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1033:
920:
1046:
52:
1267:
1165:
1247:
1399:
1143:
The reception of Arabic numerals in the West was gradual and lukewarm, as other numeral systems circulated in addition to the older Roman numbers. As a discipline, the first to adopt Arabic numerals as part of their own writings were astronomers and astrologists, evidenced from manuscripts surviving
949:
wrote in the early 11th century that mathematicians had not agreed on the form of the numerals, but most of them had agreed to train themselves with the forms now known as
Eastern Arabic numerals. The oldest specimens of the written numerals available are from Egypt and date to 873–874 AD. They show
1277:
By the late 14th century, only a few texts using Arabic numerals appeared outside of Italy. This suggests that the use of Arabic numerals in commercial practice, and the significant advantage they conferred, remained a virtual
Italian monopoly until the late 15th century. This may in part have been
934:
The immediate ancestors of the digits now commonly called "Arabic numerals" were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic speakers of Spain and North Africa, with digits at the time in wide use from Libya to
Morocco. In the east from Egypt to Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabs were
1237:
of the 12th and 13th centuries centered in Italy. Positional notation facilitated complex calculations (such as currency conversion) to be completed more quickly than was possible with the Roman system. In addition, the system could handle larger numbers, did not require a separate reckoning tool,
1216:
When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive
1373:
in 1699. Reasons for Peter's switch from the alphanumerical system are believed to go beyond a surface-level desire to imitate the West. Historian Peter Brown makes arguments for sociological, militaristic, and pedagogical reasons for the change. At a broad, societal level, Russian merchants,
2349:
1286:
was written in Latin, the
Italian abacus traditions was predominantly written in Italian vernaculars that circulated in the private collections of abacus schools or individuals. It was likely difficult for non-Italian merchant bankers to access comprehensive information.
1344:
By the mid-16th century, they had been widely adopted in Europe, and by 1800 had almost completely replaced the use of counting boards and Roman numerals in accounting. Roman numerals were mostly relegated to niche uses such as years and numbers on clock faces.
1238:
and allowed the user to check their work without repeating the entire procedure. Late medieval
Italian merchants did not stop using Roman numerals or other reckoning tools: instead, Arabic numerals were adopted for use in addition to their preexisting methods.
950:
three forms of the numeral "2" and two forms of the numeral "3", and these variations indicate the divergence between what later became known as the
Eastern Arabic numerals and the Western Arabic numerals. The Western Arabic numerals came to be used in the
1232:
s analysis highlighting the advantages of positional notation was widely influential. Likewise, Fibonacci's use of the Béjaïa digits in his exposition ultimately led to their widespread adoption in Europe. Fibonacci's work coincided with the
European
1414:
numerals from the 14th century B.C. predates the Indian Brahmi numerals by over 1000 years and shows substantial similarity to the Brahmi numerals. Similar to the modern Arabic numerals, the Shang dynasty numeral system was also decimal based and
1028:
A popular myth claims that the symbols were designed to indicate their numeric value through the number of angles they contained, but there is no contemporary evidence of this, and the myth is difficult to reconcile with any digits past 4.
2313:
1217:
instruction in the school of accounting. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the
Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it.
1374:
soldiers, and officials increasingly came into contact with counterparts from the West and became familiar with the communal use of Arabic numerals. Peter also covertly travelled throughout
Northern Europe from 1697 to 1698
1912:"Les personnes qui se sont occupées de la science du calcul n'ont pas été d'accord sur une partie des formes de ces neuf signes; mais la plupart d'entre elles sont convenues de les former comme il suit."
3552:
991:), which involved writing symbols with a stylus and erasing them. The use of the dust board appears to have introduced a divergence in terminology as well: whereas the Hindu reckoning was called
1938:, pp. 12–13: "While specimens of Western Arabic numerals from the early period—the tenth to thirteenth centuries—are still not available, we know at least that Hindu reckoning (called
3541:
931:, using symbols visually distinct from those that would eventually enter into international use. As the concept spread, the sets of symbols used in different regions diverged over time.
3587:
2906:
2956:
2188:
2161:
Danna, Raffaele; Iori, Martina; Mina, Andrea (22 June 2022). "A Numerical
Revolution: The Diffusion of Practical Mathematics and the Growth of Pre-modern European Economies".
3248:
1382:
values, such as the trajectories and parabolic flight patterns of artillery. With its use, it was difficult to keep pace with Arabic numerals in the growing field of
1462:
all but the four least-significant binary digits gives the value of the decimal digit, a design decision facilitating the digitization of text onto early computers.
2403:
The Shorter Science & Civilisation in China Vol 2, An abridgement by Colin Ronan of Joseph Needham's original text, Table 20, p. 6, Cambridge University Press
1294:, and they became widely known during the 15th century. Their use grew steadily in other centers of finance and trade such as Lyon. Early evidence of their use in
928:
909:
2445:
2939:
2986:
958:
from the 10th century onward. Some amount of consistency in the Western Arabic numeral forms endured from the 10th century, found in a Latin manuscript of
3532:
2878:
1430:
had been in use prior to the introduction of modern Arabic numerals, the externally-developed system was eventually introduced to medieval China by the
888:
subsequently helped popularize the adoption of Arabic numerals around the world. The numerals are used worldwide—significantly beyond the contemporary
3673:
2948:
754:
1378:
and was likely informally exposed to Western mathematics during this time. The Cyrillic system was found to be inferior for calculating practical
474:
2848:
3594:
3426:
2666:
2586:
2547:
2508:
2429:
2385:
2103:
1997:
1891:
3452:
2290:
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2553:
2514:
2127:
The Spread of Hindu–Arabic Numerals in the European Tradition of Practical Arithmetic: a Socio-Economic Perspective (13th–16th centuries)
3330:
1782:
3513:
3477:
2762:
2180:
1446:
The ten Arabic numerals are encoded in virtually every character set designed for electric, radio, and digital communication, such as
1144:
from mid-12th-century Bavaria. Reinher of Paderborn (1140–1190) used the numerals in his calendrical tables to calculate the dates of
307:
3395:
2981:
2932:
2408:
1082:
1032:
2139:
1375:
1295:
43:
3756:
3472:
98:
35:
3375:
2831:
2743:
2721:
1806:
1743:
541:
3431:
3390:
2625:
1838:"Figuring Out: The Spread of Hindu–Arabic Numerals in the European Tradition of Practical Mathematics (13th–16th Centuries)"
972:
from 976 and the Gerbertian abacus, into the 12th and 13th centuries, in early manuscripts of translations from the city of
3566:
3243:
2375:
946:
747:
322:
2239:
3253:
3187:
2925:
1777:
1369:. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, although it was formally replaced in official use by
889:
667:
2971:
2263:"Muscovite Arithmetic in Seventeenth-Century Russian Civilization: Is It Not Time to Discard the "Backwardness" Label?"
677:
3688:
919:
494:
3092:
3011:
3658:
3637:
3385:
3355:
3132:
3046:
1016:
554:
3340:
2072:
1738:
820:
650:
419:
3097:
1045:
3411:
3370:
3122:
1338:
740:
67:
3238:
1271:
2875:
2314:"Mathematical discoveries 1600-1750, by P. L. Griffiths. Pp 121. £2·75. 1977. ISBN 0 7223 1006 4 (Stockwell)"
3780:
3775:
3765:
3072:
3067:
2858:
1880:
Burnett, Charles (2002). Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne; Van Dalen, Benno; Dauben, Joseph; Folkerts, Menso (eds.).
1358:
1177:
936:
833:
730:
514:
111:
39:
3735:
3704:
3380:
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3228:
1303:
1074:
414:
330:
876:
was crucial in making them known throughout Europe; however, their use in Europe was largely confined to
3518:
3345:
3309:
1748:
1299:
1234:
532:
1176:: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377. The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than
892:—and have become common in the writing systems where other numeral systems existed previously, such as
1434:. In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese
3683:
3632:
3508:
3487:
3360:
3268:
2784:
1137:
1081:. Other texts show that numbers from 1 to 9 were occasionally supplemented by a placeholder known as
627:
488:
481:
362:
2891:
791:, as well as for writing non-numerical information such as trademarks or license plate identifiers.
3653:
3580:
3102:
3041:
3006:
1416:
1341:, started the use of Arabic numerals, which appear for the first time in a royal document of 1456.
1077:
collection of various historical documents covering a period from antiquity to the 10th century in
776:
709:
574:
525:
337:
269:
124:
85:
3785:
3740:
3714:
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3304:
3182:
3117:
2802:
2700:
2439:
2341:
2045:
1187:
1173:
959:
622:
375:
212:
207:
154:
2868:
51:
2823:
2815:
2262:
3806:
3730:
3709:
3147:
3036:
2827:
2758:
2739:
2717:
2662:
2582:
2576:
2543:
2537:
2504:
2498:
2476:
2425:
2404:
2381:
2333:
2282:
2166:
2162:
2099:
2037:
1993:
1887:
1859:
1354:
1266:
1125:
1053:
897:
704:
694:
682:
662:
617:
612:
548:
380:
352:
259:
192:
182:
169:
134:
129:
1003:'calculation with dust' in the west. The numerals themselves were referred to in the west as
3608:
3482:
3457:
3162:
3142:
3051:
3031:
3016:
2917:
2792:
2692:
2654:
2468:
2325:
2274:
2131:
2029:
1849:
1772:
1459:
1191:
1164:
893:
607:
501:
254:
242:
187:
177:
144:
119:
1246:
3668:
3421:
3284:
3203:
3087:
2910:
2882:
1810:
1427:
1398:
1370:
1335:
1319:
1311:
1255:
1181:
1067:
772:
719:
689:
632:
602:
587:
347:
315:
287:
264:
247:
2896:
2500:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
699:
2788:
2683:
Burnett, Charles (2006). "The Semantics of Indian Numerals in Arabic, Greek and Latin".
1019:
later invented a system of calculations with ink and paper 'without board and erasing' (
3601:
3573:
3314:
3213:
3208:
3157:
3026:
2996:
1291:
1251:
881:
877:
784:
714:
657:
637:
592:
465:
197:
164:
149:
75:
2125:
1128:) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Gerbert studied in
858:, though their spread was a gradual process. Two centuries later, the Italian scholar
3800:
3416:
3335:
3289:
2976:
2731:
2704:
2494:
2049:
1423:
1411:
1403:
973:
520:
409:
342:
282:
217:
159:
139:
3447:
3263:
3021:
2806:
1753:
1331:
1132:
in his youth. He was known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the
672:
597:
2539:
Islam in the era of globalization: Muslim attitudes towards modernity and identity
2459:
Uy, Frederick L. (January 2003). "The Chinese Numeration System and Place Value".
2033:
1990:
The universal history of numbers: from prehistory to the invention of the computer
1803:
1195:
863:
848:
often implies only these symbols, however this can only be inferred from context.
1881:
1466:
used a different offset, but also possessed the aforementioned masking property.
3559:
3503:
3258:
3223:
3152:
2017:
1387:
1362:
1290:
The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the
1206:
1063:
The first mentions of the numerals from 1 to 9 in the West are found in the 976
966:
885:
870:
642:
507:
459:
449:
56:
2614:
1202:, and he endeavored to promote the numeral system in Europe with his 1202 book
3467:
3294:
3167:
3137:
3112:
3107:
2696:
2278:
2233:
1854:
1837:
1447:
1431:
1383:
1366:
955:
923:
Evolution of Indian numerals into Arabic numerals and their adoption in Europe
444:
202:
17:
2901:
2480:
2337:
2286:
2041:
1863:
787:. However, the symbols are also used to write numbers in other bases such as
3462:
3350:
3218:
3177:
3127:
3082:
3077:
3001:
2755:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
1379:
1315:
1259:
1133:
1129:
859:
454:
2422:
Algebra in context : introductory algebra from origins to applications
1089:, represented as a circle or wheel, reminiscent of the eventual symbol for
3233:
3172:
2991:
2472:
1327:
1121:
1078:
3678:
2345:
2135:
1455:
1435:
1199:
951:
780:
439:
424:
31:
2064:
2797:
2772:
1463:
1323:
1307:
1145:
1113:
429:
30:
This article is about the ten symbols. For the numerical system, see
2578:
Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China
2329:
2222:
Erdélyi: Magyar művelődéstörténet 1-2. kötet. Kolozsvár, 1913, 1918.
2018:"Medieval Europe's satanic ciphers: on the genesis of a modern myth"
1992:. Translated by Bellos, David. London: Harvill. pp. 356–357.
1883:
From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas
1451:
1397:
1265:
1245:
1163:
1044:
1031:
918:
788:
434:
396:
357:
50:
2714:
The Bakhshālī Manuscript: An Ancient Indian Mathematical Treatise
2849:"Development of Hindu Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic"
1036:
Etching from 1503 (or earlier) showing usage of Arabic numerals.
3553:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
2921:
783:
base, in particular when contrasted with other systems such as
3615:
1330:
a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in
1194:
mathematician who had studied in the Pisan trading colony of
2736:
A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to Computers
2235:
Orthographic Reform and Language Planning in Russian History
771:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used
2399:
2397:
979:
Calculations were originally performed using a dust board (
1302:
from 1396, in England, a 1445 inscription on the tower of
1250:
A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals (
1744:
Regional variations in modern handwritten Arabic numerals
1090:
2655:"The Transmission of Hindu–Arabic Numerals Reconsidered"
2581:. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications. p. 106.
1942:) was known in the West from the 10th century onward..."
927:
Positional decimal notation including a zero symbol was
2907:
Gerbert d'Aurillac's early use of Hindu–Arabic numerals
2369:
2367:
3588:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
1049:
The first Arabic numerals in the West appeared in the
2757:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1422:
While positional Chinese numeral systems such as the
2659:
The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives
2065:"Der "computus emendatus" des Reinher von Paderborn"
1094:
1083:
1020:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
980:
3749:
3723:
3697:
3646:
3625:
3540:
3496:
3440:
3404:
3323:
3277:
3196:
3060:
2964:
2955:
2181:"14th century timepiece unearthed in Qld farm shed"
775:for writing numbers. The term often also implies a
862:encountered the numerals in the Algerian city of
1022:bi-ghayr takht wa-lā maḥw bal bi-dawāt wa-qirṭās
884:in the 15th century. European trade, books, and
2374:Campbell, Douglas M.; Higgins, John C. (1984).
1318:; and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at
1278:due to language barriers: although Fibonacci's
2902:Numeral & Numbers' history and curiosities
2022:British Journal for the History of Mathematics
1353:Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals,
1310:; a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of
2933:
1390:had been publishing on the topic since 1614.
1270:Table of numerals in many variants, 1757, by
748:
8:
2211:The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe
1910:
1100:
779:using the numerals, as well as the use of a
27:The symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
1280:
1223:
1204:
1150:
1106:
1065:
1051:
986:
964:
868:
851:Europeans first learned of Arabic numerals
2961:
2940:
2926:
2918:
2716:. Groningen, Netherlands: Egbert Forsten.
2657:. In J. P. Hogendijk; A. I. Sabra (eds.).
2444:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1886:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 237–288.
1254:Thott, 1459), presented together with the
910:History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system
755:
741:
91:
62:
3674:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
2949:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
2796:
2098:. Princeton University Press. p. 1.
1975:
1963:
1951:
1935:
1923:
1906:
1853:
1406:oracle bone numerals of 14th century B.C.
1386:, whereas Western mathematicians such as
38:. For symbols used in Arabic script, see
1468:
2232:Conatser Segura, Sylvia (26 May 2020).
2130:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1764:
74:
3595:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2874:O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson,
2437:
2377:Mathematics: People, Problems, Results
1458:encodings) at positions 0x30 to 0x39.
2753:Katz, Victor J., ed. (20 July 2007).
2191:from the original on 29 February 2012
2119:
2117:
2115:
2016:Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (3 May 2020).
2011:
2009:
1785:from the original on 21 November 2021
7:
2691:(1–2). Springer-Netherlands: 15–30.
2615:"The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0"
2595:from the original on 27 October 2015
2556:from the original on 27 October 2015
2517:from the original on 27 October 2015
1875:
1873:
1836:Danna, Raffaele (13 January 2021).
1781:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2020.
1101:
1334:Cathedral. In central Europe, the
1172:. The list on the right shows the
25:
2542:. Psychology Press. p. 272.
2352:from the original on 30 July 2022
2293:from the original on 30 July 2022
2242:from the original on 30 July 2022
2142:from the original on 27 July 2021
2075:from the original on 30 July 2022
1140:after he had returned to France.
828:, and the fully capitalized term
3531:
2631:from the original on 2 June 2001
2312:Lockwood, E. H. (October 1978).
2124:Danna, Raffaele (12 July 2021).
1111:, which became the English word
1105:), transliterated into Latin as
44:Arabic numerals (disambiguation)
2859:"Counting Systems and Numerals"
2096:Topics in Mathematical Modeling
1298:includes: an equal hour horary
1093:. The Arabic term for zero is
1:
3567:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
2865:. Retrieved 11 December 2005.
2820:Number Theory and Its History
2461:Teaching Children Mathematics
2034:10.1080/26375451.2020.1726050
852:
2685:Journal of Indian Philosophy
2661:. MIT Press. pp. 3–22.
2420:Shell-Gellasch, Amy (2015).
1778:American Heritage Dictionary
941:٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤, ٥, ٦, ٧, ٨, ٩
890:spread of the Latin alphabet
3757:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3689:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2773:"Mathematics in South Asia"
2536:Meuleman, Johan H. (2002).
1095:
1084:
1021:
1011:
1005:
999:
997:in the east, it was called
993:
981:
880:until the invention of the
36:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3823:
3659:Al-Mustansiriya University
3638:Islamic geometric patterns
3386:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1120:From the 980s, Gerbert of
907:
475:Non-standard radices/bases
29:
3529:
2697:10.1007/s10781-005-8153-z
2503:. Springer. p. 198.
2424:. J. B. Thoo. Baltimore.
2279:10.1163/48763316-03904001
1855:10.1163/18253911-bja10004
1824:Oxford English Dictionary
1739:Arabic numeral variations
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
940:
821:Oxford English Dictionary
3412:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3371:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
2888:History of the numerals
2869:The Evolution of Numbers
2653:Kunitzsch, Paul (2003).
2380:. Taylor & Francis.
2318:The Mathematical Gazette
2261:Brown, Peter B. (2012).
1376:during his Grand Embassy
1339:Ladislaus the Posthumous
1148:more easily in his text
939:or "Mashriki" numerals:
866:. His 13th-century work
3781:History of trigonometry
3776:Trigonometric functions
3770:Western Arabic numerals
3766:Eastern Arabic numerals
3331:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
2816:"Hindu–Arabic numerals"
2712:Hayashi, Takao (1995).
2063:Herold, Werner (2005).
1988:Ifrah, Georges (1998).
1809:26 October 2021 at the
1178:Eastern Arabic numerals
937:Eastern Arabic numerals
856: the 10th century
834:Eastern Arabic numerals
796:Western Arabic numerals
731:List of numeral systems
55:Arabic numerals set in
40:Eastern Arabic numerals
3705:Babylonian mathematics
3396:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
3381:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3376:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3300:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3229:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2972:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
1911:
1804:Terminology for Digits
1450:. They are encoded in
1407:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1224:
1219:
1205:
1184:
1151:
1107:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1037:
987:
965:
924:
869:
60:
42:. For other uses, see
3731:Byzantine mathematics
3519:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
3346:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3310:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2897:Hindu–Arabic numerals
2814:Ore, Oystein (1988).
2575:Peng Yoke Ho (2000).
1813:. Unicode Consortium.
1749:Seven-segment display
1401:
1272:Jean-Étienne Montucla
1269:
1249:
1235:commercial revolution
1214:
1167:
1048:
1035:
922:
804:Hindu–Arabic numerals
794:They are also called
99:Hindu–Arabic numerals
54:
3736:European mathematics
3684:Maragheh observatory
3509:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
3488:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
3361:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3269:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
2473:10.5951/tcm.9.5.0243
2213:, for more examples.
2094:Tung, K. K. (2016).
1138:Lupitus of Barcelona
628:Prehistoric counting
404:Common radices/bases
86:Place-value notation
3654:Al-Azhar University
3581:The Book of Healing
2987:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2881:6 July 2015 at the
2789:1961Natur.189S.273.
2783:(4761): 273. 1961.
2738:. New York: Wiley.
1700:U+0038 DIGIT EIGHT
1677:U+0037 DIGIT SEVEN
1585:U+0033 DIGIT THREE
1424:counting rod system
1357:, derived from the
1041:Adoption and spread
777:positional notation
575:Sign-value notation
3786:History of algebra
3741:Indian mathematics
3715:Indian mathematics
3664:House of Knowledge
3118:Brethren of Purity
3012:Banū Mūsā brothers
2822:. Dover. pp.
2136:10.17863/cam.72497
1723:U+0039 DIGIT NINE
1631:U+0035 DIGIT FIVE
1608:U+0034 DIGIT FOUR
1516:U+0030 DIGIT ZERO
1454:(and therefore in
1408:
1275:
1264:
1188:Leonardo Fibonacci
1185:
1174:Fibonacci sequence
1152:Computus emendatus
1061:
1038:
1009:'dust figures' or
960:Isidore of Seville
929:developed in India
925:
231:East Asian systems
61:
3794:
3793:
3710:Greek mathematics
3633:Alhazen's problem
3527:
3526:
3148:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
3098:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
2855:13 (1996): 35–54.
2668:978-0-262-19482-2
2588:978-0-486-41445-4
2549:978-0-7007-1691-3
2510:978-0-7923-4066-9
2431:978-1-4214-1728-8
2387:978-0-534-02879-4
2238:(Honors thesis).
2105:978-1-4008-8405-6
1999:978-1-860-46324-2
1893:978-3-515-08223-5
1730:
1729:
1654:U+0036 DIGIT SIX
1562:U+0032 DIGIT TWO
1539:U+0031 DIGIT ONE
1359:Cyrillic alphabet
1355:Cyrillic numerals
1198:, in what is now
1126:Pope Sylvester II
1054:Codex Albeldensis
765:
764:
564:
563:
16:(Redirected from
3814:
3609:Tabula Rogeriana
3535:
3483:Sibt al-Maridini
3143:Sinan ibn Thabit
3052:Abu Said Gorgani
3042:Thābit ibn Qurra
3032:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
3017:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2962:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2885:. November 2000.
2871:. 16 April 2005.
2837:
2810:
2800:
2798:10.1038/189273c0
2768:
2749:
2727:
2708:
2672:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2209:See G. F. Hill,
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1773:"Arabic numeral"
1769:
1469:
1284:
1231:
1227:
1210:
1154:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1071:
1057:
1024:
1015:'dust letters'.
1014:
1008:
1006:ashkāl al‐ghubār
1002:
996:
990:
984:
970:
942:
874:
857:
854:
757:
750:
743:
546:
530:
512:
502:balanced ternary
499:
486:
92:
63:
21:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3762:Arabic numerals
3745:
3719:
3693:
3669:House of Wisdom
3642:
3621:
3543:
3536:
3523:
3492:
3436:
3422:Ibn al-Durayhim
3400:
3319:
3285:Jabir ibn Aflah
3273:
3204:Abu Nasr Mansur
3192:
3088:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
3056:
2951:
2946:
2892:Arabic numerals
2883:Wayback Machine
2876:Indian numerals
2853:Chinese Science
2844:
2834:
2813:
2771:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2730:
2724:
2711:
2682:
2679:
2677:Further reading
2669:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2330:10.2307/3616704
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2267:Russian History
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1978:, pp. 7–8.
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1940:ḥisāb al-ghubār
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1811:Wayback Machine
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1735:
1711:0011 1001
1688:0011 1000
1665:0011 0111
1642:0011 0110
1619:0011 0101
1596:0011 0100
1573:0011 0011
1550:0011 0010
1527:0011 0001
1504:0011 0000
1481:
1444:
1428:Suzhou numerals
1396:
1371:Peter the Great
1361:, were used by
1351:
1336:King of Hungary
1320:Piddletrenthide
1256:Hebrew alphabet
1244:
1229:
1182:Indian numerals
1162:
1068:Codex Vigilanus
1043:
1012:qalam al-ghubår
1000:ḥisāb al-ghubār
917:
912:
906:
855:
830:Arabic Numerals
826:Arabic numerals
824:uses lowercase
816:European digits
800:Ghubār numerals
769:Arabic numerals
761:
725:
724:
647:
633:Proto-cuneiform
578:
577:
566:
565:
560:
559:
544:
528:
510:
497:
484:
471:
400:
399:
387:
386:
367:
327:
312:
303:
302:
293:
292:
274:
233:
232:
223:
222:
174:
116:
102:
101:
89:
88:
76:Numeral systems
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3820:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3602:Toledan Tables
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3574:Book of Optics
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3315:Ibn al-Yasamin
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Kushyar Gilani
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Nazif ibn Yumn
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Na'im ibn Musa
3034:
3029:
3027:Yusuf al-Khuri
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Qusta ibn Luqa
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2957:Mathematicians
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2847:Lam Lay Yong,
2843:
2842:External links
2840:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2811:
2769:
2764:978-0691114859
2763:
2750:
2744:
2732:Ifrah, Georges
2728:
2722:
2709:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2606:
2587:
2567:
2548:
2528:
2509:
2497:, ed. (1997).
2495:Selin, Helaine
2486:
2467:(5): 243–247.
2451:
2430:
2412:
2393:
2386:
2363:
2304:
2273:(4): 393–459.
2253:
2224:
2215:
2202:
2172:
2153:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2055:
2028:(2): 107–136.
2005:
1998:
1980:
1976:Kunitzsch 2003
1968:
1964:Kunitzsch 2003
1956:
1952:Kunitzsch 2003
1944:
1936:Kunitzsch 2003
1928:
1924:Kunitzsch 2003
1916:
1907:Kunitzsch 2003
1899:
1892:
1869:
1828:
1815:
1796:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1443:
1440:
1395:
1392:
1350:
1347:
1292:printing press
1243:
1240:
1168:A page of the
1161:
1158:
1042:
1039:
994:ḥisāb al-hindī
916:
913:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
882:printing press
878:Northern Italy
808:Western digits
785:Roman numerals
763:
762:
760:
759:
752:
745:
737:
734:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
665:
660:
654:
653:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
582:Non-alphabetic
579:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
539:
523:
518:
505:
492:
478:
477:
470:
469:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
406:
405:
401:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
378:
372:
371:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
333:
331:Post-classical
326:
325:
319:
318:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
251:
250:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
115:
114:
112:Eastern Arabic
109:
107:Western Arabic
103:
97:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
26:
24:
18:Arabic numeral
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Ibn al-Shatir
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Ibn al-Banna'
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Ahmad al-Buni
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Sanad ibn Ali
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
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2409:0-521-23582-0
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2157:
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2141:
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2129:
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2107:
2101:
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2090:
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2074:
2071:(in German).
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:, p. 10.
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:, p. 7:
1908:
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1900:
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1826:, 2nd edition
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1412:Shang dynasty
1405:
1404:Shang dynasty
1400:
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1076:
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1069:
1058:
1056:
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1030:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
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968:
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948:
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865:
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849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
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797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
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774:
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698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
684:
681:
679:
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671:
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669:
668:Alphasyllabic
666:
664:
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656:
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649:
648:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
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339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:Other systems
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
283:Counting rods
281:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
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253:
249:
246:
245:
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105:
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100:
94:
93:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3769:
3761:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3542:Mathematical
3497:16th century
3448:Ibn al-Majdi
3441:15th century
3405:14th century
3324:13th century
3278:12th century
3264:Omar Khayyam
3197:11th century
3093:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
3061:10th century
3022:Al-Khwarizmi
2863:Historyworld
2862:
2852:
2819:
2780:
2776:
2754:
2735:
2713:
2688:
2684:
2658:
2633:. Retrieved
2621:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2577:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2538:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2421:
2415:
2376:
2354:. Retrieved
2324:(421): 219.
2321:
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2270:
2266:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2234:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2126:
2095:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2025:
2021:
1989:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1954:, p. 8.
1947:
1939:
1931:
1926:, p. 5.
1919:
1902:
1882:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1754:Text figures
1445:
1421:
1410:The Chinese
1409:
1352:
1343:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1203:
1186:
1169:
1149:
1142:
1119:
1112:
1064:
1062:
1050:
1027:
978:
963:
945:
933:
926:
867:
850:
845:
841:
837:
829:
825:
819:
815:
812:Latin digits
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
793:
768:
766:
534:
495:Signed-digit
370:Contemporary
237:Contemporary
106:
48:
3560:De Gradibus
3514:Taqi ad-Din
3504:Al-Birjandi
3478:al-Qalaṣādī
3259:Al-Isfizari
3224:Ibn al-Samh
3153:Al-Isfahani
3133:al-Uqlidisi
3103:al-Khojandi
3068:Abu al-Wafa
3007:al-Dinawari
2965:9th century
2911:Convergence
2635:1 September
2622:unicode.org
2195:10 November
1848:(1): 5–48.
1789:21 November
1388:John Napier
1282:Liber Abaci
1225:Liber Abaci
1207:Liber Abaci
1170:Liber Abaci
1075:illuminated
1017:Al-Uqlidisi
967:Etymologiae
886:colonialism
871:Liber Abaci
836:. The term
673:Akṣarapallī
643:Tally marks
542:Non-integer
57:Source Sans
3724:Influenced
3698:Influences
3468:Ali Qushji
3427:Al-Khalili
3295:Al-Khazini
3290:Al-Kharaqī
3249:al-Zarqālī
3239:al-Jayyānī
3183:al-Majriti
3168:Abu al-Jud
3138:Al-Battani
3113:Al-Saghani
3108:Al-Nayrizi
3047:al-Marwazi
2982:al-Jawharī
2833:0486656209
2745:0471393401
2723:906980087X
2599:18 October
2560:18 October
2521:18 October
1822:"Arabic",
1448:Morse code
1432:Hui people
1417:positional
1384:ballistics
1367:East Slavs
1304:Heathfield
956:Al-Andalus
935:using the
900:numerals.
710:Glagolitic
683:Kaṭapayādi
651:Alphabetic
555:Asymmetric
397:radix/base
338:Cistercian
323:Babylonian
270:Vietnamese
125:Devanagari
3473:al-Wafa'i
3463:Ulugh Beg
3366:al-Abhari
3351:Ibn Adlan
3341:Ibn Munim
3305:al-Hassar
3244:al-Nasawī
3219:Al-Biruni
3188:al-Jabali
3178:Al-Karaji
3128:Ibn Yunus
3083:Abu Kamil
3078:Al-Qabisi
3073:al-Khazin
3002:Al-Mahani
2705:170783929
2481:1073-5836
2440:cite book
2338:0025-5572
2287:0094-288X
2069:ixtheo.de
2050:213113566
2042:2637-5451
1864:0394-7394
1760:Footnotes
1380:kinematic
1326:; and in
1316:Berkshire
1260:astrology
1252:Talhoffer
1134:astrolabe
1130:Barcelona
1059:in Spain.
985:, Latin:
947:Al-Nasawi
860:Fibonacci
678:Āryabhaṭa
623:Kharosthi
515:factorial
482:Bijective
383:(Iñupiaq)
213:Sundanese
208:Mongolian
155:Malayalam
3807:Numerals
3801:Category
3626:Concepts
3458:al-Kāshī
3432:al-Umawi
3234:Avicenna
3173:Al-Sijzi
3123:Ibn Sahl
2992:Al-Kindi
2879:Archived
2734:(2000).
2626:Archived
2593:Archived
2554:Archived
2515:Archived
2350:Archived
2291:Archived
2240:Archived
2189:Archived
2185:ABC News
2140:Archived
2073:Archived
1807:Archived
1783:Archived
1733:See also
1493:decimal
1477:Unicode
1442:Encoding
1402:Chinese
1328:Scotland
1322:church,
1314:Church,
1306:Church,
1300:quadrant
1122:Aurillac
1079:Hispania
898:Japanese
842:numerals
832:for the
767:The ten
705:Georgian
695:Cyrillic
663:Armenian
618:Etruscan
613:Egyptian
521:Negative
381:Kaktovik
376:Cherokee
353:Pentadic
277:Historic
260:Japanese
193:Javanese
183:Balinese
170:Dzongkha
135:Gurmukhi
130:Gujarati
68:a series
66:Part of
59:typeface
3750:Related
3679:Madrasa
3647:Centers
3453:al-Rūmī
3356:al-Urdi
3254:ibn Hud
3209:Alhazen
3163:al-Qūhī
2807:4288165
2785:Bibcode
2647:Sources
2356:29 July
2346:3616704
2297:29 July
2246:29 July
2167:4143442
2146:29 July
2079:29 July
1842:Nuncius
1487:binary
1460:Masking
1456:Unicode
1436:Jesuits
1296:Britain
1200:Algeria
1124:(later
952:Maghreb
904:History
894:Chinese
838:numbers
781:decimal
773:symbols
608:Chuvash
526:Complex
316:Ancient
308:History
255:Hokkien
243:Chinese
188:Burmese
178:Tibetan
165:Kannada
145:Sinhala
120:Bengali
32:Decimal
2830:
2805:
2777:Nature
2761:
2742:
2720:
2703:
2665:
2585:
2546:
2507:
2479:
2428:
2407:
2384:
2344:
2336:
2285:
2165:
2102:
2048:
2040:
1996:
1890:
1862:
1490:octal
1480:EBCDIC
1474:ASCII
1464:EBCDIC
1349:Russia
1324:Dorset
1308:Sussex
1242:Europe
1190:was a
1146:Easter
1114:cipher
988:tabula
974:Toledo
915:Origin
864:Béjaïa
846:digits
818:. The
720:Hebrew
690:Coptic
603:Brahmi
588:Aegean
545:
529:
511:
498:
485:
348:Muisca
288:Tangut
265:Korean
248:Suzhou
160:Telugu
3544:works
2824:19–24
2803:S2CID
2701:S2CID
2629:(PDF)
2618:(PDF)
2342:JSTOR
2046:S2CID
1452:ASCII
1394:China
1363:South
1332:Elgin
1230:'
1196:Bugia
1192:Pisan
1160:Italy
1136:from
1108:cifra
1085:sipos
1073:, an
982:takht
814:, or
789:octal
715:Greek
700:Geʽez
658:Abjad
638:Roman
598:Aztec
593:Attic
508:Mixed
466:table
358:Quipu
343:Mayan
198:Khmer
150:Tamil
2828:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2637:2021
2601:2015
2583:ISBN
2562:2015
2544:ISBN
2523:2015
2505:ISBN
2477:ISSN
2446:link
2426:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2358:2022
2334:ISSN
2299:2022
2283:ISSN
2248:2022
2197:2011
2163:SSRN
2148:2022
2100:ISBN
2081:2022
2038:ISSN
1994:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1860:ISSN
1791:2021
1714:071
1691:070
1668:067
1645:066
1622:065
1599:064
1576:063
1553:062
1530:061
1507:060
1496:hex
1482:hex
1426:and
1365:and
1312:Bray
1258:and
1221:The
1096:sifr
1091:zero
954:and
896:and
363:Rumi
218:Thai
140:Odia
34:and
3616:Zij
2909:at
2793:doi
2781:189
2693:doi
2469:doi
2326:doi
2275:doi
2132:doi
2030:doi
1850:doi
1726:F9
1720:39
1717:57
1703:F8
1697:38
1694:56
1680:F7
1674:37
1671:55
1657:F6
1651:36
1648:54
1634:F5
1628:35
1625:53
1611:F4
1605:34
1602:52
1588:F3
1582:33
1579:51
1565:F2
1559:32
1556:50
1542:F1
1536:31
1533:49
1519:F0
1513:30
1510:48
1180:or
1102:صفر
1025:).
962:'s
844:or
840:or
395:By
203:Lao
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2861:,
2851:,
2826:.
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2779:.
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2008:^
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1639:6
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