547:, to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to master intricate Islamic ritual, and the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was quite dangerous and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, although "...neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever." The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of
31:
527:
that he undertook in 1853 (he was not a Muslim and non-Muslims are forbidden to enter these holy cities). Seven years in
Pakistan had given Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of Muslims. This journey made Burton famous. He had planned it whilst travelling disguised among the Muslims
570:
started out as an archaeologist in what is now Syria and
Lebanon where he studied Arabic and immersed himself in Arab culture. After joining the British Army with the outbreak of World War I, he became known for his role in the
839:
808:(1970), at 13). However, it is also reported that among the less enlightened, efforts to understand the Arabic language or culture could be suspect, and on occasion Arabic books were burned. This was at a time when
812:
might land on the coast of Spain seeking captives for ransom or to sell into slavery. Meanwhile, Spanish and
Ottoman fleets might be at sea, in a long struggle for control of the Mediterranean.
646:, was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, archaeologist and spy. She played a major role in establishing and helping administer the modern state of Iraq.
335:
738:
512:
in autumn 1840, after his family had travelled extensively in Europe (he spoke
English, French and Italian). His studies at Oxford included falconry and Arabic.
913:
776:
465:. Many other European countries have also produced scholars who have made notable contributions to the study of the Arabs and Arabic cultures, including
383:, this was also the case in Spain for like reasons, and due in particular to Mediterranean politics and to the repressive atmosphere created by the
391:
hesitated to show their knowledge of their mother tongue. In the mid-18th century a new phase of
Arabism arose in Spain. Later, in the era of the
555:
804:(Granada, 1965). Yet Alonso de Castillo (1520s-c.1610) himself and his work were esteemed, his being presented to the King, Philip II. (Monroe,
91:. At various times, either a Christian or a Muslim kingdom might be the most hospitable toward scholars. Translation of Arabic texts into
457:
have enjoyed a long and fruitful involvement in the study of the Arabic language and Arab cultures, as well of Islam, with scholars like
172:. The philosophical translations were accompanied by the Islamic commentaries, e.g., on Al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Ibn Rushd (
918:
395:
Spanish
Arabism began to produce widely recognized studies, and thus regained its prominence, particularly regarding such Arabists as
888:
361:
produced his Arabic primers for
Spanish speakers, and several histories were written about the previous century's reconquest of the
543:
in 1503), his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. He adopted various disguises, including that of a
432:
248:
598:
Lawrence's heroic reputation was built from his own lively writing skills, sensational reporting by
American journalist
287:
well under way, Arabist efforts in Spain were sometimes closely tied to the goal of the possibility of proselytizing
908:
327:
685:
606:
420:
580:
400:
294:
Spain was so dynamic a center of medieval
Arabism as to draw scholars from throughout Christian Europe, notably
882:
624:
717:
673:
509:
419:
translated many books from Arabic into Latin during the 12th
Century, including works from scholars such as
396:
748:
721:
621:
505:
380:
243:
108:
241:
The works of Alfonso X in history and astronomy drew on numerous elements of Muslim knowledge. Also, the
528:
of Sindh, and had laboriously prepared for the ordeal by study and practice (including having himself
354:
788:
617:
540:
428:
392:
191:
180:
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374:
315:
299:
133:
24:
362:
262:
253:
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208:
16:
Academic or researcher who specialises in the study of the Arabic language and Arabic literature
326:
produced another translation of the Qur'an in the 13th century under a mandate from archbishop
903:
878:
436:
416:
350:
295:
199:
62:
829:), at Chapter VII, pages 174-195, for Asín; at Chapter VIII, pages 202-219, for García Gómez.
826:
627:, to whom she acted as hostess, took up a life of travel. She spent most of her life in the
705:
588:
307:
184:
129:
104:
866:
American Arabists in the Cold War Middle East, 1946–75: From Orientalism to Professionalism
661:
of Saudi Arabia's chief adviser in dealing with the British Empire and Western oil powers.
579:. He worked closely with the Hashemite dynasty that established independent Arab states in
689:
584:
462:
346:
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54:
35:
809:
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323:
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124:
30:
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529:
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288:
119:
84:
58:
658:
743:
713:
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572:
454:
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173:
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96:
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This cultural borrowing from the Arab culture enjoyed the strong patronage of
141:
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50:
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from this period both show an interpenetration and symbiosis of Oriental and
19:
This article is about Western scholars. For the Arab political movement, see
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and to wear a green turban. Burton's own account of his journey is given in
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149:
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684:, edited by J. Milton Cowan. As part of this dictionary, Wehr created a
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490:
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had previously been relatively unknown and largely ignored in European
592:
524:
494:
474:
466:
446:
427:. The Adams Professorship in the Arabic language was established at
310:. In 1143, Robert of Ketton made the first Latin translation of the
194:(1221–1284), who commissioned translations of major works into the
733:
549:
535:
Although Burton was not the first non-Muslim European to make the
520:
516:
442:
195:
165:
92:
39:
29:
349:'s trilingual Qur'an (Arabic, Spanish, and Latin), now lost, and
103:) began as early as the 10th century, major works dates from the
700:
Some notable Arabists from the Middle East worth mentioning are
536:
202:
of the time. This led to the first Spanish translation of the
136:
of that time and place. Early translations included works by
680:(1952), which was later published in an English edition as
556:
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah
657:
was a British colonial office intelligence officer and
23:. For American political connotations of the term, see
519:
prepared him well for the transgressive pilgrimage to
785:
History of the Rebellion and Punishment of the Moors
672:(1909–1981) was a German Arabist, professor at the
214:
Libro de los Engannos e Asayamientos de las Mugeres
739:Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic)
49:is someone, often but not always from outside the
781:Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos
602:, and later the dramatization of his life in the
334:("history of the Arabs"), drawing on the work of
827:Reprint Cambridge: ILEX Editions/Harvard UP 2021
532:to further lower the risk of being discovered).
345:This trend continued in the 15th century, with
176:), to the point of there being an identifiable
379:As Arabism was declining in Europe after the
338:for the knowledge of al-Andalus prior to the
8:
515:Burton's time in the Pakistani province of
823:Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship
806:Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship
365:with its aftermath of Moorish uprisings.
802:El morisco granadino Alonso del Castillo
83:, which lay on the frontier between the
760:
369:Eclipse and renewal of Spanish Arabists
53:, who specialises in the study of the
682:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
575:against Ottoman rule gaining fame as
403:(1905–1995), as well as many others.
218:Book of the Deceits and Lies of Women
7:
914:Non-Islamic Islam studies literature
676:from 1957–1974. Wehr published the
206:, and of such influential works as
107:, which began during the reign of
14:
631:and was accepted as Queen of the
868:. NY-London: Anthem Press, 2016.
330:, who later edited the landmark
879:Alfonso X 1252–1277, translator
810:raiders from the Barbary states
767:Two of these histories are the
539:(that distinction belonging to
433:Laudian Professorship in Arabic
156:; and the works of some of the
1:
431:in England in July 1632. The
842:. Independent. 13 March 2014
407:Arabists elsewhere in Europe
273:Arabists and the Reconquista
148:, etc.; books on astronomy,
114:Translations were made into
696:Arabists in the Middle East
595:after ending Ottoman rule.
935:
372:
276:
72:
18:
919:Islam and other religions
825:(Leiden: E.J.Brill 1970,
421:Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan
227:The Ascension of Mohammed
160:philosophers, especially
883:University of Washington
777:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
625:William Pitt the Younger
510:Trinity College, Oxford
357:. In the 16th century,
328:Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada
749:Middle Eastern studies
686:transliteration scheme
622:British Prime Minister
506:Richard Francis Burton
501:Richard Francis Burton
244:Tales of Count Lucanor
232:Los juegos del ajedrez
109:Alfonso VII of Castile
42:
678:Arabisches Wörterbuch
674:University of Münster
620:, after the death of
259:The Book of Good Love
254:El Libro de buen amor
111:, (1105–1157).
81:medieval Muslim Spain
33:
889:US Diplomat Arabists
864:Teresa Fava Thomas.
618:Lady Hester Stanhope
613:Lady Hester Stanhope
541:Ludovico di Barthema
429:Cambridge University
397:Miguel Asín Palacios
314:, at the request of
192:Alfonso X of Castile
181:school of philosophy
95:(mostly of works on
435:was established at
401:Emilio García Gómez
385:Spanish Inquisition
375:Spanish Inquisition
316:Peter the Venerable
300:Herman of Carinthia
291:in the Arab world.
134:vernacular language
61:(usually including
25:Arabist (political)
718:Mehmet Hakkı Suçin
607:Lawrence of Arabia
577:Lawrence of Arabia
363:Emirate of Granada
355:multilingual Bible
263:Arcipreste de Hita
236:The Games of Chess
209:Kalilah and Dimnah
79:Arabists began in
43:
909:Scholars of Islam
821:James T. Monroe,
769:Guerra de Granada
688:to represent the
437:Oxford University
417:Robert of Chester
399:(1871–1944), and
393:Generación del 98
351:Cardinal Cisneros
296:Gerard of Cremona
200:Castilian Spanish
63:Arabic literature
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55:Arabic language
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34:French Arabist
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846:December 31,
844:. Retrieved
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722:William Duff
712:in Lebanon,
704:in Morocco,
702:Haim Zafrani
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681:
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120:Church Latin
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85:Muslim world
78:
46:
44:
840:"Bill Duff"
800:Cabanelas,
744:Orientalism
716:in Israel,
714:Zvi Elpeleg
629:Middle East
573:Arab Revolt
530:circumcised
455:Netherlands
381:Reformation
285:Reconquista
279:Reconquista
249:Juan Manuel
170:Christendom
97:mathematics
89:Christendom
21:Pan-Arabism
898:Categories
755:References
708:in Egypt,
453:, and the
373:See also:
342:conquest.
277:See also:
142:Al-Ghazali
128:, or into
75:Al Andalus
73:See also:
51:Arab world
670:Hans Wehr
665:Hans Wehr
604:epic film
439:in 1636.
340:Almoravid
283:With the
178:Averroist
162:Aristotle
150:astrology
146:Avicebron
101:astronomy
904:Arabists
779:and the
728:See also
559:(1855).
508:entered
479:Scotland
389:Moriscos
198:and the
174:Averroës
154:medicine
138:Avicenna
885:website
633:Bedouin
491:Belgium
487:Hungary
483:Romania
451:Germany
413:England
387:. Some
336:al-Razi
220:), the
69:Origins
59:culture
47:Arabist
593:Jordan
591:, and
545:Pathan
525:Medina
495:Russia
493:, and
475:Poland
467:Sweden
447:France
312:Qur'an
306:, and
230:) and
204:Qur'an
152:, and
787:) by
775:) by
734:Islam
589:Syria
581:Hejaz
550:Hajji
523:and
521:Mecca
517:Sindh
443:Italy
261:) by
247:, by
196:Latin
166:Plato
93:Latin
40:Cairo
848:2014
585:Iraq
537:Hajj
461:and
423:and
251:and
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87:and
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