827:). It is recommended that only small portions, no more than 20% of the total butterfly habitat, be burned in a given year. It has also been suggested that 3 to 5 year burn rotations be used where a certain plot of land must remain unburned for at least 3 to 5 years before it can be burned again. These practices would likely minimize the negative effects of fire management on regal fritillary populations, while likely providing them with some increased benefits due to higher quality food and nectar resources. It has also been suggested that very light grazing is also beneficial to these prairie specialist butterflies and can effectively be used in combination with limited prescribed burning (
572:
842:). Prairies that manage for invasive plants and woody vegetation by applying herbicides should do so with extreme caution and moderation. The use of selective applications such as spot spraying is better as well as using non-persistent herbicides. Reseeding may also be necessary after some herbicide applications so that beneficial native species remain plentiful. However, the use of herbicide on prairie lands should be a last resort to removing unwanted vegetation in order to protect regal fritillary populations (
668:) compared levels of genetic differentiation and diversity among populations with a relatively continuous habitat to populations in isolated habitat areas. It was found that the isolated and highly fragmented populations had increased differentiation, or divergence from other populations, and decreased genetic diversity in comparison to non-fragmented populations. Restricted gene flow and population bottlenecks likely occur among populations in fragmented habitat areas, causing these phenomena (
699:). Prescribed burns are usually conducted in the early spring when the first instar larvae are vulnerable, buried in the leaf litter. Extensive prairie burns kill the overwintering larvae and can have a drastic effect on their population in the following years. One recently burned prairie that was studied used minimal patch burning, burning only small portions of the entire area at a time. This site had by far the highest regal fritillary abundance of any burned site (
95:
815:). Edge effects must be considered and managed to improve the butterfly's dispersal capabilities. Connectivity between regal fritillary habitats is extremely important to consider in land management practices and would likely increase gene flow and genetic diversity in certain areas. This would help to reduce some of the negative effects associated with habitat fragmentation, increasing the overall health of regal fritillary populations.
217:
838:). Increasing awareness among surrounding agricultural areas regarding the use of herbicides and pesticides is critical. Decreasing the use of herbicides and pesticides on agricultural lands directly adjacent to prairie habitats may be beneficial to regal fritillary populations as well as to many other native prairie insects. It is best to avoid or limit the widespread and indiscriminate use of these control agents in such areas (
823:). This could in turn provide some increased habitat benefits for the butterfly if prescribed burns are used appropriately. Fire management also helps to remove cool season exotics and woody vegetation that encroach on native prairie plants such as the violet. Thus it is important to understand both the positive and negative effects of fire management and its combined effects on the long-term survival of the regal fritillary (
796:). It is essential that land be set aside and protected in this manner. Land management practices should focus on the maintenance of intact native prairie remnants and the vegetation that is crucial to the regal fritillary's continued survival. Managing for abundant larval food plants and nectar resources is extremely important. The timing, intensity, level, and duration of management activities must be adapted and monitored (
42:
70:
695:) examined the effects of prescribed prairie burns by surveying a number of prairies in Kansas. Butterflies were observed on both recently burned and unburned sites to determine the effects of prescribed burning on the populations. Population density of the regal fritillary may tend to vary among sites but was generally considerably higher at sites that had not been burned in the past year (
51:
285:). The mature larvae have a black body with yellowish-orange bands and stripes. There are yellowish middorsal and lateral stripes and a number of dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral fleshy spines extending from the body. The head of the mature larva is rounded and small, orangish-red on top and black underneath (
618:) looked at larval food source limitations as a factor in the declining regal fritillary populations. The authors correlated violet plant density to population size and weights of regal fritillary butterflies. It was found that prairies with significantly lower violet densities had smaller populations of
849:
Since there is limited knowledge about the exact distribution and abundance of many regal fritillary populations, it is crucial that inventory and monitoring practices are carried out. A better understanding of the regal fritillary could further conservation efforts. Accurately surveying populations
494:
in the heat of the summer and become unavailable to the larvae at that time. When this occurs, the regal fritillary is entering into its adult life and is no longer dependent on the violet. The fact that the violets remain unable to support larvae throughout the rest of the summer helps to explain
534:
Pennsylvania, Radford Army
Ammunition Plant in Virginia. Populations in the Midwest and Great Plains are much more widespread; however, they remain extremely vulnerable as their numbers continue to decline. The regal fritillary is not federally listed as an endangered species, but it has been
737:
larvae are highly sensitive to extreme weather conditions as they overwinter in the leaf litter and as they begin their search for food plants in the spring. Hard frosts late in the spring, severe storms, and cool damp conditions have all been shown to negatively impact larvae survival
605:
all contribute to the disappearance and degradation of the prairies that regal fritillaries depend on. Since regal fritillaries require relatively non-degraded native tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies, the alteration of these landscapes has pushed them into a highly vulnerable status
613:
Largely due to the loss and degradation of the tallgrass prairie landscape, violet plant density tends to be limited or greatly reduced in certain areas. This has been shown to have a negative impact on regal fritillary populations. A study conducted by Kelly and
Debinski
254:). On the female, both bands of spots are white. However, on the male, the outer band of spots is orange in color. Females also tend to be slightly larger than males. The ventral surface of the hindwings is olive brown to black in color with bold silvery white spots (
811:). Thus, it is extremely important that the land surrounding prairie remnants be included in management decisions and practices. The quality of the matrix surrounding a particular habitat fragment often makes a difference on a species' dispersal ability (
686:
today. The historic role that fire played in the prairie landscape can be highly beneficial to many plant species. Prescribed burns have also become a popular low-cost alternative for removing woody vegetation on rural and agricultural lands
850:
is crucial to monitoring practices and provides a great deal of useful information about specific populations. Pollard transect surveys obtain results of relative abundance values which can be used to track trends in abundance over time (
447:). Adult male butterflies emerge in early June along with the first milkweed plants. Adult females emerge shortly after and mating takes place in late June and early July. After mating, females enter a 6 to 8 week period of reproductive
495:
the regal fritillary's univoltine life cycle. The larval diapause coupled with the adult female reproductive diapuase enables the larvae to maximize the benefits of fresh and abundant violet foliage when they are active in the spring (
364:). These various violet species are associated with the different areas of the regal fritillary's range. For example, the bird's-foot violet and the prairie violet tend to be the preferred larval food source for the regal in the
646:). This study also showed that habitat quality for the regal fritillary is just as important as the amount of habitat available. Increased violet density and nectar availability are essential to maintaining healthy populations (
310:). The violets are an extremely important component of habitat sustainability for the regal fritillary and there is a correlation between the number of violets present and the number of butterflies found in a given area (
742:). Larval development rates tend to be proportional to the temperature. Therefore, unusually cool conditions in the spring can drastically slow larval growth rates, increasing their exposure to mortality factors (
779:
control) is lethal to all
Lepidoptera larvae. It is thought that the gypsy moth control programs used in the east along wooded grassland edges may have been a final factor leading to the loss of some populations
818:
Though it was found that extensive fire management can have direct negative impacts on regal fritillary populations, prescribed burns can be beneficial to many plant species, including violets and nectar plants
746:). Some environmental factors can limit adult regal fritillary activity as well. Prolonged periods of cooler temperatures, cloudy skies, and rain can restrict normal activities, perhaps limiting reproduction (
672:). As habitat fragmentation continues to increase in much of the regal fritillary's Midwestern range, genetic problems may become a real threat, disrupting gene flow and increasing the risk of disease.
383:
plants and their availability throughout the summer flight time can be as important as the presence of larval food plants in determining whether an area can support populations of butterfly species (
511:), decreased sustainable habitat area for the regal fritillary has become a real threat. Drastic declines in regal fritillary populations have led to much concern about the butterfly's future (
419:
are some of the most important nectar sources for adult regal fritillaries. Milkweeds and thistles have been observed to be the preferred nectar source throughout the regal fritillary's range (
792:
Future losses among regal fritillary populations can be prevented by identifying critical habitat areas and managing them to maintain and improve habitat size, quality, and connectivity (
530:) The regal fritillary was once present in 18 states east of Illinois. Today, only three populations remain in the eastern region. These populations have been located east of Indiana:
966:, J. D., Debinski, D. M., and Danielson, B. J. 2007. Local and Landscape Effects on the Butterfly Community in Fragmented Midwest USA Prairie Habitats. Landscape Ecology 22: 1341-1354
761:
can have profound negative effects on the regal fritillary as well. Heavy spraying of herbicides can eliminate nearby larval food plants and nectar sources that they depend on (
800:). It has been suggested that proper management practices could play a crucial role in slowing, and possibly even reversing, the current wave of regal fritillary extirpations (
451:, or a suspended period of development. The ovaries remain undeveloped during this time. Oogenesis does not initiate until late August when juvenile hormone sharply increases (
427:
starts blooming when male regal fritillaries begin to emerge early in the summer and thistles tend to bloom later in the season which is crucial to females approaching
250:
in the east-central United States. This prairie-specialist butterfly has a characteristic deep orange color and unmistakable dark hindwings with two bands of spots (
1276:
958:, J. P. and Kaufman, K. 2003. Field Guide to Butterflies of North America. Pages 158-159 in T. Hillstar Editions L.C. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, New York.
1328:
626:). As a result, a number of concerns have been raised regarding the health of the regal fritillary. Areas with few or no violets can be detrimental to female
281:
Regal fritillary larvae are approximately 0.08 inches long after they hatch and reach a length of approximately 1.75 inches when fully developed (
834:
A limited use of herbicides and pesticides is fine; however, it should be closely monitored and carefully applied where the regal fritillary is concerned (
656:
and isolation can have large-scale genetic effects on high gene flow species such as the regal fritillary. There is an increased likelihood of population
691:). However, there has been some evidence that intensive fire management used on prairie lands can negatively affect the regal fritillary. Powell et al. (
455:). Once oogenesis takes place, the eggs are fertilized and soon after, oviposition occurs. The female lays over 1,000 eggs and possibly more than 2,000 (
467:). Once spring arrives, the larvae emerge and begin feeding on violets. They grow and mature through six instar stages until late May when they pupate (
1407:
1382:
995:
1250:
784:). Broadcast spraying of insecticides for pest control on adjacent crop land and rangeland continues to be a direct threat to the regal fritillary.
765:). The indiscriminate use of pesticides also poses a threat to regal fritillaries and other prairie-specialist butterflies. The bacterial pathogen
1289:
1102:
1392:
1387:
1089:, D. 1995. Rearing regals for reintroduction: playing the odds but still losing ground. North American Butterfly Association. Available from
1054:
Drury): A Technical
Conservation Assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project. Available in PDF from
854:). This method is better for long-term monitoring of populations and can be useful in tracking the status of the regal fritillary over time.
459:). The small larvae hatch in late September and into October. Immediately after hatching, the tiny larvae seek protective covering in the
266:). Flight is in the summertime from approximately June to September and adults tend to be swift in flight, coasting close to the ground (
1302:
582:
1101:. 19 April 2013. Petition to List The Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia) Under the Endangered Species Act. Available in PDF from
1402:
1011:
919:. State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
1113:, B. L., Brawn, J. D., Paige, K. N. 2003. Landscape scale genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on a high gene flow species:
536:
523:. However, due to habitat loss and large-scale population declines, their range has been far reduced, especially in the east.
463:
and overwinter there. At this stage the larvae delay development over the winter months and this is known as larval diapause (
1412:
718:(NPV) caused an 80% loss. The virus is transmitted from females to offspring in eggs or between individuals through excreta (
1294:
490:). These small perennial violets produce abundant foliage in the spring for the growing larvae. However, in most areas they
1006:, B. J., Shengqiang, S., Charlton, R. E., and Ramaswamy, S. B. 2001. Evidence for Reproductive Diapause in the Fritillary
1198:
597:). A number of factors continue to contribute to the loss, fragmentation, and degradation of the butterfly's habitat.
1039:
1333:
715:
94:
365:
571:
526:
From the 1960s through the early 1990s, eastern populations had declined so severely that only a few remain. (
990:, L. and Debinski, D. 1998. Relationship of Host Plant Density to Size and Abundance of the Regal Fritillary
1131:
767:
577:
548:
1307:
1203:
979:
653:
475:
189:
1055:
916:
706:
A serious potential threat to the regal fritillary was discovered in a captive breeding study. Wagner (
1065:, A. B. 2004. Good News for Regal Fritillaries. Wisconsin Entomological Society Newsletter 31(2): 3-4.
423:). These two types of plants provide a constant supply of nectar due to their staggered growth times.
1320:
1237:
1169:
1078:
679:
930:"FACT SHEET: Regal Fritillary Butterfly at Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG) National Guard Training Center"
895:
639:
590:
556:
531:
59:
807:
The
Midwest landscape includes few prairie remnants which are embedded in an agricultural matrix (
601:
agriculture, urban developments such as housing and business construction, road construction, and
328:
89:
74:
1090:
1077:(Drury), 1773 Regal Fritillary (Nymphalidae: Argynninae) Species Profile. Available in PDF from
1281:
929:
1397:
1354:
1224:
1180:
1118:
424:
243:
1359:
890:
657:
334:
322:
271:
733:
conditions over a large geographical range can severely influence their populations. First
216:
1341:
730:
683:
675:
350:
340:
41:
507:
With a loss of more than 99% of the original native tallgrass prairie landcover today (
404:
356:
872:
1376:
881:
299:
79:
1229:
369:
316:
1315:
1263:
1163:
460:
428:
275:
236:
156:
146:
1154:
1038:) and effects of fire management on its abundance in northeastern Kansas, USA.
729:
The regal fritillary is highly vulnerable to environmental factors year-round.
726:); thus, for reintroduction purposes, culturing a virus-free line is critical.
622:. Butterfly weights were also slightly lower in areas with low violet density (
50:
17:
1022:, J. Regal Fritillary. Great Plains Nature Center Wichita, KS. Available from
776:
602:
491:
479:
292:
The larval food source for the regal fritillary and all members of the genus
1034:, A., Busby, W. H., and Kindscher, K. 2006. Status of the regal fritillary (
758:
754:
635:
627:
483:
412:
396:
388:
239:
206:
126:
106:
563:). The findings of formal review have not been published as of 1 May 2014.
1346:
1190:
551:, until 1996 when this category was eliminated by the federal government (
1211:
1148:
598:
547:
was a
Category II species, or a possible candidate for listing under the
516:
486:, or seasonal timing and nature, of their larval food plant, the violet (
448:
443:
The regal fritillary is univoltine, having a single generation per year (
416:
294:
166:
1255:
1216:
917:"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015"
400:
392:
247:
1268:
634:). Also, smaller fragmented populations are susceptible to restricted
734:
408:
380:
136:
116:
1125:
515:). Historically, the regal fritillary's range extended from eastern
570:
520:
722:). NPV could potentially be damaging to populations in the wild (
660:
among high gene flow species experiencing habitat fragmentation (
1023:
1242:
1129:
630:
because there are few suitable places for the eggs to be laid (
270:). It is listed as a species of special concern and believed
710:) found that disease is a possible mortality factor in some
478:
of the regal fritillary is unique and is thought to be an
575:
A regal fritillary gets a meal from a purple coneflower (
974:, W. H. 1879. Description of the preparatory stages of
262:
usually measures 68–105 millimetres (2.7–4.1 in) (
559:
submitted a new petition to list the species in 2013 (
1138:
589:The greatest threat the regal fritillary faces is
314:). Violet species that the larvae feed on include
896:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T20515A125885993.en
379:The adult butterflies may feed on a variety of
8:
1126:
215:
68:
49:
40:
31:
894:
871:Walker, A.; Geest, E.; Royer, E. (2022).
863:
539:of G3, which is considered vulnerable (
996:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
7:
882:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
583:Waubay Wetland Management District
242:found among some of the remaining
25:
714:populations. In a captive group,
678:is an attractive and widely used
1408:Lepidoptera of the United States
1383:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1012:Entomological Society of America
560:
93:
669:
665:
661:
643:
537:NatureServe conservation status
1040:Journal of Insect Conservation
801:
456:
286:
282:
1:
1393:Butterflies described in 1773
1050:, G. 2007. Regal Fritillary (
719:
707:
700:
696:
692:
688:
594:
527:
512:
508:
496:
487:
464:
452:
1388:Butterflies of North America
1073:, M. and Shepherd, M. 2005.
1010:(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).
851:
843:
839:
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267:
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255:
251:
439:Reproduction and life cycle
1429:
716:nuclear polyhedrosis virus
457:Vaughan and Shepherd, 2005
1081:(accessed September 2007)
1042:. 11(3): September, 2007.
214:
195:
188:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1093:(accessed November 2007)
561:WildEarth Guardians 2013
354:(arrowleaf violet), and
1403:Taxa named by Dru Drury
1026:(accessed October 2007)
648:Kelly and Debinski 1998
632:Kelly and Debinski 1998
624:Kelly and Debinski 1998
553:Kelly and Debinski 1998
346:Kelly and Debinski 1998
338:(lance-leafed violet),
326:(blue prairie violet),
312:Kelly and Debinski 1998
1103:wildearthguardians.org
889:: e.T20515A125885993.
768:Bacillus thuringiensis
586:
581:) at Lake Emma WPA in
578:Echinacea angustifolia
549:Endangered Species Act
332:(common blue violet),
320:(bird's-foot violet),
1413:Lepidoptera of Canada
1105:(accessed 1 May 2014)
980:Canadian Entomologist
775:", the agent used in
753:The increased use of
654:Habitat fragmentation
574:
503:Declining populations
994:Dury (Nymphalidae).
670:Williams et al. 2003
664:). Williams et al. (
662:Williams et al. 2003
644:Williams et al. 2003
344:(Nuttall's violet) (
27:Species of butterfly
1099:WildEarth Guardians
640:genetic variability
591:habitat destruction
557:WildEarth Guardians
532:Fort Indiantown Gap
274:in the US state of
258:). The wingspan of
60:Conservation status
937:Milvet.state.pa.us
701:Powell et al. 2006
697:Powell et al. 2006
689:Powell et al. 2006
676:Prescribed burning
595:Powell et al. 2006
587:
528:Powell et al. 2006
513:Kopper et al. 2001
509:Powell et al. 2006
497:Kopper et al. 2001
488:Kopper et al. 2001
465:Kopper et al. 2001
453:Kopper et al. 2001
1370:
1369:
1355:Open Tree of Life
1132:Taxon identifiers
1119:Molecular Ecology
813:Davis et al. 2007
809:Davis et al. 2007
360:(Johnny Jumpup) (
223:
222:
83:
35:Regal fritillary
16:(Redirected from
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246:and mixed-grass
235:) is a striking
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1170:Speyeria idalia
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1140:Speyeria idalia
1134:
1121:. 12(1): 11-20.
1117:(Nymphalidae).
1115:Speyeria idalia
1109:
1097:
1085:
1075:Speyeria idalia
1069:
1061:
1052:Speyeria idalia
1046:
1036:Speyeria idalia
1030:
1018:
1014:94(3): 427-432.
1008:Speyeria idalia
1002:
998:52(3): 262-276.
992:Speyeria idalia
986:
976:Argynnis idalia
970:
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731:Extreme weather
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425:Common milkweed
329:V. papilionacea
232:Speyeria idalia
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199:Speyeria idalia
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18:Argynnis idalia
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788:Conservation
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680:conservation
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638:and reduced
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370:Great Plains
355:
351:V. sagittata
349:
341:V. nuttallii
339:
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317:Viola pedata
315:
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287:Edwards 1879
283:Edwards 1879
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1264:iNaturalist
1164:Wikispecies
720:Wagner 1995
682:tool among
658:extirpation
535:assigned a
461:leaf litter
429:oviposition
397:coneflowers
357:V. tricolor
276:Connecticut
157:Nymphalidae
147:Lepidoptera
1377:Categories
1079:xerces.org
942:2022-03-26
858:References
852:Selby 2007
844:Selby 2007
840:Selby 2007
836:Selby 2007
829:Selby 2007
825:Selby 2007
821:Selby 2007
798:Selby 2007
794:Selby 2007
782:Selby 2007
777:gypsy moth
763:Selby 2007
759:herbicides
755:pesticides
748:Selby 2007
744:Selby 2007
740:Selby 2007
724:Mason 2007
608:Selby 2007
541:Selby 2007
480:adaptation
476:life cycle
469:Selby 2007
445:Selby 2007
433:Selby 2007
421:Selby 2007
413:goldenrods
385:Selby 2007
374:Selby 2007
362:Selby 2007
308:Selby 2007
272:extirpated
268:Brock 2003
264:Selby 2007
256:Selby 2007
252:Brock 2003
127:Arthropoda
75:Vulnerable
1056:fs.fed.us
902:8 October
712:S. idalia
636:gene flow
628:fecundity
620:S. idalia
545:S. idalia
484:phenology
417:ironweeds
405:bergamots
389:Milkweeds
372:regions (
260:S. idalia
244:tallgrass
240:butterfly
237:nymphalid
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1398:Speyeria
1303:LepIndex
1282:10614625
1212:BugGuide
1188:BioLib:
1178:BAMONA:
1155:Q3493073
1149:Wikidata
1111:Williams
1091:naba.org
1024:gpnc.org
599:Row crop
517:Colorado
449:diapause
393:thistles
295:Speyeria
248:prairies
168:Speyeria
153:Family:
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
1256:1905162
1071:Vaughan
1063:Swengel
978:Drury.
972:Edwards
567:Threats
492:senesce
482:to the
409:clovers
366:Midwest
306:spp.) (
300:violets
209:, 1773)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
137:Insecta
133:Class:
78: (
1360:823017
1347:198458
1334:137552
1308:156768
1295:777993
1269:144270
1243:159233
1204:109306
1191:701670
1087:Wagner
1032:Powell
1004:Kopper
735:instar
415:, and
381:nectar
1277:IRMNG
1230:4YKGK
1217:39877
1048:Selby
1020:Mason
988:Kelly
964:Davis
956:Brock
933:(PDF)
521:Maine
304:Viola
207:Drury
1329:NCBI
1321:4452
1316:MONA
1290:ITIS
1251:GBIF
1199:BOLD
904:2022
887:2022
757:and
708:1995
693:2006
666:2003
616:1998
555:).
474:The
368:and
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