317:, espionage and sabotage. Rosengolts was also accused of having passed military secrets to Germany, on Trotsky's orders, during the negotiations he conducted in 1923, and of embezzling huge sums to finance the opposition. Like most of his co-defendants, Rosengolts confessed. In his final plea to the court he declared: "There is not a single man in the world who brought to much sorrow and misfortune to people as Trotsky ... Long live, flourish and grow in strength the great, mighty, beautiful USSR, advancing from victory to victory. He was sentenced to death and shot on March 15, 1938 in Moscow.
140:), working with Trotsky, which provoked bitter opposition from the trade unions, because it brought the railway and water transport workers' unions under political control. From January 1922 to November 1924, he was head of the Soviet Air Force. In this capacity, he conducted secret negotiations with German high command, with the aim of securing military co-operation, principally against Poland. In July 1923, he had a secret meeting with the German Chancellor,
331:, an employee of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, described Rosengolts as "a bulky-shouldered, handsome Jew, with a heavy jaw and iron character ... He was a forceful executive with a strong feeling for authority, a born bureaucrat and, when I knew him, devoted to Stalin." He believed that Rosengolts's skillful handling of foreign trade saved the USSR from economic catastrophe in the 1930s. But the scientist,
43:
929:
191:
On 12 May 1927, Special Branch police raided the London headquarters of the Soviet trade delegation and the All-Russian Co-operative
Society, 'Arcos' looking for a document allegedly stolen from the War Office. Rosengolts protested to the British government, and submitted a seven-page memorandum
106:, and was arrested for the first at the age of 16. In 1906, he was a Bolshevik delegate to the Fourth RSDLP Congress, in Stockholm. He worked as an insurance agent and carried out work for the Bolshevik party in Vitebsk, Kiev, Ekaterinoslav and Moscow. Rosengolts played an active role in the
129:, who appointed him in September 1918 to the Revolutionary War Council, which directed the war effort. He was removed from the council in July, but continued to serve as a political commissar with the Fifth Red Army for the campaign against the White army of
265:
In
November 1930, the commissariat was divided into two, and Rosengolts was appointed People' Commissar for Foreign Trade. Under pressure to improve the USSR's trade balance, he clashed fiercely with the People's Commissar for Heavy Industry,
849:
Report Of Court
Proceedings In The Case Of The Anti-Soviet "Bloc Of Rights And Trotskyites". Heard Before The Military Collegium Of The Supreme Court Of The U.S.S.R., Moscow, March 2–13, 1938. In Re: N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, G.G. Yagoda et
93:
on
November 4, 1889. He was the son of a Jewish merchant. Late in life, he said that he was raised by a woman who was an active revolutionary, and that at the age of ten, he had to hide illegal literature during a police raid. He joined the
230:
The
British government severed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on 25 May 1927. and expelled Rosengolts. As he was returning from London, he stopped off in Warsaw, where he witnessed the assassination of the soviet ambassador,
199:
told the UK Parliament that the police had uncovered a wealth of documents obtained by spies in a 'subterranean photostat room'. Baldwin did not directly accuse
Rosengolts of espionage, singling out the trade representative,
151:, which called for greater party democracy, and which implied that his allegiance was to the left opposition, which supported Trotsky when the communist party split in the mid-1920s. This invoked a sarcastic response from
252:
387:
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arrived in July 1926, and after Krasin's death in
November 1926. In December, he reported to Moscow that relations between the UK and USSR were deteriorating because of soviet support for the
262:, a member of Stalin's inner circle, but Stalin had concluded that Mikoyan was not able to deal with the USSR's trade deficit and decided to "prop him up" with an "outstanding deputy".
208:, who at the time of the Arcos affair was in China, where the British suspected that he was planning a communist takeover. Baldwin pointed out that Rosengolts had written to the London
74:
271:
169:
In 1925–27, Rosengolts was counsellor and chargé d'affaires at the Soviet embassy in
Britain. This in line with a Stalin's practice of sending leading oppositionists, such as
258:
On 10 September 1930, he was appointed Deputy People's
Commissar for Trade. This was a promotion and a sign of Stalin's confidence in his ability. The People's Commissar was
320:
In March 1988, the
Communist Party announced that the entire trial was based on fake evidence and false confessions, and 'rehabilitated' Rosengolts and other defendants.
637:
247:
Rosengolts had severed any connection with the opposition by the time of his return to Moscow, when he became a loyal supporter of Stalin. In 1927–30, he worked for
204:
instead, but he implied that Rosengolts was a liar. The police had seized correspondence between the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and the Soviet agent
224:
161:
in December 1923: "In the ranks of the opposition there are men like Rosengolts, whose 'democracy' was a misery to our water transport workers and railwaymen."
99:
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192:
claiming that there was "no particle of evidence that the Trade delegation or Arcos or any of their employees have ever engaged in military espionage."
212:
claiming that "Borodin is a private individual who is not and never has been in the service of the Soviet government." Borodin was in fact working for
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From the beginning of the Russian civil war, Rosengolts was a political commissar with the Red Army, and played a leading role in the conquest of
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335:, who encountered Rosengolts in the 1920s, thought him a "pompous, conceited man, in my opinion utterly worthless as an executive."
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alleged that Rosengolts "knew perfectly well that there were incriminating documents passing to and fro between Moscow and London."
111:
270:, who needed imported equipment. One argument became so heated that Ordzhonikidze nearly hit Rosengolts. Reporting back from a
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Rosengolts ran the embassy from November 1925, when Rakovsky was transferred from London to Paris, until the new Ambassador,
587:
20:
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959:
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290:, Rosengolts was dismissed from this office, and appointed head of the department for state reserves, while the
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was building a case against him. He was arrested on October 7, 1937. He was one of the defendants of the third
492:
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78:
860:
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431:
The Origin of the Communist Autocracy - Political Opposition in the Soviet State: First Phase, 1917-1922
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in a private apartment in Berlin, but talks floundered after the fall of the Cuno government.
130:
57:(Russian: Арка́дий Па́влович Розенго́льц; 4 November 1889 – 15 March 1938; sometimes spelled
299:
275:
737:"Stalin, Politburo, and Its Commissions in the Soviet Decision-making Process in the 1930s"
389:
Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites'
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commented that "the exchange of courtesies between 'Rozen' and Sergo was very unpleasant."
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560:"Statement by the Chargé d'Affaires of the USSR in Britain regarding the Arcos raid"
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The accused faced a long list of capital charges, including plotting to assassinate
110:. He was a member of the executive committee of the Moscow City Council, the Moscow
303:
232:
201:
141:
126:
70:
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In August 1920, Rosengolts was assigned to create the Joint Transport Committee (
852:
Verbatim Report. People's Commissariat of Justice of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, 1938.
287:
42:
532:
838:
Khrushchev, Nikita, 'Speech to the Twentieth Communist Party Congress' (1956).
24:
395:. Moscow: People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. 1938. pp. 764–6
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95:
66:
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255:, the body responsible for party discipline and expelling oppositionists.
861:
http://marxism.halkcephesi.net/Great%20Conspiracy/GC-AK-MS-chapter20.htm
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32:
314:
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47:
690:
Lars T. Lih, Oleg V. Naumov and Oleg V. Khlevniuk (editors) (1995).
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Lazitch, Branko, in collaboration with Milorad Drachkovitch (1973).
310:
122:
118:
41:
360:"Розенгольц Аркадий Павлович 1889-1938 Биографический указатель"
291:
761:
R.W. Davies, Oleg V. Khlevniuk and E.A.Rees (editors) (2003).
450:. Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom.
616:. Stanford, Cal: Hoover Institution Press. p. 34.
114:
and the All-Russian Military-Revolutionary Committee.
935:
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom
73:
military leader, politician and diplomat. He was the
465:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 49–50.
418:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 422–23.
874:http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_r/rozengolc_ap.php
433:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 256–57.
480:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 115.
102:(RSDLP) in 1905, the year of the first, abortive
125:region during 1918. This brought him close to
763:The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931-36
173:, out of the country on diplomatic missions.
8:
636:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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810:. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons. p. 245.
219:Speaking in Parliament two days later, the
184:in the UK and communist involvement in the
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274:session in August 1931, Stalin's deputy,
694:. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 205–06.
614:Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern
306:, and other prominent Soviet officials.
100:Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
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843:The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes.
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692:Stalin's Letters to Molotov, 1925-1936
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416:The Prophet Armed, Trotsky:1879-1921
147:In December 1923, Rosengolts signed
765:. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 62.
533:"Anglo-Soviet relations, 1927-1932"
195:But on 24 May, the Prime Minister,
75:People's Commissar of Foreign Trade
518:Socialism in One Country, Volume 3
463:Socialism in One Country, Volume 3
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945:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
742:. Slavic-Eurasian Research Centre
940:Great Purge victims from Belarus
448:"Rozengol'ts, Arkadiy Pavlovich"
112:Military Revolutionary Committee
910:Military personnel from Vitebsk
905:People of the Russian Civil War
286:On June 14, 1937, early in the
77:and a defendant at the Moscow
1:
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
915:Jews from the Russian Empire
821:Ipatieff, Vladimir (1946).
806:Barmine, Alexander (1945).
673:"Russia: Nest of Murderers"
564:Warwick Digital Collections
55:Arkady Pavlovich Rosengolts
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531:Bridges, Brian E. (1979).
478:The Interregnum, 1923-1924
429:Schapiro, Leonard (1965).
253:Central Control Commission
19:In this name that follows
18:
925:Jewish Soviet politicians
857:Marxist Internet Archive.
825:. Stanford: Stanford U.P.
414:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
855:'The Great Conspiracy.'
494:Works Volume 5 1921-1923
89:Rosengolts was born in
79:Trial of the Twenty-One
588:"Hansard, 24 May 1927"
51:
890:Belarusian socialists
823:The Life of a Chemist
652:"Hansard 26 May 1927"
225:William Joynson-Hicks
149:The Declaration of 46
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558:Rosengolts, Arkady.
539:. Swansea University
845:Random House, 1953.
476:Carr, E.H. (1969).
461:Carr, E.H. (1972).
268:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
960:Soviet show trials
866:2011-08-20 at the
841:Orlov, Alexander,
791:has generic name (
720:has generic name (
251:and served on the
171:Christian Rakovsky
108:Revolution of 1917
104:Russian Revolution
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895:Jewish socialists
735:Tomita, Takeshi.
333:Vladimir Ipatieff
329:Alexander Barmine
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679:. 20 June 1927.
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210:Daily Telegraph
206:Mikhail Borodin
197:Stanley Baldwin
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131:Admiral Kolchak
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950:1889 births
859:Online at:
324:Personality
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884:Categories
746:17 October
657:14 October
597:13 October
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543:14 October
501:12 October
399:14 October
369:12 October
339:References
85:Early life
59:Rosengoltz
37:Rosengolts
25:patronymic
781:cite book
710:cite book
632:cite book
272:Politburo
214:Comintern
165:In London
96:Bolshevik
81:in 1938.
67:Bolshevik
63:Rosenholz
29:Pavlovich
864:Archived
138:Tsektran
65:) was a
833:Sources
364:Khronos
249:Rabkrin
91:Vitebsk
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537:Cronfa
516:Carr.
315:Stalin
158:Pravda
71:Soviet
48:London
23:, the
740:(PDF)
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311:Lenin
123:Volga
119:Kazan
793:help
767:ISBN
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722:help
696:ISBN
677:Time
659:2022
638:link
618:ISBN
599:2022
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313:and
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