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fearsome and gentle, both destructive and constructive" and unifies all other dichotomies of the universe. While Shiva's rosary in the
Ardhanarishvara iconography associates him with asceticism and spirituality, Parvati's mirror associates her to the material illusory world. Ardhanarishvara reconciles and harmonizes the two conflicting ways of life: the spiritual way of the ascetic as represented by Shiva, and the materialistic way of the householder as symbolized by Parvati, who invites the ascetic Shiva into marriage and the wider circle of worldly affairs. The interdependence of Shiva on his power (
1002:, Parvati (called Gauri here) is described as having suspected Shiva of infidelity when she saw her own reflection in the crystal-like breast of Shiva. A conjugal dispute erupted but was quickly resolved, after which Parvati wished to stay eternally with Shiva in his body. The divine couple was thereafter fused as Ardhanarishvara. Another tale from North India also talks about Parvati's jealousy. Another woman, the river Ganga – often depicted flowing out of Shiva's locks – sat on his head, while Parvati (as Gauri) sat on his lap. To pacify Gauri, Shiva united with her as Ardhanarishvara.
706:(religious bracelets) and other ornaments, made of diamonds and other gems. She has a fuller thigh and a curvier body and hip than the male part of the icon. The torso, hip and pelvis of the female is exaggerated to emphasize the anatomical differences between the halves. Though the male private parts may be depicted, the female genitalia are never depicted and the loins are always draped. She wears a multi-coloured or white silken garment down to her ankle and one or three girdles around her waist. The left half wears an anklet and her foot is painted red with
902:, and told them to regenerate, which they were unable to do. Confronted with the resulting decline in the pace of creation, Brahma was perplexed and contemplated on Shiva for help. To enlighten Brahma of his folly, Shiva appeared before him as Ardhanarishvara. Brahma prayed to the female half of Shiva to give him a female to continue creation. The goddess agreed and created various female powers from her body, thereby allowing creation to progress. In other Puranas like the
871:. In Book XIII, Upamanyu praises Shiva rhetorically asking if there is anyone else whose half-body is shared by his spouse, and adds that the universe had risen from the union of sexes, as represented by Shiva's half-female form. In some narratives, Shiva is described as dark and fair-complexioned, half yellow and half white, half woman and half man, and both woman and man. In Book XIII, Shiva preaches to Parvati that half of his body is made up of her body.
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punished herself with austerities that pleased Shiva and led him to grant her the boon of uniting with him, thereby compelling
Bhringi to worship her as well as himself in the form of Ardhanarishvara. However, the sage assumed the form of a beetle and circumambulating only the male half, drilling a hole in the deity. Amazed by his devotion, Parvati reconciled with the sage and blessed him. The seventh-century Shaiva
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180:, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa. The union of these principles is exalted as the root and womb of all creation. Another view is that Ardhanarishvara is a symbol of Shiva's all-pervasive nature. The right half is usually the male Shiva, illustrating his traditional attributes.
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centred around the deity may have existed. The cult may have had occasional followers, but was never aligned to any sect. This cult focusing on the joint worship of Shiva and the
Goddess may even have had a high position in Hinduism, but when and how it faded away remains a mystery. Though a popular iconographic form, temples dedicated to the deity are few. A popular one is located in
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thought. The female is often not equal in the
Ardhanarishvara, the male god who is half female; she remains a dependent entity. Ardhanarishvara "is in essence Shiva, not Parvati". This is also reflected in mythology, where Parvati becomes a part of Shiva. It is likewise reflected in iconography: Shiva often has two supernatural arms and Parvati has just one earthly arm, and his bull
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691:(blue lotus) or hangs loosely at her side. In the three-armed representation, the left hand holds a flower, a mirror or a parrot. In the case of two-armed icons, the left hand rests on Nandi's head, hangs loose or holds either a flower, a mirror or a parrot. The parrot may be also perched on Parvati's wrist. Her hand(s) is/are adorned with ornaments like a
1041:. Purusha is the male principle and passive force of the universe, while Prakriti is the female active force; both are "constantly drawn to embrace and fuse with each other, though... separated by the intervening axis". The union of Purusha (Shiva) and Prikriti (Shiva's energy, Shakti) generates the universe, an idea also manifested in the union of the
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926:, Rudra (identified with Shiva) appears as Ardhanarishvara, emerging from Brahma's head, forehead, mouth or soul as the embodiment of Brahma's fury and frustration due to the slow pace of creation. Brahma asks Rudra to divide himself, and the latter complies by dividing into male and female. Numerous beings, including the 11
640:), and represents the deity as "the one who stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation", other images found in North India include full or half phallus and one testicle. However, such imagery is never found in South Indian images; the loins are usually covered in a garment (sometimes a
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Across cultures, hermaphrodite figures like
Ardhanarishvara have traditionally been associated with fertility and abundant growth. In this form, Shiva in his eternal embrace with Prakriti represents the eternal reproductive power of Nature, whom he regenerates after she loses her fertility. "It is a
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wanted to seize
Parvati and make her his wife, Vishnu rescued her and brought her to his abode. When the demon followed her there, Parvati revealed her Ardhanarishvara form to him. Seeing the half-male, half-female form, the demon lost interest in her and left. Vishnu was amazed to see this form and
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on earth to be Shiva's wife. In the Linga Purana, the
Ardhanarishvara Rudra is so hot that in the process of appearing from Brahma's forehead, he burns Brahma himself. Ardhanarishvara Shiva then enjoys his own half – the Great Goddess – by "the path of yoga" and creates Brahma and Vishnu from her
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Ardhanarishvara is one of the most popular iconographic forms of Shiva. It is found in more or less all temples and shrines dedicated to Shiva all over India and South-east Asia. There is ample evidence from texts and the multiple depictions of the
Ardhanarishvara in stone to suggest that a cult
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calls it "a unique connection of the closely knit ideal of man and woman rising above the craving of the flesh and serving as a symbol of hospitality and parenthood". The dual unity of
Ardhanarishvara is considered "a model of conjugal inseparability". Padma Upadhyaya comments, "The idea of ...
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him. Agitated, Parvati cursed
Bhringi to lose all his flesh and blood, reducing him to a skeleton. In this form Bhringi could not stand erect, so the compassionate ones who witnessed the scene blessed the sage with a third leg for support. As her attempt to humiliate the sage had failed, Parvati
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texts like Amshumadbhedagama, Kamikagama, Supredagama and Karanagama – most of them of South Indian origin – describe the iconography of Ardhanarishvara. The right superior side of the body usually is the male Shiva and the left is the female Parvati; in rare depictions belonging to the Shaktism
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Often, the right half of Ardhanarishvara is male and the left is female. The left side is the location of the heart and is associated with 'feminine' characteristics like intuition and creativity, while the right is associated with the brain and 'masculine' traits – logic, valour and systematic
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Ardhanarishvara signifies "totality that lies beyond duality", "bi-unity of male and female in God" and "the bisexuality and therefore the non-duality" of the Supreme Being. It conveys that God is both Shiva and Parvati, "both male and female, both father and mother, both aloof and active, both
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mentions that Ardhanarishvara is half-black and half-yellow, nude on one side and clothed on other, wearing skulls and a garland of lotuses on the male half and female half respectively. The Linga Purana gives a brief description of Ardhanarishvara as making
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school, the feminine holds the dominant right side. The icon usually is prescribed to have four, three or two arms, but rarely is depicted with eight arms. In the case of three arms, the Parvati side has only one arm, suggesting a lesser role in the icon.
710:. The left leg may be somewhat bent or straight, resting on a lotus pedestal. In contrast to the Shiva half, the Parvati half – smeared with saffron – is described as calm and gentle, fair and parrot-green or dark in colour. She may be draped in a
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and various iconographic treatises write about the mythology and iconography of Ardhanarishvara. Ardhanarishvara remains a popular iconographic form found in most Shiva temples throughout India, though very few temples are dedicated to this deity.
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Only in tales associated with the cult of Shakta (in which the Goddess is considered the Supreme Being) is the Goddess venerated as the Maker of All. In these tales, it is her body (not Shiva's) which splits into male and female halves.
521:) is prescribed on the male side of the forehead in the canons; a full eye may also be depicted in middle of forehead separated by both the sides or a half eye may be shown above or below Parvati's round dot. A common elliptical halo (
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The Matsya Purana describes how Brahma, pleased with a penance performed by Parvati, rewards her by blessing her with a golden complexion. This renders her more attractive to Shiva, to whom she later merges as one half of his body.
680:(a round red dot) adorns her forehead, matching Shiva's third eye. The left eye is painted with black eyeliner. While the male neck is sometimes adorned with a jewelled hooded serpent, the female neck has a blue lotus matching it.
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gesture; the female left half holds a mirror and has a rounded breast. This is the earliest representation of Ardhanarishvara, universally recognized. An early Kushan Ardhanarishvara head discovered at Rajghat is displayed at the
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casts Parvati in the role of the supreme devotee of Shiva in his hymns. He alludes to Ardhanarishvara several times and regards it the ultimate goal of a devotee to be united with Shiva as Parvati is in the Ardhanarishvara form.
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The name Ardhanarishvara means "the Lord Who is half woman." Ardhanarishvara is also known by other names like Ardhanaranari ("the half man-woman"), Ardhanarisha ("the Lord who is half woman"), Ardhanarinateshvara ("the
314:. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad says that Purusha splits himself into two parts, male and female, and the two halves copulate, producing all life – a theme concurrent in Ardhanarishvara's tales. The
380:. The right male half has matted hair with a skull and crescent moon; the left female half has well-combed hair decorated with flowers and wears a patra-kundala (earring). The face has a common
1077:. The Vishnudharmottara Purana also emphasizes the identity and sameness of the male Purusha and female Prakriti, manifested in the image of Ardhanarishvara. According to Shaiva guru
744:. Seated images of Ardhanarishvara are missing in iconographic treatises, but are still found in sculpture and painting. Though the canons often depict the Nandi bull as the common
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The mythology of Ardhanarishvara – which mainly originates in the Puranic canons – was developed later to explain existent images of the deity that had emerged in the Kushan era.
517:("serpent-earring") or ordinary kundala ("earring"). Sometimes, the male eye is depicted smaller than the female one and a half-moustache is also seen. A half third eye (
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has half-man, half-woman features. Early Kushan images show Ardhanarishvara in a simple two-armed form, but later texts and sculptures depict a more complex iconography.
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and Greek cultures simultaneously; the iconography evolved in the Kushan era (30–375 CE), but was perfected in the Gupta era (320-600 CE). A mid-first century Kushan era
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652:). The whole right half is described as smeared with ashes and as terrible and red-coloured or gold or coral in appearance; however, these features are rarely depicted.
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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.
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880:, Parvati requests Shiva to allow her to reside with him, embracing "limb-to-limb", and so Ardhanarishvara is formed. It also tells that when the demon
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may also divide the torso into its male and female halves. He wears ornaments characteristic of Shiva's iconography, including serpent ornaments.
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778:(rosary), while the upper female ones hold a mirror and a book; the others are broken. Another non-conventional Ardhanarishvara is found at
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is adorned by the crescent moon as well as a skull. The female side wears gold ornaments and an ankle-length silk garment, and carries a
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Ardhanārīśvara is to locate the man in the woman as also the woman in the man and to create perfect homogeneity in domestic affairs".
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of Devi creating the cosmos. The Mahabharata lauds this form as the source of creation. Ardhanarishvara also suggests the element of
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The Shiva half has a flat masculine chest, a straight vertical chest, broader shoulder, wider waist and muscular thigh. He wears a
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advocates the worship of Ardhanarishvara by devotees to attain union with Shiva upon dissolution of the world and thus attain
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are one and the same, an interpretation also declared in inscriptions found along with Ardhanarishvara images in
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Ardhanarishvara symbolizes that the male and female principles are inseparable. The composite form conveys the
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1081:(1927–2001), Ardhanarishvara signifies that the great Shiva is "All, inseparable from His energy" (i.e. his
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Masterpieces of Indian Literature and Art - Tears of Kaṇṇaki: Annals and Iconology of the 'Cilappatikāram'
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326:– the antecedent of the Puranic Shiva – the maker of all and the root of Purusha (the male principle) and
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978:) had gathered at Shiva's abode, they prayed their respects to Shiva and Parvati. However, the sage
501:(a headdress formed of piled, matted hair) on his head, adorned with a crescent moon. Sometimes the
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2001:. The skeleton figure identified with Bhringi stands beside him. The bull stands behind the deity.
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says that Shiva is always inseparable from the Mother Goddess, another 7th-century Nayanar saint
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1272:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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Parvati has a well-developed, round bosom and a narrow feminine waist embellished with various
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In the four-armed form, one of the left arms rests on Nandi's head, while the other is bent in
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Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (
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philosophy. It hints at his androgynous nature, describing him both as male and female.
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2226:"Review: The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanāriśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective"
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Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.
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1061:) as embodied in Parvati is also manifested in this form. Ardhanarishvara conveys that
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Pārvatīdarpaṇa: an exposition of Kāśmir Śaivism through the images of Śiva and Parvati
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Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield; Sparks, Mariya (1998). "Ardhararishvara".
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saints of Tamil Nadu exault the deity in hymns. While the 8th-century Nayanar saint
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mentions that after marrying Parvati, Shiva incorporated her into half of his body.
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position (straight), sometimes standing on a lotus pedestal, whereupon it is called
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Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art
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has a half-male, half-female image, along with three other figures identified with
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duality in unity, the underlying principle being a sexual dualism". Art historian
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Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
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In some North Indian images, the male half may be nude and also be ithyphallic (
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has a dancing eight-armed Ardhanarishvara. The upper male arms hold a lute and
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The Lord who is half woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and feminist perspective
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Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.
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had vowed to worship only one deity, Shiva, and ignored Parvati while
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The unnamed half-female form of Shiva is also alluded to in the epic
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seated or standing near or behind his foot, while the goddess's lion
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Moorthy, K. K. (1991). "Tiruchengodu - Ardhanareeswarar Tirukovil".
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Seid, Betty (2004). "The Lord Who Is Half Woman (Ardhanarishvara)".
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prescribes a four-armed form, with right hands holding a rosary and
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wears snake ornaments and a knee-length deerskin dress and holds a
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1189:(c. 4th–5th century) alludes Ardhanarishvara in invocations of his
584:(lute), using a left and a right arm, while other male arm holds a
225:-era writer Pushpadanta in his Mahimnastava refers to this form as
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Rao pp. 327–8: The male half of the four-armed Ardhanarishvara at
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gesture. Another configuration suggests that a right hand holds a
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The Myths and Gods of India: the Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism
456:, a composite form of Shiva and Vishnu, the Supreme deity of the
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simply calls this form Gaurishvara ("The Lord/husband of Gauri).
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38:. For the composite form of the deities Vishnu and Lakshmi, see
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Gods of love and ecstasy: the traditions of Shiva and Dionysus
750:(mount) of Ardhanarishvara, some depictions have Shiva's bull
157:'the half-female Lord'), is a form of the Hindu deity
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A three-armed Ardhanarishvara sculpture with only Nandi as a
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The Cult of Draupadi: Mythologies: from Gingee to Kuruksetra
1997:. Together with the remaining arms, Ardhanarishvara plays a
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The conception of Ardhanarishvara may have been inspired by
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Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)
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head of Ardhanarishvara, discovered at Rajghat, now in the
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782:. The sculpture is three-headed and eight-armed, holding
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Name meaning "Mother-Father"), and Ardhayuvatishvara (in
221:, "the Lord whose half is a young woman or girl"). The
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Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit
1637:"Dance of Ardhanārī. A Historiographical Retrospection"
413:–222 AD), who learnt from an Indian embassy's visit to
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The earliest Ardhanarishvara images are dated to the
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Composite form of the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati
2202:
Dancing with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism
1118:– not her lion vahana – typically accompanies them.
3758:
3676:
3534:
3393:
3283:
3228:
3155:
3117:
3079:
3041:
3032:
3001:
2938:
2858:
2810:
2692:
972:
temple lore narrates that once the gods and sages (
391:Ardhanarishvara is referred to by the Greek author
296:("Self") in the form of the androgynous cosmic man
191:. Its iconography evolved and was perfected in the
112:
104:
89:
74:
64:
47:
32:"Ardhanari" redirects here. For the 2012 film, see
2611:
2550:. Vol. 2: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House.
2524:
2508:. Vol. 3: Ar-Az. Concept Publishing Company.
2123:
433:era, pictures a bearded man with female breasts.
2572:Swami Parmeshwaranand (2004). "Ardhanārīśvara".
2174:
2172:
1230:: a regional composite form of Shiva and Parvati
509:flowing through the hair. The right ear wears a
436:Ardhanarishvara is interpreted as an attempt to
229:("Thou and She art each the half of one body").
2411:The iconography and ritual of Śiva at Elephanta
2310:
2308:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
580:relief, the four-armed Ardhanarishvara plays a
505:is adorned with serpents and the river goddess
2204:. Himalayan Academy Publications. p. 758.
1669:
1667:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1307:(2 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 27.
1169:is a popular hymn dedicated to the deity. The
726:A seated Ardhanarishvara with both the vahanas
3367:
2659:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1224:: composite form of the gods Shiva and Vishnu
532:In the four-armed form, a right hand holds a
337:The concept of Ardhanarishvara originated in
8:
2068:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 49–53.
2018:
2016:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1470:
1468:
1466:
885:saw himself in the female part of the form.
2289:
2287:
2230:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2117:
2115:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1687:
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1681:
1679:
1526:
1486:
1373:
1355:
1353:
1351:
3374:
3360:
3352:
3038:
2666:
2652:
2644:
2430:The concept of Rudra-Śiva through the ages
2329:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2263:(1). The Art Institute of Chicago: 48–95.
2105:
2103:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1804:
1783:
53:
1602:
1600:
1598:
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1390:
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1386:
1384:
1382:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1897:
1895:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1266:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
187:period, starting from the first century
2257:Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies
1562:"The Icon of Creation – Ardhanarisvara"
1247:
3893:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
2322:
1918:
1916:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1236:: composite form of Vishnu and Lakshmi
802:(skull cup), lotus and other objects.
730:The posture of Ardhanarishvara may be
44:
2224:Courtright, Paul B. (December 2005).
1146:, all of them in the Indian state of
613:) or a string of pearls or gems. The
7:
2593:Ardhanārīśvara in art and literature
1616:Rajarajan, R. K. K. (January 2000).
595:A three-armed bronze Ardhanarishvara
330:(the female principle), adhering to
2023:Pattanaik, Devdutt (Sep 16, 2005).
1142:, while five others are located in
851:Ardhanarishvara relief is from the
576:. He may also hold a skull. In the
476:The iconographic 16th century work
3898:Intersex in religion and mythology
2451:. Inner Traditions International.
1053:or Lust, which leads to creation.
384:. A terracotta seal discovered in
25:
2576:. Vol. 1. Sarup & Sons.
2409:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988).
939:body. In the repetitive cycle of
546:, while the other is held in the
300:and the androgynous myths of the
288:as "bull who is also a cow," the
272:literature's composite figure of
3525:
3335:
3326:
3325:
2801:
2506:Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world
2345:"Site about Tiruchengode temple"
2302:Swami Parmeshwaranand pp. 55, 61
1305:Dictionary of gods and goddesses
984:worshipping and circumambulating
2555:Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997).
1762:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011
894:describes that the creator god
452:. A similar syncretic image is
440:the two principal Hindu sects,
2531:. Princeton University Press.
1936:Swami Parmeshwaranand pp. 60–1
1760:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1498:See image in Goldberg pp. 26–7
1474:Swami Parmeshwaranand pp. 55–6
1130:Ardhanarishvara worshipped at
556:(trident) and another makes a
1:
2548:Elements of Hindu iconography
2504:Garg, Ganga Ram, ed. (1992).
2428:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986).
1622:Berliner Indologische Studien
898:created all male beings, the
714:covering her torso and legs.
572:(skull cup) or gestures in a
448:, dedicated to Shiva and the
407:
396:
322:Ardhanarishvara. It declares
2574:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism
2546:Rao, T.A. Gopinatha (1916).
2470:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
2432:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
588:and the female one a lotus.
2610:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a),
2466:Dehejia, Harsha V. (1997).
2155:. UK: Cassell. p. 67.
2109:Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 59
1889:Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 61
1394:Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 58
1345:Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 60
1336:Swami Parmeshwaranand p. 57
1018:Ardhanarishvara sculpture,
538:(axe) and another makes an
146:
82:
3914:
2523:Kramrisch, Stella (1981).
1412:Kramrisch pp. 200–3, 207–8
1163:Ardhanarinateshvara Stotra
950:Ardhanarishvara playing a
806:Other textual descriptions
161:combined with his consort
121:and a lion named Somanandi
31:
3847:
3523:
3321:
3002:Festivals and observances
2842:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
2799:
2681:
135:
52:
3831:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3261:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
2821:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
2485:Goldberg, Ellen (2002).
2447:Daniélou, Alain (1992).
2317:The Temples of Tamilnadu
2122:Daniélou, Alain (1985).
1303:Jordan, Michael (2004).
1132:Sri Rajarajeswari Peetam
1085:) and is beyond gender.
958:and a female attendant,
829:Vishnudharmottara Purana
768:Parashurameshvara Temple
316:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
290:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
249:Origins and early images
243:Vishnudharmottara Purana
2198:Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
2064:Kinsley, David (1998).
1566:Official site of author
1079:Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
668:(a type of earring). A
3142:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
1269:India through the ages
1134:
1101:
1098:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1031:coniunctio oppositorum
1022:
962:
859:
727:
596:
497:The male half wears a
473:
265:
176:) and illustrates how
3137:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
2591:Yadav, Neeta (2000).
2242:10.1093/jaarel/lfi130
1451:Srinivasan pp. 57, 59
1129:
1091:
1017:
949:
850:
725:
594:
471:
318:sows the seed of the
256:
3119:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
2614:The Presence of Śiva
2527:The Presence of Siva
2130:. Inner Traditions.
1654:Rajarajan, R. K. K.
1635:Rajarajan, R. K. K.
1293:Garg (ed), pp. 598–9
660:The female half has
417:during the reign of
233:, commenting on the
3147:Kanchipuram (Earth)
3132:Tirukalahasti (Air)
3127:Chidambaram (Ether)
2828:Shivarahasya Purana
2595:. D.K. Printworld.
2038:on 21 November 2010
1460:Srinivasan pp. 57–8
1181:describes how the "
1144:Kallakkurichi taluk
1037:and female half is
930:and various female
718:Postures and vahana
609:(a snake worn as a
361:. The male half is
93:A combined form of
3246:Kailash Mansarovar
2951:Pashupata Shaivism
2929:Hara Hara Mahadeva
1673:Goldberg pp. 145–8
1234:Vaikuntha Kamalaja
1167:Adi Shankaracharya
1135:
1102:
1027:unity of opposites
1023:
963:
860:
758:is near her foot.
728:
597:
474:
266:
40:Vaikuntha Kamalaja
3865:
3864:
3349:
3348:
3279:
3278:
2383:978-0-226-34046-3
2178:Srinivasan p. 158
2031:Devdutt Pattanaik
2029:Official site of
2025:"Ardhanareshwara"
1560:Pande, Dr. Alka.
1442:Daniélou pp. 63–7
1195:Malavikagnimitram
1075:Malay Archipelago
924:Markandeya Purana
827:and a lotus. The
687:pose and holds a
636:(illustration of
632:" or practice of
630:seminal retention
425:and dated to the
284:and the fire-god
156:
144:
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
3905:
3888:Forms of Parvati
3529:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3039:
2983:Siddha Siddhanta
2946:Shaiva Siddhanta
2873:Om Namah Shivaya
2805:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2587:
2568:
2551:
2542:
2530:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2462:
2443:
2424:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2370:Hiltebeitel, Alf
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2347:. Archived from
2341:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2236:(4): 1215–1217.
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:Srinivasan p. 59
2185:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:. Archived from
2020:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1972:Kramrisch p. 205
1970:
1964:
1963:Collins pp. 76–7
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:Srinivasan p.266
1869:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1756:"Ardhanārīśvara"
1752:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1706:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1557:
1546:
1545:Dehejia pp. 37–9
1543:
1530:
1527:Chakravarti 1986
1524:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:Chakravarti 1986
1484:
1475:
1472:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1410:
1395:
1392:
1377:
1374:Chakravarti 1986
1371:
1360:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1183:eternal feminine
1096:, 11th century,
1073:and the eastern
762:Eight-armed form
607:naga-yagnopavita
412:
409:
402:) while quoting
401:
398:
151:
149:
139:
137:
85:
57:
45:
21:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3857:Hindu mythology
3843:
3754:
3672:
3530:
3521:
3389:
3380:
3350:
3345:
3317:
3275:
3271:Vadakkum Nathan
3224:
3151:
3113:
3075:
3066:Madhyamaheshwar
3028:
3014:Maha Shivaratri
2997:
2934:
2887:Mahāmrityunjaya
2854:
2806:
2797:
2754:Ardhanarishvara
2688:
2677:
2672:
2635:
2626:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2584:
2571:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2522:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2484:
2478:
2465:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2367:
2363:
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2314:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2214:Goldberg p. 156
2213:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1910:Goldberg p. 157
1909:
1905:
1901:Collins p. 78-9
1900:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:Daniélou p. 147
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1805:Kramrisch 1994a
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1784:Kramrisch 1994a
1782:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1740:
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1497:
1493:
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1478:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1432:
1428:Srinivasan p.57
1427:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1322:
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1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
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1265:
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1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1216:Ardhanarishvara
1208:
1124:
1012:
853:Elephanta Caves
845:
812:Naradiya Purana
808:
764:
720:
658:
495:
466:
410:
399:
251:
227:dehardhaghatana
206:
128:Ardhanarishvara
78:transliteration
60:
59:Ardhanarishvara
48:Ardhanarishvara
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3911:
3909:
3901:
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3895:
3890:
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3883:Forms of Shiva
3880:
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3863:
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3284:Related topics
3281:
3280:
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3273:
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3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Brihadeeswarar
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Ramanathaswamy
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
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3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2993:Shaiva Smartas
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Veera Shaivism
2975:
2973:Trika Shaivism
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2942:
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2936:
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2679:
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2673:
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2648:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2630:
2629:
2625:978-0691019307
2624:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2569:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2489:. SUNY Press.
2482:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2413:. SUNY Press.
2404:
2401:
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2295:
2283:
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2143:
2136:
2111:
2099:
2090:
2088:Goldberg p.115
2081:
2074:
2049:
2012:
2003:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1954:Collins p.77-8
1947:
1938:
1924:
1912:
1903:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1852:
1850:Rao pp. 329–30
1843:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1786:, p. 218.
1773:
1738:
1729:
1727:Goldberg p. 13
1707:
1705:Goldberg p. 12
1693:
1675:
1663:
1646:
1627:
1608:
1592:
1583:
1572:on 4 July 2008
1547:
1531:
1516:
1514:Goldberg p. 30
1500:
1491:
1489:, p. 146.
1476:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1430:
1414:
1396:
1378:
1361:
1347:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1279:
1258:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1207:
1204:
1199:Manikkavacakar
1123:
1120:
1011:
1008:
954:surrounded by
844:
841:
839:in this text.
823:and holding a
807:
804:
763:
760:
719:
716:
666:valika-kundala
662:karanda-mukuta
657:
654:
494:
491:
465:
462:
378:Mathura Museum
347:Mathura Museum
305:Hermaphroditus
263:Mathura Museum
250:
247:
235:Brihat Samhita
205:
202:
147:Ardhanārīśvara
123:
122:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
91:
87:
86:
83:Ardhanārīśvara
79:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3910:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Hindu deities
3876:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:Bhagavad Gita
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:Other deities
3675:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
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3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
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3569:
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3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
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3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:Hindu deities
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Trimbakeshwar
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Mahakaleshwar
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3081:Pancha Sabhai
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Shiva temples
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Shiva Advaita
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:Shiva Mahimna
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:Shiva Tandava
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
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2851:
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2825:
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2794:
2791:
2787:
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2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Dakshinamurti
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2602:81-246-0169-0
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2583:81-7625-427-4
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2538:0-691-01930-4
2534:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2515:81-7022-376-8
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2496:0-7914-5325-1
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2477:81-208-1484-3
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:0-89281-374-1
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:81-208-0053-2
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:0-88706-773-5
2416:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2396:Goldberg p. 4
2393:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2351:on 2016-03-04
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:Goldberg p. 1
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:0-304-70423-7
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2137:0-89281-354-7
2133:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2075:81-208-0394-9
2071:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:Rao pp. 322–3
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1945:Rao pp. 321–2
1942:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:Rao pp. 330–2
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1841:Rao pp. 325–6
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1807:, p. 26.
1806:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:Rao pp. 327–8
1733:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:Rao pp. 324–5
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:, p. 43.
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:, p. 44.
1375:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:Collins p. 80
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:0-8160-5923-3
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Thiruchengode
1133:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:Sivaramamurti
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:of Shiva and
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:Kalika Purana
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Skanda Purana
913:
912:Vishnu Purana
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
886:
883:
879:
878:
877:Skanda Purana
872:
870:
869:
863:
858:
854:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:abhaya mudras
818:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
734:
724:
717:
715:
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709:
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698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
678:
673:
672:
667:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
646:sarpa-mekhala
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
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571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
530:
528:
524:
523:prabhamandala
520:
516:
515:sarpa-kundala
512:
511:nakra-kundala
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
487:
483:
482:Matsya Purana
479:
470:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:Great Goddess
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
405:
400: 500 AD
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
373:
369:and makes an
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:
260:
255:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Lord of Dance
203:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
154:
148:
142:
133:
129:
120:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
41:
37:
36:
30:
19:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3731:Gramadevatas
3665:
3514:
3266:Tiruchengode
3170:Grishneshwar
3165:Bhimashankar
3157:Jyotirlingas
3009:Kanwar Yatra
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2880:Rudrashtakam
2878:
2871:
2847:
2840:
2835:Shiva Purana
2833:
2826:
2819:
2753:
2683:
2613:
2592:
2573:
2556:
2547:
2526:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2392:
2373:
2364:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2319:. Tirupathi.
2316:
2298:
2293:Yadav p. 161
2277:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2152:
2146:
2125:
2093:
2084:
2065:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:the original
2028:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1922:Collins p.76
1906:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1846:
1821:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1764:. Retrieved
1759:
1732:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1606:Collins p.77
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1494:
1456:
1447:
1341:
1304:
1298:
1268:
1261:
1250:
1215:
1165:composed by
1162:
1155:Linga Purana
1154:
1152:
1136:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1082:
1058:
1055:
1030:
1024:
1004:
997:
973:
968:
964:
951:
920:Kurma Purana
904:Linga Purana
891:Shiva Purana
889:
887:
875:
873:
866:
864:
861:
836:
832:
824:
820:
816:
809:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
765:
755:
751:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
703:
701:
696:
695:(anklet) or
692:
688:
685:kataka mudra
684:
682:
675:
669:
665:
661:
659:
649:
645:
638:Urdhva Retas
637:
625:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
585:
574:varada mudra
573:
563:
559:varada mudra
557:
551:
548:abhaya mudra
547:
540:abhaya mudra
539:
533:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
498:
496:
475:
435:
390:
372:abhaya mudra
370:
366:
355:Gaja Lakshmi
336:
267:
226:
207:
182:
167:
136:अर्धनारीश्वर
127:
126:
70:अर्धनारीश्वर
34:
29:
3815:Mahabharata
3726:Kuladevatas
3505:Vishvakarma
3313:Other names
3195:Omkareshwar
3180:Mallikarjun
3043:Panch Kedar
2915:Shri Rudram
2901:Sahasranama
2097:Rao pp. 332
908:Vayu Purana
868:Mahabharata
837:Gaurishvara
772:Bhubaneswar
738:sthanamudra
699:(bangles).
656:Female half
650:padma-pitha
622:urdhavlinga
615:yajnopavita
611:yagnopavita
602:yagnopavita
503:jata-mukuta
499:jata-mukuta
478:Shilparatna
464:Iconography
367:urdhvalinga
365:or with an
363:ithyphallic
90:Affiliation
3872:Categories
3797:Upanishads
3716:Gandharvas
3440:Dattatreya
3296:Rasalingam
3220:Vishwanath
3215:Vaidyanath
3071:Kalpeshwar
3024:Shiva Puja
2939:Traditions
2737:Tatpurusha
2403:References
2355:2011-03-14
2042:6 February
1991:jatamukuta
1766:26 January
1590:Rao p. 323
1576:6 February
1191:Raghuvamsa
1148:Tamil Nadu
900:Prajapatis
626:urdhavreta
527:prabhavali
438:syncretise
419:Elagabalus
411: 154
404:Bardasanes
66:Devanagari
35:Ardhanaari
3736:Rakshasas
3606:Mahavidya
3549:Saraswati
3536:Goddesses
3465:Kartikeya
3256:Lingaraja
3251:Katas Raj
3190:Nageshvar
3175:Kedarnath
3061:Rudranath
3051:Kedarnath
2849:Tirumurai
2776:Kartikeya
2732:Sadyojata
2639:Ardhanari
2565:208705592
2559:. BRILL.
2325:cite book
1995:nilotpala
1179:Sambandar
1159:salvation
1020:Khajuraho
1010:Symbolism
790:(sword),
784:akshamala
780:Darasuram
776:akshamala
733:tribhanga
689:nilotpala
565:akshamala
493:Male half
458:Vaishnava
382:third eye
282:Prajapati
257:An early
195:era. The
141:romanized
18:Ardhanari
3852:Hinduism
3808:Ramayana
3750:Yakshini
3656:Shashthi
3616:Matrikas
3601:Mahadevi
3403:Trimurti
3331:Category
3236:Amarnath
3109:Chitiram
3104:Thamiram
3089:Rathinam
3056:Tungnath
3019:Pradosha
2956:Kapalika
2781:Devasena
2742:Vamadeva
2727:Nataraja
2717:Harihara
2707:Bhairava
2675:Shaivism
2372:(1988).
2200:(2003).
1641:Convegni
1222:Harihara
1212:Shatkona
1206:See also
1187:Kalidasa
1175:Sundarar
1039:Prakriti
833:trishula
825:trishula
742:samapada
634:celibacy
553:trishula
519:trinetra
454:Harihara
446:Shaktism
442:Shaivism
431:Parthian
393:Stobaeus
386:Vaishali
328:Prakriti
312:Agdistis
309:Phrygian
174:Prakriti
132:Sanskrit
108:Trishula
76:Sanskrit
3802:Puranas
3790:Atharva
3759:Texts (
3746:Yakshas
3741:Vahanas
3711:Dikpāla
3684:Apsaras
3636:Rukmini
3611:Matangi
3559:Parvati
3554:Lakshmi
3544:Tridevi
3470:Krishna
3450:Hanuman
3445:Ganesha
3435:Chandra
3430:Ashvins
3308:Vibhuti
3205:Somnath
2908:Chalisa
2771:Ganesha
2764:Parvati
2694:Deities
2685:History
2269:4129920
1987:parashu
1171:Nayanar
1122:Worship
1035:Purusha
998:In the
989:Nayanar
980:Bhringi
956:Bhringi
932:shaktis
882:Andhaka
874:In the
843:Legends
697:kankana
586:parashu
535:parashu
345:in the
332:Samkhya
320:Puranic
298:Purusha
241:). The
239:Parvati
197:Puranas
170:Purusha
163:Parvati
155:
143::
99:Parvati
3706:Devata
3699:Danava
3694:Daitya
3689:Asuras
3651:Shakti
3641:Sanjna
3631:Rohini
3591:Shachi
3576:Chhaya
3495:Varuna
3485:Shasta
3475:Kubera
3413:Vishnu
3408:Brahma
3341:Portal
3303:Siddha
3291:Lingam
3229:Others
2961:Aghori
2864:Stotra
2860:Mantra
2749:Shakti
2722:Ishana
2622:
2599:
2580:
2563:
2535:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2380:
2267:
2159:
2134:
2072:
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1983:Badami
1311:
1228:Jumadi
1161:. The
1116:vahana
1100:temple
1094:vahana
1083:Shakti
1067:Shakti
1059:Shakti
991:saint
960:Badami
928:Rudras
922:, and
896:Brahma
857:Mumbai
817:varada
800:kapala
796:musala
788:khadga
756:vahana
752:vahana
747:vahana
693:keyura
671:tilaka
578:Badami
570:kapala
486:Agamic
480:, the
460:sect.
423:Taxila
359:Kubera
351:Vishnu
339:Kushan
259:Kushan
231:Utpala
185:Kushan
178:Shakti
105:Weapon
3785:Yajur
3770:Vedas
3621:Radha
3586:Ganga
3581:Durga
3571:Bhumi
3566:Aditi
3490:Surya
3455:Indra
3418:Shiva
3387:texts
3099:Velli
2966:Kaula
2812:Texts
2793:Nandi
2786:Valli
2702:Shiva
2265:JSTOR
1999:veena
1243:Notes
1063:Shiva
1043:Linga
993:Appar
975:rishi
970:Tamil
952:veena
941:aeons
855:near
792:pasha
708:henna
704:haras
677:bindu
642:dhoti
582:veena
544:Nandi
507:Ganga
415:Syria
343:stela
324:Rudra
302:Greek
294:Atman
270:Vedic
223:Gupta
219:Assam
215:Tamil
204:Names
193:Gupta
159:Shiva
119:Nandi
114:Mount
95:Shiva
3838:more
3780:Sama
3761:list
3721:Gana
3667:more
3661:Sita
3646:Sati
3626:Rati
3596:Kali
3516:more
3510:Yama
3500:Vayu
3480:Rama
3460:Kama
3425:Agni
3395:Gods
3385:and
2759:Sati
2620:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2561:OCLC
2533:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2331:link
2157:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2044:2011
1768:2011
1578:2011
1309:ISBN
1193:and
1153:The
1071:Java
1065:and
1051:Kama
1047:Yoni
936:Sati
888:The
819:and
810:The
766:The
712:sari
484:and
444:and
427:Saka
357:and
307:and
286:Agni
278:Yami
274:Yama
172:and
153:lit.
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3094:Pon
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