628:
59:
31:
52:
579:
open-pit-mined area contain 220 million tonnes of 2.5- to 3.0-carat-per-tonne (500 to 600 mg) graded ore, sufficient to sustain current production rates until 2007. The ore grades at the Argyle mine are unusually high, with most commercial diamond mines averaging grades of 0.3 to 1.0 carat (60 to 200 mg) per metric ton. Alluvial deposits of diamonds are believed to have been exhausted.
496:
208:
463:
486:
The mine had ore processing and diamond sorting facilities on site. Once diamonds were removed from the ore and acid washed, they were sorted and shipped to Perth for further sorting and sale. A significant quantity of diamonds were cut in India, where low costs of labour allowed small diamonds to be
442:
The diamonds found at the Argyle pipe have been dated to about 1.58 billion years of age, while the volcano which created the pipe is aged between 1.1 and 1.2 billion years old. This represents a relatively short period during which diamond formation could have taken place (around 400 million years),
349:
Small quantities of alluvially deposited diamonds have been known in
Australia since the late 19th century, first found by prospectors searching for gold. However, no source volcanic pipe deposit was apparent. Following the discovery of several alluvial diamonds in the West Kimberley region along the
586:
In the late 1990s, part of the west wall of the open pit mine, containing 25 million tonnes of waste rock, began to collapse. In 1998, the decision was made to remove or "cut back" the unstable part of the west wall which freed up further economic ore in the south part of the open pit. This cut back
639:
was given the go-ahead to a future expansion project, moving it from an open pit to an underground mine. This plan was postponed; in
September 2010 Rio Tinto announced fresh plans to develop an underground mine beneath the existing pit, increasing annual production to 9 million tonnes of ore. The
561:
In 2016, the tender became the highest-selling tender in its 20-year history, according to the
Diamond Investment & Intelligence Center. In conjunction with the mine's closure, the 2020 tender set further records, as it was the second last such sale. Following the closure, the final tender in
503:
The diamonds produced at the Argyle diamond mine were of an average low quality. Only 5% of mined diamonds were of gem quality, compared to a worldwide average of 20%. (Author Janine
Roberts contends that the "near-gem quality" rating is subjective and misleading because these diamonds can be cut
610:
The Argyle diamond mine was economically feasible because its large reserves and high-grade ore offset a low average diamond value. The estimated value of Argyle diamond production was only US$ 7 per carat ($ 35/g); this compared to values of $ 70 per carat ($ 350/g) for diamonds produced at the
582:
In 1989–1990, drill samples were taken from over 300 m below the floor of the pit. At the end of 1989 around 238 million tons of ore, with an estimated grade of 3.7 carats per ton were quoted as a resource. Much of this resource was below the open pit and was the subject of an underground mining
557:
Each year from 1984 to 2021, a small collection of the best pink diamonds was offered in an exclusive, invitation-only, sale known as the Argyle Pink
Diamond Tender. For every 1 million carats (200 kg) of rough pink diamonds produced by the mine, only 1 carat (0.20 g) polished was
578:
grade of 6.8 carats (1.36 g) per ore tonne, about 400 million carats (80,000 kg). Further estimated reserves of 14 million tonnes of ore, at a grade of 6.1 carats (1.22 g) per tonne (85 million carats, 17,000 kg), also existed. As of 2001, reserves and resources in the
470:
Argyle was the fourth-largest diamond-producing mine in the world by volume, averaging annual production of 8 million carats (1,600 kg). Production peaked in 1994, when 42 million carats (8,400 kg) were produced. Argyle's open pit mine produced over 750 million carats
558:
offered for sale at the tender. In March 2009, Argyle announced their first tender of rare blue diamonds. The "Once in a Blue Moon" collection was sourced over several years, and comprised a range of precious blue and violet diamonds, which weighed in total 287 carats (57.4 g).
590:
Argyle announced on 2 March 2018 that its estimated Ore
Reserves decreased by 13 million tonnes to just 16 million tonnes. They mined 5 million tonnes in 2017. A more conservative view on future production performance and grades could bring forward the economic shut-off criteria.
365:
Over the following three years, the deposit was assessed for economic viability, and in 1983 the decision was made to commence mining operations. Alluvial mining operations commenced immediately, while the open-pit mine was constructed over a period of 18 months at a cost of
619:, both in Canada. However, Argyle had two to four times the concentration of diamonds (ore grade) of these mines. This made extraction economically feasible, as mine costs are mostly related to the amount of ore processed, not the amount of diamond extracted.
427:
Diamonds were found within the intact core of the volcanic pipe, as well as within some of the marginal breccia facies and maar facies. However, some diamonds are considered to have been resorbed during the post-eruption cooling of the pipe and converted to
478:. These diamonds are usually difficult to sell, although Rio Tinto has seen some success in a decade-long marketing campaign to promote brown diamonds as champagne and cognac toned. In contrast, the company has no problems selling diamonds in
508:
and green. Despite the low production volume of pink and red diamonds, the Argyle mine was the only reliable source in the world, producing 90 to 95% of all pink and red diamonds. Most Argyle diamonds are classified as type 1a (see
504:
into gems if desired.) The remaining 95% are about evenly split between classifications of "near-gem quality" and industrial grade; 80% of Argyle diamonds are brown, followed by 16% yellow, 2% white, 2% grey, and less than 1%
602:), rather than the open-pit method used up to then. In late 2005, Rio Tinto Ltd concluded that the operation was economically feasible. Pre-production construction of the underground mine commenced in early to mid-2006.
643:
The project was predominantly an underground construction requiring high-quality development and engineering excellence. The Block Cave operated until the end of 2020 using the latest in mining technology, including
350:
Lennard River (Ellendale area) in 1969 a systematic search of
Western Australia for the source of these diamonds was begun by a consortium of mining companies, collectively known as the Kalumburu Joint Venture.
482:
tones, which are very rare and in high demand, therefore commanding premium prices. The pink diamonds were processed and sold as polished diamonds by a specialised team based in Perth to customers worldwide.
297:
The mine site covers about 50 ha (124 acres), stretching in a mostly linear shape about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) long and 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft) wide. Argyle originally used
454:
In addition to the pipe itself, a number of semi-permanent streams have eroded away portions of the pipe and created significant alluvial deposits of diamonds. These deposits were also actively mined.
341:, over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) away, for alternating two-week shifts at the mine. The mine encouraged local employment and had a large number of indigenous local people working within the mine.
247:
diamonds (producing over 90% of the world's supply), and additionally provided a large proportion of other naturally coloured diamonds, including champagne, cognac and rare blue diamonds.
1524:
362:
of a small creek that flowed in Lake Argyle. She soon traced the source of the diamonds to the headwaters of Smoke Creek. On 2 October 1979, the Argyle pipe was discovered.
916:
1282:
598:
70 million to evaluate the economics of mining diamonds from the diamondiferous pipes below the floor of the open pit; these reserves would be mined underground (by
1106:
1204:
239:
producer in the world by volume (14 million carats in 2018), although the proportion of gem-quality diamonds was low. It was the only known significant source of
1499:
889:
656:
Following an announcement in 2018 that it was no longer economically viable, the mine stopped production on 3 November 2020 after producing approximately 865
1417:
709:
1365:
640:
project was completed by 2013, however with more expensive operations to run deeper mining, the mining costs soon began to outweigh the diamond yield.
443:
which may explain the small average size and unusual physical characteristics of Argyle diamonds. Diamonds found in the Argyle pipe are predominantly
1190:
1120:
250:
Mining operations ceased in
November 2020, after 37 years of operations and producing more than 865 million carats of rough diamonds. Mine operator
113:
1539:
1534:
825:
1509:
994:
953:
302:
techniques, reaching about 600 m deep at its deepest point. The open cut closed in 2010, and operations became fully underground in 2013 via
1160:
627:
734:
51:
1339:
872:
1474:
1373:
1544:
1529:
1504:
322:
90:
1549:
487:
cut for a profit; this was especially relevant to the Argyle mine, which on average produced smaller rough diamonds than other mines.
1063:
660:
million carats with remaining ores processed for the next six months followed by a decade of restoration in conjunction with the
1519:
510:
326:
1255:
763:
920:
792:
30:
1230:
315:
270:
228:
599:
334:
318:
1308:
1514:
1145:
1041:
408:
containing shattered wall rock fragments mixed and milled by the eruption. Minerals in the marginal facies include
330:
1414:
1358:
1469:
1092:
664:
of the lands. Sales of the final diamonds mined continued into 2022 in both
Australia and the United States.
739:
636:
257:
The Argyle diamond mine is also notable for being the first successful commercial diamond mine exploiting a
1444:
1071:
1124:
351:
435:
The diatreme pipe formed by explosive eruption of the lamproite magma through a zone of weakness in the
832:
998:
673:
612:
286:
282:
1168:
1439:
683:
661:
616:
355:
1351:
400:, present as tuff and lava. Peripheral volcanic facies suggest the lamproite eruption formed a
35:
The open pit of the Argyle diamond mine. A large mining truck is visible on the road for scale.
1454:
1449:
1396:
949:
526:
436:
337:), a complete residential camp was constructed on site. Most of the 520 workers commuted from
232:
1205:"The Argyle Mine's Closure To Disrupt The Global Diamond Market | IBISWorld Industry Insider"
1020:
1459:
1388:
354:
part of the
Kalumburu Joint Venture (later to become the Ashton Joint Venture) had employed
713:
1421:
518:
299:
278:
251:
189:
386:
pipe. The pipe is named "AK-1", although it is commonly simply called the "Argyle pipe".
1107:"Rio-Tintos-historic-2021-Argyle-Pink-Diamonds-Tender-delivers-record-breaking-results"
969:
678:
475:
1493:
505:
479:
258:
462:
421:
303:
240:
224:
943:
277:, United States, were commercially unsuccessful. The Argyle mine is owned by the
254:
plans to decommission the mine and rehabilitate the site at least through 2025.
244:
83:
333:. Because it is 185 km (115 mi) by road from the nearest settlement (
383:
359:
266:
404:. At the margins of the volcanic pipe the lamproite is mixed with a volcanic
128:
115:
1484:
522:
495:
417:
397:
262:
207:
1191:"Timeline: The life and times of Australia's unlikely Argyle diamond mine"
517:
impurities, their colour resulting instead from structural defects of the
1392:
542:
534:
514:
444:
429:
390:
379:
274:
1361:. The Gemmological Association of Australia. 2005. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
1283:"Rio Tinto's best friend: Argyle pink diamond ring to fetch $ 6 million"
710:"Global Diamond Supply Expected to Decrease 3.4% to 147M Carats in 2018"
1464:
645:
546:
448:
409:
405:
394:
236:
212:
153:
538:
199:
329:
in the Matsu Ranges, about 550 km (340 mi) south-west of
1450:
Argyle Alluvial Diamonds - Limestone Creek, Smoke Creek, Bow River
1121:"Gold & Silver Forum - View Single Post - The New Diamond Age"
626:
571:
530:
494:
461:
338:
206:
764:"Rio Tinto's Argyle diamond mine stops production after 37 years"
890:"Geologist left no stone unturned in quest for glittering prize"
413:
401:
1475:"Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia"
1374:"Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia"
793:"Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia"
735:"The iconic Argyle diamond mine delivers its final production"
575:
1340:"The typical gemmological characteristics of Argyle Diamonds"
970:"Rare Fancy Pink Diamonds Guide – Price, Color, History | DE"
856:
1309:"Tiffany Buys Some of a Legendary Diamond Mine's Last Finds"
873:"Mines and tribulations: Searching for Aussie diamond mines"
791:
Shigley, James E.; Chapman, John; Ellison, Robyn K. (2001).
595:
367:
1372:
Shigley, James E; Chapman, John; Ellison, Robyn K. (2001).
945:
Glitter & greed: the secret world of the diamond empire
570:
Initial proven reserves of the Argyle mine were 61 million
1064:"Rio Tinto breaks records at 2020 Argyle diamonds tender"
370:
450 million. The mine was commissioned in December 1985.
325:
of Western Australia. It is located to the south-west of
358:. In 1979, Muggeridge discovered diamond samples in the
1256:"WA mine producing world's rarest pink diamonds closes"
1021:"Rio Tinto's Blue Diamond Tender Exceeds Expectations"
1161:"Rio Tinto project expansions roll on with diamonds"
594:
An exploration decline was constructed at a cost of
533:
radiation. The most common inclusion is unconverted
447:, meaning that the carbon is of organic origin (see
281:, a diversified mining company which also owns the
195:
185:
180:
172:
164:
159:
149:
144:
107:
99:
89:
79:
40:
1093:"It's here: The Final Argyle Pink Diamonds Tender"
269:pipe; much earlier attempts to mine diamonds from
1042:"Argyle 2016 Diamond Tender Breaks Price Records"
378:The mine was the first successful commercial non
917:"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply"
537:, followed by crystalline inclusions of orange
474:Most of Argyle's gem-quality production was in
562:2021 delivered more record breaking results.
8:
1366:"New Images: Argyle Diamond Mine, Australia"
23:
1525:Former Rio Tinto (corporation) subsidiaries
1231:"Shopping for a Diamond Is About to Change"
948:. The Disinformation Company. p. 243.
58:
314:The Argyle diamond mine is located in the
29:
22:
786:
784:
215:crystal from the Argyle mine, 4.27 carats
1415:"Argyle Diamond Pipe, Western Australia"
499:A large brown Argyle diamond, 3.6 carats
16:Former diamond mine in Western Australia
1445:Argyle Alluvials Deposit Summary Report
1229:Gomelsky, Victoria (17 November 2020).
700:
615:and US$ 170 per carat ($ 850/g) at the
321:in the far northeast of the Australian
884:
882:
806:(1). Gemological Institute of America
471:(150,000 kg) of rough diamonds.
7:
1500:Companies based in Western Australia
858:Short description of Argyle Diamonds
583:study carried out in the mid-1990s.
420:and clays, typical of post-eruption
1338:Chapman, John; et al. (1996).
1167:. 14 September 2010. Archived from
919:. Resource Investor. Archived from
631:Aerial view of the open pit in 2007
1359:"The Argyle Mine and Its Diamonds"
1307:Felder, Rachel (22 January 2023).
1281:Thomson, Angus (13 October 2022).
1123:. GoldIsMoney.info. Archived from
915:Zimnisky, Paul (22 January 2013).
762:Fowler, Courtney; Mills, Vanessa.
235:. Argyle was at times the largest
14:
1477:, Shigley, Chapman, and Ellison,
995:"The Argyle Pink Diamonds Tender"
896:. Fairfax Media. 26 November 2010
1364:Earth Observatory, NASA (2002).
57:
50:
1540:Volcanoes of Western Australia
1535:Underground mines in Australia
871:Tyler, Ewen (23 August 2016).
708:Zimnisky, Paul (21 May 2018).
511:material properties of diamond
382:diamond mine not located on a
231:region in the remote north of
1:
1510:Kimberley (Western Australia)
1440:Argyle Deposit Summary Report
826:"Diamonds Annual Review 2008"
265:, rather than the more usual
1350:(8): 339–346. Archived from
1460:Argyle Minesite on Infomine
648:'s auto mining technology.
587:cost around $ 100 million.
449:Natural history of diamonds
1566:
1545:Mines in Western Australia
1530:Surface mines in Australia
1505:Diamond mines in Australia
1485:Argyle Diamond Investments
942:Janine P. Roberts (2003).
521:. Argyle diamonds tend to
513:), and have low levels of
1550:Former mines in Australia
1287:The Sydney Morning Herald
894:The Sydney Morning Herald
525:blue or dull green under
200:www.argylediamonds.com.au
45:
28:
1147:More block cave diamonds
574:of ore, with an average
1428:. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
1368:. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
802:. Gems & Gemology.
529:, and blue-white under
491:Diamond characteristics
389:The volcanic pipe is a
1344:Australian Gemmologist
632:
500:
467:
216:
129:16.71222°S 128.39750°E
1520:Proterozoic volcanism
1420:23 March 2009 at the
630:
623:Underground expansion
553:Annual Diamond Tender
498:
465:
210:
71:Location in Australia
1465:Argyle Pink Diamonds
1402:on 30 September 2009
1393:10.5741/GEMS.37.1.26
1171:on 14 September 2010
1072:Prime Creative Media
480:pink, purple and red
227:located in the East
134:-16.71222; 128.39750
1479:Gems & Gemology
1381:Gems & Gemology
1127:on 17 February 2007
674:Argyle Pink Jubilee
352:Tanganyika Holdings
287:Murowa diamond mine
283:Diavik Diamond Mine
221:Argyle Diamond Mine
125: /
65:Argyle Diamond Mine
25:
24:Argyle diamond mine
1515:Maars of Australia
1470:Rio Tinto Diamonds
1313:The New York Times
1235:The New York Times
923:on 28 January 2013
861:at LJWest Diamonds
684:Argyle Library Egg
662:traditional owners
633:
501:
468:
356:Maureen Muggeridge
285:in Canada and the
217:
1262:. 3 November 2020
1095:. 13 August 2021.
1068:Australian Mining
955:978-0-9713942-9-2
743:. 3 November 2020
527:ultraviolet light
437:continental crust
304:block cave mining
233:Western Australia
205:
204:
95:Western Australia
1557:
1455:Argyle, AK1 Pipe
1411:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1395:. Archived from
1378:
1355:
1354:on 19 July 2010.
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1193:. 12 April 2021.
1187:
1181:
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1157:
1151:
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1134:
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1103:
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1089:
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1078:
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1050:
1048:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
997:. Archived from
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
966:
960:
959:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
877:
876:
868:
862:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
837:
831:. Archived from
830:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
797:
788:
779:
778:
776:
774:
759:
753:
752:
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748:
731:
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724:
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705:
659:
271:a lamproite pipe
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
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126:
123:
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118:
61:
60:
54:
33:
26:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1490:
1489:
1436:
1431:
1422:Wayback Machine
1405:
1403:
1399:
1376:
1371:
1337:
1333:
1331:General sources
1328:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
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1198:
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1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1062:Zhou, Vanessa.
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
978:
976:
974:diamondenvy.com
968:
967:
963:
956:
941:
940:
936:
926:
924:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
880:
870:
869:
865:
855:
851:
841:
839:
838:on 24 July 2011
835:
828:
824:
823:
819:
809:
807:
795:
790:
789:
782:
772:
770:
761:
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756:
746:
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733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
697:
692:
670:
657:
654:
625:
608:
568:
555:
519:crystal lattice
493:
460:
376:
347:
312:
295:
279:Rio Tinto Group
190:Rio Tinto Group
133:
131:
127:
124:
119:
116:
114:
112:
111:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
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62:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
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1488:
1487:
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1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
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1447:
1442:
1435:
1434:External links
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1430:
1429:
1412:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1299:
1273:
1247:
1221:
1196:
1182:
1152:
1138:
1112:
1098:
1084:
1054:
1033:
1012:
1001:on 12 May 2009
986:
961:
954:
934:
907:
878:
863:
849:
817:
780:
754:
726:
699:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
679:Argyle Airport
676:
669:
666:
653:
650:
624:
621:
607:
604:
567:
564:
554:
551:
492:
489:
476:brown diamonds
459:
456:
393:, composed of
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203:
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1513:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1495:
1486:
1483:
1481:, Spring 2001
1480:
1476:
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225:diamond mine
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1150:at Infomine
613:Diavik mine
327:Lake Argyle
293:Description
132: /
120:128°23′51″E
108:Coordinates
84:Lake Argyle
1494:Categories
1406:24 October
1077:5 February
1047:6 February
1026:22 October
1005:24 October
979:9 December
927:4 February
842:22 October
810:2 February
773:5 February
768:abc.net.au
747:9 November
719:9 November
690:References
617:Ekati mine
458:Production
412:minerals,
384:kimberlite
360:floodplain
267:kimberlite
145:Production
117:16°42′44″S
1266:22 August
740:Rio Tinto
695:Citations
637:Rio Tinto
635:In 2005,
606:Economics
523:fluoresce
445:eclogitic
418:kaolinite
398:lamproite
335:Kununurra
316:Kimberley
263:lamproite
252:Rio Tinto
229:Kimberley
103:Australia
1418:Archived
1318:26 March
1292:26 March
1260:ABC News
1240:26 March
668:See also
566:Reserves
543:pyroxene
535:graphite
515:nitrogen
430:graphite
391:diatreme
380:alluvial
310:Location
300:open-pit
275:Arkansas
154:Diamonds
150:Products
80:Location
41:Location
1175:14 July
1165:Reuters
900:14 July
800:gia.edu
652:Closure
646:Sandvik
547:olivine
410:zeolite
406:breccia
395:olivine
374:Geology
345:History
237:diamond
213:diamond
196:Website
186:Company
160:History
100:Country
1131:8 July
952:
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572:tonnes
545:, and
539:garnet
331:Darwin
319:region
223:was a
211:Uncut
173:Closed
165:Opened
1400:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
714:Kitco
531:X-ray
414:micas
339:Perth
323:state
181:Owner
91:State
1408:2009
1320:2023
1294:2023
1268:2022
1242:2023
1216:2019
1177:2011
1133:2017
1079:2021
1049:2017
1028:2009
1007:2009
981:2015
950:ISBN
929:2013
902:2011
844:2009
812:2021
775:2021
749:2020
721:2020
506:pink
466:Logo
402:maar
243:and
241:pink
219:The
176:2020
168:1985
1389:doi
596:A$
576:ore
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368:A$
273:in
261:of
245:red
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