656:
roasted. This roasting accounts for part of the oil's distinctive, nutty flavour. The traditional technique for oil extraction is to grind the roasted seeds to paste, with a little water, in a stone rotary quern. The paste is then squeezed by hand to extract the oil. The extracted paste is still oil-rich and is used as animal feed. Oil produced this way can be stored and used for 3–6 months, and can be produced as needed from kernels, which can keep for 20 years unopened. Dry-pressing is becoming increasingly important for oil produced for sale, as this method allows for faster extraction, and the oil produced can be used for 12–18 months after extraction.
605:
1465:
454:
780:
997:
78:
65:
538:
most abundant tree in
Moroccan forests, with over twenty million trees living in the region and playing a vital role in the food chain and environment. The tree's roots grow deep into the ground in search of water, which helps bind soil and prevents erosion. Much of the region has resisted the advance of the Sahara desert due to the argan tree, and it therefore plays an irreplaceable part in the ecological balance of the region.
231:
597:
462:
589:
869:, an observance to be celebrated annually. Amongst the motivations for this proclamation were the importance of Argania to sustainable development in areas where it is endemic. The UN resolution was submitted by Morocco, and was co-sponsored by 113 member states of the United Nations before being adopted by consensus.
529: in) broad, with a thick, bitter peel surrounding a sweet-smelling but unpleasantly flavoured layer of pulpy pericarp. This surrounds the very hard nut, which contains one (occasionally two or three) small, oil-rich seeds. The fruit takes over a year to mature, ripening in June to July of the following year.
556:
making, grazing, increasingly intensive cultivation and the expansion of urban and rural settlements. Livestock numbers have increased substantially, with signs of overgrazing and over browsing in the argan forest. Browsing directly harms the existing, mature argan trees as goats will climb high into
612:
The argan tree has played a role in the cultures of the Berber people living there for hundreds of years. Argan is a multi-purpose tree and each part of it is usable as a food or economic resource. The fruit can be eaten, oil can be extracted from the nuts and the tree's wood can be used for fuel.
537:
The argan tree used to grow throughout North Africa, but today it only grows in southwestern
Morocco. Argan is perfectly adapted to the region's harsh environment, with the ability to survive extreme heat (over 50 °C), drought and poor soil. Although numbers are dwindling, argan is the second
732:
Argan trees are a major source of forage for sheep, goats, camels and cattle. The fruit and leaves are readily consumed by livestock. The press cake resulting from oil extraction can also be sun dried and fed to ruminants. Bees can nest in argan trees, making them sites for wild honey harvesting.
636:
Argan fruit falls in July, when they are black and dry. Until this happens, goats are kept out of the argan woodlands by wardens. Rights to collect the fruit are controlled by law and village traditions. The "nuts" are gathered after fruit consumption and spat out by ruminating goats. Seeds being
564:
as a high-value product. However, the wealth brought by argan oil export has also created threats to argan trees in the form of increased goat population. Locals use the newfound wealth to buy more goats and the goats stunt the growth of the argan trees by climbing up and eating their leaves and
1240:
Khallouki, F; Younos, C; Soulimani, R; Oster, T; Charrouf, Z; Spiegelhalder, B; Bartsch, H; Owen, RW (2003). "Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects".
655:
Argan oil is produced by several women's co-operatives in the southwestern parts of
Morocco. The most labour-intensive part of oil-extraction is removal of the soft pulp (used to feed animals) and the cracking by hand, between two stones, of the hard nut. The seeds are then removed and gently
814:
557:
the branches of an argan tree to reach its fruit. Overgrazing can cause soil erosion, affects the microclimate of the forest by reducing ground cover and surface humidity and increasing temperature, and impedes the long term regeneration of the forest.
432:
which is spoken by the majority of the people living in the areas where the tree is endemic. Shilha Berber has a rich vocabulary for the various parts of the fruit, its stages of ripeness, and its harvesting and processing. The oil is called
694:
Argan oil is sold in
Morocco as a luxury item. Sales of the product have grown since being marketed by the cosmetics industry in the US and Europe in the early 21st century. Its price is notable compared to other oils.
613:
The tree has therefore played a vital socio-economic role in local culture, and currently provides a significant source of food and income for around three million people, over two million of which live in rural areas.
2276:
746:
The unique geographical properties of the region led to an application with the
European Union to protect Argane (argan in French) by the Moroccan government. The application for Argane to become a Protected
565:
fruit. It is reported that the display of the tree climbing goats is staged or faked in areas popular with tourists, as the goats only very infrequently climb the trees without human intervention.
1139:
Phenology, breeding system and fruit development of Argan cultivated in Israel, Avinoam Nerd, Vered
Irijimovich and Yosef Mizrahi, Economic Botany, Volume 52, Number 2 / April, 1998, pp. 161-167.
834:
1130:
Growth and oil production of argan in the Negev Desert of Israel, A. Nerd, E. Etesholaa, N. Borowyc and Y. Mizrahi, Industrial Crops and
Products, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 1994, pages 89-95
400:. Argan trees grow to 8–10 m (26–33 ft) high and live up to approximately 200 years. They are thorny, with gnarled trunks and wide spreading crown. The crown has a
2094:
1859:
1356:
Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (2010). "Should the
Amazigh Diet (Regular and Moderate Argan-Oil Consumption) have a Beneficial Impact on Human Health?".
2120:
1885:
1150:
850:
769:
2042:
1807:
857:
of
Humanity, upon Moroccan request, for the protection and safeguarding of traditions, knowledge, practices, and crafts related to the argan tree.
2261:
2055:
1820:
691:
or sugar. The unroasted oil is traditionally used as a treatment for skin diseases, and has become favoured by
European cosmetics manufacturers.
2246:
1690:
R. Nouaim; G. Mangin; M. C. Breuil; R. Chaussod (2002). "The argan tree in Marocco: Propagation by seeds, cuttings and in-vitro techniques".
1645:
1605:
1553:
2286:
2281:
1508:
1486:
1523:
T.J. Lybbert; C.B. Barrett; H. Najisse (2002). "Market-Based Conservation and Local Benefits: The Case of Argan Oil in Morocco".
1598:
L'arganier au Maroc: entre mythes et réalités. Une civilisation née d'un arbreune espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples
1083:
2256:
2081:
1846:
1098:
604:
2241:
2112:
1414:
866:
854:
77:
1890:
2172:
1911:
895:
2125:
560:
The best hope for the conservation of the trees may lie in the recent development of a thriving export market for
2271:
2266:
2107:
1762:
1479:
1473:
2177:
1916:
748:
1201:
Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (1999). "Ethnoeconomical, ethnomedical, and phytochemical study of
1724:
1490:
34:
1020:"Does Resource Commercialization Induce Local Conservation? A Cautionary Tale From Southwestern Morocco"
204:
1825:
909:
453:
2060:
888:
2236:
2016:
1984:
1794:
1165:
1031:
2146:
2208:
1937:
1707:
1584:
1381:
1266:
1065:
956:
865:
On 3 March 2021, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to proclaim 10 May the
251:
72:
1403:). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Last updated on October 26, 2015, 16:29
779:
2099:
1877:
1864:
2133:
2003:
1898:
1781:
1641:
1601:
1549:
1373:
1338:
1258:
1222:
1057:
549:
2200:
2151:
2251:
2138:
1903:
1699:
1624:
1576:
1532:
1365:
1297:
1250:
1214:
1183:
1173:
1047:
1039:
948:
429:
393:
1318:
64:
1001:
996:
979:
545:
forests now only cover some 8,280 km (3,200 sq mi) and are designated as a
425:
370:
347:
115:
1169:
1035:
1000: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2159:
1655:
Cristiano, Luigi; De Martino, Gianni (2000). "Marocco atlantico. In terra di Argania".
1628:
1448:
638:
102:
41:
2164:
1536:
1218:
935:
Kouidri, M.; Saadi, A. K.; Noui, A. (2014). "Physicochemical Study and Composition of
230:
2230:
1872:
1254:
715:
709:
401:
220:
1711:
1588:
1385:
1270:
1069:
960:
2213:
1942:
1786:
1615:
H.D.V. Prendergast; C.C. Walker (1992). "The argan: multipurpose tree of Morocco".
721:
2008:
1995:
1773:
1747:
2068:
1978:
1833:
1756:
1676:"Biodiversity of South Western Morocco (Flora and Plant Communities of Morocco)"
660:
596:
181:
171:
845:
In 2014, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (
1703:
1544:
O. M'Hirit; M. Bensyane; F.Benchekroun; S.M. El Yousfi; M. Bendaanoun (1998).
1369:
1043:
952:
849:), inscribed "Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree" on the
703:
461:
381:
161:
1969:
1342:
1061:
2029:
1019:
664:
650:
588:
561:
434:
2190:
1929:
1377:
1302:
1285:
1262:
1226:
1099:"Iconic and Instagrammable or invented and inhumane? Morocco's tree goats"
2185:
1963:
1924:
1741:
668:
553:
377:
151:
141:
128:
1187:
1018:
LYBBERT, TRAVIS; BARRETT, CHRISTOPHER B.; NARJISSE, HAMID (2004-05-01).
552:. Their area has shrunk by about half during the last 100 years, due to
2047:
1838:
1812:
1580:
980:"Protecting Society and the Environment with a Geographical Indication"
794:
501:
are small, with five pale yellow-green petals; flowering in April. The
397:
389:
2073:
1052:
1434:
1419:
1398:
1178:
846:
804:
684:
680:
625:
621:
577:
569:
546:
498:
470:
405:
17:
1718:
659:
The oil contains 80% unsaturated fatty acids, is rich in essential
437:. In medieval Arabic pharmacological sources, the tree is known as
2086:
2034:
1851:
688:
672:
617:
603:
595:
587:
573:
502:
460:
452:
89:
1799:
1121:
Growing for Change, Ruhama Shattan, Jerusalem Post, Oct. 12, 2001
2021:
1435:"United Nations Resolution for the International Day of Argania"
385:
374:
1722:
1286:"Argan oil: Occurrence, composition and impact on human health"
1084:"Iconic 'tree-climbing' goats of Morocco revealed to be a scam"
1546:
L'arganier: une espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples
1458:
2277:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
916:. GRIN Taxonomy, US Department of Agriculture. 13 March 2023
1675:
1415:"Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree"
667:
than olive oil. Argan oil is used for dipping bread, on
762:
Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree
751:
was made in October 2011 with the European Commission.
675:, and for other similar uses. A dip for bread known as
616:
In some parts of Morocco, argan takes the place of the
358:
1151:"Tree-climbing goats disperse seeds during rumination"
1953:
1731:
833:
825:
820:
810:
800:
790:
761:
637:spat out by the goats constitutes one mechanism of
497: in) long, and oval with a rounded apex. The
1567:, Sapotataceae), a desert source of edible oil".
1563:J.F. Morton; G.L. Voss (1987). "The argan tree (
1290:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
1284:Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (2008).
1449:"UN Food and Agricultural Organization Report"
1358:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
592:Souk selling argan seeds in Inezgane, Morocco
8:
33:"Argan" redirects here. For other uses, see
1719:
778:
229:
63:
52:
1509:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:Chimi, H; Cillard, J; Cillard, P (1994).
1301:
1177:
1051:
600:The production of the oil is done by hand
404:of up to 70 m (230 ft) and the
1472:This article includes a list of general
1158:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
264:Roem. & Schult (1819), nom. superfl.
878:
608:Goats climbing an argan tree in Morocco
884:
882:
758:
1640:. Thistle Syndicate. pp. 75–76.
1243:European Journal of Cancer Prevention
1149:Delibes, Miguel; el al (2 May 2017).
7:
1013:
1011:
974:
972:
970:
770:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
465:Foliage, flowers and immature fruit
1629:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1992.tb00072.x
1478:it lacks sufficient corresponding
939:Oil from Two Regions of Algeria".
505:is 2–4 cm long and 1.5–3 cm (
441:, a distortion of the Berber word
25:
1319:"Autoxydation de l'huile d'argan
2178:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:785772-1
1917:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:789863-1
1463:
1399:Heuzé V., Tran G., 2015. Argan (
1255:10.1097/00008469-200302000-00011
995:
861:United Nations International Day
568:Argan is also cultivated in the
76:
1325:[Autoxidation of argan oil
1024:Society & Natural Resources
2262:Trees of Mediterranean climate
941:Chemistry of Natural Compounds
628:, and fuel in Berber society.
1:
2247:Crops originating from Africa
1537:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00020-4
1219:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00228-1
408:may lean towards the ground.
1207:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
867:International Day of Argania
855:Intangible Cultural Heritage
755:Intangible Cultural Heritage
359:
328:(Retz.) Neck. ex Raf. (1838)
40:For the genus of moths, see
2287:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
663:, and is more resistant to
416:The former scientific name
2303:
1636:Elaine M. Solowey (2006).
1097:Frary, Mark (2019-05-03).
896:Plants of the World Online
648:
424:, the name of the tree in
351:
31:
1370:10.1080/10408390802544520
1044:10.1080/08941920490430205
953:10.1007/s10600-014-0949-1
777:
766:
737:International recognition
687:, sometimes sweetened by
257:
250:
237:
228:
210:
203:
73:Scientific classification
71:
62:
55:
2282:Plants described in 1753
899:. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
679:is made from argan oil,
473:are small, 2–4 cm (
1704:10.1023/A:1014236025396
1596:Rachida Nouaim (2005).
1493:more precise citations.
749:Geographical Indication
742:Geographical indication
388:valley of southwestern
2257:Drought-tolerant trees
1638:Supping at God's table
1600:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
1329:L. from Morocco].
1303:10.1002/ejlt.200700220
609:
601:
593:
466:
458:
242: Native range of
35:Argan (disambiguation)
2242:Edible nuts and seeds
1331:Sciences des Aliments
607:
599:
591:
464:
456:
392:and to the region of
320:(Retz.) Baill. (1890)
1763:Sideroxylon spinosum
1733:Sideroxylon spinosum
1692:Agroforestry Systems
1525:Ecological Economics
890:Sideroxylon spinosum
698:Argan oil contains:
339:Sideroxylon spinosum
214:Sideroxylon spinosum
57:Sideroxylon spinosum
1657:Erboristeria Domani
1565:Argania sideroxylon
1170:2017FrEE...15..222D
1036:2004SNatR..17..413L
851:Representative List
829:2014 (14th session)
821:Inscription history
261:Argania sideroxylon
1581:10.1007/BF02858970
1548:. Pierre Mardaga.
784:Argan paste making
610:
602:
594:
467:
459:
369:, is a species of
301:Elaeodendron argan
272:(L.) Skeels (1911)
2224:
2223:
2134:Open Tree of Life
1899:Open Tree of Life
1725:Taxon identifiers
1647:978-0-9785565-1-8
1607:978-2-7475-8453-1
1555:978-2-87009-684-0
1519:
1518:
1511:
843:
842:
550:biosphere reserve
420:was derived from
357:
335:
334:
317:Sideroxylon argan
265:
16:(Redirected from
2294:
2272:Trees of Algeria
2267:Trees of Morocco
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1720:
1715:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1664:
1651:
1632:
1611:
1592:
1559:
1540:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1489:this article by
1480:inline citations
1467:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1179:10.1002/fee.1488
1155:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1086:. 25 April 2019.
1080:
1074:
1073:
1055:
1015:
1006:
999:
993:
991:
990:
976:
965:
964:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
906:
900:
886:
782:
759:
528:
527:
523:
520:
514:
513:
509:
496:
495:
491:
488:
482:
481:
477:
396:in southwestern
362:
356:romanized:
355:
353:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
285:
273:
263:
241:
233:
216:
196:S. spinosum
81:
80:
67:
53:
48:
38:
21:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2152:Argania spinosa
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1985:Argania spinosa
1983:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:Argania spinosa
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1727:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1614:
1608:
1595:
1569:Economic Botany
1562:
1556:
1543:
1522:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1485:Please help to
1484:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:Argania spinosa
1397:
1393:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1327:Argania spinoza
1321:Argania spinosa
1316:
1315:
1311:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1203:Argania spinosa
1200:
1199:
1195:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1017:
1016:
1009:
988:
986:
978:
977:
968:
937:Argania spinosa
934:
933:
929:
919:
917:
912:Argania spinosa
908:
907:
903:
887:
880:
875:
863:
786:
785:
773:
757:
744:
739:
730:
653:
647:
634:
620:as a source of
586:
535:
525:
521:
518:
516:
511:
507:
506:
493:
489:
486:
484:
479:
475:
474:
457:fruit and seeds
451:
430:Berber language
414:
371:flowering plant
366:Argania spinosa
327:
325:Verlangia argan
319:
311:
303:
295:
289:Argania spinosa
283:
277:Argania spinosa
271:
269:Argania spinosa
246:
239:
224:
218:
212:
199:
75:
49:
39:
32:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:wfo-0000264280
2205:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1990:
1975:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:wfo-0000310997
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1768:
1753:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1687:
1670:
1669:External links
1667:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1646:
1633:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1575:(2): 221–233.
1560:
1554:
1541:
1531:(1): 125–144.
1517:
1516:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1406:
1391:
1348:
1309:
1276:
1232:
1205:(L.) Skeels".
1193:
1164:(4): 222–223.
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1089:
1075:
1030:(5): 413–430.
1007:
966:
947:(2): 346–348.
927:
901:
877:
876:
874:
871:
862:
859:
841:
840:
839:Representative
837:
831:
830:
827:
823:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:
783:
775:
774:
767:
764:
763:
756:
753:
743:
740:
738:
735:
729:
726:
725:
724:
718:
712:
706:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
639:seed dispersal
633:
630:
585:
582:
534:
531:
450:
447:
413:
410:
333:
332:
331:
330:
322:
314:
309:Rhamnus sicula
306:
298:
286:
274:
266:
255:
254:
248:
247:
238:
235:
234:
226:
225:
219:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
69:
68:
60:
59:
29:Genus of trees
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1337:(1): 117–24.
1336:
1333:(in French).
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
998:
985:
981:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
915:
913:
905:
902:
898:
897:
893:
891:
885:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
781:
776:
772:
771:
765:
760:
754:
752:
750:
741:
736:
734:
727:
723:
719:
717:
716:Palmitic acid
713:
711:
710:Linoleic acid
707:
705:
701:
700:
699:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
644:
642:
640:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
606:
598:
590:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
539:
532:
530:
504:
500:
472:
463:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
402:circumference
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
367:
361:
349:
345:
341:
340:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
290:
287:
282:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
258:
256:
253:
249:
245:
236:
232:
227:
222:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:Tracheophytes
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
58:
54:
51:
46:
44:
36:
27:
19:
1954:
1732:
1698:(1): 71–81.
1695:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1660:
1656:
1637:
1623:(2): 76–85.
1620:
1617:Kew Magazine
1616:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1545:
1528:
1524:
1505:
1496:
1477:
1443:
1429:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1364:(5): 473–7.
1361:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:L. du Maroc"
1320:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1249:(1): 67–75.
1246:
1242:
1235:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1188:10261/158050
1161:
1157:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1103:WTM Insights
1102:
1092:
1078:
1027:
1023:
994:
987:. Retrieved
984:www.wipo.int
983:
944:
940:
936:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:(L.) Skeels"
911:
904:
894:
889:
864:
844:
768:
745:
731:
722:Stearic acid
697:
693:
676:
658:
654:
635:
615:
611:
567:
559:
542:
541:In Morocco,
540:
536:
468:
442:
438:
421:
417:
415:
384:semi-desert
365:
364:
343:
338:
337:
336:
324:
316:
308:
304:Retz. (1791)
300:
296:Maire (1929)
292:
288:
284:Maire (1929)
280:
276:
268:
260:
243:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
135:
122:
109:
96:
56:
50:
42:
26:
2237:Sideroxylon
2069:iNaturalist
1979:Wikispecies
1834:iNaturalist
1757:Wikispecies
1681:October 29,
1491:introducing
1213:(1): 7–14.
826:Inscription
815:Arab States
728:Animal feed
661:fatty acids
576:regions of
533:Cultivation
449:Description
363:), synonym
342:, known as
183:Sideroxylon
172:Sapotoideae
168:Subfamily:
116:Angiosperms
2231:Categories
2160:Plant List
1499:March 2017
1474:references
1296:(7): 632.
1108:2019-06-03
1053:1813/57696
989:2023-04-12
873:References
704:Oleic acid
543:arganeraie
382:calcareous
373:. It is a
244:A. spinosa
162:Sapotaceae
2165:kew-14735
1878:161794316
1748:Q21877442
1343:0240-8813
1062:0894-1920
1002:CC BY 4.0
801:Reference
665:oxidation
651:Argan oil
645:Argan oil
562:argan oil
435:argan oil
348:Tashelhit
312:L. (1768)
281:apiculata
190:Species:
86:Kingdom:
2191:28700869
2186:Tropicos
2100:10695780
2087:785772-1
1964:Wikidata
1930:28700868
1925:Tropicos
1865:10608874
1852:789863-1
1800:52541959
1742:Wikidata
1712:21621498
1663:: 78–85.
1589:23198131
1386:41530834
1378:20373191
1271:12350686
1263:12548113
1227:10616955
1070:18631871
1004:license.
961:36309638
669:couscous
554:charcoal
406:branches
252:Synonyms
158:Family:
152:Ericales
142:Asterids
129:Eudicots
2252:Forages
2201:5823520
2108:MoBotPF
2048:5333832
2022:1153383
1970:Q379746
1891:2945705
1839:1066286
1813:2886244
1487:improve
1166:Bibcode
1032:Bibcode
853:of the
795:Morocco
791:Country
685:peanuts
681:almonds
624:, oil,
524:⁄
510:⁄
499:flowers
492:⁄
478:⁄
418:Argania
398:Algeria
394:Tindouf
390:Morocco
380:to the
378:endemic
178:Genus:
148:Order:
90:Plantae
43:Argania
2198:uBio:
2139:406558
2113:286835
2074:338586
1993:APDB:
1904:406558
1771:APDB:
1710:
1644:
1604:
1587:
1552:
1476:, but
1420:UNESCO
1384:
1376:
1341:
1269:
1261:
1225:
1068:
1060:
959:
847:UNESCO
811:Region
683:, and
673:salads
626:timber
622:forage
578:Israel
570:Arabah
547:UNESCO
471:leaves
439:harjān
428:, the
426:Shilha
293:mutica
240:
223:(1753)
45:(moth)
2126:85884
2095:IRMNG
2035:ARJSI
1996:91779
1860:IRMNG
1826:33918
1787:6YN2P
1774:91584
1708:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1154:(PDF)
1066:S2CID
957:S2CID
920:6 May
805:00955
689:honey
677:amlou
632:Fruit
618:olive
574:Negev
503:fruit
443:argan
422:argan
360:argan
352:ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ
344:argan
291:var.
279:var.
136:Clade
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
18:Argan
2173:POWO
2147:PfaF
2121:NCBI
2082:IPNI
2061:3956
2056:GRIN
2043:GBIF
2030:EPPO
2009:GG48
1912:POWO
1886:NCBI
1873:IUCN
1847:IPNI
1821:GRIN
1808:GBIF
1683:2006
1642:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1374:PMID
1339:ISSN
1259:PMID
1223:PMID
1058:ISSN
922:2023
835:List
714:12%
708:32%
702:46%
671:and
584:Uses
572:and
469:The
412:Name
386:Sous
375:tree
2209:WFO
2017:EoL
2004:CoL
1938:WFO
1795:EoL
1782:CoL
1700:doi
1661:233
1625:doi
1577:doi
1533:doi
1366:doi
1298:doi
1294:110
1251:doi
1215:doi
1184:hdl
1174:doi
1048:hdl
1040:doi
949:doi
720:6%
2233::
2211::
2188::
2175::
2162::
2149::
2136::
2123::
2110::
2097::
2084::
2071::
2058::
2045::
2032::
2019::
2006::
1981::
1966::
1940::
1927::
1914::
1901::
1888::
1875::
1862::
1849::
1836::
1823::
1810::
1797::
1784::
1759::
1744::
1706:.
1696:54
1694:.
1659:.
1619:.
1583:.
1573:41
1571:.
1529:41
1527:.
1417:.
1380:.
1372:.
1362:50
1360:.
1335:14
1292:.
1288:.
1265:.
1257:.
1247:12
1245:.
1221:.
1211:67
1209:.
1182:.
1172:.
1162:15
1160:.
1156:.
1101:.
1064:.
1056:.
1046:.
1038:.
1028:17
1026:.
1022:.
1010:^
982:.
969:^
955:.
945:50
943:.
892:L.
881:^
641:.
580:.
445:.
354:,
350::
221:L.
138::
125::
112::
99::
1714:.
1702::
1685:.
1650:.
1631:.
1627::
1621:9
1610:.
1591:.
1579::
1558:.
1539:.
1535::
1512:)
1506:(
1501:)
1497:(
1483:.
1451:.
1437:.
1423:.
1388:.
1368::
1345:.
1306:.
1300::
1273:.
1253::
1229:.
1217::
1190:.
1186::
1176::
1168::
1111:.
1072:.
1050::
1042::
1034::
992:.
963:.
951::
924:.
910:"
526:8
522:1
519:+
517:1
515:–
512:8
508:5
494:8
490:5
487:+
485:1
483:–
480:4
476:3
346:(
47:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
