north to SE-dipping to the south in the Belayim province. It coincides with the location of the Cretaceous inversion structure, the Wadi Araba anticline. It has been suggested that the presence of this structure acted as a barrier to northward propagation of the rift. Its location may also be partly controlled by the Rehba Shear Zone in the underlying basement.
426:
349:
125:
31:
405:(late Early Miocene, c. 18 Ma). In the Middle Miocene break-up occurred along the whole length of the Red Sea rift with seafloor spreading beginning in the Late Miocene. This break-up was associated with a gradual reduction in the rate of rifting along the Gulf of Suez with most activity stopping by the beginning of the Pliocene.
457:
The Morgan accommodation zone marks a switch in fault polarity from NE-dipping to the north to SW-dipping to the south in the Amal-Zeit province. It also coincides with a marked southward widening of the rift zone. There is no earlier structure known that influenced the location of this accommodation
291:
age limestones of either the Thebes or
Waseiyit Formations. Together with the middle to late Eocene Mokattam Formation this sequence reaches a combined maximum thickness of 500 m. These limestones are followed by continental to locally shallow marine red sandstones of the Tayiba Formation, which
112:. This model is consistent with near orthogonal rifting along the entire length of the rift system. Alternative models that suggest initiation by strike-slip faulting and pull-apart basin development along the axis of the rift have not been supported by detailed studies of the rift geometry.
319:
The deepening of the rift is recorded by the lower
Miocene Rudeis Formation. The lower part, consisting of marls and sandstones, is overlain by coarse sandstones and conglomerates reflecting a rapid increase in rift topography at that time. The Kareem Formation saw the first development of
201:. These sequences then pass up into the sandstones of the Abu Thora Formation. In the northern Gulf, at Wadi Araba, the early Carboniferous is overlain by upper Carboniferous of the Rod e Hamal, Abu Darag and Ahmeir Formations. In the southern Gulf the Carboniferous strata are capped by
512:
The best quality reservoir in the Gulf of Suez is the mainly Lower
Cretaceous Malha Formation, sometimes known as the 'Nubia' or 'Nubian A'. This pre-rift sequence is present throughout the gulf, and has porosities in the range 13–29 % with permeabilities varying from 70 to 400
336:
limestones of the uppermost middle
Miocene Belayim lie unconformably on the Kareem. More restricted basin conditions continued with the upper Miocene South Gharib and Zeit Formations with deposition of halite with some anhydrite and mudstone, representing the last syn-rift deposits.
525:
The dominant play type in the Gulf of Suez is tilted fault blocks with pre-rift Early
Cretaceous sands sealed by syn-rift sequences and source from the Duwi limestone. Additional discoveries have been made in a wide range of structural, stratigraphic and combined play types.
262:
strata. The
Campanian Duwi Formation, known as the Brown Limestone, was deposited throughout the gulf apart from the uplifted area of the North Galala plateau and Wadi Araba where it is replaced by chalk of the Thelmet Formation. These pass up into Sudr Formation chalks of
184:
units have a combined thickness of about 500 m. They were deposited in a continental environment except in the northeastern part of the gulf where they become marine. The next preserved sequence is the Umm Bogma or Abu Durba
Formations of lower
364:
pre-rift carbonate (source rock); N, R, K, and B = syn- and post-rift Nukhul, Rudeis, Kareem and
Belayim formation (sources, reservoirs, seals and overburden); SG = South Gharib salt (seal and overburden); Z=Zeit (seals and overburden); and PP =
495:
content (TOC) of 2.6 wt% with some samples measuring up to 21 wt%. In the southern part of the gulf, the
Miocene source intervals become important as higher geothermal gradients cause parts of the syn-rift sequence to reach maturity. Marine
486:
in the Gulf of Suez is the
Campanian age Brown Limestone or Duwi Member of the Sudr Formation. This unit is typically 25–70 m thick and is distributed from the southern end of the gulf as far north as Wadi Araba. It contains mainly type II
534:
The Gulf of Suez rift has been intensively studied by academic groups and by companies as analogue for rift basins in general. This is due to the generally good exposure within the onshore part of the rift coupled with the availability of
311:
of the Nukhul Formation were deposited in shallow marine conditions as the sea began to flood the developing rift. The Nukhul Formation overlies the Abu Zenima Formation in some place but elsewhere is probably age equivalent, reflecting a
115:
Towards the end of the Miocene, the Arabian Plate began to collide with the Eurasian Plate leading to changes in the plate configuration, the development of the Dead Sea Transform and cessation in rifting in the Gulf of Suez.
803:"Late Cretaceous (c. 84 Ma) compressive deformation of the stable platform of northeast Africa (Egypt): Far-field stress effects of the "Santonian event" and origin of the Syrian arc deformation belt"
1049:
390:
structures. These structures were mainly active during the Late Santonian but there is evidence of further movements on the same structures at the end of the Cretaceous and during the Paleogene.
1002:
164:. These rocks contain shear zones, such as the Rehba Shear Zone of western Sinai, that are interpreted to have partly controlled the orientation and location of rift structures.
340:
The Pliocene–Recent postrift sequence reaches up to 2000 m in thickness in the southern part of the rift and is formed of interbedded sandstones, limestones and evaporites.
576:
Khalil, S.M.; McClay K.R. (2001). "Tectonic evolution of the NW Red Sea-Gulf of Suez rift system". In Wilson, R.C.L.; Whitmarsh, R.B.; Taylor, B.; Froitzheim, N. (eds.).
1042:
954:
709:
398:
Rifting began along the whole of the Red Sea -Gulf of Suez rift system during the Late Oligocene. In the Gulf of Suez rift, the rifting culminated during the
1035:
235:
age. These sandstones are up to 400 m in thickness, form an important reservoir in the Gulf of Suez and are known informally as the 'Nubian' sandstone.
849:"Carbonate Platform to Basin Transition along an Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary Syrian Arc Uplift, Galala Plateaus, Eastern Desert of Egypt"
189:
age, which sit apparently conformably on the Cambrian, although the base represents a hiatus of about 150 Ma. The Umm Bogma Formation is
775:
587:
324:, indicating basin restriction, followed by open marine shales, as coarse clastic deposition began to reduce in the middle Miocene. Shales,
1381:
258:
at the end of the Santonian. Structures such as Wadi Araba became uplifted at this time giving rise to folding and local erosion of pre-
1777:
220:
in age, although it is considered to include Permian strata near its base near Wadi Araba. The Qiseib Formation consists of sandstones,
437:
of alternating polarity. The changes in fault polarity and position from segment to segment are taken up by broad accommodation zones.
382:. This period was mainly quiet tectonically but the northern part of the gulf region was affected by periodic far-field effects of the
1602:
216:
The Qiseib Formation is found throughout the Gulf varying in thickness between 8 m and 300 m. It is thought to be mainly
295:
The continental sandstones and siltstones of the Abu Zenima Formation represent the earliest syn-rift deposits of late Oligocene (
1782:
81:. During its brief post-rift history, the deepest part of the remnant rift topography has been filled by the sea, creating the
681:
604:
977:
386:. A series of WSW-ENE trending extensional basins were inverted, creating isolated uplifted and folded areas known as
352:
Generalised structural cross-section through the Gulf of Suez, just south of the Morgan Accommodation Zone. PZ-LK =
1195:
88:
North of the Gulf of Suez the rift becomes indistinct and its exact geometry uncertain, linking eventually to the
1572:
924:
826:
1225:
242:
Raha Formation, a sequence of interbedded shales limestones and sandstone, is succeeded by limestones of the
1514:
536:
73:
until break-up occurred in the middle Miocene, with most of the displacement on the newly developed Red Sea
504:
Magna Formation is the most important of these younger source rocks with a TOC ranging from 1–2 wt %.
1592:
1562:
1504:
1293:
221:
1190:
238:
The upper Cretaceous sequence consists of shallow marine deposits that generally thicken northwards. The
1607:
1587:
1474:
1127:
996:
287:
age are represented by the Esna Shale Formation which overlies the Sudr Formation. This is succeeded by
138:
104:
The formation of the Red Sea – Gulf of Suez rift system was caused by the anticlockwise rotation of the
38:
1200:
1020:
USGS Open-File Report OF99-50-A The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum System
254:
age Matullah Formation. The central and northern parts of the gulf were locally affected by a phase of
1366:
929:
USGS Open File Report 99-50-A The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems
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1258:
1220:
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During the Late Cretaceous to Eocene, the area now occupied by the rift was a shallow sea depositing
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Since the end of the Miocene the area of the Gulf of Suez rift has begun to experience post-rift
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Continental rift zone that was active between the Late Oligocene and the end of the Miocene
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1137:
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955:"Petroleum geology and potential hydrocarbon plays in the Gulf of Suez rift basin, Egypt"
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818:
682:"18 Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Gulf of Suez Rift, Egypt: a synthesis"
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Cambrian rocks of Araba and Naqus Formations occur throughout the region above a planar
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1677:
1652:
1632:
1534:
1509:
1331:
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1253:
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Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea
501:
471:
470:
fields and discoveries have been reported from the Gulf of Suez rift with a variety of
383:
161:
1027:
582:. Special Publication. Vol. 187. Geological Society of London. pp. 453–473.
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691:. Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Vol. Peri-Tethys Memoir 6. Paris. pp. 567–606
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The Qiseib Formation is overlain by the sandstones of the Malha Formation of upper
173:
154:
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82:
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905:. Special Publications. Vol. 80. London: Geological Society. pp. 75–102
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193:, while the stratigraphically equivalent Abur Durba Formation consists of black
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93:
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732:"Development of Accommodation Zones in the Gulf of Suez-Red Sea Rift, Egypt"
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353:
325:
321:
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272:
271:
sequence was formed during the Campanian/Maastrichtian, continuing into the
259:
251:
247:
181:
177:
62:
54:
124:
1434:
973:
687:. In Ziegler P.A.; Cavazza W.; Robertson A.H.F.; Crasquin-Soleau (eds.).
417:
accompanied by flooding of the topographically lowest parts of the rift.
296:
243:
228:
217:
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158:
41:
and linear rift structures are clearly visible on both sides of the gulf
488:
202:
150:
66:
30:
1409:
1235:
1115:
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329:
304:
288:
142:
497:
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The Gulf of Suez rift is strongly segmented along its length with
347:
194:
246:
Wata Formation. This is overlain by sandstones and shales of the
1303:
899:"A high-strain rift model for the southern Gulf of Suez (Egypt)"
333:
308:
50:
1031:
1657:
539:
wells and seismic reflection datasets within the gulf itself.
827:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0633:LCCMCD>2.3.CO;2
267:
age. On the southern margin of the uplifted Wadi Araba, a
34:
Satellite image of the Gulf of Suez, dark outcrops of the
307:. The lower Miocene age conglomerates, sandstones and
360:
Nubia (reservoir rock); UK-EO = Upper Cretaceous to
303:) age. Locally the Abu Zenima Formation is capped by
801:
Bosworth, W.; Guiraud, R.; Kessler II, L.G. (1999).
1696:
1533:
1395:
1302:
1234:
1176:
1114:
1063:
764:Tawadros, Edward; Ezzat Tawadros (2 January 2000).
689:
Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins
137:The basement consists of Precambrian rocks of the
1001:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
224:at the base with an overall fining upward trend.
69:(c. 5 Ma). It represented a continuation of the
603:Bosworth, W.; Huchon, P.; McClay, K.R. (2005).
1043:
316:change to marine conditions within the rift.
292:represent the last of the pre-rift deposits.
8:
948:
946:
847:Kuss, J.; Scheibner, C.; Gietl, R. (2000).
796:
794:
748:10.1306/61EEDC10-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D
675:
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708:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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903:Rift Structure: Models and Observations
565:
429:Structural map of the Gulf of Suez rift
994:
701:
53:zone that was active between the Late
976:(inactive 2024-09-13). Archived from
770:. Taylor & Francis. p. 500.
605:"The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins"
128:Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez rift
7:
1382:West and Central African Rift System
447:Galala-Abu Zenima Accommodation Zone
1058:Major African geological formations
530:Importance as a rift basin analogue
680:Bosworth, W.; McClay K.R. (2001).
25:
612:Journal of African Earth Sciences
730:Younes, A.I.; McClay K. (2002).
632:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.020
1:
445:This zone, also known as the
58:
441:Zaafarana accommodation zone
1799:
1778:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
1196:Central African Shear Zone
767:Geology of Egypt and Libya
77:being accommodated by the
1573:Central Pangean Mountains
1226:Western Meseta Shear Zone
453:Morgan accommodation zone
953:Alsharhan, A.S. (2003).
876:10.2113/geoarabia0503405
537:hydrocarbon exploration
1783:History of the Red Sea
1593:Eastern Rift mountains
1515:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1294:Terra Australis Orogen
430:
370:
180:. These red and white
129:
100:Plate tectonic setting
42:
1608:Great Karas Mountains
1588:Eastern Arc Mountains
1128:Arabian-Nubian Shield
897:Bosworth, W. (1995).
428:
351:
139:Arabian-Nubian Shield
127:
65:) and the end of the
39:Arabian-Nubian Shield
33:
1505:Somali Coastal Basin
1216:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
974:10.1306/062002870143
493:Total organic carbon
299:) to early Miocene (
108:with respect to the
1683:Teffedest Mountains
1598:Ethiopian Highlands
1289:Pan-African orogens
1259:East African Orogen
1191:Broodkop Shear Zone
1163:West African Craton
1106:Victoria Microplate
868:2000GeoAr...5..405K
819:1999Geo....27..633B
624:2005JAfES..43..334B
491:and has an average
462:Economic importance
1747:List of inselbergs
1717:Jugurtha Tableland
1668:Sankwala Mountains
1663:Rwenzori Mountains
1480:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1475:Orange River Basin
1397:Sedimentary basins
1206:Foumban Shear Zone
1148:Saharan Metacraton
431:
415:thermal subsidence
371:
130:
79:Dead Sea Transform
43:
1755:
1754:
1688:Tibesti Mountains
1648:Mitumba Mountains
1638:Mandara Mountains
1623:Imatong Mountains
1578:Chaillu Mountains
1558:Bambouk Mountains
1495:Rio del Rey Basin
1465:Niger Delta Basin
1450:Iullemmeden Basin
1342:Gulf of Suez Rift
1337:East African Rift
1322:Bahr el Arab rift
1269:Gondwanide Orogen
1201:Chuan Shear Zones
777:978-90-5809-331-8
589:978-1-86239-091-1
49:is a continental
47:Gulf of Suez Rift
16:(Redirected from
1790:
1643:Marrah Mountains
1618:Hoggar Mountains
1613:Guinea Highlands
1603:Great Escarpment
1367:Sangha Aulacogen
1284:Mauritanide Belt
1211:Kandi Fault Zone
1186:Aswa Dislocation
1101:Seychelles Plate
1091:Madagascar Plate
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742:(6): 1003–1026.
727:
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686:
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649:
647:
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640:
634:. Archived from
618:(1–3): 334–378.
609:
600:
594:
593:
573:
367:Plio-Pleistocene
149:are intruded by
145:, volcanics and
75:spreading centre
60:
21:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1758:
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1712:Mount Gorongosa
1692:
1553:Aurès Mountains
1548:Atlas Mountains
1535:Mountain ranges
1529:
1415:Blue Nile Basin
1391:
1387:White Nile rift
1298:
1264:Eburnean Orogen
1230:
1221:Todi Shear Zone
1172:
1168:Zimbabwe Craton
1153:Tanzania Craton
1143:Kalahari Craton
1138:Kaapvaal Craton
1110:
1059:
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1016:
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549:Isthmus of Suez
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508:Reservoir rocks
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472:petroleum plays
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455:
443:
423:
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396:
376:
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170:
157:and a suite of
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28:
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18:Araba Formation
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1347:Lamu Embayment
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1332:Blue Nile rift
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1314:
1308:
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1249:Cape Fold Belt
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1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Serra da Leba
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Rif Mountains
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Jebel Uweinat
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Cameroon line
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Aïr Mountains
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1525:Turkana Basin
1523:
1521:
1520:Tindouf Basin
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Reggane Basin
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Afar Triangle
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Kuunga Orogen
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Damara Orogen
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Alpine Orogen
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Tuareg Shield
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Lwandle Plate
1084:Microplates:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:African Plate
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
998:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:AAPG Bulletin
956:
949:
947:
943:
930:
926:
925:"Source Rock"
920:
917:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
843:
840:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
791:
779:
773:
769:
768:
760:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:AAPG Bulletin
733:
726:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
705:
690:
683:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
652:
641:on 2011-08-18
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
599:
596:
591:
585:
581:
580:
572:
570:
566:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
538:
529:
527:
520:
518:
516:
507:
505:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
461:
459:
452:
450:
448:
440:
438:
436:
427:
420:
418:
416:
408:
406:
404:
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
373:
369:(overburden)
368:
363:
359:
355:
350:
343:
341:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:Maastrichtian
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
222:conglomeratic
219:
211:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Carboniferous
183:
179:
175:
167:
165:
163:
160:
156:
155:granodiorites
152:
148:
147:metasediments
144:
140:
132:
126:
119:
117:
113:
111:
110:African Plate
107:
106:Arabian Plate
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
40:
37:
32:
19:
1700:(aka koppie)
1485:Owambo Basin
1470:Ogaden Basin
1460:Murzuq Basin
1430:Douala Basin
1405:Angola Basin
1377:Urema Valley
1362:Red Sea Rift
1357:Muglad Basin
1341:
1327:Benue Trough
1133:Congo Craton
1096:Rovuma Plate
1080:Somali Plate
1024:
997:cite journal
985:. Retrieved
978:the original
965:
961:
933:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
902:
892:
859:
855:
842:
830:. Retrieved
810:
806:
781:. Retrieved
766:
739:
735:
693:. Retrieved
688:
643:. Retrieved
636:the original
615:
611:
598:
578:
533:
524:
511:
481:
478:Source rocks
465:
456:
446:
444:
435:half-grabens
432:
412:
397:
377:
339:
318:
294:
282:
237:
226:
215:
174:unconformity
171:
136:
120:Stratigraphy
114:
103:
92:beneath the
90:Manzala rift
87:
83:Gulf of Suez
71:Red Sea Rift
46:
44:
1583:Drakensberg
1500:Sirte Basin
1455:Kufra Basin
1445:Gabon Basin
1440:Karoo Basin
1425:Congo Basin
1372:Atbara rift
1352:Melut Basin
1317:Anza trough
1178:Shear zones
484:source rock
468:hydrocarbon
400:Burdigalian
314:diachronous
36:Precambrian
1773:Aulacogens
1762:Categories
1722:Mount Mabu
1707:Anti-Atlas
1698:Inselbergs
1420:Chad Basin
695:2010-04-27
645:2010-04-27
560:References
521:Main plays
388:Syrian Arc
380:carbonates
358:Cretaceous
322:evaporites
301:Aquitanian
240:Cenomanian
233:Cretaceous
168:Palaeozoic
94:Nile delta
1768:Tectonics
1742:Zuma Rock
1737:Wase Rock
884:128180958
856:GeoArabia
704:cite book
482:The main
409:Post-rift
356:to lower
354:Paleozoic
326:anhydrite
285:Paleocene
283:Rocks of
273:Paleogene
260:Campanian
256:inversion
252:Santonian
248:Coniacian
231:to lower
206:volcanics
199:mudstones
191:dolomitic
182:sandstone
55:Oligocene
1435:El Djouf
543:See also
421:Geometry
374:Pre-rift
297:Chattian
279:Cenozoic
244:Turonian
229:Jurassic
218:Triassic
212:Mesozoic
159:dolerite
151:granites
143:Gneisses
133:Basement
1236:Orogens
1120:shields
1116:Cratons
909:May 31,
864:Bibcode
815:Bibcode
807:Geology
620:Bibcode
500:of the
489:kerogen
394:Rifting
344:History
305:basalts
203:Permian
67:Miocene
1410:Aoukar
1065:Plates
987:17 May
931:. 1999
882:
832:15 May
783:15 May
774:
586:
458:zone.
362:Eocene
334:reefal
330:halite
289:Eocene
195:shales
1304:Rifts
981:(PDF)
968:(1).
958:(PDF)
935:7 May
880:S2CID
852:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
639:(PDF)
608:(PDF)
498:shale
403:stage
309:marls
162:dykes
1118:and
1003:link
989:2010
937:2010
911:2010
834:2010
785:2010
772:ISBN
710:link
584:ISBN
332:and
197:and
51:rift
45:The
970:doi
872:doi
823:doi
744:doi
628:doi
141:.
61:28
1764::
999:}}
995:{{
966:87
964:.
960:.
945:^
927:.
901:.
878:.
870:.
858:.
854:.
821:.
811:27
809:.
805:.
793:^
756:^
740:86
738:.
734:.
718:^
706:}}
702:{{
654:^
626:.
616:43
614:.
610:.
568:^
517:.
515:md
474:.
328:,
275:.
208:.
153:,
96:.
85:.
63:Ma
59:c.
1051:e
1044:t
1037:v
1005:)
991:.
972::
939:.
913:.
886:.
874::
866::
860:5
836:.
825::
817::
787:.
750:.
746::
712:)
698:.
648:.
630::
622::
592:.
250:-
57:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
