953:
936:
919:
46:
255:
33:
905:
440:) is also commonly derived from the fresh sap in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are traditionally prevented from fermenting by placing crushed chili or ginger in the collecting container. The sap is boiled until it reduces to a thick syrup which is then dried into a brown sugar. Similar sugar extraction methods are also traditionally used for other sugar palms, such as the buri palm (
676:
ladder to the trunk, providing them with steps to climb up and reach the fruits. Some areas utilize hemp rope and slingshot. However, this method requires at least 2 people to collect the fruits as one of them must be responsible for climbing trees and harvesting the fruits, while the other stays on
766:, cultural beliefs associated with Arenga pinnata are prevalent. The trees are intertwined with the locals' lives and serve as a source of income for the villagers over generations. The locals typically call this plant
1526:
280:
bases. The leaves are 6–12 m (20–39 ft) long and 1.5 m (5 ft) broad, pinnate, with the pinnae in 1–6 rows, 40–70 centimetres (16–28 inches) long and 5 cm (2 in) broad. The
952:
1688:
793:
A belief revolves around the practice of singing and dancing during the sap tapping process. Locals believe that when the tree is surrounded by music, it yields abundantly and the
790:: ต้นลูกฆ่าแม่) which means a child kills its mother, as the Arenga pinnata in those areas can produce fruits only once in its lifetime and it will perish within 4 -5 years.
637:
The timber is used for high grade construction, posts, beams, flooring, interior finish, wharf bridge building and other uses where strength and durability are important.
1915:
429:
area. He described it as a "fermented" and "intoxicating liquor". He said that it was "the pith furnished with sugar – when the liquor was properly boiled down, a
1941:
828:: เหนาแก่). The word “Nao” refers to the tree while each subsequent word provides a different meaning that signifies the duration the tree has been tapped for
1388:
Popular history of the palms and their allies, containing a familiar account of their structure, geographical and geological distribution, history, ...
2096:
1863:
484:. These seeds have a chewy and sweet flavor .Young seeds are soft and easy to chew. When the fruits are overripe, they will have a harder texture.
2109:
1928:
1876:
2003:
1620:
1462:
1204:
1177:
1008:
317:, though it is locally rare in some parts of its range. It serves as an important part of the diet of several endangered species, including
1450:
1570:
882:: เหนาแก่) refers to the trees that have been used to collect sap continuously for three years or more including very old ones. The term “
1253:
1121:
935:
688:
twice a day, once in the morning and again in the evening. From a single tree, they typically obtain around 15-20 liters of fresh
652:
The seeds can be boiled and the stem tips can be eaten as vegetables. The young flower stalks can be bruised to obtain the juice.
629:
In
Indonesia, starch can also be extracted from sugar palms and used in place of rice flour in noodles, cakes, and other dishes.
1315:
2122:
1902:
1933:
918:
864:: เหนาแม่หม้าย) refers to the trees that have been used to collect sap, with the process repeated around a year. The term “
1386:
1664:
1772:
1360:
1504:
2135:
2016:
1946:
1486:
804:
Moreover, some locals have specific classifications for the female trees dividing them into three types, which are
276:
It is a medium-sized palm, growing to 20 metres (66 feet) tall, with the trunk remaining covered by the rough old
418:
298:
660:
Various methods are employed to climb and harvest the fruits. In some regions in
Thailand, locals make use of a
1217:
45:
2140:
2021:
2194:
1850:
1422:
265:
1855:
1842:
1837:
1715:
1777:
1421:
Jitwarin, T.; Jitwarin, L.; Mekkaeo, B.; Nirattisai, B.; Nantachai, K.; Sriboonjit, P.; Sani, S. (2022).
585:
512:
162:
2114:
609:: จั่งซุ้ย). The cloth made of this plant has a rough texture, making it unsuitable for most clothing.
1881:
1764:
1811:
1403:
1161:
1270:
1977:
1753:
1454:
1243:
709:
368:
179:
904:
743:
The world's first ever crossword puzzle, labelled "Word-Cross" in the 21 December 1913 edition of
2161:
2042:
2008:
1803:
1641:
1480:
1191:
1075:
763:
314:
260:
183:
40:
573:
in the
Philippines), is manufactured into cordage, brushes, brooms, thatch roofing, or filters.
335:
Many products of the palm are used, as food, as construction materials, and for other purposes.
1920:
1582:
580:, this type of roof is known in ancient Java vernacular architecture. It can be found today in
2083:
1954:
1785:
1616:
1468:
1458:
1423:"THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOVEN FABRIC MIXED WITH SUGAR PALM (ARENGA PINNATA WERR) PEDUNCLE'S FIBER"
1249:
1200:
1183:
1173:
1127:
1117:
1014:
1004:
595:
532:
1982:
1959:
1165:
1109:
996:
644:
that live inside the trunk are sometimes collected as food by people harvesting the fruits.
449:
The raw juice and pulp are caustic. This crop may develop into a major resource of biofuel (
254:
32:
959:
Fruits preserved in syrup from the
Philippines are commonly sold internationally as "kaong"
2189:
1604:
990:
985:
943:
751:
supplement and created by Arthur Wynne, a
Liverpool, UK-born journalist, included a clue:
581:
422:
303:
83:
1990:
1612:
552:
70:
1995:
2183:
1701:
1696:
1323:
926:
887:
879:
869:
861:
851:
839:
825:
817:
809:
787:
779:
771:
669:
606:
442:
430:
96:
1222:
Glossary of
Filipino Food ...and essays on the world's "original fusion cuisine" too
1195:
551:—a term that botanists applied as a specific or generic name to the whole plant)—in
2166:
2088:
2047:
1113:
722:
588:
481:
377:
1790:
476:
The seeds can be used in many different recipes, such as sour soup, or eaten with
2074:
1169:
1889:
1747:
1642:"Ton Nao Lullaby: The Community Way and Belief of Ban Khlong Bor Saen Villagers"
1545:
1000:
981:
488:
222:
109:
762:
In some areas of southern
Thailand, such as Ban Khlong Bor Saen and Bang Toei,
227:
1738:
1672:
1472:
1296:
1187:
433:...and of the inside of its triangular-shaped fruit a sweet bread was made."
347:
is harvested for commercial use in southeast Asia, yielding a sugar known as
1969:
1824:
1368:
1157:
1131:
1018:
618:
577:
382:
323:
318:
218:
202:
129:
411:
2153:
2034:
1444:
1032:
576:
According to the study on bas-reliefs of
Javanese ancient temples such as
2148:
2068:
2029:
1732:
601:
In
Thailand, fibres were once used to create raincoats for miners called
500:
487:
The boiled water obtained from boiling fruits can also be utilized as a
477:
214:
119:
1512:
617:
The leaves as well as the leaf midribs can be used to weave baskets and
473:) and are made into canned fruits after they are boiled in sugar syrup.
2101:
1868:
1798:
728:
450:
437:
387:
372:
1894:
717:
713:
693:
673:
661:
641:
426:
399:
363:
285:
is subglobose, 7 cm (3 in) diameter, green maturing black.
139:
1709:
993:– A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr
1338:
461:
The immature fruits are widely consumed in the
Philippines (called
2127:
1907:
1829:
1152:(Olivier)". In Wan, Fanghao; Jiang, Mingxing; Zhan, Aibin (eds.).
842:: เหนาสาว) refers to the trees that have not been used to collect
307:
282:
253:
210:
57:
664:
ladder with natural step-like protrusions which in Thai known as
405:
1816:
393:
277:
206:
1713:
1298:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
843:
829:
801:, some ground workers actively engage in singing and dancing.
798:
794:
697:
696:
tubes or plastic buckets are utilized to collect the dripping
689:
685:
681:
640:
The trunks are typically used for making tools and furniture.
344:
1427:
VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology
594:
horn-like curved roof architecture, such as those found in
515:, and use them as cooking ingredients in dishes like soup.
1393:
Book also lists names im several uncommon local languages.
499:
The fruit stalk can be cut it into smaller stick used as
503:. Some people also utilized it as part of furniture.
361:
in the Philippines. The sap is collected and made as
1391:
London: L. Reeve. p. 63 – via HathiTrust.
1148:
Peng, Lu; Hou, Youming (2017). "13. Red Palm Weevil
2058:
1722:
511:In Thailand, some people eat the young shoot with
1245:Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary
1609:It's All A Game — A short history of board games
1154:Biological invasions and its management in China
1074:Florido, Helen B.; de Mes, Priscilla B. (2003).
556:
1143:
1141:
1301:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 59.
672:: พะอง). Harvesters use a vine to attach this
568:
562:
367:, a traditional cold sweet drink, and is also
356:
403:), which in turn is distilled into a spirit (
8:
797:quality is enhanced. While climbers harvest
720:which is a major producer of kaong fruits,
1710:
1697:Global Compendium of Weeds: Arenga pinnata
1380:
1378:
31:
20:
1505:"น้ำตาลชก น้ำตาลเหนา รสหวานลึกกลางเขาหิน"
1087:Research Information Series on Ecosystems
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1446:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1361:"ลูกชก..ไม่ใช่ลูกชิด ของดี..เมืองพังงา"
973:
900:
684:harvesting period, workers collect the
1478:
782:: เหนา) . However, it has a nickname "
677:the ground to pull the climbing rope.
1635:
1633:
1498:
1496:
1404:"จั่งซุ้ย : เสื้อกันฝนชาวเหมือง"
1354:
1352:
1310:
1308:
712:is celebrated in the municipality of
7:
1451:United States Department of the Army
1665:"ท้าให้ลอง "ลูกชก" ของดีเมืองพังงา"
1106:An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms
1640:Mekkaeo, B.; Jitwarin, T. (2023).
1316:"ลูกชก ผลไม้โบราณ นานกว่าจะออกลูก"
1248:. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated.
296:suffers from the red palm weevil,
225:in the east. Common names include
14:
1322:. 17 January 2022. Archived from
740:in the northwestern Philippines.
2141:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:669779-1
2022:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:664261-1
1646:Journal of MCU Philosophy Review
1104:Riffle, Robert L.; Craft, Paul.
951:
934:
917:
903:
523:The dark fibrous bark (known as
44:
258:19th-century illustration from
201:) is an economically important
1271:"Kaong: Cavite's Sweet Secret"
708:In the Philippines, an annual
1:
1359:Jivananthaprawat, B. (2013).
1218:"List of Philippine vinegars"
753:The fibre of the gomuti plant
1170:10.1007/978-94-024-0948-2_13
1164:. pp. 245–256/xiv+366.
1041:Philippine Medicinal Plants
391:, Malaysian and Indonesian
2211:
1385:Seemann, Berthold (1856).
854:: สาว) means young woman.
302:, and is one of its major
1150:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
872:: แม่หม้าย) means widow.
299:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1295:Roberts, Edmund (1837).
1242:Edgie Polistico (2017).
465:) and Indonesia (called
421:talks about drinking an
569:
563:
397:, in eastern Indonesia
357:
266:Francisco Manuel Blanco
1485:: CS1 maint: others (
942:Fruits harvested from
584:roof architecture and
557:
268:
1689:Kew Palms Checklist:
1371:on 25 September 2014.
1337:Panthong, P. (2023).
257:
251:, among other names.
1663:KOEY (7 July 2019).
1503:Klomdet, S. (2022).
1457:. 2009. p. 99.
1275:Agriculture Magazine
1080:(Wurbm.) Merr.]"
820:: เหนาแม่ม่าย), and
736:is a local name for
415:in North Sulawesi).
1585:on 23 December 2018
1455:Skyhorse Publishing
1326:on 4 December 2022.
747:newspaper's Sunday
621:work in furniture.
205:native to tropical
199:Arenga saccharifera
1544:Urlanda, Randy V.
1269:Urlanda, Randy V.
890:: แก่) means old.
846:before. The term “
755:. The answer was
561:in Indonesia; and
467:buah kolang-kaling
423:alcoholic beverage
355:in Indonesia, and
315:threatened species
269:
261:Flora de Filipinas
2177:
2176:
2060:Saguerus pinnatus
1955:Open Tree of Life
1716:Taxon identifiers
1622:978-1-78649-453-5
1527:"การทำน้ำตาลเหนา"
1515:on 27 March 2023.
1464:978-1-60239-692-0
1205:978-94-024-0948-2
1179:978-94-024-0946-8
1076:"Sugar palm [
1010:978-0-935868-30-2
960:
946:
929:
912:
692:in each harvest.
596:Pagaruyung Palace
535:, and in India;
480:juice, syrup, or
190:
189:
2202:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1711:
1677:
1676:
1671:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1605:Donovan, Tristan
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:. Archived from
1500:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1367:. Archived from
1356:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1110:Portland, Oregon
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1071:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
997:Lawrence, Kansas
986:Dransfield, John
978:
958:
955:
941:
938:
924:
921:
910:
907:
784:Ton Luk Kha Mae"
732:in the country.
572:
566:
560:
360:
245:black sugar palm
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1718:
1685:
1680:
1675:on 3 June 2023.
1662:
1661:
1657:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1571:"The Making of
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1546:"Irok Festival"
1543:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1477:
1465:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1180:
1160:, Netherlands:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1124:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1011:
991:Genera Palmarum
982:Uhl, Natalie W.
980:
979:
975:
971:
966:
965:
964:
961:
956:
947:
939:
930:
922:
913:
908:
896:
706:
658:
650:
635:
627:
615:
582:Balinese temple
521:
509:
497:
459:
341:
333:
291:
274:
209:, from eastern
186:
176:
170:
157:
154:A. pinnata
43:
17:
16:Species of palm
12:
11:
5:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2195:Tropical fruit
2192:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:wfo-0000300039
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:wfo-0000263731
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1983:Arenga pinnata
1974:
1970:Arenga_pinnata
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1759:
1754:Arenga pinnata
1744:
1728:
1726:
1724:Arenga pinnata
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:Arenga pinnata
1699:
1694:
1691:Arenga pinnata
1684:
1683:External links
1681:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1629:
1621:
1613:Atlantic Books
1611:. London, UK:
1596:
1573:Arenga Pinnata
1562:
1536:
1518:
1492:
1463:
1436:
1413:
1395:
1374:
1348:
1329:
1304:
1287:
1261:
1254:
1234:
1209:
1178:
1137:
1122:
1096:
1078:Arenga pinnata
1053:
1035:Arenga pinnata
1024:
1009:
972:
970:
967:
963:
962:
957:
950:
948:
940:
933:
931:
925:Saplings from
923:
916:
914:
909:
902:
899:
898:
897:
895:
892:
745:New York World
738:Arenga pinnata
705:
702:
657:
654:
649:
646:
634:
631:
626:
623:
614:
611:
520:
517:
508:
505:
496:
493:
458:
455:
419:Edmund Roberts
340:
337:
332:
329:
290:
287:
273:
270:
194:Arenga pinnata
188:
187:
177:
172:Arenga pinnata
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
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107:
100:
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94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Arenga pinnata
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
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486:
482:coconut milk
475:
470:
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417:
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376:
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313:It is not a
312:
297:
293:
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259:
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241:arengga palm
240:
236:
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203:feather palm
198:
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1890:iNaturalist
1748:Wikispecies
1652:(1): 81–86.
1589:23 December
1555:23 December
1550:Cavite.info
1433:(3): 75–85.
1339:"ก้านดอกชก"
1227:23 December
1207:. Page 247.
1046:23 December
1001:Allen Press
858:Nao Mae Mai
814:Nao Mae Mai
586:Minangkabau
513:chili sauce
507:Young shoot
495:Fruit stalk
489:natural dye
409:in Maluku,
272:Description
223:Philippines
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
2184:Categories
1991:Plant List
1343:Onceinlife
969:References
911:Bark fiber
656:Harvesting
570:cabo negro
385:(Filipino
375:(Filipino
351:in India,
319:cloud rats
294:A. pinnata
249:kaong palm
233:areng palm
228:sugar palm
221:, and the
2075:Q87611340
1996:kew-14681
1856:200027008
1843:200027008
1669:Nairobroo
1579:FoodRecap
1531:M-culture
1481:cite book
1473:277203364
1408:Navanurak
1188:984692367
1158:Dordrecht
1093:(2): 1–7.
774:: ชก) or
764:Phang Nga
619:marquetry
578:Borobudur
412:cap tikus
383:palm wine
369:fermented
353:gula aren
324:Phloeomys
237:aren palm
219:Indonesia
148:Species:
130:Arecaceae
54:Kingdom:
2149:Tropicos
2128:669778-1
2069:Wikidata
2030:Tropicos
1967:PalDat:
1921:10207716
1908:664261-1
1733:Wikidata
1702:PACSOA:
1615:(2018).
1575:Vinegar"
1365:Thairath
1280:12 April
1196:91164620
1162:Springer
1132:49760622
1019:15641317
603:Jang Sui
533:Javanese
501:firewood
471:buah tap
358:pakaskas
215:Malaysia
213:east to
126:Family:
120:Arecales
97:Monocots
2154:2401379
2102:2734008
2035:2401365
1869:2733997
1817:1136057
1799:Ecocrop
1765:13-48-1
1739:Q227984
1533:. 2022.
1509:KRUA.CO
1112:, USA:
1033:"Kaong
999:, USA:
894:Gallery
876:Nao Kae
866:Mae Mai
836:Nao Saw
822:Nao Kae
806:Nao saw
704:Culture
680:During
642:Weevils
592:gonjong
451:ethanol
438:jaggery
436:Sugar (
373:vinegar
289:Ecology
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2190:Arenga
2004:PLANTS
1960:354550
1947:145669
1934:506704
1895:348791
1778:411855
1762:APSA:
1619:
1471:
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1120:
1017:
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726:, and
718:Cavite
714:Indang
694:Bamboo
674:bamboo
666:Phaong
662:bamboo
625:Starch
613:Leaves
549:gomuti
519:Fibres
478:pandan
431:farina
427:Cavite
400:sageru
364:lahang
247:, and
235:(also
197:(syn.
141:Arenga
2115:32654
2089:4TZBB
2009:ARPI6
1916:IRMNG
1830:AGBPI
1627:p154.
1192:S2CID
1083:(PDF)
633:Trunk
564:yumot
553:Malay
463:kaong
457:Fruit
371:into
308:China
304:hosts
283:fruit
211:India
184:Merr.
180:Wurmb
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
2136:POWO
2123:IPNI
2110:GRIN
2097:GBIF
2017:POWO
1978:PfaF
1942:NCBI
1929:ITIS
1903:IPNI
1882:3951
1877:GRIN
1864:GBIF
1825:EPPO
1804:3348
1791:GFGR
1773:BOLD
1617:ISBN
1591:2018
1557:2018
1487:link
1469:OCLC
1459:ISBN
1282:2024
1250:ISBN
1229:2018
1201:ISBN
1184:OCLC
1174:ISBN
1128:OCLC
1118:ISBN
1048:2018
1015:OCLC
1005:ISBN
944:Java
888:Thai
880:Thai
870:Thai
862:Thai
852:Thai
840:Thai
826:Thai
818:Thai
810:Thai
788:Thai
780:Thai
772:Thai
768:Chok
734:Irok
729:tubâ
670:Thai
607:Thai
558:ijuk
541:ejoo
406:sopi
394:tuak
388:tubâ
343:The
331:Uses
278:leaf
207:Asia
2162:WFO
2084:CoL
2043:WFO
1851:FoC
1838:FNA
1812:EoL
1786:CoL
1166:doi
886:” (
884:Kae
868:” (
850:” (
848:Saw
844:sap
830:sap
799:sap
795:sap
776:Nao
757:doh
749:Fun
716:in
698:sap
690:sap
686:sap
682:sap
567:or
547:or
545:eju
537:iju
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529:doh
527:or
525:duk
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264:by
243:),
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