2153:
2100:
160:
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2532:
581:, which is German for range or reach. Literature articles will refer to an R1 ordered illite-smectite, for example. This type would be ordered in an illite-smectite-illite-smectite (ISIS) fashion. R0 on the other hand describes random ordering, and other advanced ordering types are also found (R3, etc.). Mixed layer clay minerals which are perfect R1 types often get their own names. R1 ordered chlorite-smectite is known as
419:
888:
area. These characteristics open possibilities for the manufacture of high-quality ceramics and heavy-metal sorbents from saponite-containing products. Furthermore, tail grinding occurs during the preparation of the raw material for ceramics; this waste reprocessing is of high importance for the use of clay pulp as a neutralizing agent, as fine particles are required for the reaction. Experiments on the
40:
394:. Each silica tetrahedron shares three of its vertex oxygen ions with other tetrahedra, forming a hexagonal array in two dimensions. The fourth oxygen ion is not shared with another tetrahedron and all of the tetrahedra "point" in the same direction; i.e. all of the unshared oxygen ions are on the same side of the sheet. These unshared oxygen ions are called apical oxygen ions.
358:
901:
The results of glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and chemical tests all give data that may be used for quantitative estimations. After the quantities of organic matter, carbonates, free oxides, and nonclay minerals have been determined, the
892:
deacidification with the alkaline clay slurry demonstrated that neutralization with the average pH level of 7.1 is reached at 30% of the pulp added and an experimental site with perennial grasses proved the efficacy of the technique. Moreover, the reclamation of disturbed lands is an integral part of
887:
Clay minerals can be incorporated in lime-metakaolin mortars to improve mechanical properties. Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface
878:
The structural and compositional versatility of clay minerals gives them interesting biological properties. Due to disc-shaped and charged surfaces, clay interacts with a range of drugs, protein, polymers, DNA, or other macromolecules. Some of the applications of clays include drug delivery, tissue
397:
In clays, the tetrahedral sheets are always bonded to octahedral sheets formed from small cations, such as aluminum or magnesium, and coordinated by six oxygen atoms. The unshared vertex from the tetrahedral sheet also forms part of one side of the octahedral sheet, but an additional oxygen atom is
409:
Depending on the composition of the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, the layer will have no charge or will have a net negative charge. If the layers are charged this charge is balanced by interlayer cations such as Na or K or by a lone octahedral sheet. The interlayer may also contain water. The
405:
Bonding between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets requires that the tetrahedral sheet becomes corrugated or twisted, causing ditrigonal distortion to the hexagonal array, and the octahedral sheet is flattened. This minimizes the overall bond-valence distortions of the crystallite.
402:. If there is only one tetrahedral and one octahedral group in each layer the clay is known as a 1:1 clay. The alternative, known as a 2:1 clay, has two tetrahedral sheets with the unshared vertex of each sheet pointing towards each other and forming each side of the octahedral sheet.
205:
Because the individual particles in clay are less than 4 micrometers (0.00016 in) in size, they cannot be characterized by ordinary optical or physical methods. The crystallographic structure of clay minerals became better understood in the 1930s with advancements in the
398:
located above the gap in the tetrahedral sheet at the center of the six tetrahedra. This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH group in the clay structure. Clays can be categorized depending on the way that tetrahedral and octahedral sheets are packaged into
902:
percentages of clay minerals are estimated using the appropriate glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, K20, and DTA data. The amount of illite is estimated from the K20 content since this is the only clay mineral containing potassium.
221:
Because clay minerals are usually (but not necessarily) ultrafine-grained, special analytical techniques are required for their identification and study. In addition to X-ray crystallography, these include
838:
in 1985. It postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on pre-existing, non-organic replication surfaces of silicate crystals in contact with an aqueous solution. The clay mineral
218:
group of minerals. Standardization in terminology arose during this period as well, with special attention given to similar words that resulted in confusion, such as sheet and plane.
850:
monomers, and the formation of membranes from lipids. In 1998, Hyman
Hartman proposed that "the first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into
2385:
2038:
Andrejkovičová, S.; Velosa, A.L.; Ferraz, E.; Rocha, F. (2014). "Influence of clay minerals addition on mechanical properties of air lime–metakaolin mortars".
2268:
1344:
Rajkumar, K.; Ramanathan, A. L.; Behera, P. N. (September 2012). "Characterization of clay minerals in the
Sundarban mangroves river sediments by SEM/EDS".
1960:
893:
the social and environmental responsibility of the mining company and this scenario addresses the community necessities at both local and regional levels.
577:
Mixed layer clay variations exist for most of the above groups. Ordering is described as a random or regular order and is further described by the term
2568:
1866:
Huang, Wenhua; Ferris, James P. (12 July 2006). "One-Step, Regioselective
Synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA Oligomers by Montmorillonite Catalysis".
1868:
2422:
1564:
426:
Clay minerals can be classified as 1:1 or 2:1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be
1134:
2301:
1842:
1771:
1521:
214:(phyllosilicate) minerals, now grouped together as clay minerals. Their structure is based on flat hexagonal sheets similar to those of the
243:
985:
450:
between layers, but 2:1 layers have a net negative charge and may be bonded together either by individual cations (such as potassium in
1622:
1903:
Subramaniam, Anand Bala; Wan, Jiandi; Gopinath, Arvind; Stone, Howard A. (2011). "Semi-permeable vesicles composed of natural clay".
1804:
1743:
1328:
1248:
1206:
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870:. Finally phosphate was incorporated into the evolving system which allowed the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids."
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3423:
239:
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is the adsorption capacity for glycol, which occupies the interlayer sites when the clay is exposed to a vapor of
210:(XRD) technique indispensable to deciphering their crystal lattice. Clay particles were found to be predominantly
998:
227:
2693:
2067:"Advanced Techniques of Saponite Recovery from Diamond Processing Plant Water and Areas of Saponite Application"
2554:
796:
682:
2170:
Mitchell, James
Kenneth, 1930–Fundamentals of soil behavior /James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.—3rd ed. p/85-100
2321:"Definition of Clay and Clay Mineral: Joint Report of the AIPEA Nomenclature and CMS Nomenclature Committees"
1264:
Murad, Enver (1998). "Clays and clay minerals: What can Mössbauer spectroscopy do to help understand them?".
3418:
2668:
2011:
Chrzanowski, Wojciech; Kim, Sally Yunsun; Abou Neel, Ensanya Ali (2013). "Biomedical
Applications of Clay".
275:
251:
2408:
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434:. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are
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1905:
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1837:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–161.
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Clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and many theories of
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3006:
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593:
Summary of Clay
Mineral Identification Criteria—Reference Data for Clay Mineral Identification
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Argillaceous rocks are those in which clay minerals are a significant component. For example,
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3011:
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1985:
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1739:
1324:
1244:
1202:
973:
919:
867:
855:
207:
123:
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2698:
2120:"Reutilization Prospects of Diamond Clay Tailings at the Lomonosov Mine, Northwestern Russia"
1227:Środoń, J. (2006). "Chapter 12.2 Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Clay Minerals".
2340:
2189:
2139:
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2047:
2020:
1977:
1932:
1877:
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1361:
1316:
1281:
1236:
1053:
943:
511:
333:. Spectrography has confirmed their presence on celestial bodies including the dwarf planet
309:, though they occur extensively on Earth where water has interacted with other minerals and
279:
254:, a traditional technique establishing fundamental occurrences or petrologic relationships.
48:
1630:
1495:"NASA's recovered Bennu asteroid samples show evidence of carbon and water, scientists say"
159:
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1828:
839:
811:
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713:
535:
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443:
361:
View of tetrahedral sheet structure of a clay mineral. Apical oxygen ions are tinted pink.
68:
1653:
2336:
2135:
2082:
1973:
1928:
1533:
1519:
Napier WM, Wickramasinghe JT, Wickramasinghe NC (2007). "The origin of life in comets".
1471:
1357:
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1320:
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843:
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310:
211:
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922:, but including 10-40% of clay minerals: such limestones, when soft, are often called
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3344:
2833:
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1427:
1373:
1008:
783:
is the spacing between layers in nanometers, as determined by X-ray crystallography.
552:
group which includes the clay-micas. Illite is the only common mineral in this group.
454:
or sodium or calcium in smectites) or by positively charged octahedral sheets (as in
447:
410:
crystal structure is formed from a stack of layers interspaced with the interlayers.
346:
322:
190:. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making
142:
31:
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194:. The chemistry of clay, including its capacity to retain nutrient cations such as
111:
39:
2296:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1479:
558:
includes a wide variety of similar minerals with considerable chemical variation.
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3162:
3118:
3026:
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1997:
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138:
130:
1451:"The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays"
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1981:
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527:
477:
267:
2194:
1766:
Fundamentals of Soil
Behavior, 3rd Edition James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.
1168:"Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals"
1011: – Any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting
365:
Like all phyllosilicates, clay minerals are characterised by two-dimensional
3319:
3296:
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17:
1989:
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1814:
958: – The chemical structures, properties and reactions of clay minerals
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Given the requirement of water, clay minerals are relatively rare in the
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44:
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62:
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X-Ray
Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals
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451:
119:
88:
72:
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when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or
2546:
2210:"Argillaceous limestone: Mineral information, data and localities"
1919:
1654:"NASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars"
988: – Event timeline of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission
417:
357:
356:
295:
283:
278:
products. Clay minerals are very common in soils, in fine-grained
158:
38:
2241:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2871:
2858:
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2585:
2517:
2400:
1958:
Hartman, Hyman (1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life".
1657:
1569:
968:
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435:
314:
215:
175:
134:
103:
2550:
2404:
1307:
Kloprogge, J.T. (2017). "Raman
Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals".
573:, clays with long water channels internal to their structure.
1680:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know"
3385:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
313:. Clay minerals have been detected at several locations on
446:. The layers in 1:1 clays are uncharged and are bonded by
2156: This article incorporates text available under the
2103: This article incorporates text available under the
1140:. Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University
383:
octahedra. The sheet units have the chemical composition
186:. It is a very common material, and is the oldest known
137:, and have been useful to humans since ancient times in
2065:
Chanturiya, V.A.; Minenko, V.G.; Makarov, D.V. (2018).
1201:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–257.
1013:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
866:
rich region of the hot spring acquiring the ability to
858:. This system of replicating clays and their metabolic
178:
is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops
976: – One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars
897:
The tests which verify that clay minerals are present
530:
and beidellite, and trioctahedral smectites, such as
522:
group which includes dioctahedral smectites, such as
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1084:
762:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
759:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
3343:
3305:
3277:
3244:
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3113:
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2952:
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765:End. 500–650° Broad. End. 800–900° Broad Exo. 950°
1738:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1565:"Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa"
964: – Clay soil prone to swelling and shrinking
133:involve them. They are important constituents of
1793:Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life
1708:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says"
1072:
1421:Georgia Institute of Technology (20 Dec 2012).
226:methods, various spectroscopic methods such as
538:found results consistent with the presence of
2562:
2416:
1423:"Clays on Mars: More plentiful than expected"
791:at 60 °C (140 °F) for eight hours.
250:processes. These methods can be augmented by
8:
2239:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1449:Rivkin AS, Volquardsen EL, Clark BE (2006).
461:Clay minerals include the following groups:
2319:Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T. (1995).
2118:Pashkevich, M.A.; Alekseenko, A.V. (2020).
1961:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
1034:"Formation and Occurrence of Clay Minerals"
2569:
2555:
2547:
2423:
2409:
2401:
1389:"Rediscovering polarized light microscopy"
1346:Journal of the Geological Society of India
756:End. 500–660° + Sharp* Exo. 900–975° Sharp
2344:
2193:
2143:
2090:
1918:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1057:
1869:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
803:
716:
591:
503:
499:
495:
491:
390:
386:
379:
372:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1024:
1120:
1096:
102:), sometimes with variable amounts of
27:Fine-grained aluminium phyllosilicates
1602:
1493:Harwood, William (October 11, 2023).
1108:
982: – Branch of the geology of Mars
163:Hexagonal sheets of the clay mineral
7:
561:Other 2:1 clay types exist such as
2388:from the original on 3 January 2016
2040:Construction and Building Materials
986:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
534:. In 2013, analytical tests by the
1652:Agle DC, Brown D (12 March 2013).
1321:10.1016/B978-0-08-100355-8.00006-0
771:End. 600–750° End. 900°. Exo. 950°
468:group which includes the minerals
270:products (including weathering of
202:, is important to soil fertility.
25:
2052:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.118
1734:Moore DM, Reynolds Jr RC (1997).
3390:
2530:
2151:
2098:
874:Biomedical applications of clays
846:of RNA in aqueous solution from
422:Structure of clay mineral groups
294:and in fine-grained metamorphic
2274:from the original on 2022-10-09
2013:Australian Journal of Chemistry
842:has been shown to catalyze the
514:due to structural similarities.
1004:Clay mineral X-ray diffraction
879:engineering, and bioprinting.
30:For the academic journal, see
1:
2358:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2256:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
1241:10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01028-7
820:differential thermal analysis
1480:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022
1309:Developments in Clay Science
1229:Developments in Clay Science
1073:Guggenheim & Martin 1995
918:consisting predominantly of
830:The clay hypothesis for the
826:Clay and the origins of life
774:End. 610 ± 10° or 720 ± 20°
345:, as well as Jupiter's moon
171:image, 1,340Ă— magnification)
946:filled with clay minerals.
3440:
2694:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
2258:"The chemistry of pottery"
1797:Cambridge University Press
1563:Greicius T (26 May 2015).
1199:Introduction to mineralogy
1197:Nesse, William D. (2000).
810:is the percent content of
512:kaolinite-serpentine group
252:polarized light microscopy
152:
29:
3381:
2526:
2438:
2346:10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
1706:Chang K (12 March 2013).
1542:10.1017/S1473550407003941
1366:10.1007/s12594-012-0161-5
1085:Science Learning Hub 2010
1059:10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010104
999:The Clay Minerals Society
967:Mudstone/clays on planet
510:Some sources include the
2195:10.1036/1097-8542.049900
2180:Siever, Raymond (2019).
1678:Wall M (12 March 2013).
1623:"The Clay Mineral Group"
938:consisting primarily of
797:cation exchange capacity
585:, R1 illite-smectite is
2325:Clays and Clay Minerals
1982:10.1023/A:1006548904157
1286:10.1023/A:1012635124874
1135:"Soil fertility basics"
1038:Clays and Clay Minerals
928:argillaceous sandstones
912:argillaceous limestones
276:hydrothermal alteration
2669:Ferroaluminoceladonite
2265:Education in Chemistry
1629:. 1996. Archived from
1266:Hyperfine Interactions
862:then evolved into the
540:smectite clay minerals
423:
362:
274:) and low-temperature
228:Mössbauer spectroscopy
172:
122:found on or near some
55:
2382:University of Waikato
1133:Hodges, S.C. (2010).
604:Dehydrated halloysite
421:
360:
232:infrared spectroscopy
162:
42:
2378:Science Learning Hub
2293:The Blind Watchmaker
2182:"Argillaceous rocks"
1834:The Blind Watchmaker
1791:(2 September 1982).
1789:Cairns-Smith, Graham
1577:on 24 September 2016
248:automated mineralogy
224:electron diffraction
3424:Clay minerals group
3397:Minerals portal
2684:Fluorokinoshitalite
2537:Minerals portal
2354:Scarre, C. (2005).
2337:1995CCM....43..255G
2237:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2145:10.3390/min10060517
2136:2020Mine...10..517P
2083:2018Mine....8..549C
1974:1998OLEB...28..515H
1929:2011SMat....7.2600S
1633:on 27 December 2005
1605:, pp. 235–237.
1534:2007IJAsB...6..321N
1472:2006Icar..185..563R
1396:American Laboratory
1387:Weaver, R. (2003).
1358:2012JGSI...80..429R
1278:1998HyInt.117...39M
1075:, pp. 255–256.
1050:1952CCM.....1...19K
980:Composition of Mars
944:interstitial spaces
883:Mortar applications
836:Graham Cairns-Smith
822:curve of the clay.
627:rf(001)(nanometers)
607:Hydrated halloysite
594:
327:Memnonia quadrangle
2092:10.3390/min8120549
1937:10.1039/c0sm01354d
1713:The New York Times
1627:Amethyst Galleries
1522:Int. J. Astrobiol.
1166:Bailey SW (1980).
994:Reverse weathering
906:Argillaceous rocks
856:dicarboxylic acids
592:
424:
369:of corner-sharing
363:
331:Elysium quadrangle
236:Raman spectroscopy
173:
124:planetary surfaces
56:
3406:
3405:
2896:Ferripyrophyllite
2739:Manganiceladonite
2594:Aluminoceladonite
2544:
2543:
2303:978-0-393-31570-7
1882:10.1021/ja061782k
1876:(27): 8914–8919.
1844:978-0-393-31570-7
1772:978-0-471-46302-3
974:Aeolis quadrangle
942:grains, with the
920:calcium carbonate
778:
777:
280:sedimentary rocks
208:x-ray diffraction
16:(Redirected from
3431:
3395:
3394:
3393:
2829:Tetraferriannite
2689:Fluorophlogopite
2571:
2564:
2557:
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2535:
2534:
2533:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
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2395:
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2348:
2315:
2288:Dawkins, Richard
2283:
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2008:
2002:
2001:
1968:(4–6): 515–521.
1955:
1949:
1948:
1922:
1913:(6): 2600–2612.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1829:Dawkins, Richard
1825:
1819:
1818:
1785:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1032:Kerr PF (1952).
1029:
1014:
834:was proposed by
807:
720:
595:
506:
393:
382:
375:
21:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3377:
3358:Franklinphilite
3339:
3301:
3273:
3240:
3177:
3138:Montmorillonite
3109:
3041:
2948:
2905:
2881:
2853:
2674:Ferroceladonite
2580:
2578:Phyllosilicates
2575:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2483:Montmorillonite
2434:
2429:
2391:
2389:
2372:
2366:
2353:
2318:
2304:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:10.1071/CH13361
2010:
2009:
2005:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1807:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1012:
952:
908:
899:
885:
876:
840:montmorillonite
828:
812:potassium oxide
805:
801:
789:ethylene glycol
718:
714:
565:(also known as
536:Curiosity rover
524:montmorillonite
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
444:montmorillonite
416:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
355:
260:
157:
151:
116:alkaline earths
101:
93:
87:
81:
69:phyllosilicates
47:) exposed near
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:Soil chemistry
3411:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Lennilenapeite
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3345:Stilpnomelanes
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:Ferrisepiolite
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Brinrobertsite
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Bismutoferrite
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2849:Yangzhumingite
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Siderophyllite
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Polylithionite
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2374:"What is clay"
2370:
2364:
2356:The Human Past
2351:
2331:(2): 255–256.
2316:
2302:
2284:
2253:
2247:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2214:www.mindat.org
2201:
2186:Access Science
2172:
2163:
2110:
2057:
2030:
2003:
1950:
1895:
1858:
1843:
1820:
1805:
1780:
1759:
1744:
1726:
1698:
1670:
1644:
1607:
1588:
1555:
1528:(4): 321–323.
1511:
1485:
1466:(2): 563–567.
1441:
1413:
1379:
1352:(3): 429–434.
1336:
1329:
1299:
1272:(1/4): 39–70.
1256:
1249:
1214:
1207:
1182:
1151:
1125:
1123:, p. 238.
1113:
1111:, p. 140.
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
989:
983:
977:
965:
962:Expansive clay
959:
956:Clay chemistry
951:
948:
926:. Similarly,
907:
904:
898:
895:
884:
881:
875:
872:
844:polymerization
832:origin of life
827:
824:
818:describes the
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
575:
574:
559:
556:Chlorite group
553:
547:
542:on the planet
517:
516:
515:
448:hydrogen bonds
415:
414:Classification
412:
376:tetrahedra or
354:
351:
311:organic matter
259:
256:
212:sheet silicate
150:
147:
99:
91:
85:
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3436:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3373:Stilpnomelane
3371:
3369:
3368:Parsettensite
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Ferrosaponite
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Lunijianlaite
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Trilithionite
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Oxyphlogopite
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Luanshiweiite
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Kinoshitalite
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Chromphyllite
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Boromuscovite
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:Clay minerals
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:0-521-23312-7
1802:
1798:
1795:. Cambridge:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:9780195087130
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1428:Science Daily
1424:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1330:9780081003558
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1250:9780080441832
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:9780195106916
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1009:Modeling clay
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
896:
894:
891:
882:
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
814:in the clay.
813:
809:
799:of the clay.
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Glycol (mg/g)
782:
781:X-ray rf(001)
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
752:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
721:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
684:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
655:
654:Glycol (mg/g)
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
590:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
513:
509:
508:
487:
483:
479:
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471:
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433:
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411:
407:
403:
401:
395:
368:
359:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Mawrth Vallis
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
257:
255:
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241:
237:
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225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
170:
166:
161:
156:
148:
146:
144:
143:manufacturing
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:alkali metals
109:
105:
97:
90:
84:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
59:Clay minerals
54:
50:
46:
43:Oxford Clay (
41:
37:
33:
32:Clay Minerals
19:
3388:
3353:Bannisterite
3307:Pyrosmalites
3196:Borocookeite
3191:Baileychlore
3173:Yakhontovite
3168:Volkonskoite
3158:Swinefordite
3075:Hydrobiotite
2992:Cronstedtite
2901:Pyrophyllite
2887:Pyrophyllite
2867:Minnesotaite
2804:Preiswerkite
2749:Masutomilite
2714:Hendricksite
2528:
2498:Palygorskite
2431:
2390:. Retrieved
2377:
2355:
2328:
2324:
2292:
2276:. Retrieved
2264:
2238:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2150:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2097:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2019:(11): 1315.
2016:
2012:
2006:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1833:
1823:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1762:
1735:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1683:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1626:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1568:
1558:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1488:
1463:
1457:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1406:20 September
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1395:
1382:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1232:
1228:
1198:
1176:
1173:Am. Mineral.
1171:
1142:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1044:(1): 19–32.
1041:
1037:
1027:
927:
911:
909:
900:
886:
877:
868:fix nitrogen
829:
815:
800:
792:
784:
780:
779:
749:
712:
681:
653:
624:
576:
563:palygorskite
539:
460:
432:serpentinite
425:
408:
404:
399:
396:
366:
364:
341:, and comet
339:101955 Bennu
319:Echus Chasma
317:, including
307:Solar System
304:
261:
220:
204:
174:
128:
118:, and other
58:
57:
36:
18:Argillaceous
3335:Schallerite
3330:Pyrosmalite
3287:Falcondoite
3259:Chrysocolla
3206:Clinochlore
3163:Vermiculite
3119:vermiculite
3080:Karpinskite
3047:Corrensites
3022:Manandonite
3007:Guidottiite
2997:Fraipontite
2982:Caryopilite
2977:Brindleyite
2972:Berthierine
2954:Serpentines
2934:Hisingerite
2877:Willemseite
2839:Voloshinite
2709:Gorbunovite
2679:Fluorannite
2644:Chernykhite
2614:Balestraite
2231:Works cited
2077:(12): 549.
2046:: 132–139.
1906:Soft Matter
1637:22 February
1581:21 December
1504:October 16,
1402:(20): 55–61
1315:: 150–199.
1235:: 765–787.
1121:Scarre 2005
1097:Breuer 2012
852:oxalic acid
685:(meq/100 g)
613:Vermiculite
567:attapulgite
440:vermiculite
337:, asteroid
266:are common
139:agriculture
131:abiogenesis
3413:Categories
3315:Friedelite
3279:Sepiolites
3246:Allophanes
3231:Pennantite
3216:Donbassite
3143:Nontronite
3128:Beidellite
3065:Corrensite
3002:Greenalite
2987:Chrysotile
2967:Antigorite
2929:Halloysite
2911:Kaolinites
2824:Tainiolite
2809:Roscoelite
2794:Phlogopite
2784:Paragonite
2769:Norrishite
2764:Nanpingite
2754:Montdorite
2729:Lepidolite
2704:Glauconite
2654:Clintonite
2639:Celadonite
2634:Bramallite
2609:Aspidolite
2493:Nontronite
2458:Halloysite
2392:10 January
2365:0500290636
2278:8 December
2248:0131547283
2219:2019-12-27
2130:(6): 517.
1603:Nesse 2000
1144:8 December
1109:Boggs 2006
1019:References
936:sandstones
916:limestones
854:and other
848:nucleotide
583:corrensite
579:reichweite
528:nontronite
486:polymorphs
478:halloysite
268:weathering
258:Occurrence
180:plasticity
153:See also:
149:Properties
3320:Mcgillite
3297:Sepiolite
3269:Neotocite
3264:Imogolite
3254:Allophane
3221:Gonyerite
3201:Chamosite
3183:Chlorites
3153:Sauconite
3115:Smectites
3100:Saliotite
3095:Rectorite
3055:Aliettite
3037:Pecoraite
3017:Lizardite
2939:Kaolinite
2819:Suhailite
2759:Muscovite
2744:Margarite
2659:Eastonite
2508:Sepiolite
2478:Kaolinite
2473:Imogolite
2463:Hectorite
2443:Allophane
2267:: 17–20.
2158:CC BY 4.0
2105:CC BY 4.0
1920:1011.4711
1776:Table 3.9
1685:Space.com
1550:121008660
1374:128633253
932:greywacke
860:phenotype
619:Chlorite
601:Kaolinite
587:rectorite
571:sepiolite
470:kaolinite
456:chlorites
428:kaolinite
353:Structure
292:siltstone
196:potassium
165:kaolinite
108:magnesium
66:aluminium
3325:Nelenite
3211:Cookeite
3148:Saponite
3105:Tosudite
3085:Kulkeite
3027:NĂ©pouite
3012:Kellyite
2844:Wonesite
2789:Phengite
2774:Orlovite
2664:Ephesite
2599:Anandite
2513:Smectite
2503:Saponite
2448:Chlorite
2386:Archived
2312:35648431
2290:(1996).
2269:Archived
2160:license.
2124:Minerals
2107:license.
2071:Minerals
1990:11536891
1945:52253528
1890:16819887
1853:35648431
1831:(1996).
1754:34731820
1719:12 March
1691:12 March
1663:12 March
1499:CBS News
1434:22 March
1294:93607974
950:See also
930:such as
890:histosol
616:Smectite
532:saponite
520:Smectite
385:(Al, Si)
343:Tempel 1
329:and the
300:phyllite
288:mudstone
282:such as
272:feldspar
264:minerals
200:ammonium
49:Weymouth
45:Jurassic
3236:Sudoite
3070:Dozyite
3032:Odinite
2962:Amesite
2944:Nacrite
2924:Dickite
2699:Garmite
2624:Biotite
2619:Bityite
2488:Nacrite
2453:Dickite
2333:Bibcode
2132:Bibcode
2079:Bibcode
1970:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1815:7875600
1530:Bibcode
1468:Bibcode
1354:Bibcode
1274:Bibcode
1046:Bibcode
864:sulfide
795:is the
482:nacrite
474:dickite
192:pottery
188:ceramic
155:Pottery
120:cations
63:hydrous
53:England
3226:Nimite
3121:family
2889:series
2719:Illite
2604:Annite
2468:Illite
2362:
2310:
2300:
2245:
1996:
1988:
1943:
1888:
1851:
1841:
1813:
1803:
1770:
1752:
1742:
1548:
1459:Icarus
1372:
1327:
1292:
1247:
1205:
1179:: 1–7.
940:quartz
934:, are
610:Illite
569:) and
550:Illite
480:, and
466:Kaolin
452:illite
442:, and
400:layers
367:sheets
347:Europa
325:, the
290:, and
238:, and
184:firing
73:kaolin
71:(e.g.
2859:Talcs
2586:Micas
2272:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
1994:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1915:arXiv
1546:S2CID
1454:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1370:S2CID
1290:S2CID
1138:(PDF)
924:marls
645:10–18
642:10–14
625:X-ray
335:Ceres
296:slate
284:shale
262:Clay
135:soils
3117:and
2872:Talc
2518:Talc
2394:2016
2360:ISBN
2308:OCLC
2298:ISBN
2280:2020
2243:ISBN
1998:2464
1986:PMID
1886:PMID
1849:OCLC
1839:ISBN
1811:OCLC
1801:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1721:2013
1693:2013
1665:2013
1658:NASA
1639:2007
1583:2013
1570:NASA
1506:2023
1436:2019
1408:2021
1325:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1146:2020
969:Mars
914:are
735:8–10
598:Clay
544:Mars
502:(OH)
436:talc
430:and
315:Mars
298:and
216:mica
198:and
176:Clay
141:and
104:iron
61:are
2341:doi
2190:doi
2140:doi
2087:doi
2048:doi
2021:doi
1978:doi
1933:doi
1878:doi
1874:128
1538:doi
1476:doi
1464:185
1362:doi
1317:doi
1282:doi
1270:117
1237:doi
1054:doi
816:DTA
808:(%)
793:CEC
751:DTA
722:(%)
707:40
701:150
683:CEC
676:30
673:300
670:200
648:14
507:).
488:of
458:).
378:AlO
371:SiO
246:or
244:EDS
240:SEM
169:SEM
3415::
2384:.
2380:.
2376:.
2339:.
2329:43
2327:.
2323:.
2306:.
2263:.
2212:.
2188:.
2184:.
2138:.
2128:10
2126:.
2122:.
2085:.
2073:.
2069:.
2044:65
2042:.
2017:66
2015:.
1992:.
1984:.
1976:.
1966:28
1964:.
1939:.
1931:.
1923:.
1909:.
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1154:^
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1040:.
1036:.
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698:25
695:12
692:12
667:60
664:60
661:35
658:16
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526:,
494:Si
490:Al
476:,
472:,
438:,
349:.
321:,
302:.
286:,
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145:.
126:.
114:,
110:,
106:,
96:OH
83:Si
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75:,
51:,
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2142::
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1980::
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726:0
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717:2
715:K
689:3
633:7
630:7
546:.
504:4
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