150:, which said of Gross, "for if we don't get rid of him in some way he'll have half of the best paying offices in the state filled with niggers, in less time than two years"; and supported black people being elected to political office, which local Radicals thought was unconstitutional at the federal level. It bemoaned the political landscape of Arkansas, in which black people held around 10 of 200 offices in one county. It opposed the existence of slavery, both within the United States and abroad. It supported equality before the law—including universal male suffrage—and the paper published stories saying that many white people were deprived of civil rights in the South. The paper endorsed several black candidates who ran as Republicans in the 1869 Little Rock municipal election, most of whom won.
22:
143:—the first African American newspaper in Arkansas—was published on 21 August 1869 in Little Rock. It was probably made of four pages, and throughout its life, the paper's motto was "Devoted to the interests of the colored persons of Arkansas". The paper was financially supported by advertisements and Gross.
158:
In
December 1869, Gross closed the paper during his travel, and in March 1870, he reopened it. During the closure, J.C. Akers, a journalist from Ohio, claimed that Gross had sold him the paper for $ 180 and promissory notes, but he withdrew from the deal because the paper was unprofitable. Gross sued
126:
for black people. This
Republican Freedom was similar to what conservative Democrats desired, and Radical Republicans withdrew much of their support for the paper's establishment as a result. Many members of Arkansas's black community also withdrew their support, but some—including a community in
110:—the planned editor of the paper who was a reverend, former slave, and recent transplant to Arkansas—began distributing material to other newspapers in the state, explaining his reasons for establishing a newspaper, and what its aims were. Gross advocated for what he called "
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In June 1869, several prominent black men in
Arkansas met to consider establishing the first black newspaper in the state. They announced a formal dinner and meeting for the latter half of the month, and some of the white press—including the
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The paper opposed the
Radical Republicans: It attacked black people who supported the Radicals as being a "flock of sheep"; printed an unpublished (and perhaps fake) attack article by a writer of the
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rule of
Arkansas, and opposed the reality that black Arkansans mostly supported them. While its editor intended to reopen the paper in 1871, the paper was never published again.
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Akers as a result. While it is not known exactly when the paper went defunct, Gross said later that it stopped publishing new articles during the summer of 1870.
661:
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131:—continued to support Gross. One group of black Republicans in Little Rock said Gross had become "an imposter and an enemy to his race".
81:—some of the earliest supporters of a black newspaper bid—did not care about black Arkansans, and they desired a newspaper that was "
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wrote that this withdrawal of support was because
Radical Republicans could no longer control black people.
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490:"To the back of the elephant: Racial conflict in the Arkansas Republican Party"
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reported that the foundation of a black press was nearly as important as
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that a black newspaper was politically advantageous for them, while the
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He intended to reopen the paper again in 1871. He never did.
591:"Seduction, accommodation, or realism? Tabbs Gross and the
564:"African Americans, Civil War, and aftermath in Arkansas"
122:, the ability to self-advocate, and the establishment of
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25:Front page of the 5 October 1869 issue of the
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38:was the first African American newspaper in
672:Defunct newspapers published in Arkansas
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518:; McGraw, Patricia Washington (1979).
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662:African-American history of Arkansas
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677:Publications disestablished in 1870
667:Defunct African-American newspapers
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638:. Central Arkansas Library System
628:Pruden, William H. III (2020).
682:Newspapers established in 1869
103:supported its establishment.
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600:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
569:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
495:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
456:Littlefield & McGraw 1979
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275:Littlefield & McGraw 1979
227:Littlefield & McGraw 1979
215:Littlefield & McGraw 1979
124:separate schools and churches
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630:"Tabbs Gross (1820–1880)"
120:practice private religion
635:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
139:The first issue of the
516:Littlefield, Daniel F.
116:without regard to race
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488:Dillard, Tom (1974).
114:": The right to vote
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589:Neal, Diane (1989).
166:Notes and references
340:, pp. 80, 85;
79:Radical Republicans
368:, pp. 80, 83.
112:Republican Freedom
100:Morning Republican
95:Arkansas Democrats
67:Reconstruction era
44:Radical Republican
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380:, pp. 80–81.
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502:(1): 3–15.
263:Lovett 1995
251:Pruden 2020
135:Publication
129:Little Rock
108:Tabbs Gross
83:independent
656:Categories
148:Republican
50:Foundation
642:13 August
621:0004-1823
582:0004-1823
552:0031-8906
508:0004-1823
471:Neal 1989
444:Neal 1989
417:Neal 1989
342:Neal 1989
326:Neal 1989
239:Neal 1989
195:Citations
106:In July,
93:wrote to
87:patriotic
63:Civil War
562:(1995).
40:Arkansas
185:Gazette
91:Gazette
89:". The
71:Gazette
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531:Phylon
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154:Demise
69:; the
521:"The
171:Notes
644:2022
617:ISSN
578:ISSN
548:ISSN
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183:The
85:and
32:The
609:doi
540:doi
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