294:, which claimed that the essay had been "newly unearthed". In the article titled "Winston Churchill's Essay on Alien Life Found", Livio explains that Timothy Riley, the director of the National Churchill Museum, handed him the 1950s draft of the essay in 2016 for analysis. The 1950s version of the essay is introduced as having "never been published or subjected to scientific or academic scrutiny." In his in-depth analysis of the manuscript Livio argues that "Churchill reasoned like a scientist about the likelihood of extraterrestrials".
22:
112:. The essay starts with a question: "Does life exist elsewhere in the Universe?", which he answers by considering various aspects of the problem. In the first part of the essay, Churchill expounds on the nature of life. He writes that liquid water at comparatively moderate temperatures is necessary for life. He then turns to
171:
Once we admit that the other stars probably also have planets, at any rate a goodly proportion of them, it is more than likely that a large fraction of these will be the right size to keep on their surface water and, possibly, an atmosphere of some sort; and, furthermore, at the proper distance from
207:
But I, for one, am not so immensely impressed by the success we are making of our civilisation here that I am prepared to think we are the only spot in this immense universe which contains living, thinking creatures, or that we are the highest type of mental and physical development which has ever
252:
years prior to writing. Furthermore, Andrews considers it remarkable "that politics and science" could go "hand in hand, each benefiting from the other" and argues that "in a world in which the two are treated by some as adversaries, this message might be more powerful than ever."
271:, Handwerk pointed out the remarkable fact that Churchill drafted an essay on extraterrestrial life on the eve of World War II, but sees this as typical for Churchill, who had "scientific curiosity" and a "recurring need to write for money" due to his "family's lavish lifestyle".
411:, the published essay is missing the part concerning the nature of life and the short passage about Jupiter, which are both contained in the 1939 and 1950s drafts. The unpublished part of the essay concerning the nature of life has been made available online by
796:
262:, de Freytas-Tamura considers the point that Churchill deemed it "probable that extraterrestrial life existed somewhere in the universe" and saw the essay as an example that "science was not just a hobby for Churchill."
999:
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180:, he considers it "conceivable that one day, possibly even in the not very distant future, it may be possible to travel to the moon, or even to Venus or Mars", because it would be "rash to set limits to the
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it contains only "minor typographical differences" apart from the changed title. Mario Livio has argued that
Churchill revised the 1950s draft in the villa of his literary agent,
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After the examination of the Solar System, he continues by thinking about planets orbiting other stars. Churchill thinks that stars outside the Solar System should
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After the reflection on exoplanets, Churchill turns to the exploration of the astronomical objects of the Solar System. Twenty-seven years before the
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their parent sun, to maintain a suitable temperature. Do they house living creatures, or even plants? The answer to this question may never be known.
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published a clarification on 6 April 2017 explaining that "part of that draft" had indeed been published as "Are There Men on the Moon?"
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235:, i.e. "the idea that, given the vastness of the Universe", it would be "hard to believe that humans on Earth represent something unique."
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considered it likely that it was an unpublished variant of the version published on 8 March 1942 in
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The essay was drafted in 1939 under the title "Are We Alone in Space?" The 1939 draft is kept by the
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787:"In Recently Unearthed Essay, Winston Churchill Anticipated Space Travel and Extraterrestrial Life"
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could be at the right temperatures to support it, while it would be "unlikely" that life arose on
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167:. He then argues that some exoplanets should, in principle, be able to support life. He writes:
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841:"'Are We Alone in the Universe?' Winston Churchill's Lost Extraterrestrial Essay Says No"
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85:. The 1950s version of the essay gained media attention after an analysis of it by
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Two unpublished versions of the essay are also known: A 1950s version held by the
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The essay came into the public eye after a 2017 article by the astrophysicist
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The unpublished 1950s draft titled "Are We Alone in the
Universe?" is held by the
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1062:"Long-Lost Winston Churchill Essay Reveals His Views on the Existence of Aliens"
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which could support such life. Due to their high temperatures, he rules out the
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990:"Churchill Essay on the Possibility of Alien Life Discovered in US College"
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Churchill drafted the 11-page essay in 1939, just as Europe headed towards
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A reworked version of the essay was published on 8 March 1942 in the
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1017:"'Are We Alone?' Churchill Concludes It's Likely Life Circles Other Suns"
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Churchill finishes his work with a clear indication that he believes in
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in 1975. The text of this version has been made available online by
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argues that "Churchill's reasoning mirrors many modern arguments in
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758:"Universal Appeal: Churchill's Essay About Extraterrestrial Life"
438:. The manuscript was handed to the National Churchill Museum by
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speculates that it was at first intended for publication in the
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seems unlikely to
Churchill due to the vast distances involved.
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342:, scepticism emerged concerning the essay's prior publication.
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871:"'Are There Men on the Moon?': Churchill on Alien Life, 1942"
963:"Winston Churchill's Views on Aliens Revealed in Lost Essay"
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244:, Travis M. Andrews praises Churchill's prediction of the
814:"Winston Churchill Wrote of Alien Life in a Lost Essay"
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quickly gained considerable popular attention: It was,
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as possibly habitable. Turning to the planets in the
1046:. Vol. IV. London: Library of Imperial History.
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231:." He sees Churchill's argument as resting on the
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50:on 8 March 1942 and republished as part of
902:"Winston Churchill's Essay on Alien Life Found"
370:under file reference CHAR 8/644. An article in
208:appeared in the vast compass of space and time.
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169:
812:de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (15 February 2017).
1138:
1044:The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill
391:The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill
52:The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill
8:
1440:Never was so much owed by so many to so few
1097:"Found Churchill Essay Was Not Unpublished"
338:Shortly after the article's publication in
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442:, the widow of Emery Reves, in the 1980s.
124:, he argues that the outer planets –
77:", which is part of the collection of the
1386:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
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723:
535:
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144: – should be too cold for life. But
73:" and an earlier 1939 draft titled "
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785:Andrews, Travis M. (16 February 2017).
552:
456:
1760:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill
1509:Schools and higher education (various)
610:
466:
1285:The Story of the Malakand Field Force
1268:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
799:from the original on 27 November 2022
687:
622:
598:
510:
491:
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1109:from the original on 24 January 2023
1082:from the original on 15 January 2023
1029:from the original on 15 January 2023
1002:from the original on 15 January 2023
975:from the original on 15 January 2023
884:from the original on 15 January 2023
853:from the original on 15 January 2023
839:Handwerk, Brian (16 February 2017).
826:from the original on 12 October 2019
772:from the original on 15 January 2023
1372:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)
1826:Essays about extraterrestrial life
1263:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945
14:
1531:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel
1514:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario
1466:Bibliography of Winston Churchill
1246:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945
1095:Keller, Rudi (19 February 2017).
1015:Scott, Simon (18 February 2017).
961:Rincon, Paul (15 February 2017).
44:. The essay was published in the
1309:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
1060:Clark, Liat (15 February 2017).
988:Sample, Ian (15 February 2017).
1684:1940 British war cabinet crisis
1476:International Churchill Society
1349:Marlborough: His Life and Times
16:1942 essay by Winston Churchill
1778:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill
1481:Churchill War Rooms and Museum
1405:A total and unmitigated defeat
430:. According to an analysis by
401:. According to an analysis by
1:
1426:We shall fight on the beaches
1188:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939
201:extraterrestrial intelligence
184:". Still, the possibility of
71:Are We Alone in the Universe?
1492:Churchill College, Cambridge
1412:Blood, toil, tears and sweat
1042:Wolff, Michael, ed. (1975).
246:circumstellar habitable zone
1666:Terminological inexactitude
706:"Correction: Clarification"
389:and republished as part of
1847:
1816:Works by Winston Churchill
1653:St Martin's Church, Bladon
1433:This was their finest hour
718:(7648): 25. 6 April 2017.
288:in the comment section of
34:Are There Men on the Moon?
1694:Honorary U.S. citizenship
1497:Churchill Archives Centre
1486:National Churchill Museum
1388:(1956–1958, four volumes)
1351:(1933–1938, four volumes)
1335:(1923–1931, five volumes)
420:National Churchill Museum
364:Churchill Archives Centre
178:first crewed Moon landing
79:Churchill Archives Centre
59:National Churchill Museum
36:" is an 11-page essay by
1380:(1948–1953, six volumes)
1178:Liberal Party, 1904–1924
1754:Lord Randolph Churchill
1325:Lord Randolph Churchill
1195:World War II, 1939–1945
878:: The Churchill Project
676:"Universal Appeal" 2017
659:"Universal Appeal" 2017
405:and a clarification by
83:University of Cambridge
1772:John Spencer-Churchill
1648:Siege of Sidney Street
1173:In politics, 1900–1939
1102:Columbia Daily Tribune
568:de Freytas-Tamura 2017
275:Discovery and versions
210:
174:
75:Are We Alone in Space?
40:on the possibility of
29:
1689:Bengal famine of 1943
1637:Operation Unthinkable
1574:Palace of Westminster
1365:Arms and the Covenant
1200:Later life, 1945–1965
1183:Chancellor, 1924–1929
1168:Early life, 1874–1904
867:Langworth, Richard M.
395:The Churchill Project
358:Versions of the essay
197:extraterrestrial life
99:Content and reception
42:extraterrestrial life
24:
1831:Works about the Moon
1712:Clementine Churchill
1378:The Second World War
1357:Great Contemporaries
1317:Ian Hamilton's March
900:(16 February 2017).
869:(17 February 2017).
344:Richard M. Langworth
233:Copernican principle
190:intergalactic travel
114:astronomical objects
1659:Sword of Stalingrad
1548:Cultural depictions
1543:Sutherland portrait
1419:Be ye men of valour
920:2017Natur.542..289L
792:The Washington Post
768:: 40. Spring 2017.
690:, pp. 493–498.
440:Wendy Russell Reves
320:The Washington Post
241:The Washington Post
182:progress of science
1736:Marigold Churchill
1724:Randolph Churchill
1643:Political ideology
1554:Churchillian Drift
1488:(Fulton, Missouri)
819:The New York Times
314:The New York Times
265:In his article in
259:The New York Times
217:In his article in
30:
1811:Scientific essays
1793:
1792:
1748:Winston Churchill
1609:
1608:
1579:Parliament Square
1230:Death and funeral
1205:Electoral history
1154:Winston Churchill
914:(7641): 289–291.
876:Hillsdale College
655:"Correction" 2017
640:"Correction" 2017
399:Hillsdale College
377:News of the World
165:also have planets
156:. Turning to the
89:was published in
38:Winston Churchill
26:Winston Churchill
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1601:Washington, D.C.
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1537:The Roaring Lion
1333:The World Crisis
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307:, discussed by
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47:Sunday Dispatch
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1295:(1899 novel)
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1220:Racial views
1210:As a painter
1111:. Retrieved
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995:The Guardian
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898:Livio, Mario
886:. Retrieved
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1806:1939 essays
1742:Mary Soames
1256:conferences
1215:As a writer
846:Smithsonian
762:Finest Hour
611:Sample 2017
467:Rincon 2017
436:Emery Reves
432:Finest Hour
413:Finest Hour
403:Finest Hour
372:Finest Hour
286:Mario Livio
268:Smithsonian
225:Mario Livio
87:Mario Livio
1800:Categories
1750:(grandson)
1744:(daughter)
1738:(daughter)
1732:(daughter)
1720:(daughter)
1459:depictions
1457:Legacy and
1239:Ministries
1113:15 January
1086:15 January
1033:15 January
1006:15 January
979:15 January
888:15 January
857:15 January
830:15 January
803:15 January
776:15 January
688:Wolff 1975
623:Scott 2017
599:Livio 2017
511:Livio 2017
492:Livio 2017
446:References
304:inter alia
54:in 1975.
1768:(brother)
1626:Chartwell
1076:1357-0978
954:205092694
938:1476-4687
750:256769904
734:0028-0836
451:Footnotes
368:Cambridge
280:Discovery
213:Reception
95:in 2017.
69:, named "
1762:(mother)
1756:(father)
1584:Woodford
1397:Speeches
1277:Writings
1251:timeline
1225:His pets
1107:Archived
1080:Archived
1067:Wired UK
1027:Archived
1000:Archived
973:Archived
968:BBC News
946:28202987
882:Archived
851:Archived
824:Archived
797:Archived
770:Archived
742:28383009
428:Missouri
309:BBC News
67:Missouri
1614:Related
1596:Toronto
1570:London
1564:Statues
1471:Honours
1293:Savrola
916:Bibcode
154:Mercury
138:Neptune
126:Jupiter
104:Content
81:at the
28:in 1942
1714:(wife)
1704:Family
1519:others
1367:(1938)
1359:(1937)
1343:(1930)
1327:(1906)
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711:Nature
424:Fulton
408:Nature
352:Nature
340:Nature
299:Nature
291:Nature
250:
220:Nature
134:Uranus
130:Saturn
92:Nature
63:Fulton
1726:(son)
1591:Paris
950:S2CID
746:S2CID
150:Venus
142:Pluto
118:stars
1161:Life
1115:2023
1088:2023
1072:ISSN
1035:2023
1008:2023
981:2023
942:PMID
934:ISSN
890:2023
859:2023
832:2023
805:2023
778:2023
738:PMID
730:ISSN
329:and
199:and
158:Moon
148:and
146:Mars
140:and
1022:NPR
924:doi
912:542
766:176
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332:NPR
256:In
188:or
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