Classical compass winds

2962:

winds. It seems as if he is merely making a long list of all the wind names he has heard, giving each their own separate position in a single system, regardless of duplication. The shifts of some old Greek winds (Boreas, Eurus, Argestes, Leuconotos) into non-traditional positions (sometimes even in the wrong quadrant), could reflect the relative positions of Greece and Italy – or could simply indicate that Vitruvius did not much care for this exercise, and assigned their names roughly just to get a nice symmetric system of two off-winds for every principal wind. One can almost detect a touch of mockery in his construction, almost as if to ridicule elaborate wind systems that try to push beyond the basic eight winds.

1610: 2914:

altogether (although it appears on some enumerations of Vitruvius's list and will make a comeback with Seneca). Carbas, already noted as a Cyrene variant for the SE, is placed in the northeast quadrant. Latin Vulturnus is rightfully in the southeast, adjoining its Greek alternate Eurus. Greek Argestes is given here separately, adjoining Favonius in the west, albeit below its usual northwesterly quadrant. Leuconotos, previously a variant for Libonotus, is separated off and sent to the southeast quadrant (where Euronotos/Euroauster used to be, which seem to have disappeared altogether). There is nonetheless a similar-sounding

2674:. But Vitruvius then goes on to note there are many other winds, only slightly different from the core eight, which have been given names of their own in the past. In a rather hurried fashion, Vitruvius relates an ample list of two variations on either side of the eight principal winds, which yield a wind rose of 24 winds. Although the 24 winds might be easier to draw equally spaced at 15° from each other, they are easier to list using modern half- and quarter-wind notation. No insinuation about degrees should be read into either case (principal winds are in bold): 664: 3533: 2931: 3557:

Vulturnus to ENE, Subsolanus to E, Eurus to ESE, Euroauster to SSE, Auster to S, and so on. (Indeed, this assignment is frequently used by many authors (but not this article) to explain the classical 12-wind system in modern terms). In a second effort, he decided to conjure up 16 classical-sounding names for all 16 winds of the mariner's rose. In his construction (noted on a scribbled corner), he seemed to contemplate the following:

1069: 2678: 1744: 1394: 46: 2413: 479: 5606:). Brown (1948: p.124) says "Hippocrates said there were six winds, but there is some uncertainty as to where they blew from", but no reference to where exactly it is stated in Hippocrates. Only four general winds are described by Hippocrates, but Brown might be referring to the six stated compass directions (N, S, winter & summer sunsets & sunrises) that form their boundaries. 6598:. Although the Biblical name, Euro-Aquilo, implies an east-northeast wind, it might be considered east southeast relative to Vitruvius's Italy. The "circias" may be a reference to a "circular" or a bending wind in the southeast Mediterranean, an insinuation of its violence (as St. Paul found out in the Acts). It may be the same violent wind Jesus is said to have stilled in (Mark 583:, refers to four winds, but designates them not by their Homeric names, but rather from the cardinal direction from which they blow (arctos, anatole, dusis, etc.) He does, however, recognize six geographic points – north, south and the summer and winter risings and settings – using the latter to set the boundaries for the four general winds. 1422: 120:. It is probable that for ancient settled populations, local physical landmarks (e.g. mountains, deserts, settlements) were the initial and most immediate markers of general direction ("towards the coast", "towards the hills", "towards the lands of Xanadu", etc.). Astral phenomena, in particular the position of the 2042:

been seen since Homer. He seems to treat Eurus as a Latin name, giving the Aristotelean Apeliotes as the Greek equivalent, and reducing Subsolanus to a mere variant "from Roman sailors". With Eurus now absent in the SE, Euronotus (previously SSE) is promoted to the vacant SE position. Finally, a new name,

136:, irrespective of the observer's position. This was likely furthered by sailors who, far from landmarks at sea, nonetheless recognized a particular wind by its qualities and referred to it by a familiar name. The final step, completing the circle, was to use the proper names of the winds to denote general 3556:

to reconcile the classical 12 winds he was taught with the "new" Mediterranean wind rose. In one effort, Matthew Paris assigned the 12 classical names to N, E, S, W and the half-winds (NNE, ENE, ESE, etc.), leaving the principal diagonals NE, SE, SW and NW vacant. Thus Septentrio to N, Aquilo to NNE,

1405:

is dated, Timosthenes can be credited with turning Aristotle's asymmetric ten-wind compass into a symmetric twelve-wind compass, by introducing the SSW wind (Leuconotos/Libonotos) omitted by Aristotle and Theophrastus and assigning the compound "Euronotos" (already alluded to by Aristotle, no mention

131:

was another source. It was probably farming populations, attentive to rain and temperature for their crops, that noticed the qualitative differences in winds – some were humid, others dry, some hot, others cold – and that these qualities depended on where the wind was blowing from. Local directional

3366:

From these eight principal winds, 16-wind roses could be constructed with half-winds (NNE, ENE, etc.) which merely combined the names of the principal winds (e.g. NNE would be Greco-Tramontana, ENE Greco-Levante, and so on). 32-wind roses, which were already present in the early 1300s charts, relied

2961:

Vitruvius's 24-wind list does not seem to have impressed later Roman writers (Seneca, Pliny, etc.), who all went back to 12- or 8-wind systems. Vitruvius's treatment has a touch of carelessness. He does not bother assigning Latin-to-Greek equivalents, give variants or provide any descriptions of the

2041:

Among the novelties is the disappearance of Caecias (NE, like in Pliny), although he does make a later note that "Caecias" is mentioned in Aristotle (but does not give it a position). Aquilo/Boreas seem well-enthroned at NE. Another surprise is the re-emergence of Eurus in the East, where it has not

1413:

Timosthenes is also significant for being perhaps the first Greek to go beyond treating these "winds" merely as meteorological phenomena and to begin viewing them properly as points of geographic direction. Timosthenes (through Agathemerus) assigns each of the 12 winds to geographical locations and

1991:

It is apparent Pliny had recently read Aristotle and sought to resurrect some of the abandoned Aristotelean names (Boreas/Aparctias, Meses, Etesian winds, Phoenicias, he even mentions Olympias and Sciron as local Greek winds), albeit they appear rather awkwardly when inserted into the contemporary

1644:

Eratosthenes was a disciple of Timosthenes and is said to have drawn principally from his work. But they part ways on this. Both recognized that Aristotle's ten-wind rose was unbalanced, but while Timosthenes restored balance by adding two winds to make it a symmetric twelve, Eratosthenes deducted

1048:

The implication of reading Thrascias and Meses as half-winds, and the others as principal winds, is that this implies Aristotle's construction is asymmetric. Specifically, the half-winds would be at 22½° on either side of the North, while the principal eight would be at 45° angles from each other.

5012:

In a survey of a widely distributed sample of 127 world languages, Brown (1983) finds 18% of the languages have no cardinal points at all, and only 64% have all four cardinal points. Brown finds four sources for cardinal direction: (1) environment-specific features (e.g. landmarks); (2) celestial

1389:

Timosthenes's list (according to Agathemerus) was Aparctias (N), Boreas (not Meses, NNE), Caecias (NE), Apeliotes (E), Eurus (SE), "Phoenicias is also called Euronotos" (SSE), Notos (S), "Leuconotos alias Libonotos" (first mention, SSW), Lips (SW), Zephyrus (W), Argestes (NW) and "Thrascias alias

525:

to the cardinal winds, e.g. as western winds bring rain, then when Homer says a "stormy Boreas" he means a different wind from a "loud Boreas" (i.e. wet north = NW, loud north = N) Nonetheless, while it seems that Homer may have realized that there were more than four winds, he did not use those

1979:

When he goes on to discuss half-winds, Pliny re-introduces Caecis as lying "between Aquilo and Subsolanus", thus restoring it effectively to its NE position. Evidently reading Aristotle, Pliny tries to insert long-lost Meses again "between Boreas (= Aquilo) and Caecis", thus placing Meses in a

1129:

properties of the winds, e.g. that the winds on the NW-SE axis are generally dry, while the NE-SW winds are wet (NE producing heavier clouds than SW). N and NNE bring snow. Winds from the whole northwestern sector (NW, NNW, N) are described as cold, strong, cloud-clearing winds that can bring

2913:

lake breeze) in the very NE, nudging Aquilo (old NNE) to the NE (almost as in Pliny – perhaps the source of his confusion?). Old Boreas (now separate from Aquilo) is shunted further east – it has never been so far displaced from its ancient perch in the North. Caecias disappears from the NE

1975:

the summer sunrise). If the first version is taken, this means Pliny's eight-wind compass is asymmetric. Pliny goes on to mention that Aquilo is also "named Aparctias and Boreas" (the Boreas identification with NNE is already in Timosthenes, but Aparctias's demotion from the N is novel).

2503:), because but probably from "aquilus", because it soaks up water from the ground. Pliny says the surface of the Earth "announces the approach" of Aquilo by drying, and the approach of Auster, by becoming moist "without any apparent cause". Alternative etymologies is that it derives from 2521:("thundering high"). Earlier, Seneca said it was named after a battle (reported by Livy) in which the funneling wind threw dirt into the eyes of Roman soldiers and delivered their defeat. Both are almost certainly incorrect. It is probably an old local wind, named after the hills of 1109:

Aristotle explicitly groups Aparctias (N) and the half-winds Thrascias (NNW) and Meses (NNE) together as "north winds" and Argestes (NW) and Zephyrus (W) together as "west winds" — but he goes on to note that both the north and west winds could be classified as "generally northerly"

1970:

Notice that Caecias (NE) is not part of this octet. Instead, Pliny puts the half-wind Aquilo (NNE) there instead. It seems Pliny is aware Aquilo is a half-wind, because since he says it lies "in between Septentrio and the summer sunrise" (although in a later chapter he places it

2587:(W) – Isidore is probably correct in relating it to "favere", a favorable wind. He speaks of it as coming in the Spring, melting the winter frost and reviving vegetation and crops. It has also been related as a mild wind that cleared clouds and relieved the summer heat. 5505:

Some say that there are two cardinal winds, Boreas and Notus; the rest of the winds differ by slight inclination: the one that blows from the summer sunrise is Eurus, and from winter sunrise Apeliotes; the one from summer setting is Zephyrus, and from winter setting,

3016:

himself adopted the classical 12-wind system, replacing the Greek-Latin names with an entirely new set of Germanic names of his own invention. Einhard's lists Charlemagne's nomenclature as follows (giving their equivalence to the Latin names in St. Isidore's list):

2605:' of dancers, who "surround" heavy clouds and keep them in place. Aulus Gellius had already said something similar, but in reference to Caecias (a NE wind), not Corus. Others have related Corus to cover, conceal, because it relates to clouds, or perhaps the shower? 494:. This refers to the fact that the "east" (sunrise) and "west" (sunset) are not stable on the horizon, but depend on the season, i.e. during the winter, the sun rises and sets a little further south than in the summer, Consequently, the Homeric system may have had 2981:

The Classical age ended with the struggle between the 12-wind rose and the 8-wind rose unresolved. Loosely speaking, it seemed as if classically minded geographers favored the 12-wind system, but those of more practical bent preferred the 8-wind system. As the

1105:

If set out on a compass card, Aristotle's system could be conceived of as a twelve-wind rose with four cardinal winds (N, E, S, W), four "solstitial winds" (loosely speaking, NW, NE, SE, SW), two "polar winds" (roughly NNW, NNE) and two "non-winds" (SSW, SSE).

572:– which he called the "good winds" and the "children of the morning" (engendering a little confusion, as it might be read as they were all easterly winds – although curious that Eurus is not among them). Hesiod refers to other "bad winds", but not by name. 475:. However, at some points, Homer seems to imply two more: a northwest wind and a southwest wind. Some have taken this to imply that Homer may have had as many as eight winds. However, others remain unconvinced, and insist Homer only had a four wind-rose. 1683:

It gives as its eight winds Boreas (not Aparctias, N), Caecias (NE), Apeliotes (E), Eurus (SE), Notos (S), Lips (SW), Zephyrus (W) and Sciron (NW, variant of Argestes). Boreas' reappearance in the North slot in place of Aparctias is notable. The winds are

1575:, probably written between 50 BCE and 140 CE), the winds are named practically identically to Timosthenes (e.g. Aparctias alone in the North, Boreas shunted to NNE, Euronotus instead of Phoenicias, Circius as alternate of Thrascias). The differences of 3490:

While sailors probably could not care less about the source, scholars trained in the classics of Isidore and Aristotle, were not so easily won over. The classical 12-wind rose was still being taught in the academies well into the 15th century, e.g. in

1967:(C. 77 CE) after noting that twelve was an exaggeration, goes on to note that the "moderns" have reduced it to eight. He lists them as Septentrio (N), Aquilo (NNE), Subsolanus (E), Vulturnus (SE), Auster (S), Africus (SW), Favonius (W) and Corus (NW). 3487:(Byzantine-held Calabria and Apulia was to the northeast of Arab Sicily). A substantial part of sailing knowledge acquired by the Medieval Italian seafarers came not from their Roman ancestors, but rather from Arab seafarers via Arab-Norman Sicily. 2954:(mentioned later by Aulus Gellius) is inserted between Corus and Circius (with old Thrascias given a separate position above that). Notice that Caurus and Corus are treated differently here, rather than one as just a misspelling of the other. 1633:, who goes on to say Eratosthenes came to this conclusion in the course of measuring the circumference of the earth, and felt there were really only eight equally sized sectors, and that other winds were but local variations of these eight 1118:) because are all relatively warm (Aristotle reasons that as the sun rises in the east, then it heats east winds longer than west winds). With this general classification, Aristotle manages to account for the archaic Greek two-wind system. 6553:), "Boreas" occupies the ENE position, "Eurocircias" in ESE and "Leuconotos" in S by E on this list. In the English of the 1914 Morgan translation, Boreas (ENE) is mistakenly replaced with "Caecias". In the enumeration of Gosselin (1805: 1121:

The exception to this system is Caecias (NE), which Aristotle notes is "half north and half east", and thus neither generally northern nor generally southern. The local Phoenicias (SSE), is also designated as "half south and half east".

3621:

made one final attempt to reconcile the classical twelve with the mariner's eight by assigning 8 of the 12 to the principal winds of the compass, and the remaining four to the half-winds NNW, NNE, SSE and SSW. In Homem's assignment:

1137:

Aristotle had aggrandized the wind system beyond Homer to ten winds, but he left it unbalanced. It would be left to subsequent geographers to either add two more winds (to SSW and SSE) to make it into a symmetric 12-wind compass (as

2652:, who flourished in the late 1st century BCE, precedes all the Latin writers mentioned above: Seneca, Pliny, Aulus Gellius, etc. As such, his system of winds perhaps ought to be considered before the others. But Seneca quotes 2656:

as the source of his 12-wind system, and Varro wrote before Vitruvius. Moreover, Vitruvius's system is sufficiently distinct and peculiar to defy comparison with the others, and merits treatment in a special category all its own.

5032:

Brown (1983) finds that winds account for north-south cardinal points in 19% of the world languages in his survey (or 28% of those that have north-south to begin with), but account for less than 2% of the west-east directions –

3406:(setting, W) are self-evidently related to the Sun's position, but are etymologically quite different from the classical terms (which might refer to lightness, darkness or the Sun itself, but none explicitly refer to the verbs 1165:

and "On Winds" (c. 300 BCE), adopted the same wind system as Aristotle, with only some slight differences, e.g. Theophrastus misspelled Thrascias as "Thracias" and seemed to distinguish between Apractias and Boreas (perhaps as

5022:

Brown (1983) finds that sunrise-sunset accounts for the west-east cardinal points in 45% of the 127 world languages in his survey – or, perhaps more informatively, c. 60% of those languages which have east-west to begin

5285:). This should not be surprising, as Brown (1983) finds in his global language survey, winds tend to be far more frequently associated with north-south points than with west-east points (which are primarily sun-driven). 1191:

of the winds. As they are often named after a particular locality from where they seem to blow, different places in the Hellenistic world have come up with variant local names for the winds. In the list given in the

3094:

Charlemagne's nomenclature resolves the half-wind dilemma (e.g. NNE vs. NE) by word order – Northeast and Eastnorth – giving neither a priority over the other (thus closer to NNE and ENE, with NE itself absent).

2611:(NNW) – Isidore sees its circular or "bending" etymology and (perhaps a little confusingly) suggests its name is because it "bends into" Corus. Pliny and Aulus Gellius had already identified the Circius as the 2462:(c. 620 CE). In the chapter on winds, Isidore provided a list practically identical to that of the marble Roman amenoscope held at the Vatican. Isidore also tried to supply the etymology of each of the terms: 659:

wind for the SSE (blows locally in some places), but suggests nothing for SSW. So, seen this way, Aristotle really has an asymmetric windrose of ten winds, as two winds are effectively missing or only local.

1114:), since they all tend to be cold. Similarly Lips (SW) and Notos (S) are "south winds" and Eurus (SE) and Apeliotes (E) are "east winds", but once again, both south and east winds are "generally southerly" ( 2012:, possibly inspired by the Tower of the Winds in that city, reduces the Latin rose to from twelve to eight winds, the principal winds, for which he gives both the Latin and Greek terms. He lists them as: 1628:

of Cyrene (c. 200 BCE), realizing that many winds presented only slight variations, reduced twelve winds down to eight principal winds. Eratosthenes's own work has been lost, but the story is reported by

1406:

of Theophrastus's Orthonotos here) in place of the local Phoenicias (SSE). His highlighting of the Italian "Circius" as a major variant of Thrascias (NNW) could be the first indication of the notorious

1049:

However, an alternative hypothesis is that they will be more equally spaced around 30° from each other. By way of guidance, Aristotle mentions that the easterly and westerly positions are that of the

1718:(c. 29 BCE) refers to several of the winds by their old Greek names (e.g. Zephyrus, Eurus, Boreas), and introduces a few new Latin names – notably, "black Auster", "cold Aquilo" and "frigid Caurus". 1410:

wind of the west Mediterranean. Another major change in Timoesthenes is that he shunts Boreas out of the North position and into NNE (replacing Meses) – which will become customary in later authors.

6557:), "Caecias" mistakenly appears in the position of ESE (instead of Eurocircias) and "Euronotus" in S by E (instead of Leuconotos). Neither Caecias nor Euronotos appear in the original Latin edition. 7352:

Aristotle's 'Meteorology' and its reception in the Arab world: with an edition and translation of Ibn Suwār's 'Treatise on Meteorological Phenomena' and Ibn Bājja's 'Commentary on the Meteorology'

5013:

bodies (esp. the position of the sun); (3) atmospheric features (e.g. winds, temperature) (4) application of generic directions to cardinal directions (e.g. uptown/downtown = north/south).

3529:, but rather cartographers might inscribe the names or initials of the classical winds on small colored disks or coins, scattering them along the edges of the map, well out of the way. 1988:

winds, the periodic wind already referred to by Aristotle. Pliny also mentions, for the other half-winds, Phoenicias (for SSE, not Euronotus), Libonotus (SSW), and Thrascias (NNW).

423:

for "mountains", which were to the north geographically). An alternative hypothesis is that it may come from "boros" meaning "voracious". Another is that it comes from the phrase

3156:(North, East, South, West) as found in most west European languages, both Germanic (German, Dutch, English, etc.) as well as Romance ones (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese). 2105:. Divided into twelve equal sides, on each of its sides, it has inscribed the names of the classical winds, both in Greek and in Latin. The Vatican table lists them as follows: 490:(c. 10 BC) notes that some contemporaries took Homer's ambiguity to imply that the Homeric system may already anticipate the summer and winter distinction later made famous by 6767:(copied by Matthew from Elias of Dereham, with the notes on the northwest corner of the page giving his tentative list of new classical names for 16 winds), the second is the 5452:, with the paradoxical "Argestes Notos", read variously as northwest-south wind by some interpreters, or simply a "cloud-clearing" South wind by others. See D'Avezac (1874). 3483:(NE). As Greece lies to the southeast of Italy, this suggests strongly that the Greco wind was named in the south Mediterranean, most probably in 10th- or 11th-century Arab 6615:

Not, apparently, Vitruvius's 24, but a conventional 12-rose compass bisected into "days and nights". This rare and eccentric map has merited much discussion. See d'Avezac (

1557:, might have made ample use of these winds for sailing directions (which may help explain Agathemerus's eagerness to credit Timosthenes for "inventing" the twelve winds). 1386:(c. 282 BCE) had developed a system of 12 winds by adding four winds to the eight. (Agathemerus is, of course, incorrect – Aristotle had at least ten winds, not eight). 237:

The association of cardinal directions with winds is implied at several places in the Old Testament. "Four winds" are referred to in the Bible in several places.

3422:

of northern Italy, has nothing to do with the classical Aparctias-Septentrio (although it may have a faint connection with the old Greek Boreas, which lingered in

7344:

Lais, P. Giuseppe (1894) "Monumento Greco-Latino di una Rosa Classical Dodecimale in Vaticano" Pubblicazioni della Specola Vaticana, vol. 4. Turin: Artigianelli.

1930:

line arises from Euronotus (SSE), not Auster (S), and that the "highest" point in the north is Aquilo (NNE), not Septentrio (N). This might imply an awareness of

7456:

Wood, J.G. (1894) "Introduction and Appendix on the Number, Direction and Nomenclature of the Winds in Classical and Later Times" in Wood and Stanford, editors,

5960:) seems to omit some of the phrase between "Thrascias" and "Scythians", thereby leaving the Celts unmentioned and Aparctias unassociated. See also Diller (1975). 2973:(1556). (Per happenstance, 24-point compasses were used in celestial astronomy and astrology and in Chinese geography, but these are unrelated to Vitruvius.) 7488: 2533:), because of its storminess. Volturno itself is named after "volvere" which meant "to roll" and is cognate with Spanish "volver" which means "to return". 3525:

tipped their hat to classical and clerical authority by inserting indicators of the 12 classical winds on their nautical charts – not, of course, on a

6695:

We should say "Italianate" rather than "Italian", as the language now known as "Italian" was merely a Florentine dialect back then; the Mediterranean

261:

Unlike the Biblical Israelites, the early Greeks maintained two separate and distinct systems of cardinal directions and winds, at least for a while.

6929: 1708:

The Greek wind system was adopted by the Romans, partly under their Greek nomenclature, but increasingly also under new Latin names. Roman poet

1609: 6771:, where he assigns the classical names to various points on the mariner's compass. For a review of Matthew Paris's efforts, see Taylor (1937). 5620: 3672:. Changes in name or position from the prior listing are highlighted in bold. Vitruvius's 24-wind list is omitted and does not fit the table. 2569:

as the "black Auster", which "saddens all the sky" with rain. Possibly related to "austerus" (harsh, hot) or to shine (from a light quarter).

526:

epithets systematically enough to permit us to conclude that he also embraced a six- or eight-point windrose. Other classical writers, e.g.

1053:

as seen on the horizon at dawn and at dusk at different times of the year. Using his alphabetical notation, Aristotle notes that during the

7378:

Rosen, H.B. (1991) "Some Thoughts on the System of Designation of the Cardinal Points in Ancient Semitic Languages", in A.S. Kaye, editor,

6166:); Pliny repeats the winds more descriptively in a later chapter on the "layout of the lands" according to the points of the wind (Pliny, 2428:). The principal error of the Vatican table is the misplacement of Vulturnus in NE rather than SE, with the result that the old Greek 6492:, which is incorrect – Auster was hot and humid. But he uses it the same phrase as the Boreas and Caurus, which were cold, wet winds. 5046:

Brown (1983) emphasizes the transition to winds as cardinal points as the population becomes more mobile. See also Aczel (2001: p.40)

3367:

on placing quarter-winds in between (the names of the quarter-winds were also just combinations of names of the principal winds (see

4122: 1179: 2965:

Although usually ignored, Vitruvius's list of 24 winds re-emerged occasionally. Vitruvius's list of winds was articulated again in

6432:). Valpy also proposes other etymologies for Aquilo, e.g. relating to "biting, nipping" wind, or the speedy flight of eagles, etc. 1656:

exhibits only eight winds rather than the ten of Aristotle or the twelve of Timosthenes. The tower is said to have been built by

1486: 2507:("dark"), meaning either dark rainclouds (although it is not usually characterized as wet) or simply because it blows from the " 7630: 7481: 2420:

There are several spelling mistakes or variant forms, both in Greek (Aparkias, Apheliotes, Thrakias) and Latin (Chorus with an

1102:, it has been calculated that this construction would yield a symmetric compass rose with approximately 30° angles all around. 2517:(NE) – (normally SE, but placed mistakenly by Isidore in the NE, as in the Vatican table). Isidore derives its etymology from 6575: 5227: 5223: 6583: 6502: 6338: 6304: 3467: 1583:

as another name for Libonotos (Leuconotos not mentioned); (2) two alternates to Argestes are mentioned – Iapyx (as in the

89:

typically had twelve winds and thus twelve points of orientation, sometimes reduced to eight or increased to twenty-four.

2897:

Many of the names in Vitruvius's list have appeared before elsewhere. Among the changes worth noting is the insertion of

1378:, gives the eight principal winds. But Agathemerus goes on to note that nearly five hundred years earlier, the navigator 3118: 1065:

it rises at Δ (Eurus) and sets at Γ (Lips). So drawn on a compass rose, Aristotle's explanation yields four parallels:

6768: 6764: 6321: 6700: 3380: 7179:). For a different translation (with Greek text), "Concerning Weather Signs", in A. Hort trans. (Loeb edition), 1916, 2986:

advanced, it could be expected for the 8-wind rose to prevail, but the guardians of classical knowledge, such as St.

2543:("from under the rising sun"). Concordant with Aulus Gellius, who further notes it is a name coined by Roman sailors. 241:(East) is used frequently as the name of a scorching wind that blows from the east. It is related to the modern word 7265:

A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans: from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire

5210:(In Diels trans: "The limits of dawn and evening are the Bear and, opposite the Bear, the guardian of bright Zeus.") 3309:, which emerged almost simultaneously, were articulated in an eight-point compass system, with the following names: 3301:

too, are believed to be constructed on the basis of sailing directions long written down in the piloting handbooks (

2565:(S) – Isidore derives it from "hauriendo aquas" (drawing up water), a reference to its humidity. First mentioned in 953:) meaning "clearing" or "brightening", a reference to the northwest wind sweeping away clouds. Argestes's variants, 7474: 6595: 6350: 6316: 2983: 925:

Notice that in the Aristotelean system, old Eurus is shunted from its traditional position in the cardinal East by

5064: 2601:(the "frigid Caurus" mentioned earlier by Virgil, but treated as distinct in Vitruvius). Isidore relates it to a ' 1037:(in Aristotle's day, Thrace covered a larger area than today, including the north-northwest of Greece). Finally, 5131: 1660:, of uncertain dates. From the style of the sculptures the tower is usually dated around 50 BC, not long before 933:), meaning "from the Sun" or from "the heat of the Sun". Old Boreas is mentioned only as an alternative name to 7094: 6571: 5160: 5143: 5060: 3188: 2432:

now resumes its place in Latin. This error will be repeated later. There is also a significant new Latin name,

1560:(Timosthenes's geographic list above is reproduced almost verbatim centuries later, in the 8th-century work of 5156: 5135: 5056: 415:

The etymology of the names of the four archaic Greek winds is uncertain. Among tentative propositions is that

6213:), he mentions that Aquilo-Boreas is in the summer sunrise (NE), but that the Greeks, like Aristotle, placed 3165: 2440:

in place of Thrascias (although the latter was already anticipated by Timosthenes). The old "Iapyx" (of the

1963: 603: 592: 253:", meaning "forward". There are several passages referring to the scattering of people "to all the winds". 222:). Orientation seems to be to the East, in the direction of the rising sun, with the result that the terms 6603: 6599: 5173: 5139: 116:

It is uncertain when or why the human sense of geographic orientation and direction became associated with

1984:". Confusing matters, in a later chapter, Pliny goes on to say that Aquilo, in the summer, turns into the 1401:

In many ways, Timosthenes marks a significant step in the evolution of the compass rose. Depending on how

2581:(SW) – Isidore deduces it correctly "from Africa", a direct translation of the Greek Lips ("from Libya"). 1648:

It seems that, in practical appeal, Eratosthenes's reduction may have won the day. The famous octagonal "

431:

probably comes from "notios" ("moist", a reference to the warm rains and storms brought from the south).

7553: 7543: 7533: 7523: 7497: 5108: 3532: 1736:(c. 65 CE), mentions the Greek names of some of the major winds, and goes on to note that Roman scholar 1732: 1657: 607:(c. 340 BCE), introduced a ten-to-twelve wind system. One reading of his system is that there are eight 32: 1587:) and Olympias (as in Aristotle) (Timosthenes mentions no variants for this wind), (3) like Aristotle, 7072:(8th century, CE) "Orthodoxou Pisteos/De Fide Orthodoxa" (As published in J.P. Migne, 1864, editors, 5562: 3506: 1931: 1927: 1130:

lightning and hurricanes with them. Aristotle also makes special note of the periodic bending summer

511: 320: 6071:

goes so far as to accuse Eratosthenes of plagiarizing Timothenes work wholesale. See Bunbury (1879:

5590:, refers to the southerly winds as "winds that blow between the winter sunrise and winter sunset" ( 7428:

A Manual of Latin Etymology as ultimately derived, with but few exceptions, from the Greek Language

6068: 5117: 3669: 3614: 1526: 663: 157: 137: 7309: 7077: 5990: 7505: 7116: 7098: 7047: 6367: 5752: 5311: 5303: 5270: 4994: 4719: 4378: 4292: 3368: 3153: 2987: 2453: 1981: 1727: 1649: 1614: 1604: 1234: 1158: 522: 340: 50: 5112: 1740:

had said there were twelve winds. As given by Seneca, the Latin names of the twelve winds are:

244: 7509: 7182: 7132: 6965: 6925: 6877: 6862: 6850: 6806: 6704: 6683: 6554: 6515: 6485: 6468: 6446: 6442: 6396: 6248: 6227: 6210: 6171: 6159: 6135: 6122: 6118: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6072: 6055: 6034: 6019: 5957: 5949: 5928: 5911: 5903: 5886: 5875: 5840: 5803: 5782: 5778: 5739: 5717: 5640: 5574: 5570: 5475: 5449: 5441: 5424: 5420: 5400: 5360: 5348: 5299: 5257: 5235: 3492: 3484: 3423: 3008: 2966: 1533: 1442: 1142:

would do), or subtract two winds (NNW and NNE) to make it into a symmetric 8-wind compass (as

549: 219: 62: 7461: 7451: 7414: 7272: 7106: 7059: 6900: 6670: 6657: 6653: 6633: 6629: 6566:

Although often transcribed in English as "euroclydon" (KJV) from the Greek εὐροκλύδων, it is

6550: 6532: 6528: 6416: 6375: 6292: 6270: 6244: 6206: 6163: 6139: 6051: 5970: 5836: 5799: 5795: 5756: 5704: 5692: 5679: 5666: 5653: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5549: 5499: 5479: 5462: 5416: 5381: 5377: 5328: 5315: 5282: 5278: 5185: 5076: 160:. The names of the directions seem to be associated with physical landmarks for the ancient 7441: 7431: 7390: 7373: 7369: 7345: 7339: 7329: 7319: 7292: 7282: 7268: 7234: 7230: 7219: 7211: 7197: 7176: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7124: 7110: 7090: 7069: 7041: 7027: 7013: 6995: 6973: 6959: 6951: 6832: 6824: 6708: 6616: 6429: 5982: 5591: 5034: 4851: 3375: 3306: 3196: 3169: 3102:

means "running from" (similar to the modern English "-ern" in "Northern"). The etymology of

2930: 2508: 1923:(for the derivation of the Latin etymologies, see the section on Isidore of Seville below). 1561: 1226: 1174: 1082: 7082: 6760: 6326: 6151: 4447: 4236: 2671: 2662: 2102: 1958: 1685: 1677: 1634: 1490: 1273: 1062: 1054: 608: 527: 369: 268: 264: 178:, which may derive from "edom" ("red"), and may be a reference to the color of the rising 7181:

Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants and Minor works on Odoùrs and Weather signs", Vol. II.

6937: 6908: 6885: 6007: 5824: 5628: 3668:

The following table summarizes the chronological evolution of the names of the winds in

347:) as the better indicator of the North seems to have emerged a little later (it is said 7625: 7604: 6712: 5104: 3984: 3522: 3441: 3286: 2902: 2612: 2066: 1935: 1407: 1350: 1327: 1238: 1126: 463:(c. 800 BC) refers to the four winds by name – Boreas, Eurus, Notos, Zephyrus – in his 420: 78: 6763:

has images of Matthew Paris's manuscript pages online. On one page, there is a normal

3141:

meaning the "dwelling place" (as in, the place of rest at dusk, same root as Sanskrit

2481:

is indeed the chief star of the Ursa Minor. An alternative etymology derives it from

2046:, is introduced as the NW wind. This is almost certainly a misspelling of Corus (NW). 1333:

Thrakias (NNW – note different spelling) is given the local variants "Strymonias" (in

1005:", to the southwest of Greece (although an alternative theory connects it to "leibo", 7619: 7579: 6816: 6591: 6346: 6312: 5340: 4509: 3549: 3537: 3518: 3396:(SW) from the Greek Lips – but the others seem to be largely conceived autonomously. 2470: 2009: 1508: 1301: 1277: 1262: 1258: 1201: 1167: 1078: 1002: 974: 946: 655:(NNE), noting that they "have no contraries". Later, however, Aristotle suggests the 5594:). Similarly, the northerly winds generally blow between summer sunrise and sunset ( 3610:

But Paris did not go beyond jotting these names down on a corner of the manuscript.

1134:

winds, which comes from different directions depending on where the observer lives.

45: 7160: 4989: 4074: 3526: 3433: 2667: 2620: 2602: 1697: 1638: 1625: 1519: 1184: 1154: 1143: 1068: 561: 374: 153: 141: 101: 86: 82: 2677: 2412: 1743: 1393: 3444:, a wind already given in the Latin rose as Circius, but the name here is novel. 3164:

In the Early Middle Ages, Arab scholars came into contact with the Greek works.

1668:

mention it. An alternative possibility is that it was part of the generosity of

7001: 6838: 4918: 4808: 4177: 3618: 3536:

Attempt to fit the 12 classical winds on the 16-wind mariner's compass rose, by

3514: 3501: 3428: 3385: 3013: 2935: 2458: 1669: 1475: 1457: 1446: 1379: 1371: 1250: 1139: 576: 195: 133: 105: 93: 7569: 5802:). However, Hort's 1916 translation considers them used interchangeably (e.g. 3510: 2923: 2490: 2486: 2474: 2098: 1943: 1572: 1504: 1450: 942: 518: 478: 344: 332: 316: 280: 161: 97: 70: 1061:, it rises at B (Apeliotes) and sets at A (Zephyrus), and finally during the 521:

notes that Homer sometimes used epithets of qualitative attributes to append

7203: 6914: 6047: 3979: 3897: 3181: 3177: 2649: 2627:, known for its dizzying, circular motion, and notes its alternate spelling 2478: 2057:, known for its dizzying, circular motion, and notes its alternate spelling 1947: 1665: 1630: 1431: 1230: 1212: 1188: 1022: 644: 598: 507: 491: 372:

reportedly conceived of only two winds – the winds from the north, known as

352: 336: 7279:

Aperçus historiques sur la rose des vents: lettre à Monsieur Henri Narducci

5643:. See also D'Avezac (1874: p.18), Thompson (1918), Molte-Brun (1824:p.628). 132:

names were used to refer to the winds, eventually giving the wind itself a

7419:

Uhden, R. (1936) "Die antiken Grundlagen de mittelalterlichen Seekarten",

7040:(Bks I-XII, Greek & G.H. Palmer trans. 1895, Boston:Houghton Mifflin. 6549:

In the original Latin of Vitruvius, as found in the 1892 Leipzig edition (

5873:

can be found in the 1697 edition published in Leiden (which we shall call

5777:

On the periodic Etesian and Ornithian winds, see Malte-Brun (1824: vol. 6

5208:ἠοῦς καὶ ἑσπέρας τέρματα ἡ ἄρκτος καί ἀντίον τῆς ἄρκτου οὖρος αἰθρίου Διός 502:(S) on the meridian axis, and the other four on diagonals: Zephyrus (NW), 100:. The Classical 12-point wind rose was eventually displaced by the modern 7594: 5883:

can be found in the 1861 edition published in Paris (which we shall call

5856:, Vol. 6. In the text, Forster translates it as the compound "Euronotos". 3388:. Of the eight winds, only two can be traced to prior Classical winds – 3107: 2919: 2632: 2616: 2522: 2062: 1714: 1673: 1553: 1537: 1010: 569: 553: 404: 36: 1314:(unexplained here; although in other writings, the name is connected to 1293:

Previously unnamed (SSW) is given a name for perhaps the first time, as

96:, the classical wind rose had only a tentative relationship with actual 17: 7599: 7584: 7574: 6943: 6645: 5395: 3457: 3418:(N), Italianate for "over the mountains", most probably relates to the 3298: 3003: 2939: 2082: 2074: 1985: 1939: 1637:. If true, that would make Eratosthenes the inventor of the eight-wind 1515: 1482: 1468: 1338: 1323: 1315: 1131: 1058: 465: 444: 443:) and "gloominess" ("zophos") respectively, doubtlessly a reference to 234:

became generalized with "facing", "left" and "right" side of anything.

6719:

and other languages and dialects found around the Mediterranean basin.

6699:– the language used by sailors and found on the maps – is principally 5093:

Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words

3184:

provided commentaries on it and expanded on it for their own systems.

1696:) at the top of the faces. Vitruvius says the tower was topped with a 174: 7287:

D'Avezac, M.A.P. (1888) "Le Ravennate et son exposé cosmographique",

7189: 7138: 6983: 6716: 5491: 5274: 4975: 4968: 3448: 3294: 3200: 2999: 2566: 2078: 2022:

E – Eurus (Latin), Apeliotes (Greek), Subsolanus ("to Roman sailors")

2005: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1653: 1618: 1435: 1415: 1383: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1334: 1319: 1266: 1242: 1219: 1208: 1099: 1045:) might simply mean "middle", presumably because it was a half-wind. 1034: 978: 970: 541: 533: 487: 448: 364: 348: 74: 54: 7466: 7260:

Brown, L.A. (1949) The Story of Maps. 1979 edition, New York: Dover.

7008:, (Multi-language (Greek, Latin, French, English) translation, 1881 5794:

This distinction is suggested in the 1894 translation of J.G. Wood (

2049:

Aulus Gellius gives some information about local winds. He mentions

1421: 540:(c. 735) gives the four winds mythical personification as gods, the 7336:

A Treatise on the Causes and Principles of Meteorological Phenomena

7253:

Brown, C.H. (1983) "Where do Cardinal Direction Terms Come From?",

7171:(J.G. Wood translation, 1894 in J.G. Wood and G.J. Symons, editor, 3499:(using St. Isidore's version). Several scholastically constructed 667:

Aristotle's wind rose (correspondence to modern compass directions)

7589: 7538: 7518: 7033: 7019: 3856: 3785: 3509:

mappa mundi, the 10th-century Reichenau T-O map, the 12th-century

3505:

inserted the classical 12-winds. Among these, are the 8th-century

3290: 2653: 2073:(already mentioned, but first here explained as a local wind from 1737: 1661: 1608: 1544: 1497: 1420: 1361:) (note: Aristotle gave Olympias as the variant of Argestes (NW)). 1342: 1246: 1057:

the sun rises at Z (Caecias) and sets at E (Argestes); during the

990: 565: 503: 499: 477: 471: 460: 394: 384: 328: 207: 199: 187: 165: 104:(8-point, 16-point and 32-point), adopted by seafarers during the 358:

Distinct from these cardinal points, the ancient Greeks had four

7548: 7528: 3419: 3305:) of Mediterranean seafarers. The directions, maps and nautical 3113:, water, might imply "rainy quarter", but this is speculative); 2910: 2624: 2054: 1461: 1254: 560:(dawn). But Hesiod himself refers to only three winds by name – 359: 335:(or "Wagon"/"Wain") for orientation. The identification of the 211: 183: 179: 169: 128: 117: 7470: 7366:

Universal Geography: Or a description of all parts of the world

7314:

Gosselin, M. (1805) "Observations préliminaires et générales",

7248:

The Riddle of the Compass: the invention that changed the world

6574:). εὐροκλύδων is a variant form of εὐρακύλων, i.e. euroaquilo. 6142:) sees the Seneca's implied meridian to be Euronotos-Thrascias. 5852:

See the note of translator E.S. Forster (p.252n.5) in the 1913

3152:

Charlemagne's nomenclature is clearly the source of the modern

2101:(wind-vane) dating from the 2nd or 3rd Century CE, held by the 1283:

Phonecias (SSE) is not mentioned by its old name but rather as

7064:

Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation

6372:

Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation

6010:(p.159ff). For the Greek original with Latin translation, see 2550: 1980:

position that (in a modern 32-point compass) would be called "

1514:

Lips (SW) are "the Ethiopians in the west beyond the Mauroi" (

1287:, a new name which can be translated as the "true south wind". 1050: 557: 440: 427:("from the roar"), a reference to its violent and loud noise. 121: 6584: 6576: 6339: 6305: 5827:(p.252-3. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see 1551:

Modern scholars to conjecture that Timosthenes, in his lost

1290:

Notos (S) is said to be derived from "unhealthy" and "damp".

327:) and its opposite could be used to divide East from West. 7395:

Taylor, E.G. R. (1937) "The 'De Ventis' of Matthew Paris",

7056:

Patrologia: Sancti Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi opera omnia

2946:

Among other things worth noting, Solanus does not have its

7326:

Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe

5923:

Agathemerus gives a diagram of their relative position in

5598:), easterly winds blow between summer and winter sunrise ( 144:. This would take a little longer to work itself through. 7026:(Greek & W.C. Green transl., 1884, London: Longmans, 5509:(as translated by I.G. Kidd (1999) in Posidonius, vol.3, 5436:

e.g. a "north and west wind that both blow from Thrace" (

2477:). Septentrio can mean "commander of the seven", and the 5819:

is translated into English by E.S. Forster in Vol. 6 of

7446:

Ward, C.R. (1894) "Current Notes: Names of the Winds",

7145:(Hamilton and Falconer transl., 1856–57. London: Bohn. 5602:) and westerlies between the summer and winter sunset ( 2485:(seven plough-oxen), a reference to the seven stars of 2456:

set about compiling much of Classical knowledge in his

7297:

Diller, A. (1975) "Agathemerus, Sketch of Geography",

5865:

There are several published versions of Agathemerus's

124:

at dawn and dusk, were also used to denote direction.

7409:

Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1918) "The Greek Winds",

7359:

Some Notes on the Text of pseudo-Aristotle "De Mundo"

5631:. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see 5372:

C.R.Ward (1894) "Current Notes: Names of the Winds",

7382:, Vol. II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 1337–44. 2958:

is probably a local reference to a seaborne breeze.

1680:in the city. Either way, it is after Eratosthenes. 1297:, on account that it is a "sky-clearing" south wind, 1222:, in some localities also called Boreas and Caunias. 1013:, meaning pouring, because this wind brought rain). 981:. The remaining winds also seem to be geographical. 530:, are adamant that Homer mentioned only four winds. 7562: 7504: 7304:Falconer, T. (1811) "French Translation of Strabo" 6370:. For an English translation, see P. Throop (2005) 6196:

See editor's note in Pliny, p.74. Also Wood (1894).

5890:). A more recent version is found in Diller (1975). 3479:respectively). In addition, there is the puzzle of 2525:, southeast of Rome. Others believe it related to 2085:winds and the "Prodromi" (NW fore-winds, in Greek, 1085:(stars which do not set) connecting half-winds IK), 419:

might come from "boros", an old variant of "oros" (

73:direction and orientation, in association with the 7387:An Etymological Dictionary of the English language 6897:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. IV 5561:Wood (1894: p.78-79); Hesiod does seem to mention 3471:(west) (both of which, incidentally, translate to 3384:in the Mediterranean Sea during the High and Late 7458:Theophrastus of Eresus on Winds and Weather Signs 7173:Theophrastus of Eresus on Winds and Weather Signs 6813:(1930 French trans. E. Buron, Paris: Maisonnenve) 5502:. (this translation is confusing. It should read 2666:(c. 15 BCE), makes a rather approving mention of 7438:The Etymology of the words of the Greek language 5623:). For the full E.W. Webster translation, 1913, 3133:, from "Sun-tha" meaning "the sunned place" and 2623:, while Aulus Gellius called it a local wind in 1496:Notos (S) are the " "Aethiopians beyond Egypt" ( 1280:. Makes note that some also call it "Phonecias". 7089:. (Latin: Mayhoff ed., 1906, Leipzig: Teubner, 5503: 3374:The eight compass winds are evidently from the 2670:'s reduction of the winds from twelve to eight 1571:(normally attributed to an anonymous copier of 1564:and a Prague manuscript from the early 1300s.) 6209:). But in Pliny's later Bk. 18, Ch.77 (vol. 4: 5944:This list is principally based on Agathemerus 3117:means "place of shining" (dawn, from the same 2990:, preserved the 12-wind system for posterity. 1207:Meses (NNE) is given the variant "Caunias" in 27:"Argestes" redirects here. For the episode of 7482: 7289:Bulletin de la Société Normande de Géographie 7218:, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 7123:, (Bks 1–7, 1819 ed., Göttingen: Vandenhoek. 7074:Patrologiæ Graeca, vol. 94: Joannis Damascene 6545: 6543: 6541: 5310:, also relates "Boreas" to "mountains" (Lat: 4973: 1200:Boreas (N) is given the variant "Pagreus" in 941:), which means "from the Bear", that is, the 182:, or the red sandstone cliffs of the Land of 127:The association of geographic direction with 8: 2918:nearby in the southeast, which might be the 1579:from Timosthenes are that (1) it introduces 242: 7196:(J.Martyn trans., 1811 ed., London: Dutton 4981: 2191:Vulturnus (normally SE) is in wrong place. 1591:refers to a collective of north winds, the 7489: 7475: 7467: 6488:). Curiously, Virgil mentions the rain is 2244:New Latin name. Vulturnus should be here. 1397:Greek 12-wind rose (following Timosthenes) 412:) from the west – were added soon enough. 382:), and the winds from the south, known as 6922:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine 6874:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine 6016:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine 5833:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine 5637:Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine 5444:) and the south and west together in the 5197:D'Avezac (1874: 11); Brown (1948: p.144). 4980:, a wind in Spain. The name derives from 3629:Aquilo or Boreas = Greco-Tramontana (NNE) 3548:As early as 1250, the English chronicler 2942:, c. 650 CE, gridded by a 24-wind compass 2452:Centuries later, after the fall of Rome, 2416:Vatican anemoscope ("table of the winds") 2025:SE – Vulturnus (Latin), Euronotus (Greek) 2016:N – Septentrio (Latin), Aparctias (Greek) 7380:Semitic Studies: in honor of Wolf Leslau 6002:For the E.S. Forster translation (1914, 5087: 5085: 3674: 3531: 2929: 2684: 2681:Roman 24-wind rose (following Vitruvius) 2676: 2411: 2107: 1750: 1742: 1645:two winds to make it a symmetric eight. 1392: 1310:Argestes (NW) is cited by a new variant 1157:of Eresos, Aristotle's successor in the 1088:(2) the summer solstice (connecting EZ), 1077:(1) the "ever-visible circle", i.e. the 1067: 949:. Among the new winds are the Argestes ( 670: 662: 643:(NW). Aristotle then goes on to add two 44: 6903:. (Engl. trans. E.S. Forster, 1913, in 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 5005: 2615:– Pliny calling it the violent wind of 2575:(SSW) – compound of Auster and Africus. 2376:Latin name misspelled (normally Corus) 1529:and the beginning of Africa and Europe" 1322:); it is also called "Scylletinus" in 1300:Lips (SW) is said to get its name from 1072:Compass winds in Aristotle (30° angles) 351:introduced this, probably learned from 7338:. Glasgow: Archibald & Fullarton. 6932:)(Engl. trans. E.S. Forster, 1914, in 3285:The sudden emergence of Mediterranean 2221:New Latin name (normally Subsolanus). 2097:The "Vatican table" is a marble Roman 2034:W – Favonius (Latin), Zephyrus (Greek) 1225:Apeliotes (E) is called "Potameus" in 156:, there is frequent reference to four 6976:(Hoover and Hoover 1912 translation, 6880:(Engl. trans. E.S. Forster, 1914, in 6628:Georgius Agricola (1556: Bk. 3, Lat: 5513:, Cambridge University Press, p.196.) 5296:New American Encyclopaedic Dictionary 3440:is, as noted, the west Mediterranean 3193:Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology 2635:Isidore gives the Spanish name to be 2499:(NNE) – Isidore relates it to water ( 2404:New Latin name (normally Thrascias), 2310:New Latin name (normally, Libonotus) 2037:NW – Caurus (Latin), Argestes (Greek) 1747:Roman 12-wind rose (following Seneca) 1326:, and elsewhere as "Pharangites" for 1218:Caecias (NE) is called "Thebanas" in 1187:), there is an attempt to derive the 482:Homer's winds (6-wind interpretation) 439:seem to come from "brightness" (q.v. 331:already spoke of Greeks sailing with 7: 7066:. Charlotte, Virginia: Medieval MS.) 5987:Orthodoxou Pisteos/De Fide Orthodoxa 3664:Comparative table of classical winds 3632:Caecias or Hellespontus = Greco (NE) 3597:(W) – Zephyrus blandus g.e. favonius 2559:(SSE) – compound of Eurus and Auster 2444:) also makes a comeback (in Greek). 2267:New Latin name (normally Euronotus) 1942:north, in this case Aquilo) and the 1503:Leuconotos/Libonotos (SSW) are "the 1349:, which later works will tie to the 1094:(4) winter solstice (connecting ΓΔ). 993:, a region northeast of the Aegean. 92:Originally conceived as a branch of 7214:) (M.H. Morgan 1914 translation as 7010:Hippocrates on Airs, Waters, Places 6958:, New York: American Book Company. 3573:(E) – Subsolanus, calidus et siccus 2473:("circle of seven stars", i.e. the 2019:NE – Aquilo (Latin), Boreas (Greek) 1599:Eratosthenes and the Tower of Winds 1481:Phoenicias/Euronotos (SSE) is "the 1272:Eurus (SE) is called "Scopelus" in 1098:Assuming the viewer is centered at 1025:" (to the southeast of Greece) and 243: 7299:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 6980:, vol. 12. Reprinted Dover, 1950). 3659:Circius = Maestro-Tramontana (NNW) 3653:Favonius or Zephyrus = Ponente (W) 3289:in the early 1300s, originally in 3106:is uncertain (the suggestion from 2031:SW – Africus (Latin), Lips (Greek) 1170:" and "North" wind respectively). 25: 6829:The Attic nights of Aulus Gellius 6260:Aulus Gellius (Lat: 96; Eng: 148) 5294:E.T. Roe et al., editors, (1907) 3635:Subsolanus or Eurus = Levante (E) 3613:In a note in his 1558 atlas, the 2028:S – Auster (Latin), Notos (Greek) 1543:Thrascias/Circius (NNW) are "the 1307:Zephyrus (W) is left unexplained, 1125:Aristotle goes on to discuss the 486:Writing several centuries later, 319:, in particular, suggests that a 7006:De aere, aquis et locis libellus 6924:, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. ( 6527:Vitruvius, Lib.I, c.6.s10 (Lat: 6217:wind, Caecias, in that vicinity. 5526:, Bk.1.2.21. Aczel (2001: p.42). 3647:Libonotus = Ostro-Libeccio (SSW) 3641:Euronotus = Ostro-Scirocco (SSE) 2938:by an anonymous geographer from 2469:(N) – Isidore relates it to the 989:) means from Caicus, a river in 7448:American Meteorological Journal 7423:, Vol. 1, (1935), pp. 1–19 6893:Ventorum Situs et Adpellationes 6876:, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. 6018:, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. 5835:, Vol. 4, Paris: Firmin-Didot. 5829:Ventorum Situs et Adpellationes 5639:, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. 5374:American Meteorological Journal 3650:Africus or Lips = Libeccio (SW) 3392:(S) from the Latin Auster, and 2597:and says it is the same as the 1624:It is said that the geographer 1091:(3) the equinox (connecting AB) 198:on the northern edge of Syria, 57:, partly reconstructed, in 1762 7257:, Vol. 25 (2), p. 121-61. 7062:(Eng. trans. P. Throop (2005) 6891:Anonymous (pseudo-Aristotle), 6868:Anonymous (pseudo-Aristotle), 6861:, vol. 2, Paris: Firmin-Didot 6827:) (English: 1795 Below trans. 6703:, with substantial loans from 6282:Wood (1894: p.89); Lais (1894) 3656:Corus or Caurus = Maestro (NW) 3582:(SSE) – Euro-auster, Egipcius? 3203:names for the 12 Greek winds: 2539:(E) – Isidore says it is from 597:The ancient Greek philosopher 1: 7216:The Ten Books on Architecture 7129:Works, both Moral and Natural 6823:, 1853 ed. Leipzig: Teubner, 6088:, e.g. Lib. II, lines 106-7 ( 5511:Translations of the Fragments 3588:(SSW) – Euroauster affricanus 2436:, in place of Libonotus, and 2065:(probably a reference to the 1934:, the difference between the 1567:The pseudo-Aristotelean work 69:were names for the points of 7430:. 2nd ed., London: Longman. 7404:History of Ancient Geography 7318:, Vol. 1. Paris: Imperiale. 7103:The Natural History of Pliny 7012:. London: Wyman & Sons. 6972:1657 edition, Basil: Konig. 6570:in the Latin vulgate. (Acts 6514:Aulus Gellius (Lat: 96; Eng: 5993:. See also Uhden (1936: p.5) 5281:). See also Gosselin (1805: 5269:At least that is claimed by 3594:(WSW) – Africus occidentalis 3561:(N) – Aquilo g.e. septentrio 3511:'Henry of Mainz' mappa mundi 3121:root that yielded the Greek 2643: 2639:, because it arises in Gaul. 1241:(Libya), "Hellespontias" in 7368:, Boston: Wells and Lilly. 7255:Anthropological Linguistics 7210:(1892 ed., Leipzig: Holtze 7208:De Architectura Libri Decem 6954:; (S.E. Turner 1880 trans, 5839:. See also Gosselin (1805: 3644:Auster or Notus = Ostro (S) 3626:Septentrio = Tramontana (N) 3606:(NNW) – Circius aquilonaris 3600:(WNW) – Chorus occidentalis 3521:world map. Many mariners' 3513:(c.1110), the 13th-century 63:ancient Mediterranean world 7647: 7440:London: Longman, &tc. 7402:Thomson, J. Oliver (1948) 7364:Malte-Brun, Conrad (1824) 6950:(1882 ed., Freiburg: Mohr 6853:(For another version, see 6585: 6577: 6340: 6306: 5869:. One early one, entitled 5588:On Airs, Waters and Places 5273:of Thasos, as reported by 5256:A.v. Humboldt (1851: v.3, 5206:Heraclitus, fragment 120: 4916: 4849: 4806: 4716: 4575: 4506: 4444: 4375: 4289: 4233: 4174: 4119: 4071: 3977: 3894: 3853: 3782: 3717: 3564:(NNE) – Boreas aquilonaris 2886: 2878: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2712: 2704: 2696: 2686: 2619:, driving waves across to 2379: 2353: 2333: 2313: 2290: 2270: 2247: 2224: 2196: 2193:This should be 'Caecias'. 2171: 2150: 2126: 1907: 1890: 1873: 1861: 1848: 1831: 1818: 1801: 1789: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1676:(d. 131 BC) who built the 1602: 1425:Ancient world, c. 200 BCE) 1370:The Greek-Roman physician 1204:; no mention of Aparctias. 904: 866: 848: 830: 820: 802: 782: 754: 736: 718: 700: 672: 590: 42:Historical wind directions 35:. For the pagan king, see 26: 7563:The eight principal winds 7225:Müller, C.F.W. (1855–61) 7127:(Trans., T. Lodge, 1620, 6170:, Bk. 18, ch.77 (vol. 4: 6117:, Bk. 5, Q.16 (1819 ed.: 6096:) Lib. III lines 273-79 ( 6054:). See also Brown (1948: 6037:); Forster trans. (p.171) 3638:Vulturnus = Scirocco (SE) 3585:(S) – Auster meridionalis 3570:(ENE) – Boreas orientalis 3567:(NE) – Vulturnus borealis 2593:(NW) – Isidore spells it 1265:, and "Cataporthmias" in 581:On Airs, Water and Places 392:). But two more winds – 323:drawn between the north ( 267:were used to define four 210:desert to the south, and 7399:, vol. 2, p. 23–26. 7361:Oxford University Press. 7301:, Vol. 16, p. 60–66 7277:D'Avezac, M.A.P. (1874) 7227:Geographi Graeci Minores 7058:, vol.3 & 4, Paris. 7054:, (Migne, 1850, editor, 6859:Geographi Graeci Minores 6291:As given in Wood (1894: 5079:); Aczel (2001: p.39-40) 3591:(SW) – Eurus procellosus 3576:(ESE) – Eurus orientalis 3280: 2644:Vitruvius's 24-wind rose 2081:) and periodic regional 1992:12-wind compass schema. 1081:, the boundaries of the 977:and the Sciros rocks in 164:living in the region of 7229:. Paris: Firmin-Didot. 7143:The Geography of Strabo 6948:Vita Karoli Imperatoris 6865:See also Diller (1975). 6843:Hypotyposis Geographiae 6395:Bk. 18, ch.77 (vol. 4: 6322:A Greek–English Lexicon 6226:Pliny, Bk. 18, Ch.77, ( 6183:cf. Pliny Bk. 2, Ch.46 5871:Hypotyposis Geographiae 3603:(NW) – Circius choralis 3517:, and the 14th-century 3461:(east) and the variant 3187:The 9th-century pseudo- 3172:translated Aristotle's 3166:Abu Yahya Ibn al-Batriq 3012:(c. 830), claimed that 1926:Oddly, Seneca says the 1467:Apeliotes (E) are "the 1430:Aparctias (N) are the " 593:Meteorology (Aristotle) 548:), the children of the 498:winds – Boreas (N) and 459:The archaic Greek poet 77:as conceived of by the 67:classical compass winds 7631:Meteorology in history 7324:Humboldt, A.v. (1851) 6934:The Works of Aristotle 6905:The Works of Aristotle 6882:The Works of Aristotle 6870:De Mundo at Alexandrum 6855:Geographiae Informatio 6501:Pliny (Book 2, ch.46, 6121:) (1620 Lodge trans., 6012:De Mundo at Alexandrum 5931:). It is identical in 5881:Geographiae Informatio 5821:The Works of Aristotle 5781:); Hutchison (1843: 5508: 4982: 4974: 3545: 3465:(SW), from the Arabic 3281:The Mariner's Windrose 3145:, dwelling, and Latin 2943: 2682: 2549:(SE) – from the Greek 2417: 2004:(written c. 159), the 1909:North-Northwest (NNW) 1850:South-Southwest (SSW) 1820:South-Southeast (SSE) 1766:North-Northeast (NNE) 1748: 1621: 1525:Zephyrus (W) lie "the 1426: 1398: 1233:), "Syriandus" in the 1073: 973:names, a reference to 906:North-Northwest (NNW) 822:South-Southwest (SSW) 784:South-Southeast (SSE) 702:North-Northeast (NNE) 668: 483: 58: 7436:Valpy, F.E.J. (1860) 7426:Valpy, F.E.J. (1852) 7406:, Biblo & Tannen. 7389:. Oxford: Clarendon. 7357:Lorimer, W.L. (1925) 7334:Hutchison, G. (1843) 7316:Géographie de Strabon 7263:Bunbury, E.H. (1879) 7250:. New York: Harcourt. 7175:. London: Stanford. 7121:Naturales quaestiones 7105:. London: H.G. Bohn. 6928:(Engl. E.B. Webster, 6899:Paris: Firmin-Didot. 6711:, and smatterings of 6313:Liddell, Henry George 6243:Lib. II, Ch. 22 (Gk: 5879:). The other, titled 5768:D'Avezac (1874: p.18) 5665:Strabo, Bk II, c.20 ( 5535:D'Avezac (1874: p.12) 5461:e.g. Gosselin (1805: 3535: 3455:(SE) from the Arabic 3199:) gave the following 2933: 2753:Ornithiae (periodic) 2680: 2415: 2008:-raised Latin writer 1746: 1733:Naturales quaestiones 1658:Andronicus of Cyrrhus 1612: 1456:Caecias (NE) is "the 1424: 1414:peoples (relative to 1396: 1353:) and "Olympias" (in 1183:(often attributed to 1071: 666: 481: 303:, "noon", South) and 48: 33:Argestes (Succession) 7460:. London: Stanford. 7411:The Classical Review 7350:Lettinck, P. (1999) 7267:. New York: Murray. 7246:Aczel, A. D. (2001) 6673:. Also Skeat (1882). 6115:Naturales Questiones 5474:e.g. Falconer (1811: 5306:(c. 620 CE), in his 5091:Mounce, W.D. (2009) 5037:is one of these few. 3554:Liber Additamentorum 3542:Liber Additamentorum 3176:, and scholars like 3098:The Frankish suffix 2950:prefix and the wind 2934:Reconstruction of a 2529:("demolisher", from 2147:Greek variant form. 1932:magnetic declination 1858:Same as Timosthenes 1828:Same as Timosthenes 1474:Eurus (SE) are "the 1374:(c. 250 CE), in his 817:the bottom meridian 751:the equinox sunrise 579:(c. 400 BC), in his 575:The Greek physician 536:(c. 700 BCE) in his 402:) from the east and 315:, "evening", West). 218:("sea", meaning the 7087:Naturalis Historiae 6956:Life of Charlemagne 6847:Geographica Antiqua 6780:Taylor (1937: p.26) 6619:) and Uhden (1936). 6187:Pliny Bk. 18, Ch.77 6158:, Bk.2, c.46 (Lat: 6069:Marcian of Heraclea 5755:); Thompson (1918: 5729:See Thompson (1918) 5478:), D'Avezac (1874: 5118:Jewish Encyclopedia 4956:Maestro-Tramontana 3670:classical antiquity 3154:cardinal directions 3119:Proto-Indo-European 2977:Medieval Transition 2857:Etesiae (periodic) 2219:Greek variant form. 2053:as a local wind in 1527:Pillars of Hercules 1261:, "Berecyntias" in 1175:pseudo-Aristotelean 863:the equinox sunset 779:the winter sunrise 733:the summer sunrise 158:cardinal directions 138:cardinal directions 7385:Skeat, W.W. (1882) 7291:. Rouen: Cagniard 7117:Seneca the Younger 7099:Henry Thomas Riley 7048:Isidore of Seville 6831:, London: Johnson 6750:Uhden (1936: p.13) 6728:Taylor (1937: p.5) 6386:Taylor (1957: p.9) 5854:Works of Aristotle 5815:Pseudo-Aristotle, 5304:Isidore of Seville 5247:Taylor (1957:p.12) 5109:Immanuel Benzinger 4995:Boxing the compass 4720:Isidore of Seville 4293:Tower of the Winds 3579:(SE) – Euro-nothus 3546: 3369:Boxing the compass 2988:Isidore of Seville 2944: 2909:(probably a local 2683: 2660:Vitruvius, in his 2454:Isidore of Seville 2448:Isidore of Seville 2418: 2168:as in Timosthenes 2117:Greek inscription 2114:Latin inscription 1982:Northeast by north 1749: 1650:Tower of the Winds 1622: 1615:Tower of the Winds 1605:Tower of the Winds 1532:Argestes (NW) is " 1441:Boreas (NNE) are " 1427: 1399: 1159:Peripatetic school 1074: 901:the summer sunset 845:the winter sunset 669: 523:ordinal directions 484: 368:). The peoples of 190:is referred to as 172:is referred to as 59: 51:Tower of the Winds 7613: 7612: 7498:Compass direction 6990:(Paley ed. 1861, 6966:Georgius Agricola 6857:in Müller (1861) 6458:Wood (1894: p.90) 5989:, Lib. II, ch. 8 5565:as a fourth; see 5544:Pliny the Elder, 4960: 4959: 4926:Greco-Tramontana 3861:(6-wind version) 3790:(4-wind version) 3552:attempted in his 3507:Beatus of Liébana 3451:words stand out: 3009:Vita Karoli Magni 2967:Georgius Agricola 2895: 2894: 2648:Chronologically, 2511:" (the far north) 2410: 2409: 2406:from Timosthenes 2402:Greek misspelled, 1921: 1920: 1726:The Roman writer 1341:), "Circias" (in 1211:and "Idyreus" in 1083:circumpolar stars 923: 922: 715:the polar "rise" 697:the top meridian 220:Mediterranean Sea 16:(Redirected from 7638: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7354:. Leiden: Brill. 7308:, Vol. 5 (May), 7306:Quarterly Review 7281:. Rome: Civelli 7070:John of Damascus 6790: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6720: 6693: 6687: 6682:Lettinck (1999: 6680: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6650:Vita Karoli Imp. 6643: 6637: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6579: 6564: 6558: 6547: 6536: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6439: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6400: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6378: 6366:, Lib. 13, c.11 6360: 6354: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6274: 6269:Thompson (1918: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6149: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6105: 6100:) and line 356 ( 6082: 6076: 6065: 6059: 6044: 6038: 6028: 6022: 6000: 5994: 5983:John of Damascus 5980: 5974: 5969:D'Avezac (1874: 5967: 5961: 5942: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5897: 5891: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5813: 5807: 5792: 5786: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5633:Meteorologicorum 5613: 5607: 5584: 5578: 5559: 5553: 5548:, Bk. II, Ch.46 5542: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5489: 5483: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5434: 5428: 5409: 5403: 5391: 5385: 5380:); Valpy (1860: 5370: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5292: 5286: 5267: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5184:d'Avezac (1874: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5153: 5147: 5128: 5122: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5080: 5075:D'Avezac (1874: 5073: 5067: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 4985: 4979: 4852:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3719:Cardinal Points 3675: 3426:parlance as the 3402:(rising, E) and 3307:magnetic compass 3197:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3170:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3160:Arab translators 2685: 2509:land of darkness 2424:, Solanus minus 2108: 2069:) He also notes 1845:used as variant 1751: 1562:John of Damascus 1390:Circius" (NNW). 1337:), "Sciron" (in 1276:and "Carbas" in 1163:On Weather Signs 919:the polar "set" 671: 517:Strabo, quoting 265:Astral phenomena 248: 247: 21: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7609: 7558: 7500: 7495: 7101:transl., 1855, 7083:Pliny the Elder 6994:, London: Bell 6992:Epics of Hesiod 6978:Mining Magazine 6970:De re metallica 6798: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6761:British Library 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6664: 6644: 6640: 6627: 6623: 6614: 6610: 6565: 6561: 6548: 6539: 6526: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6484:, Lib. 3: 378 ( 6479: 6475: 6467:Aulus Gellius ( 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6440: 6436: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6361: 6357: 6337: 6333: 6327:Perseus Project 6303: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6239:Aulus Gellius, 6238: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6168:Natural History 6156:Natural History 6152:Pliny the Elder 6150: 6146: 6138:). Wood (1894: 6133: 6129: 6112: 6108: 6083: 6079: 6066: 6062: 6046:As reported in 6045: 6041: 6033:Ch.4, Grk-Lat ( 6029: 6025: 6001: 5997: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5943: 5939: 5922: 5918: 5898: 5894: 5864: 5860: 5851: 5847: 5814: 5810: 5793: 5789: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5751:See Wood(1894: 5750: 5746: 5738:Thomson (1948: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5647: 5614: 5610: 5585: 5581: 5560: 5556: 5546:Natural History 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5490: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5456: 5435: 5431: 5410: 5406: 5392: 5388: 5371: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5293: 5289: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5154: 5150: 5129: 5125: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4965: 4944:Ostro-Libeccio 4938:Ostro-Scirocco 4705: 4691: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4651: 4642: 4631: 4617: 4606: 4595: 4583: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4437: 4430: 4415: 4405: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4264: 4226: 4209: 4165: 4081: 4059: 4053: 4019: 3994: 3982: 3964: 3959: 3933: 3928: 3906: 3860: 3841: 3826: 3811: 3796: 3789: 3770: 3755: 3740: 3725: 3666: 3523:portolan charts 3287:portolan charts 3283: 3195:(translated by 3162: 2996: 2979: 2971:De Re Metallica 2672:principal winds 2663:De architectura 2646: 2450: 2405: 2403: 2220: 2192: 2120:Greek read as: 2103:Vatican Museums 2095: 1998: 1964:Natural History 1959:Pliny the Elder 1956: 1950:, Septentrio). 1917:same as Greek. 1892:Northwest (NW) 1863:Southwest (SW) 1803:Southeast (SE) 1778:Northeast (NE) 1724: 1706: 1678:Stoa of Attalus 1635:principal winds 1607: 1601: 1368: 1237:, "Marseus" in 1152: 1063:winter solstice 1055:summer solstice 1009:, same root as 889: 868:Northwest (NW) 832:Southwest (SW) 788: 767: 756:Southeast (SE) 720:Northeast (NE) 685: 609:principal winds 595: 589: 528:Pliny the Elder 457: 339:(at that time, 295:"dawn", East), 291:, "sunrise" or 269:cardinal points 259: 150: 114: 43: 40: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7644: 7642: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7618: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7444: 7434: 7424: 7417: 7413:, Vol. 32 (3) 7407: 7400: 7393: 7383: 7376: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7332: 7328:London: Bohn. 7322: 7312: 7302: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7261: 7258: 7251: 7238: 7237: 7223: 7201: 7187: 7158: 7136: 7114: 7080: 7067: 7045: 7031: 7017: 6999: 6981: 6963: 6941: 6912: 6889: 6866: 6836: 6821:Noctes Atticae 6814: 6807:Pierre d'Ailly 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6752: 6743: 6741:, (1410: p.60) 6730: 6721: 6688: 6675: 6662: 6638: 6621: 6608: 6559: 6537: 6520: 6507: 6494: 6473: 6460: 6451: 6434: 6421: 6401: 6388: 6379: 6355: 6331: 6297: 6284: 6275: 6262: 6253: 6232: 6219: 6198: 6189: 6176: 6144: 6127: 6106: 6092:), lines 404 ( 6077: 6060: 6039: 6023: 5995: 5975: 5962: 5937: 5916: 5892: 5858: 5845: 5817:Ventorum Situs 5808: 5787: 5770: 5761: 5744: 5731: 5722: 5709: 5696: 5684: 5671: 5658: 5645: 5608: 5579: 5554: 5537: 5528: 5515: 5484: 5467: 5454: 5429: 5404: 5386: 5365: 5352: 5333: 5320: 5287: 5262: 5249: 5240: 5212: 5199: 5190: 5177: 5165: 5148: 5123: 5105:Emil G. Hirsch 5097: 5081: 5068: 5063:; Deuteronomy 5048: 5039: 5025: 5015: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4971: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4846:Nordvuestroni 4844: 4843:Vuestnordroni 4841: 4838: 4837:Vuestsundroni 4835: 4834:Sundvuestroni 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4748:Austroafricus 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4715: 4714: 4700: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4657: 4648: 4637: 4626: 4612: 4601: 4592: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4454: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123:Ventorum Situs 4118: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3493:Pierre d'Ailly 3364: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3293:, but soon in 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3161: 3158: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 2995: 2992: 2978: 2975: 2901:(probably the 2893: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2606: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2541:sub ortu solis 2534: 2512: 2494: 2483:septem triones 2449: 2446: 2442:Venturum Situs 2408: 2407: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2094: 2091: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 1997: 1994: 1955: 1952: 1936:magnetic north 1919: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786:same as Greek 1784: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1723: 1720: 1705: 1702: 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1530: 1523: 1512: 1501: 1494: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1454: 1439: 1403:Ventorum Situs 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1331: 1328:Mount Pangaeus 1308: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1270: 1223: 1216: 1205: 1194:Ventorum Situs 1180:Ventorum Situs 1151: 1148: 1127:meteorological 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1021:) comes "from 1001:) means "from 921: 920: 917: 907: 903: 902: 899: 869: 865: 864: 861: 851: 847: 846: 843: 833: 829: 828: 826: 823: 819: 818: 815: 805: 801: 800: 798: 789:(except local 785: 781: 780: 777: 757: 753: 752: 749: 739: 735: 734: 731: 721: 717: 716: 713: 703: 699: 698: 695: 675: 591:Main article: 588: 585: 456: 453: 311:, "sunset" or 283:, for North), 279:, "bear", the 258: 255: 149: 146: 113: 110: 79:ancient Greeks 41: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7643: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163:(c. 300 BCE) 7162: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109:(Bks 1 – 5), 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7052:Etymologiarum 7050:(c. 620 CE), 7049: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036:(c. 800 BCE) 7035: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022:(c. 800 BCE) 7021: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6986:(c. 700 BCE) 6985: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6817:Aulus Gellius 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6789:Taylor (1937) 6786: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6697:lingua franca 6692: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6441:Seneca (Lat: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428:Valpy (1852: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364:Etymologiarum 6359: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6317:Scott, Robert 6314: 6310: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6050:(Bk.1, Ch.4: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716:Valpy (1860: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703:Valpy (1860: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691:Valpy (1860: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678:Valpy (1860: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652:Valpy (1860: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586:Hippocrates, 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359:Valpy (1860: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341:Aulus Gellius 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327:Valpy (1860: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5055:e.g. Genesis 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5019: 5016: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4661: 4660:Austroafricus 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4578:Vatican Table 4576: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510:Aulus Gellius 4507: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097:(Phoenicias) 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3617:cartographer 3616: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550:Matthew Paris 3543: 3539: 3538:Matthew Paris 3534: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519:Ranulf Higden 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3381:lingua franca 3377: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3149:, evening)). 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3089:Nordvuestroni 3086: 3084: 3083:Vuestnordroni 3080: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3071:Vuestsundroni 3068: 3066: 3065:Sundvuestroni 3062: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573:Austroafricus 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:Arctic Circle 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:Austroafricus 2431: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2296:Austroafricus 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2093:Vatican table 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010:Aulus Gellius 2007: 2003: 1996:Aulus Gellius 1995: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1900:with variant 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883:with variant 1882: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1811:with variant 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:Gulf of Issus 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1168:North by west 1164: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079:Arctic Circle 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975:Mount Olympus 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:Arctic circle 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 918: 915: 911: 908: 905: 900: 898: 896: 892: 887: 883: 877: 873: 870: 867: 862: 859: 855: 852: 849: 844: 841: 837: 834: 831: 827: 824: 821: 816: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 796: 792: 786: 783: 778: 775: 771: 765: 761: 758: 755: 750: 747: 743: 740: 737: 732: 729: 725: 722: 719: 714: 711: 707: 704: 701: 696: 693: 689: 683: 679: 676: 673: 665: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605: 600: 594: 586: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 529: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 480: 476: 474: 473: 469:, and in the 468: 467: 462: 454: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 376: 371: 367: 366: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 256: 254: 252: 246: 245:קדימה‬ 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186:to the east; 185: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 147: 145: 143: 139: 135: 130: 125: 123: 119: 111: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 56: 52: 47: 38: 34: 30: 19: 7457: 7447: 7437: 7427: 7420: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7386: 7379: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7335: 7325: 7315: 7305: 7298: 7288: 7278: 7264: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7239: 7226: 7215: 7207: 7206:(c. 15 BCE) 7193: 7192:(c. 29 BCE) 7180: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7161:Theophrastus 7142: 7128: 7120: 7102: 7095:John Bostock 7093:) (English: 7086: 7073: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7037: 7023: 7009: 7005: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6969: 6955: 6947: 6946:(c. 830 CE) 6933: 6921: 6918:Meteorologia 6917: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6841:(c. 250 CE) 6828: 6820: 6810: 6800: 6799: 6785: 6776: 6769:16-wind rose 6765:12-wind rose 6755: 6746: 6738: 6733: 6724: 6696: 6691: 6678: 6665: 6649: 6641: 6624: 6611: 6567: 6562: 6523: 6510: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6476: 6463: 6454: 6437: 6424: 6415:Ward (1894: 6391: 6382: 6371: 6363: 6358: 6334: 6320: 6300: 6287: 6278: 6265: 6256: 6241:Attic Nights 6240: 6235: 6222: 6214: 6205:Bk.2, c.46 ( 6201: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6147: 6130: 6114: 6109: 6085: 6080: 6063: 6042: 6030: 6026: 6015: 6011: 6003: 5998: 5986: 5978: 5965: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5853: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5790: 5773: 5764: 5747: 5734: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5687: 5674: 5661: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5611: 5587: 5582: 5566: 5557: 5545: 5540: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5498:, Bk.1.2.21 5495: 5487: 5470: 5457: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5412: 5407: 5394: 5393:e.g. Homer, 5389: 5376:, Vol. 11, ( 5373: 5368: 5355: 5345:Attic Nights 5344: 5336: 5323: 5307: 5295: 5290: 5265: 5252: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5202: 5193: 5180: 5168: 5151: 5142:, Zechariah 5126: 5116: 5100: 5092: 5071: 5051: 5042: 5028: 5018: 5008: 4990:Compass rose 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4828:Sundostroni 4825:Ostsundroni 4819:Ostnordroni 4816:Nordostroni 4757: 4734: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4566: 4542: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4508: 4483: 4471:at NW by N) 4468: 4463: 4458: 4446: 4438:or Argestes 4434: 4431:or Zephyrus 4427: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4327: 4298: 4291: 4281:or Olympias 4266: 4235: 4228: 4211: 4200: 4186: 4176: 4169: 4166:or Argestes 4162: 4151: 4143: 4121: 4114: 4075:Theophrastus 4073: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3935: 3929:or Euronoti 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3855: 3843: 3838: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3798: 3793: 3784: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3752: 3742: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3667: 3612: 3609: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3527:compass rose 3500: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3434:Adriatic Sea 3427: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3302: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3192: 3189:Olympiodorus 3186: 3173: 3163: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3007: 2997: 2980: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2922: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2873: 2847: 2831:Subvesperus 2821: 2795: 2769: 2761:Eurocircias 2743: 2717: 2691: 2668:Eratosthenes 2661: 2659: 2647: 2636: 2628: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2482: 2466: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2345: 2325: 2304: 2295: 2282: 2261: 2252: 2238: 2229: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2185: 2176: 2162: 2141: 2137: 2096: 2086: 2070: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2002:Attic Nights 2001: 1999: 1990: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1957: 1925: 1922: 1912: 1901: 1895: 1884: 1878: 1866: 1853: 1842: 1836: 1823: 1812: 1806: 1794: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1731: 1725: 1713: 1707: 1698:weather vane 1682: 1647: 1643: 1639:compass rose 1626:Eratosthenes 1623: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1520:Mauri people 1412: 1402: 1400: 1388: 1375: 1369: 1311: 1294: 1284: 1193: 1185:Theophrastus 1178: 1172: 1162: 1155:Theophrastus 1153: 1150:Theophrastus 1144:Eratosthenes 1136: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1014: 1006: 998: 994: 986: 982: 969:) are local 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 938: 934: 930: 926: 924: 913: 909: 894: 890: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 857: 853: 839: 835: 811: 807: 794: 790: 773: 769: 763: 759: 745: 741: 727: 723: 709: 705: 691: 687: 681: 677: 656: 652: 648: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 602: 596: 580: 574: 556:(stars) and 545: 537: 532: 516: 495: 485: 470: 464: 458: 436: 432: 428: 425:ἀπὸ τῆς βοῆς 424: 416: 414: 409: 403: 399: 393: 389: 383: 379: 373: 370:early Greece 363: 357: 355:seafarers). 324: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 276: 272: 263: 260: 250: 238: 236: 231: 227: 223: 215: 203: 196:Mount Zaphon 191: 173: 154:Hebrew Bible 151: 142:compass rose 126: 115: 102:compass rose 91: 66: 60: 28: 7450:, Vol. 11, 7421:Imago Mundi 7397:Imago Mundi 7141:(c. 7 BCE) 7119:(c. 65 CE) 7113:(Bks 18–23) 7085:(c. 77 CE) 7038:The Odyssey 7002:Hippocrates 6839:Agathemerus 6811:Ymago Mundi 6739:Ymago Mundi 6737:P. d'Ailly 5617:Meteorology 5615:Aristotle, 5423:), Bk. 11 ( 5271:Thrasyalcus 5159:), Ezekiel 5095:. Zondervan 4923:Tramontana 4919:Diogo Homem 4809:Charlemagne 4742:Euroauster 4725:Septentrio 4663:Libonotos ( 4643:Euronotos ( 4582:Septentrio 4537:Subsolanus 4515:Septentrio 4477:Subsolanus 4453:Septentrio 4286:or Circius 4267:Libophoenix 4208:Leuconotos 4178:Timosthenes 3619:Diogo Homem 3515:Ebstorf map 3502:mappa mundi 3497:Ymago Mundo 3386:Middle Ages 3174:Meteorology 3053:Sundostroni 3047:Ostsundroni 3035:Ostnordroni 3029:Nordostroni 3014:Charlemagne 3002:chronicler 2994:Charlemagne 2936:mappa mundi 2916:Eurocircias 2787:Leuconotos 2519:alte tornat 2459:Etymologiae 2303:Libonotos ( 2260:Euronotos ( 2131:Septentrio 1887:also used. 1815:also used. 1686:personified 1670:Attalus III 1581:Libophoenix 1458:Caspian Sea 1380:Timosthenes 1372:Agathemerus 1366:Timosthenes 1251:Proconnesus 1146:would do). 1140:Timosthenes 880:(Variants: 604:Meteorology 577:Hippocrates 206:, from the 134:proper name 106:Middle Ages 94:meteorology 7620:Categories 7570:Tramontane 7512:directions 7241:Secondary: 6938:online txt 6920:, 1854 ed. 6909:online txt 6895:, 1857 ed. 6886:online txt 6872:, 1854 ed. 6849:, Leiden. 6578:εὐροκλύδων 6568:euroaquilo 6014:, 1854 ed. 5912:2.6, p.472 5904:Ch.2 p.178 5867:Geographia 5831:, 1857 ed. 5825:online txt 5635:, 1854 ed. 5506:Argestes." 5419:), Bk. 9 ( 5308:Etymologia 5222:(18: 489 ( 5134:, Ezekiel 5001:References 4840:Vuestroni 4735:Subsolanus 4731:Vulturnus 4681:Zephyrus ( 4640:Euroauster 4619:Apheliotes 4540:Vulturnus 4535:Apeliotes 4517:Aparctias 4503:Thrascias 4491:Libonotus 4484:Phoenicias 4480:Vulturnus 4456:Aquilo or 4441:Thrascias 4419:Libonotus 4409:Euronotus 4398:Subsolanus 4385:Septentrio 4308:Apeliotes 4284:Thrascias 4279:or Iapyx, 4263:Libonotos 4257:Euronotos 4251:Apeliotes 4242:Aparctias 4225:Thrascias 4194:Apeliotes 4183:Aparctias 4152:Leuconotos 4144:Orthonotos 4137:Apeliotes 4091:Apeliotes 4082:or Boreas 4080:Aparctias 3936:Phoenicias 3934:(locally, 3907:or Boreas 3874:Apeliotes 3615:Portuguese 3416:Tramontana 3315:Tramontana 3125:and Latin 2924:euroaquilo 2891:Thrascias 2813:Libonotus 2779:Vulturnus 2692:Septentrio 2557:Euroauster 2537:Subsolanus 2491:Ursa Major 2487:the Plough 2475:Ursa Minor 2467:Septentrio 2344:Zephyrus ( 2300:ΛΙΒΟΝΟΤΟϹ 2257:ΕΥΡΟΝΟΤΟϹ 2253:Euroauster 2210:Apheliotes 2206:ΑΦΗΛΙΩΤΗϹ 2099:anemoscope 1944:true north 1904:also used 1833:South (S) 1795:Subsolanus 1758:Septentrio 1754:North (N) 1573:Posidonius 1505:Garamantes 1451:Sarmatians 1376:Geographia 1295:Leuconotos 1285:Orthonotos 1015:Phoenicias 943:Ursa Major 804:South (S) 791:Phoenicias 674:North (N) 657:Phoenicias 651:(NNW) and 645:half-winds 519:Posidonius 353:Phoenician 345:Ursa Minor 333:Ursa Major 317:Heraclitus 281:Ursa Major 162:Israelites 98:navigation 87:wind roses 85:. Ancient 71:geographic 29:Succession 7554:Northwest 7544:Southwest 7534:Southeast 7524:Northeast 7310:p.274-302 7204:Vitruvius 7165:De Signes 7131:. London 7076:. Paris. 7030:, vol. 2) 7024:The Iliad 6988:Theogonia 6915:Aristotle 6907:(vol. 6) 6819:(159 CE) 6590: in 6586:εὐρακύλων 6362:Isidore, 6345: in 6341:ἀπηλιώτης 6307:ἀπαρκτίας 6048:Vitruvius 6006:, vol. 3, 5991:p.899-902 5956:version ( 5935:(Lib.2.7) 5927:(Lib. 2, 5627:, vol. 3, 5524:Geography 5496:Geography 5415:: Bk. 2 ( 5399:, Bk. 5, 5155:Genesis ( 5138:, Daniel 5130:Jeremiah 4947:Libeccio 4935:Scirocco 4831:Sundroni 4813:Nordroni 4767:Medieval 4754:Favonius 4679:Favonius 4665:Λιβόνοτος 4645:Εὐρόνοτος 4623:Ἀφηλιώτης 4607:Caecias ( 4604:Vulturnus 4570:Argestes 4563:Zephyrus 4561:Favonius 4543:Euronotus 4497:Favonius 4464:Aparctias 4416:or Notus 4406:or Eurus 4403:Vulturnus 4324:Zephyrus 4277:Argestes 4274:Zephyrus 4222:Argestes 4219:Zephyrus 4212:Libonotos 4201:Euronotos 4159:Zephyrus 4111:Argestes 4108:Zephyrus 4027:Φοινικίας 4021:Εὐρόνοτοι 4011:Ἀπηλιώτης 3991:Ἀπαρκτίας 3980:Aristotle 3973:Thrascias 3952:Zephyrus 3921:Apeliotes 3904:Aparctias 3898:Aristotle 3889:Zephyrus 3884:Agrestes 3758:Μεσημβρία 3753:Mesembria 3544:(c. 1250) 3540:, in his 3303:portolani 3182:Ibn Rushd 3178:Ibn Sinna 3077:Vuestroni 3006:, in his 2984:Dark Ages 2839:Argestes 2709:Supernas 2701:Gallicus 2650:Vitruvius 2515:Vulturnus 2479:Pole Star 2338:Favonius 2305:λιβόνοτος 2262:εὐρόνοτος 2214:ἀφηλιώτης 2184:Caecias ( 2177:Vulturnus 2134:ΑΠΑΡΚΙΑϹ 2087:πρόδρομοι 1948:Pole Star 1913:Thrascias 1875:West (W) 1854:Libonotus 1824:Euronotus 1807:Vulturnus 1791:East (E) 1730:, in his 1712:, in his 1692:as gods ( 1688:in stone 1666:Vitruvius 1631:Vitruvius 1487:Aethiopia 1469:Bactrians 1432:Scythians 1231:Phoenicia 1213:Pamphylia 1189:etymology 1177:fragment 1161:, in his 1027:Thrascias 1023:Phoenicia 1019:φοινικίας 939:ἀπαρκτίας 935:Aparctias 931:ἀπηλιώτης 927:Apeliotes 910:Thrascias 850:West (W) 795:φοινικίας 774:εὐρόνοτοι 768:(variant 746:ἀπηλιώτης 742:Apeliotes 738:East (E) 686:(variant 682:ἀπαρκτίας 678:Aparctias 649:Thrascias 621:Apeliotes 613:Aparctias 601:, in his 599:Aristotle 587:Aristotle 510:(SE) and 508:Apeliotes 492:Aristotle 337:Pole Star 301:μεσημβρία 297:mesembria 202:is often 7595:Libeccio 7506:Cardinal 7293:offprint 7194:Georgics 7169:De Venti 6863:p.471ff. 6845:in 1697 6801:Primary: 6705:Venetian 6701:Ligurian 6652:, (Lat: 6602:) Luke ( 6482:Georgics 6480:Virgil, 6134:Seneca ( 6113:Seneca, 6086:Georgics 6084:Virgil, 6067:Indeed, 6031:De Mundo 6008:full txt 5958:p.179-80 5902:(Lib.1, 5629:full txt 5567:Theogony 5563:Argestes 5440:, Bk.9, 5347:, Ch.22 5172:Ezekiel 4963:See also 4953:Maestro 4950:Ponente 4932:Levante 4912:jirbiyā' 4822:Ostroni 4762:Circius 4751:Africus 4707:Thrakias 4670:Africus 4596:Boreas ( 4589:Ἀπαρκίας 4585:Aparkias 4556:Africus 4549:Auster 4494:Africus 4474:Caecias 4428:Favonius 4394:Caecias 4305:Caecias 4248:Caecias 4237:De Mundo 4191:Caecias 4170:Thrakias 4134:Caecias 4115:Thrakias 4088:Caecias 4067:Θρασκίας 4056:Ὀλυμπίας 4050:Ἀργέστης 3962:Olympias 3956:Argestes 3944:No wind 3932:No wind 3839:Zephyrus 3468:al-Gharb 3458:al-Sharq 3453:Scirocco 3424:Venetian 3394:Libeccio 3378:-tinged 3345:Libeccio 3333:Scirocco 3275:jirbiyā' 3139:Vues-tha 3108:Sanskrit 3059:Sundroni 3023:Nordroni 3000:Frankish 2920:Biblical 2907:Supernas 2899:Gallicus 2865:Circius 2848:Favonius 2805:Altanus 2637:Gallicus 2633:Hispania 2617:Narbonne 2585:Favonius 2523:Volturno 2393:Thrakias 2389:ΘΡΑΚΙΑϹ 2341:ΖΕΦΥΡΟϹ 2318:Africus 2181:ΚΑΙΚΙΑϹ 2161:Boreas ( 2142:ἀπαρκίας 2138:Aparkias 2063:Hispania 1928:meridian 1902:Argestes 1885:Zephyrus 1879:Favonius 1715:Georgics 1674:Pergamon 1589:De Mundo 1585:Ventorum 1577:De Mundo 1569:De Mundo 1554:periplus 1538:Hispania 1489:" (prob. 1460:and the 1449:and the 1324:Tarentum 1031:θρασκίας 1011:libation 971:Athenian 959:ὀλυμπίας 955:Olympias 951:ἀργέστης 914:θρασκίας 886:ὀλυμπίας 882:Olympias 876:ἀργέστης 872:Argestes 854:Zephyrus 825:No wind 787:No wind 770:Euronoti 641:Argestes 639:(W) and 637:Zephyrus 570:Zephyrus 554:Astraeus 538:Theogony 512:Argestes 437:Zephyrus 405:Zephyrus 321:meridian 313:hesperus 148:Biblical 37:Agrestes 18:Argestes 7605:Mistral 7600:Ponente 7585:Sirocco 7575:Gregale 7510:ordinal 7462:p.77-97 7452:p.67-69 7415:p.49-55 7133:p.759ff 7078:p.796ff 6968:(1556) 6944:Einhard 6936:vol. 3, 6926:p.588ff 6901:p.45-46 6884:vol. 3, 6851:p.178ff 6809:(1410) 6796:Sources 6709:Catalan 6656:; Eng: 6646:Einhard 6632:; Eng: 6592:Liddell 6531:; Eng: 6445:, Eng: 6347:Liddell 6325:at the 6247:; Eng: 6215:another 6098:p.333ff 5837:p.45-46 5823:(1913) 5621:Bk2, c6 5573:) and ( 5522:Strabo 5448:Bk.11, 5427:), etc. 5411:Homer, 5396:Odyssey 5349:p.146-7 5232:Odyssey 5059:, Gen. 5035:Turkish 4983:cercius 4897:hur jūj 4745:Auster 4728:Aquilo 4711:Θρακίας 4703:Circius 4683:Ζέφυρος 4652:Notos ( 4650:Auster 4632:Eurus ( 4615:Solanus 4609:Καικίας 4594:Aquilo 4488:Auster 4423:Africus 4245:Boreas 4229:Circius 4128:Boreas 4045:Ζέφυρος 4006:Καικίας 3960:(local 3916:Caecias 3864:Boreas 3844:Ζέφυρος 3743:Ἀνατολή 3738:Anatole 3477:setting 3463:Garbino 3442:Mistral 3438:Maestro 3436:). The 3432:of the 3412:setting 3404:Ponente 3400:Levante 3376:Italian 3361:Maestro 3355:Ponente 3349:Garbino 3327:Levante 3299:Majorca 3257:hur jūj 3147:vespera 3041:Ostroni 3004:Einhard 2956:Altanus 2940:Ravenna 2903:Mistral 2888:N by W 2854:W by N 2836:W by S 2822:Africus 2802:S by W 2784:S by E 2750:E by S 2744:Solanus 2735:Carbas 2732:E by N 2727:Boreas 2698:N by E 2629:Cercius 2613:Mistral 2609:Circius 2579:Africus 2531:vellere 2505:aquilus 2438:Circius 2397:θρακίας 2385:Circius 2346:ζέφυρος 2281:Notos ( 2275:Auster 2237:Eurus ( 2202:Solanus 2186:καικίας 2158:ΒΟΡΕΑϹ 2155:Aquilo 2083:Etesian 2075:Iapygia 2067:Mistral 2059:Cercius 2051:Circius 2000:In his 1986:Etesian 1961:in his 1940:compass 1867:Africus 1782:Caecias 1690:reliefs 1516:Numidia 1507:beyond 1483:Red Sea 1476:Indians 1447:Maeotis 1408:Mistral 1351:Mistral 1339:Megaris 1316:Iapyges 1239:Tripoli 1227:Tripoli 1173:In the 1132:Etesian 1059:equinox 1033:) from 987:καικίας 983:Caecias 858:ζέφυρος 728:καικίας 724:Caecias 617:Caecias 466:Odyssey 445:sunrise 410:Ζέφυρος 343:in the 289:ἀνατολή 285:anatole 194:, from 168:, e.g. 152:In the 140:of the 112:Origins 61:In the 7580:Levant 7442:online 7432:online 7391:online 7374:vol. 6 7370:vol. 1 7346:online 7340:online 7330:vol. 3 7320:online 7283:online 7269:vol. 1 7220:online 7212:online 7198:online 7190:Virgil 7177:online 7139:Strabo 7125:online 7107:vol 1. 7091:vol. 1 7060:online 7042:online 7028:vol. 1 7014:online 6996:online 6984:Hesiod 6974:online 6960:online 6952:online 6930:online 6717:Arabic 6669:Wood, 6555:p.cvii 6185:versus 6162:)(Eng: 5952:. The 5948:, 2.7 5492:Strabo 5463:xcviii 5302:. St. 5283:xcviii 5275:Strabo 5121:, 1906 4976:Cierzo 4969:Anemoi 4941:Ostro 4929:Greco 4882:nu'āmā 4739:Eurus 4689:Chorus 4672:Lips ( 4598:Βορέας 4567:Caurus 4551:Notus 4527:Boreas 4523:Aquilo 4500:Corus 4459:Boreas 4413:Auster 4390:Aquilo 4379:Seneca 4336:Roman 4328:Sciron 4316:Notos 4311:Eurus 4299:Boreas 4260:Notos 4254:Eurus 4205:Notos 4197:Eurus 4187:Boreas 4148:Notos 4140:Eurus 4131:Meses 4100:Notos 4094:Eurus 4085:Meses 4061:Σκίρων 3996:Βορέας 3967:Sciron 3941:Notos 3879:Notos 3869:Eurus 3799:Βορέας 3794:Boreas 3728:Ἄρκτος 3723:Arctos 3678:Greek 3485:Sicily 3473:rising 3449:Arabic 3408:rising 3295:Venice 3273:(NNW) 3249:(SSW) 3239:nu'āmā 3237:(SSE) 3213:(NNE) 3201:Arabic 3127:Auster 3087:(NNW) 3063:(SSW) 3051:(SSE) 3027:(NNE) 2952:Caurus 2905:) and 2883:Corus 2874:Caurus 2796:Auster 2718:Aquilo 2603:chorus 2599:Caurus 2567:Virgil 2563:Auster 2553:(dawn) 2497:Aquilo 2363:ΙΑΠΥΞ 2359:Chorus 2324:Lips ( 2278:ΝΟΤΟϹ 2234:ΕΥΡΟϹ 2163:βορέας 2123:Notes 2079:Apulia 2044:Caurus 2006:Athens 1837:Auster 1770:Aquilo 1728:Seneca 1722:Seneca 1710:Virgil 1694:Anemoi 1654:Athens 1619:Athens 1593:Boreae 1534:Iberia 1509:Syrtes 1443:Pontus 1436:Thrace 1434:above 1416:Rhodes 1384:Rhodes 1359:Lesbos 1355:Euboea 1347:Sicily 1335:Thrace 1320:Apulia 1278:Cyrene 1267:Sicily 1263:Sinope 1259:Cyrene 1243:Euboea 1220:Lesbos 1209:Rhodes 1202:Mallus 1116:Notiae 1112:Boreae 1100:Athens 1035:Thrace 979:Megara 967:σκίρων 963:Sciron 961:) and 945:, the 895:σκίρων 891:Sciron 692:βορέας 688:Boreas 635:(SW), 627:(SE), 619:(NE), 562:Boreas 546:Ἄνεμοι 542:Anemoi 534:Hesiod 514:(SW). 506:(NE), 488:Strabo 449:sunset 417:Boreas 380:Βορέας 375:Boreas 365:Anemoi 349:Thales 341:Kochab 325:arctos 277:ἄρκτος 273:arctos 251:kadima 228:saphon 192:saphon 83:Romans 65:, the 55:Athens 31:, see 7626:Winds 7590:Ostro 7539:South 7519:North 7273:vol.2 7235:vol.2 7231:vol.1 7183:p.391 7155:vol.3 7151:vol.2 7147:vol.1 7111:vol.4 7034:Homer 7020:Homer 6878:p.627 6833:vol.1 6825:vol.1 6713:Greek 6684:p.173 6596:Scott 6572:27:14 6533:p. 28 6529:p. 24 6516:p.149 6486:p.336 6469:p.146 6447:p.858 6443:p.145 6397:p.117 6368:p.479 6351:Scott 6249:p.146 6228:p.116 6211:p.116 6172:p.114 6160:p.170 6140:p.88n 6136:p.146 6123:p.857 6119:p.144 6102:p.354 6094:p.225 6090:p.161 6073:p.588 6056:p.124 6035:p.632 6020:p.627 6004:Works 5950:p.473 5929:Ch.12 5910:(Lib. 5804:p.416 5783:p.245 5779:p.136 5740:p.117 5718:p.104 5641:p.588 5625:Works 5604:c. 25 5476:p.294 5446:Iliad 5438:Iliad 5413:Iliad 5361:p.114 5312:p.480 5300:p.574 5258:p.160 5220:Iliad 5161:19:12 5136:37: 9 5132:49:36 5113:Winds 5061:28:14 5057:13:14 5023:with. 4907:mahwa 4902:dabūr 4887:janūb 4877:azyab 4872:şaban 4857:šimāl 4758:Corus 4697:Ἰᾶπυξ 4693:Iapyx 4654:Νότος 4634:Εὖρος 4629:Eurus 4558:Lips 4532:Eurus 4469:Meses 4448:Pliny 4435:Corus 4321:Lips 4271:Lips 4216:Lips 4163:Iapyx 4156:Lips 4105:Lips 4033:Νότος 4016:Εὖρος 4001:Μέσης 3985:Greek 3926:Eurus 3911:Meses 3857:Homer 3829:Νότος 3824:Notos 3814:Εὖρος 3809:Eurus 3786:Homer 3773:Δύσις 3768:Dysis 3481:Greco 3390:Ostra 3359:(NW) 3343:(SW) 3339:Ostro 3331:(SE) 3321:Greco 3319:(NE) 3291:Genoa 3269:mahwa 3267:(NW) 3263:dabūr 3255:(SW) 3245:janūb 3233:azyab 3231:(SE) 3227:şaban 3219:(NE) 3209:šimāl 3207:(N) 3137:from 3135:Vuest 3100:-roni 3081:(NW) 3069:(SW) 3045:(SE) 3033:(NE) 2770:Eurus 2740:East 2654:Varro 2621:Ostia 2595:Corus 2591:Corus 2547:Eurus 2527:vulsi 2501:acqua 2430:Eurus 2371:ἰᾶπυξ 2367:Iapyx 2283:νότος 2239:εὖρος 2230:Eurus 2111:Wind 2071:Iapyx 1954:Pliny 1896:Corus 1843:Notus 1841:with 1813:Eurus 1738:Varro 1704:Roman 1662:Varro 1652:" in 1545:Celts 1498:Nubia 1485:and " 1462:Sakas 1343:Italy 1312:Iapyx 1302:Libya 1274:Aegae 1247:Crete 1043:μέσης 1039:Meses 1007:λείβω 1003:Libya 991:Mysia 812:νότος 808:Notos 764:εὖρος 760:Eurus 710:μέσης 706:Meses 653:Meses 631:(S), 629:Notos 625:Eurus 623:(E), 615:(N), 566:Notos 552:gods 550:Titan 504:Eurus 500:Notos 472:Iliad 461:Homer 455:Homer 433:Eurus 429:Notos 421:Greek 400:Εὖρος 395:Eurus 390:Νότος 385:Notus 360:winds 329:Homer 309:δύσις 305:dysis 257:Greek 239:Kedem 232:negev 224:kedem 208:Negev 204:negev 200:South 188:North 175:kedem 166:Judea 118:winds 75:winds 7549:West 7529:East 7508:and 7167:and 7097:and 6759:The 6671:p.93 6658:p.68 6654:p.22 6634:p.58 6630:p.37 6617:1888 6604:8:23 6600:4:37 6594:and 6551:p.24 6503:p.75 6490:cold 6417:p.68 6376:here 6349:and 6293:p.89 6271:p.55 6245:p.95 6207:p.73 6164:p.73 6052:p.27 5971:p.19 5800:p.83 5796:p.17 5757:p.53 5705:p.61 5693:p.97 5680:p.67 5667:p.43 5654:p.45 5600:c.22 5596:c.15 5550:p.73 5500:p.44 5480:p.12 5382:p.52 5378:p.67 5329:p.26 5279:I.21 5234:(5: 5230:)), 5186:p.11 5174:5:10 5157:41:6 5144:2: 6 5107:and 5077:p.10 5065:3:27 4892:hayf 4867:nis' 4862:mis' 4803:NNW 4791:SSW 4785:SSE 4773:NNE 4372:NNW 4360:SSW 4354:SSE 4342:NNE 3983:(in 3948:Lips 3714:NNW 3702:SSW 3696:SSE 3684:NNE 3475:and 3447:Two 3429:Bora 3420:Alps 3414:). 3353:(W) 3337:(S) 3325:(E) 3313:(N) 3297:and 3261:(W) 3251:hayf 3243:(S) 3225:(E) 3221:nis' 3215:mis' 3180:and 3168:and 3131:Sund 3111:nara 3104:Nord 3075:(W) 3057:(S) 3039:(E) 3021:(N) 2998:The 2911:Alps 2880:NNW 2862:WNW 2828:WSW 2810:SSW 2776:SSE 2758:ESE 2724:ENE 2706:NNE 2625:Gaul 2381:NNW 2321:ΛΙΨ 2292:SSW 2249:SSE 2152:NNE 2055:Gaul 1664:and 1613:The 1491:Axum 1345:and 1257:and 1255:Teos 995:Lips 836:Lips 633:Lips 568:and 447:and 435:and 230:and 212:West 184:Edom 180:dawn 170:East 129:wind 81:and 49:The 6430:p.9 5906:), 5592:C.9 5575:870 5571:379 5569:, ( 5450:306 5425:305 5417:145 5401:295 5316:Eng 5314:; 5236:275 5228:Eng 5140:8.8 4800:NW 4794:SW 4782:SE 4776:NE 4674:Λίψ 4461:or 4369:NW 4363:SW 4351:SE 4345:NE 4265:or 4227:or 4210:or 4040:Λίψ 3965:or 3711:NW 3705:SW 3693:SE 3687:NE 3495:'s 3410:or 3371:). 3347:or 3191:'s 3143:vas 3129:), 3123:Eos 3115:Ost 2969:'s 2948:sub 2870:NW 2818:SW 2766:SE 2714:NE 2631:in 2551:Eos 2426:Sub 2355:NW 2326:λίψ 2315:SW 2264:)) 2226:SE 2173:NE 2089:). 2077:in 2061:in 1672:of 1536:or 1418:): 1382:of 1318:in 1051:sun 999:λίψ 888:), 840:λίψ 776:)) 694:)) 558:Eos 496:six 441:Eos 293:eos 216:yam 214:is 122:sun 53:in 7622:: 7372:, 7271:, 7233:, 7153:, 7149:, 7004:, 6998:). 6715:, 6707:, 6648:, 6606:). 6582:, 6540:^ 6404:^ 6319:; 6315:; 6311:. 6154:, 5985:, 5973:). 5954:GH 5946:GI 5933:GI 5925:GH 5908:GI 5900:GH 5887:GI 5876:GH 5841:cx 5798:, 5759:), 5753:80 5494:, 5465:). 5384:). 5343:, 5298:, 5226:, 5224:Gk 5115:, 5111:, 5084:^ 4797:W 4788:S 4779:E 4770:N 4713:) 4699:) 4685:) 4676:) 4667:) 4656:) 4647:) 4636:) 4625:) 4611:) 4600:) 4591:) 4366:W 4357:S 4348:E 4339:N 4063:) 4058:, 4052:, 4029:) 4018:, 3993:, 3987:) 3969:) 3958:, 3938:) 3846:) 3831:) 3816:) 3801:) 3775:) 3760:) 3745:) 3730:) 3708:W 3699:S 3690:E 3681:N 2927:. 2844:W 2792:S 2688:N 2493:). 2399:) 2373:) 2348:) 2335:W 2328:) 2307:) 2285:) 2272:S 2241:) 2216:) 2198:E 2188:) 2165:) 2144:) 2128:N 1973:at 1700:. 1641:. 1617:, 1595:. 1547:". 1518:, 1511:", 1478:", 1464:", 1445:, 1438:", 1357:, 1253:, 1249:, 1245:, 1196:: 916:) 897:) 878:) 860:) 842:) 814:) 797:) 766:) 748:) 730:) 712:) 684:) 647:, 611:: 564:, 451:. 271:: 226:, 108:. 7490:e 7483:t 7476:v 7222:) 7200:) 7185:) 7157:) 7135:) 7044:) 7016:) 6962:) 6940:) 6911:) 6888:) 6835:) 6686:) 6660:) 6636:) 6535:) 6518:) 6505:) 6471:) 6449:) 6419:) 6399:) 6374:, 6353:. 6329:. 6295:) 6273:) 6251:) 6230:) 6174:) 6125:) 6104:) 6075:) 6058:) 5914:) 5885:( 5843:) 5806:) 5785:) 5742:) 5720:) 5707:) 5682:) 5669:) 5656:) 5619:( 5577:) 5552:) 5482:) 5442:5 5421:5 5363:) 5331:) 5318:) 5277:( 5260:) 5238:) 5188:) 5163:. 5146:) 4986:. 4709:( 4695:( 4621:( 4587:( 4467:( 4054:( 4025:( 3842:( 3827:( 3812:( 3797:( 3771:( 3756:( 3741:( 3726:( 2489:( 2422:h 2395:( 2369:( 2212:( 2140:( 1946:( 1938:( 1540:" 1522:) 1500:) 1493:) 1471:" 1453:" 1330:; 1304:, 1269:. 1229:( 1215:; 1166:" 1110:( 1041:( 1029:( 1017:( 997:( 985:( 965:( 957:( 937:( 929:( 912:( 893:( 884:( 874:( 856:( 838:( 810:( 793:( 772:( 762:( 744:( 726:( 708:( 690:( 680:( 544:( 408:( 398:( 388:( 378:( 362:( 307:( 299:( 287:( 275:( 249:" 39:. 20:)

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Classical compass winds

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