479:
344:, "any evil", a personification of a formula referring to any possible cause of harm which has befallen a person. Specific well known demons and illnesses are singled out as possible sources, but the cause ultimately remains undefined. The formula was originally written in the seventh century by Nabû-kabti-aḫḫēšu, an exorcist from the
490:
as ardat-lilî or lilītu has been proposed, but today it is considered implausible as it is unlikely a figure perceived negatively would be represented as a cultic image. In ancient
Mesopotamia demons were not an object of cult, and it was believed they are incapable of heeding prayers of humans the
189:
it is nonetheless possible to speak of a "detailed, standardized set of motifs". Lorenzo
Verderame notes that she was believed to have an "appealing" appearance, in contrast with other demons, who could be described as faceless, "ever-changing"
239:
accordingly describe her as a being who has never had sex, never got married and as a result had no family. A single incantation additionally states that while still alive, ardat-lilî was unable to partake in a festival
38:
demon. She is described as the ghost of a young woman who died without experiencing sexual fulfillment or getting married, and as a result attempts to seduce young men. She is one of the members of the category of
244:) alongside other girls, which according to Julia Krul is most likely an allusion to a specific unidentified event which was focused on young women, as opposed to a general reference to religious celebrations.
1364:
Mesopotamische
Diagnostik: Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion, Terminologie und Systematik des babylonisch-assyrischen Diagnosehandbuches und eine Neubearbeitung der Tafeln 3–14
282:. The standard texts are bilingual, with Sumerian and Akkadian versions of the same formula listed side by side. One of the early examples places her in the entourage of
572:, as Pazuzu was believed to have power over her. However, Eric Schmidtchen notes it can be argued that in standardized lists of demons they are divided in three groups,
514:
While it has been suggested that a passage in the Old
Babylonian hymn to Ishtar preserved on the tablet AO 6035 might refer to the eponymous deity as the mistress of
1650:
555:
While the being designated by this name could be regarded as a demon, she belonged to the category of demonic animals, possibly representing a demonized owl.
1488:
Verderame, Lorenzo (2013). ""Their
Divinity is Different, Their Nature is Distinct!" Nature, Origin, and Features of Demons in Akkadian Literature".
302:
incantations. She appears for example in a formula meant to prevent various demons from approaching their victims on tablet 6. However, on tablet 5
491:
way gods were supposed to. With the exception of first millennium BCE exorcist rituals which required the preparation of figures of demons such as
1602:
1571:
1439:
1379:
1323:
1257:
1589:. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. 376. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 102–116.
1352:
538:
This name is commonly translated as "exterminator" or "obliterating one" due to being most likely derived from the
Akkadian verb
96:
436:
411:
indicates that the twelfth day of the month was believed to be particularly suitable for performing rituals meant to ward off
1665:
1552:"Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology"
250:
was believed to typically target young men, acting as a demonic seductress. Her role can be compared to that of a
75:
sources. The name can be translated as "girl of the wind" or "phantom bride". The second half is derived from the
444:, and as a result is well documented in the archeological record, with seventy four copies recovered as of 2014.
254:. In a number of cases, exorcism formulas prescribe a mock marriage as a solution to problems caused by her.
235:
demons were believed to be the ghosts of young people who died sexually unfulfilled. Incantations focused on
404:
1366:. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen (in German). Vol. 13. De Gruyter.
279:
72:
52:
175:
171:
142:, "maiden who the storm demon chose". However, this convention is not followed in an Old Babylonian
298:. Markham J. Geller notes there is a degree of textual overlap between this corpus and independent
1645:
1470:
1288:
518:
or another similarly named demon, Michael P. Streck and Nathan
Wasserman conclude that the word
1519:"From Demons to a Slippery Slope: MLC 1948, a new list of Sumerian terms and their equivalents"
1451:"The Man is Like a Woman, the Maiden is a Young Man: A new edition of Ištar-Louvre (Tab. I-II)"
1608:
1598:
1567:
1538:
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1462:
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1375:
1348:
1319:
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88:
76:
25:
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1497:
1427:
1402:
1367:
1340:
1311:
1245:
1220:
508:
336:
130:
100:
456:. While part of the narrative was later translated into Akkadian and incorporated into the
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is herself described as a victim of another demon and is placed under the protection of
180:
1659:
507:, there is no evidence that demons known from exorcistic literature were depicted in
487:
345:
143:
1336:
The
Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
467:
448:
is described in it as one of the three beings
Gilgamesh has to drive away from the
388:
1193:
51:
is also known. Incantations directed against her are attested as early as in the
1594:
349:
122:
35:
1310:. Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen. De Gruyter.
1563:
1431:
1344:
408:
283:
48:
1612:
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1509:
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tree was not, possibly due to thematically overlapping with the myth of the
428:
1224:
1371:
1315:
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371:
have also been identified in medical incantations. An illness called the "
1406:
565:
492:
294:
251:
84:
1474:
1292:
198:) She belonged to a class of supernatural beings designated by the term
1268:
1242:
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the
Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle
511:. Such figures would generally be destroyed as a part of the ceremony.
361:
330:
212:
1583:"Some Demons of Time and their Functions in Mesopotamian Iconography"
1279:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–23.
574:
503:
497:
453:
432:
312:
307:
221:
155:
44:
1551:
1518:
1450:
1390:
1334:
318:
1621:
1534:
542:, "to erase". In another lexical list its Sumerian equivalent is KA
1582:
477:
441:
392:
353:
357:
55:. References to her are also known from other genres of texts.
1556:
The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World
1422:
Steinert, Ulrike (2018). "The Assur Medical Catalogue (AMC)".
1308:
Healing Magic and Evil Demons. Canonical Udug-hul Incantations
1395:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
1213:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
812:
810:
657:
655:
653:
613:
611:
773:
771:
769:
640:
638:
356:. Later copies have been discovered during excavations of
877:
875:
873:
486:
In the past identification of the figure depicted on the
95:, which in turn depending on context can refer to winds,
1585:. In Groneberg, Brigitte; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.).
1391:"Any Evil, a Stalking Ghost, and the Bull-Headed Demon"
918:
916:
914:
113:
was also known under the Sumerian version of her name,
672:
670:
395:, or as a reference to an unidentified bodily fluid.
121:. However, Markham J. Geller notes that in bilingual
1622:"The Mesopotamian Pandemonium. A Provisional Census"
150:
is given as the Sumerian name of a different demon,
170:While demons were typically less well defined than
103:it additionally came to be connected with Akkadian
586:and encompasses Lamashtu and related figures like
440:. It belonged to the curriculum of Old Babylonian
292:is also mentioned in incantations from the series
1424:Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues
582:and KAMAD. The last of them is distinct from the
47:. A text placing her in the entourage of the god
1461:(1). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 1–38.
1174:
310:. The incantation is instead aimed against the
257:No evidence exists for any association between
1449:Streck, Michael P.; Wasserman, Nathan (2018).
564:Frans Wiggermann argues this likely indicates
1651:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
154:. Despite phonetic similarities, the theonym
8:
387:, which has been variously interpreted as a
1626:Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni
1211:Farber, Walter (1989). "(W)ardat-lilî(m)".
1054:
1042:
893:
840:
828:
724:
712:
700:
1194:"Lilû, Lilītu, Ardat-lilî A. Philologisch"
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
816:
801:
760:
748:
736:
661:
617:
1529:(1). University of Chicago Press: 51–64.
789:
644:
379:) is known from multiple sources. In the
1066:
1030:
1018:
1006:
777:
43:demons, who were considered subjects of
1114:
1102:
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99:or demons. It is possible that through
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946:
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1646:Gilgameš, Enkidu and the nether world
7:
864:
134:, while the Sumerian translation of
1078:
224:was referred to as the king of the
202:. It also included figures such as
383:, it is described as the cause of
220:("phantom kisser"). Additionally,
128:corresponds to a different demon,
14:
63:In addition to the standard form
1620:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011).
1523:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
522:, "evening", is meant instead.
462:, the section dealing with the
1490:Archiv für Religionsgeschichte
474:Disputed or disproved examples
216:("male phantom") and possibly
1:
185:stresses that in the case of
1554:. In Steele, John M. (ed.).
1198:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
340:in an incantation targeting
1595:10.1515/9783110204155.1.102
1558:. Brill. pp. 139–229.
1517:Wagensonner, Klaus (2020).
1306:Geller, Markham J. (2015).
1269:"New Duplicates to SBTU II"
1267:Geller, Markham J. (1988).
1175:Streck & Wasserman 2018
426:appears in the composition
1682:
1581:Wiggermann, Frans (2007).
1362:Schmidtchen, Eric (2021).
1273:Archiv für Orientforschung
278:were already known in the
274:Incantations dealing with
1587:Die Welt der Götterbilder
1564:10.1163/9789004315631_008
1432:10.1515/9781501504914-009
1389:Schwemer, Daniel (2020).
1345:10.1163/9789004364943_004
174:in Mesopotamian beliefs,
1240:Gadotti, Alhena (2014).
1200:(in German), vol. 7
418:Under her Sumerian name
206:("phantom bridegroom"),
1502:10.1515/arege-2012-0008
1192:Farber, Walter (1987),
568:was also regarded as a
381:Assur Medical Catalogue
1225:10.1515/za-1989-790205
483:
1550:Wee, John Z. (2016).
1372:10.1515/9783110715286
1316:10.1515/9781614513094
1250:10.1515/9781614515456
481:
399:Other genres of texts
280:Old Babylonian period
53:Old Babylonian period
1407:10.1515/za-2020-0015
1333:Krul, Julia (2018).
210:("female phantom"),
1666:Mesopotamian demons
1165:, pp. 309–310.
1069:, pp. 267–268.
843:, pp. 148–149.
804:, pp. 311–312.
484:
482:The Burney Relief.
373:hand of ardat-lilî
328:appears alongside
158:is not related to
16:Mesopotamian demon
1604:978-3-11-019463-0
1573:978-90-04-31563-1
1441:978-1-5015-0491-4
1381:978-3-11-071528-6
1325:978-1-61451-309-4
1259:978-1-61451-708-5
855:, pp. 14–15.
459:Epic of Gilgamesh
148:kisikil uddakarra
140:kisikil-uddakarra
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509:Mesopotamian art
452:tree planted by
194:) or "strange" (
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119:kisikillillaenna
101:folk etymologies
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737:Wiggermann 2007
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691:, pp. 7–8.
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1401:(2): 141–160.
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1244:. De Gruyter.
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790:Verderame 2013
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367:References to
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261:and children.
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1185:Bibliography
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1117:, p. 2.
1115:Gadotti 2014
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1103:Gadotti 2014
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1091:Gadotti 2014
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69:wardat-lilîm
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36:Mesopotamian
31:kisikillilla
30:
29:
20:
19:
18:
995:Geller 2015
983:Geller 2015
971:Geller 2015
959:Geller 2015
947:Geller 2015
935:Geller 1988
923:Farber 1987
906:Geller 2015
853:Geller 1988
689:Geller 1988
677:Farber 1987
630:Farber 1989
446:Kisikillila
437:Netherworld
420:kisikillila
342:mimma lemnu
179: [
160:kisikillila
107:, "night".
71:appears in
1480:2024-02-07
1455:Orientalia
1298:2024-02-07
1204:2024-02-08
602:References
516:ardat-lilî
424:ardat-lilî
413:ardat-lilî
409:Sultantepe
407:text from
369:ardat-lilî
326:Ardat-lilî
304:ardat-lilî
300:ardat-lilî
290:Ardat-lilî
276:ardat-lilî
259:ardat-lilî
248:Ardat-lilî
237:ardat-lilî
187:ardat-lilî
136:ardat-lilî
111:Ardat-lilî
65:ardat-lilî
21:Ardat-lilî
1613:0934-2575
1543:0022-2968
1510:1868-8888
1467:0030-5367
1415:1613-1150
1339:. Brill.
1285:0066-6440
1233:1613-1150
865:Krul 2018
429:Gilgamesh
364:as well.
218:naššuqītu
204:eṭel-lilî
192:uttakkarū
166:Character
1660:Category
1475:45158730
1293:41661648
1079:Wee 2016
566:Lamashtu
493:Lamashtu
435:and the
295:Udug Hul
252:succubus
152:pāšittum
146:, where
89:Sumerian
85:loanword
77:Akkadian
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540:pašāṭum
362:Babylon
172:deities
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337:lilītu
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156:Kilili
131:lilītu
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1289:JSTOR
526:Notes
464:ḫalub
450:ḫalub
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385:la’bu
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