Aristotle's biology - Knowledge (XXG)

1213: 984: 1222: 785: 2413: 667: 2611: 624: 241: 900: 721: 545:: it was not something extra, but the system consisting exactly of these mechanisms. The Aristotelian soul died with the animal and was thus purely biological. Different types of organism possessed different types of soul. Plants had a vegetative soul, responsible for reproduction and growth. Animals had both a vegetative and a sensitive soul, responsible for mobility and sensation. Humans, uniquely, had a vegetative, a sensitive, and a rational soul, capable of thought and reflection. 327: 2471: 1100: 559: 2080: 6731: 6397: 2586:, which entertains the possibility of a selection process following the random combination of body parts. Darwin comments that "We here see the principle of natural selection shadowed forth". However, two things mitigate against this interpretation. Firstly, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility of such a process of assembling body parts. Secondly, according to Leroi, Aristotle was in any case discussing 447: 33: 2294: 6408: 352:, but significantly different from it. Plato's Forms were eternal and fixed, being "blueprints in the mind of God". Real things in the world could, in Plato's view, at best be approximations to these perfect Forms. Aristotle heard Plato's view and developed it into a set of three biological concepts. He uses the same Greek word, 704:. This in turn causes a change in the heart's heat, which causes a quantitative change sufficient to make the heart transmit a mechanical impulse to a limb, which moves, moving the animal's body. The alteration in the heat of the heart also causes a change in the consistency of the joints, which helps the limb to move. 1281: 852:

is divided into vertebrae because, as it happens, the embryo twists about and snaps the column into pieces, is wrong. Aristotle argues instead that the process has a predefined goal: that the "seed" that develops into the embryo began with an inbuilt "potential" to become specific body parts, such as

938:

Instead, he practised a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these. This style is common in modern biology when large amounts of data become available in a new field, such as

775:

The child's sex can be influenced by factors that affect temperature, including the weather, the wind direction, diet, and the father's age. Features other than sex also depend on whether the semen overpowers the menses, so if a man has strong semen, he will have sons who resemble him, while if the

653:

The system worked as follows. Heat is constantly lost from the body. Food products reach the heart and are processed into new blood, releasing fire during metabolism, which raises the blood temperature too high. That raises the heart temperature, causing lung volume to increase, in turn raising the

1187:

was used in sexual reproduction. He admitted its use in mating 'only for the sake of attachment', but rejected the idea that it was useful for generation, since "it is outside the passage and indeed outside the body". In the 19th century, biologists found that the reported function was correct. He

657:

The mechanism only works if the air is cooler than the reference temperature. If the air is hotter than that, the system becomes a positive feedback cycle, the body's fire is put out, and death follows. The system as described damps out fluctuations in temperature. Aristotle however predicted that

2391:

merged Aristotle's metaphysics with Christian theology. Whereas Albert had treated Aristotle's biology as science, writing that experiment was the only safe guide and joining in with the types of observation that Aristotle had made, Aquinas saw Aristotle purely as theory, and Aristotelian thought

2108:. His system had eleven grades, arranged according to the potentiality of each being, expressed in their form at birth. The highest animals gave birth to warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs cold, dry, and in thick eggs. The system was based on Aristotle's interpretation of the 122:

described. Aristotle's method, too, resembled the style of science used by modern biologists when exploring a new area, with systematic data collection, discovery of patterns, and inference of possible causal explanations from these. He did not perform experiments in the modern sense, but made

2710:, where the reader is instructed to look at the diagrams to understand how the animal parts described are arranged, and it has even been possible to reconstruct (admittedly with much associated uncertainty) what some of these illustrations may have looked like, from Aristotle's descriptions. 2701:

Aristotle did not write anything that resembles a modern, unified textbook of biology. Instead, he wrote a large number of "books" which, taken together, give an idea of his approach to the science. Some of these interlock, referring to each other, while others, such as the drawings of

2180:. It has an Aristotelian structure, but rather than focus on formal causes, as Aristotle did, Theophrastus described how plants functioned. Where Aristotle expanded on grand theories, Theophrastus was quietly empirical. Where Aristotle insisted that species have a fixed place on the 423:

Finally, Aristotle observed that the child does not take just any form, but is given it by the parents' seeds, which combine. These seeds thus contain form, or in modern terms information. Aristotle makes clear that he sometimes intends this third sense by giving the analogy of a

123:

observations of living animals and carried out dissections. He names some 500 species of bird, mammal, and fish; and he distinguishes dozens of insects and other invertebrates. He describes the internal anatomy of over a hundred animals, and dissected around 35 of these.

755:

Aristotle's theory has some symmetry, as semen movements carry maleness while the menses carry femaleness. If the semen is hot enough to overpower the cold menses, the child will be a boy; but if it is too cold to do this, the child will be a girl. Inheritance is thus

2142:

were higher on the scale than the cold, dry, nearly mineral eggs of birds. However, Aristotle is careful never to insist that a group fits perfectly in the scale; he knows animals have many combinations of attributes, and that placements are approximate.

707:

There is thus a causal chain which transmits information from a sense organ to an organ capable of making decisions, and onwards to a motor organ. In this respect, the model is analogous to a modern understanding of information processing such as in

2602:. Darwin considered Aristotle the most important early contributor to biological thought; in an 1882 letter he wrote that "Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle." 1025:, in the form of the five processes of metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, embryonic development, and inheritance that he developed. Further, he provided mechanical, non-vitalist analogies for these theories, mentioning 879:. However, these charges need to be considered in the light of what was known in his own time. His systematic gathering of data, too, is obscured by the lack of modern methods of presentation, such as tables of data: for example, the whole of 638:

Aristotle's account of temperature regulation sought to explain how an animal maintained a steady temperature and the continued oscillation of the thorax needed for breathing. The system of regulation of temperature and breathing described in

2669:". Few practicing zoologists explicitly adhere to Aristotle's great chain of being, but its influence is still perceptible in the use of the terms "lower" and "upper" to designate taxa such as groups of plants. The evolutionary zoologist 573:

Aristotle's account of metabolism sought to explain how food was processed by the body to provide both heat and the materials for the body's construction and maintenance. The metabolic system for live-bearing tetrapods described in the

954:

relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied. Among these correct predictions are the following. Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an

432:

or embedded information). Aristotle further emphasises the informational nature of form by arguing that a body is compounded of elements like earth and fire, just as a word is compounded of letters in a specific order.

203:

Islamic world. Translation of Arabic versions and commentaries into Latin brought knowledge of Aristotle back into Western Europe, but the only biological work widely taught in medieval universities was

2633:

Aristotle remains largely unknown to modern scientists, though zoologists are perhaps most likely to mention him as "the father of biology"; the MarineBio Conservation Society notes that he identified "

744:

The system worked as follows. The father's semen and the mother's menses have movements that encode their parental characteristics. The model is partly asymmetric, as only the father's movements define

401:

is one of these indivisible forms: Socrates and the rest of us are all different individually, but we all have human form. More recent studies have shown that Aristotle used the terms γένος (génos) and

2444:

lectured and wrote commentaries on Aristotle. Elsewhere, authors used Aristotle as one of their sources, alongside their own and their colleagues' observations, to create new encyclopedias such as

2622:

Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports. However, modern observation has confirmed one after another of his more surprising claims, including the

362:), to mean first of all the set of visible features that uniquely characterised a kind of animal. Aristotle used the word γένος (génos) to mean a kind. For example, the kind of animal called a 2874:, and some texts use that translation. Aristotle did not formulate a definition resembling that of a modern species, however, and some of his forms are other taxa such as genera or families. 612:(c. 460–c. 370 BC) had argued. The uniform parts can be arranged on a scale of Aristotelian qualities, from the coldest and driest, such as hair, to the hottest and wettest, such as milk. 825:

first makes the heart appear; this is vital, as the heart nourishes all other organs. Aristotle observed that the heart is the first organ seen to be active (beating) in a hen's egg. The

752:

of the species, while the movements of both the father's and the mother's uniform parts define features other than the form, such as the father's eye colour or the mother's nose shape.

296:

in the seas around it, especially of the Pyrrha lagoon in the island's centre. This study made him the earliest scientist whose written work survives. No similarly detailed work on

300:

was attempted until the sixteenth century; accordingly Aristotle remained highly influential for some two thousand years. He returned to Athens and founded his own school, the

4295:

Kruk, R., 1979, The Arabic Version of Aristotle's Parts of Animals: book XI–XIV of the Kitab al-Hayawan, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam-Oxford 1979.

654:

airflow at the mouth. The cool air brought in through the mouth reduces the heart temperature, so the lung volume accordingly decreases, restoring the temperature to normal.

5930: 2833: 6686: 650:(one that maintains a desired property by opposing disturbances to it), with a few assumptions such as a desired temperature to compare the actual temperature against. 604:

All the tissues are in Aristotle's view completely uniform parts with no internal structure of any kind; a cartilage for example was the same all the way through, not

685:

model has been named the "centralized incoming and outgoing motions model". It sought to explain how changes in the world led to appropriate behaviour in the animal.

1221: 5683: 2500: 2479: 428:. It takes its form from wood (its material cause); the tools and carving technique used to make it (its efficient cause); and the design laid out for it (its 589:

is released as heat. Blood is made into flesh, the rest forming other earthy tissues such as bones, teeth, cartilages and sinews. Leftover blood is made into

585:

The system worked as follows. The incoming material, food, enters the body and is concocted into blood; waste is excreted as urine, bile, and faeces, and the

6445: 4862: 741:

Aristotle's inheritance model sought to explain how the parents' characteristics are transmitted to the child, subject to influence from the environment.

2264:

to Syriac, then to Arabic, then to Latin in the Middle Ages. Aristotle remained the principal authority in biology for the next two thousand years. The

6716: 6458: 5861: 5435: 1212: 2490:

period, Aristotle came to represent all that was obsolete, scholastic, and wrong, not helped by his association with medieval theology. In 1632,

1138:

lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialised knowledge such as

983: 2172: 2157: 1055:. For a biological system, these are however straightforward enough. The material cause is simply what a system is constructed from. The goal ( 313: 187: 5213: 304:, where he taught for the last dozen years of his life. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. Aristotle's pupil 5349: 5330: 5289: 4871: 4836: 4803: 4562: 4535: 4369: 4260: 3912: 3885: 3435: 2255: 5202: 5180: 971:, and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier. As a final example, 5984: 5235: 5191: 5169: 3034:

guessed rightly or wrongly what Aristotle meant in his short descriptions. Sometimes an ancient Greek name must mean exactly one species –

2458:

similarly helped to found modern zoology by arranging the animals according to Aristotle's theories, separating out folklore from his 1552

5224: 2210:

After Theophrastus, though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of

658:

his system would cause lung oscillation (breathing), which is possible given extra assumptions such as of delays or non-linear responses.

4977: 682: 6618: 4308:

A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitab Na't al-Hayawan) in the Ibn Bakhtishu' Tradition)

6593: 6345: 5091: 4637: 3116:

As a father to the science, he stands alone. The next figures significant enough to be named in MarineBio's history, for example, are

2261: 2563:

zoologist's informed attempt to identify the animals that Aristotle names, and to interpret and diagram his anatomical descriptions.

6019: 5308: 5032: 4316: 4225: 4137: 4101: 3212: 3042:, when it's a land animal; but sometimes a name referred to several similar species, as English names often do today: for instance, 2450: 2428: 5546: 885:

Book VI is taken up with a list of observations of the life histories of birds that "would now be summarized in a single table in

224:

to reject Aristotle. Criticism of his errors and secondhand reports continued for centuries. He has found better acceptance among

199:

medicine in Egypt continued Aristotle's inquiry into the mechanisms of the human body. Aristotle's biology was influential in the

6762: 6438: 5900: 4415: 2790: 4517: 6565: 6505: 6475: 5925: 2826: 1942:) with feathers and beaks instead of teeth, so they too formed a distinct group, of over 50 kinds. The egg-bearing tetrapods, 5372: 3953: 6772: 6540: 6265: 5515: 3258: 118:. Each was defined in some detail, in some cases sufficient to enable modern biologists to create mathematical models of the 4758: 3008:: Most learned bachelor / Whom I esteem and honor, I would like to ask you the cause and reason why / Opium makes one sleep. 784: 2412: 1130:

Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of

6570: 6377: 6290: 5541: 5428: 2523:

stated in "pure seventeenth century" tones that Aristotle had assembled "a strange and generally speaking rather tiresome

1088: 1042: 6555: 6535: 6382: 5763: 5400: 5386: 2114: 975:

decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.

862: 579: 566: 935:) finding a fertilised hen's egg of a suitable stage and opening it so as to be able to see the embryo's heart inside. 805:

The system worked as follows. First, the father's semen curdles the mother's menses, which Aristotle compares with how

487:

process, whereby animals take in matter, change its qualities, and distribute these to use to grow, live, and reproduce

6767: 6757: 6734: 6431: 3833: 2383:

commented extensively on Aristotle, but added his own zoological observations and an encyclopedia of animals based on

666: 6530: 6004: 5623: 5255: 4760:

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

2205: 454:

of plants, animals, and humans, according to Aristotle, where humans are unique in having all three types of soul.

6367: 2455: 2131: 2127: 6490: 5946: 5421: 3930:"Aristotle's scientific contributions to the classification, nomenclature and distribution of marine organisms" 2513: 2119: 802:

sought to explain how the inherited parental characteristics cause the formation and development of an embryo.

697: 2544: 2416: 947:

and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed. In this sense, Aristotle's biology is scientific.

853:

vertebrae. Further, each sort of animal gives rise to animals of its own kind: humans only have human babies.

673:: Leroi's "centralized incoming and outgoing motions model" of an animal's "sensitive soul"; the heart is the 1930:, also had blood and gave birth to live young, but did not have legs, and therefore formed a separate group ( 6608: 6545: 6485: 5827: 5768: 5735: 4217: 2134:(cold and dry). These are arranged from the most energetic to the least, so the warm, wet young raised in a 2123: 757: 277: 4212:

Annas, "Classical Greek Philosophy", 2001, p. 252. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.)

3692: 2610: 623: 240: 6638: 6588: 6560: 6520: 5920: 5806: 5710: 5606: 4681: 2819: 2757: 2436:

Renaissance zoologists made use of Aristotle's zoology in two ways. Especially in Italy, scholars such as

2384: 1814: 1280: 872: 709: 535: 491: 469: 154: 107: 4252:

Translating Image and Text in the Medieval Mediterranean World between the Tenth and Thirteenth Centuries

2266: 2251: 731:

from the father. Male aspects are shown in red; female aspects in blue. The model is not fully symmetric.

6659: 6034: 6029: 6009: 5811: 5524: 4089: 3961: 2963: 2734: 2582: 2379:

translated much of Aristotle's biology into Latin, c. 1225, along with many of Averroes's commentaries.

2353: 1080: 1079:. The efficient cause is how a system develops and moves: to a modern biologist, those are explained by 1001: 944: 531: 524: 142: 115: 5279: 2519:

Aristotle still represented the enemy of true science into the 20th century. Leroi noted that in 1985,

2061:

and various worms: Aristotle did not classify these into groups, although Aristotle mentioned that the

1051:

that he uses in his biological explanations opaque, something not helped by many centuries of confused

995:

Aristotle's use of explanation has been considered "fundamentally unscientific". The French playwright

720: 6691: 6664: 6603: 6550: 6123: 6024: 6014: 5979: 5877: 5856: 5745: 2962:

The relative importance of parental characteristics and environment became the subject of the modern

2101: 2074: 1068: 844: 769: 736: 5340:

Ogilvie, Brian W. (2010). "Zoology". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.).

1108: 899: 6696: 6633: 6525: 6510: 6320: 6093: 5882: 5837: 5801: 5753: 5725: 5368: 2742: 2573: 2314: 1022: 834: 284:, but unlike Plato he backed up his views with detailed and systematic observation, notably of the 148: 119: 3251:

Aristotle's classification of animals: biology and the conceptual unity of the Aristotelian corpus

2477:'s champion-figure Salviati convinces Sagredo and defeats the Aristotelian Simplicio, in his 1632 1978:

instead of bones and were viviparous (Aristotle did not know that some selachians are oviparous).

1010: 6706: 6654: 6515: 6500: 6480: 6454: 6400: 6310: 6137: 6060: 5846: 5791: 5730: 5693: 5594: 5468: 5275: 5263: 5050: 4712: 4467: 4270: 3638: 3133:

Leroi has written several papers on the subject, cited in his book, and made a BBC film about it.

3117: 3027: 2903: 2854: 2721: 2674: 2397: 2163: 1970:, had blood but no legs, and laid wet eggs, forming a definite group. Among them, the selachians 1753: 1611: 1064: 881: 761: 517: 476: 472: 301: 136: 131: 127: 49: 5266:(2010). "Function and Constraint in Aristotle and Evolutionary Theory". In Föllinger, S. (ed.). 4129: 2552: 911:

period increases. He was correct in these predictions, at least for mammals: data are shown for

516:

of the limbs. He thus separated sensation from thought, unlike all previous philosophers except

265: 245: 3204: 2470: 6495: 6412: 6372: 6300: 6285: 6260: 6083: 6073: 5715: 5658: 5564: 5503: 5345: 5326: 5304: 5285: 5142: 5087: 5038: 5028: 4959: 4867: 4842: 4832: 4809: 4799: 4764: 4704: 4633: 4558: 4531: 4459: 4365: 4359: 4312: 4256: 4250: 4221: 4133: 4097: 3908: 3881: 3431: 3254: 3208: 2627: 2623: 2599: 2569: 2437: 2360: 2215: 2109: 1076: 644: 386: 4981: 4552: 4306: 2531:, imperfect observation, wishful thinking and credulity amounting to downright gullibility". 6711: 6255: 6113: 5956: 5796: 5628: 5589: 5583: 5484: 5150: 5132: 5020: 4949: 4696: 4523: 4498: 4420: 4057: 3941: 3479: 3196: 2750: 2454:. The title and the philosophical approach were Aristotelian, but the work was largely new. 2347: 1749: 1310: 1264:. His accounts of about 35 animals are sufficiently detailed to convince biologists that he 1099: 968: 951: 887: 849: 412:) in a relative way. A taxon that is considered an eidos in one context can be considered a 326: 269: 249: 160: 45: 2692:

is Aristotle, who was fascinated by the natural world but bewildered by its inner workings.

6701: 6325: 6221: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5892: 5851: 5720: 5611: 5444: 5062: 4282: 3974: 2899: 2781: 2495: 2380: 2297: 1159: 964: 558: 349: 285: 96: 5404: 4914: 4331:

Kruk, R., 2003, "La zoologie aristotélicienne. Tradition arabe", DPhA Supplement, 329–334

3928:

Voultsiadou, E.; Gerovasileiou, V.; Vandepitte, L.; Ganias, K.; Arvanitidis, C. (2018) .

2462:. Aristotle's system of classification had thus remained influential for many centuries. 2363:

from the Moors in 1085, an Arabic translation of Aristotle's works, with commentaries by

1252:

Among many other things, he gave accurate descriptions of the four-chambered stomachs of

615:

At each stage of metabolism, residual materials are excreted as faeces, urine, and bile.

4582: 6315: 6295: 6250: 6226: 6103: 5758: 5490: 5390: 5155: 5120: 4754: 4578: 4404: 4122: 4117: 3169: 3121: 3030:

that resemble Aristotle's are the animals he was referring to, as zoologists including

2666: 2566: 2540: 2509: 2445: 2423: 2388: 2376: 2227: 2095:

that all beings were arranged in a fixed scale of perfection, reflected in their form (

2079: 1954:) had blood and four legs, but were cold and laid eggs, so were a distinct group. The 1297: 1235: 1180: 1123: 647: 586: 505: 293: 229: 221: 192: 80: 41: 5268:

Was ist 'Leben'? Aristoteles' Anschauungen zur Entstehung und Funktionsweise von Leben

1009:

Aristotelian doctor Argan blandly explaining that opium causes sleep by virtue of its

692:

is altered when it detects an object. This causes a perceptual change in the animal's

6751: 6305: 6216: 6208: 6098: 6039: 5678: 5673: 5079: 4625: 3197: 3031: 2689: 2681: 2548: 2520: 2441: 2393: 2099:). They stretched from minerals to plants and animals, and on up to man, forming the 1962:, similarly had blood, but no legs, and laid dry eggs, so were a separate group. The 1575: 1571: 1336: 1327: 1257: 1113: 868: 799: 209: 111: 4716: 1029:, toy carts, the movement of water through porous pots, and even automatic puppets. 943:. It does not result in the same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out 17: 6362: 6088: 5633: 5558: 5378: 4937: 2717:(De Animalibus), namely, with the conventional abbreviations shown in parentheses: 2670: 2487: 2167: 2084: 1649: 1184: 1154: 814: 728: 513: 370: 345: 339: 305: 213: 182: 88: 4432: 3902: 3875: 6671: 6423: 6238: 6078: 6068: 5773: 5570: 5536: 5119:

Fürst von Lieven, Alexander; Humar, Marcel; Scholtz, Gerhard (1 February 2021).

5019:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 222. pp. 5–18, discussion 18–23. 4655:

Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin

4487:"Aristotle as an ichthyologist: Exploring Aegean fish diversity 2,400 years ago" 4062: 4045: 3470:

Corcilius, Klaus; Gregoric, Pavel (2013). "Aristotle's Model of Animal Motion".

3060: 3047: 2950: 2772: 2638: 2634: 2356: 2305: 2062: 2050: 2042: 2014: 1710: 1675: 1319: 1269: 1261: 1164: 1056: 1048: 1038: 950:

From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of

903:

Aristotle inferred growth laws from his observations on animals, including that

876: 792: 765: 689: 495: 463: 446: 425: 331: 196: 166: 37: 5137: 4448:"A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium"" 4424: 3253:(Rev. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Pr. pp. xiv + 235. 32: 6613: 6194: 6160: 5530: 5463: 5318: 5084:

Deep Homology?: Uncanny Similarities of Humans and Flies Uncovered by Evo-Devo

5024: 4409: 3483: 2993: 2976: 2907: 2662: 2615: 2591: 2219: 2211: 2002: 1951: 1858: 1265: 1201: 1193: 1176: 1168: 1084: 1072: 996: 924: 904: 839: 609: 484: 369:

Aristotle further noted that there are many bird forms within the bird kind –

281: 103: 5146: 4963: 4846: 4813: 4463: 987:

Aristotle used the analogy of the movement of water through a porous pot (an

6681: 6628: 6623: 6598: 6355: 6172: 6150: 6108: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5915: 5905: 5668: 5646: 5617: 5509: 5458: 4519:

The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature

3642: 3082: 2924: 2812: 2798: 2658: 2650: 2595: 2293: 2185: 2046: 2038: 1975: 1640: 1540: 1536: 1497: 1458: 1289: 1143: 1139: 1060: 972: 908: 746: 693: 674: 509: 334:

that a thing takes its form both from its design and from the material used.

261: 68: 5042: 4954: 4768: 4708: 2218:

that advances in biology resumed. The first medical teacher at Alexandria,

569:

model. Food is converted to the body's uniform parts and excreted residues.

4527: 2885: 2713:

Aristotle's main biological works are the five books sometimes grouped as

2524: 791:: Aristotle saw the chick embryo's heart beating. 19th century drawing by 6676: 6167: 6155: 6145: 6118: 5910: 5663: 4485:

Ganias, Kostas; Mezarli, Charikleia; Voultsiadou, Eleni (November 2017).

3314: 2805: 2678: 2642: 2587: 2560: 2505: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2327: 2323: 2309: 2139: 2058: 2030: 2006: 1990: 1607: 1501: 1253: 1243: 1239: 1052: 1018: 1006: 988: 956: 940: 916: 200: 4831:. Shelton, Connecticut: People's Medical Publishing House. p. 118. 4471: 4447: 2262:

classical works including those of Aristotle were transmitted from Greek

1272:

some; he mentions the internal anatomy of roughly 110 animals in total.

6243: 6231: 5702: 5576: 5520: 5323:

The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance

4700: 4046:"Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals" 3946: 3929: 2989: 2937: 2871: 2654: 2551:

admired Aristotle's biology and investigated some of his observations.

2528: 2491: 2474: 2054: 2026: 2022: 1994: 1947: 1938:

had blood and laid eggs, but had only 2 legs and were a distinct form (

1923: 1919: 1883: 1819: 1744: 1719: 1531: 1463: 1172: 1150: 1119: 1026: 1017:. Argan's explanation is at best empty (devoid of mechanism), at worst 931:

to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures, such as (in

871:

onwards for at least two reasons: his scientific style, and his use of

848:, he argues that what he describes as a theory of Empedocles, that the 605: 382: 297: 225: 217: 84: 72: 64: 60: 4502: 2779:

In addition, a group of seven short works, conventionally forming the

1922:), being warm, having four legs, and giving birth to their young. The 75:. Many of his observations were made during his stay on the island of 5600: 2870:

In modern terms, it has been argued that these roughly correspond to

2300:

commented extensively on Aristotle's zoology, adding more of his own.

2275: 2235: 2193: 2177: 2135: 1963: 1853: 1789: 1780: 1680: 1566: 1424: 1231: 1135: 1131: 1104: 810: 806: 499: 309: 289: 130:, are scattered across several books, forming about a quarter of his 76: 4486: 4361:

Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Between 500 and 1500

63:, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly 5389:(1910). "Historia animalium". In Ross, W. D.; Smith, J. A. (eds.). 1146:, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas. 817:. This forms the embryo; it is then developed by the action of the 727:: model of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of 6350: 5652: 5639: 5552: 5497: 5413: 3039: 2858: 2609: 2469: 2411: 2292: 2239: 2223: 2189: 2078: 1986: 1955: 1715: 1645: 1492: 1467: 1399: 1394: 1301: 1279: 1189: 1098: 982: 960: 912: 898: 783: 719: 701: 622: 598: 445: 398: 374: 325: 273: 239: 92: 31: 3059:

Aristotle did not know that complex invertebrates do make use of

366:

has feathers, a beak, wings, a hard-shelled egg, and warm blood.

2906:

notes that biologists will at once think in this context of the

2646: 2231: 2034: 1888: 1823: 1684: 1602: 1433: 1359: 776:

semen is weak, he will have daughters who resemble their mother.

594: 542: 459: 451: 390: 378: 363: 6427: 5417: 2230:

to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between

875:. His explanations are in turn made cryptic by his complicated 2911: 1785: 1429: 590: 2673:

has taken an interest in Aristotle's biology. The concept of

2594:

coming into being of an individual from component parts, not

2400:

curriculum omitted most of Aristotle's biology, but included

1296:

Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of birds, mammals,

1183:. He reported that fishermen had asserted that the octopus’s 842:, order "spontaneously" appears in the developing embryo. In 597:

or hard lard. Some fat from all around the body is made into

403: 353: 102:

The theory describes five major biological processes, namely

5236:

De Juventute et Senectute, De Vita et Morte, De Respiratione

4653:

Müller, J. (1840). "Ueber den glatten Hai des Aristoteles".

1238:(left) was attached by a cord to something like a mammalian 867:

Aristotle has been called unscientific by philosophers from

4341: 4339: 4337: 4094:

The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea

3693:"Seventeenth Century Medical Practice according to Molière" 3588: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3532: 3530: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3272: 3270: 3085:, but Aristotle saw it as a permanent, eternal arrangement. 3072:

Aristotle did not nest his groups into a hierarchical tree.

5015:

Panchen, A. L. (1999). "Homology — History of a Concept".

4039: 4037: 4035: 2785:("Short treatises on Nature"), is also mainly biological: 991:

shown) to help explain biological processes as mechanisms.

582:, a branching tree of flows of material through the body. 3815: 3813: 3712: 3710: 3107:

Gessner borrowed the title from one of Aristotle's books.

2504:(Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) by the 4798:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 15. 4630:

Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology

3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 2923:

Like the ancient Egyptians, Aristotle believed that the

891:– and in the Online Supplementary Information at that". 504:

an information processing model whereby animals receive

4608: 4606: 3986: 3984: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3326: 3324: 1934:, defined by a set of functioning "parts"). The birds, 1188:

separated the aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that

475:, Aristotle's biology included five major interlocking 4936:

Rigato, Emanuele; Minelli, Alessandro (28 June 2013).

4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 3845: 3843: 1134:

and the surrounding seas, including in particular the

191:, no research of comparable scope was carried out in 4829:

The Heart's Vortex: Intracardiac Blood Flow Phenomena

4682:"Aristotle's Statement on the Reproduction of Sharks" 3151: 3149: 3026:

It is not safe to assume that species or groups with

1981:

Animals without blood were divided into soft-shelled

643:

26 is sufficiently detailed to permit modelling as a

3017:, Of which it is the nature / To stupefy the senses. 1914:

Animals with blood included live-bearing tetrapods,

959:

has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a

927:

in the modern sense. He used the ancient Greek term

6647: 6579: 6466: 6338: 6278: 6207: 6187: 6136: 6059: 6052: 5955: 5939: 5891: 5870: 5836: 5820: 5782: 5744: 5701: 5692: 5477: 5451: 4446:Fürst von Lieven, Alexander; Humar, Marcel (2008). 3643:"Aristotle's Lagoon: Embryo Inside a Chicken's Egg" 3013:: ... The reason is that in opium resides / A 2338:, Averroes criticising Avempace's interpretations. 2222:, corrected Aristotle, placing intelligence in the 344:Aristotle's biology is constructed on the basis of 5931:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 4408: 4128:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4124:Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His thought 4121: 2834:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 2539:Zoologists working in the 19th century, including 126:Aristotle's writings on biology, the first in the 4044:Laurin, Michel; Humar, Marcel (10 January 2022). 5344:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1000–1001. 4522:. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press. pp. xv + 209. 2688:The deep thinker who would be most amused by .. 821:(literally, breath or spirit) in the semen. The 393:within the fish kind. He sometimes called these 3094:Scot translated HA, GA, and PA, and all of the 2686: 2665:, so he "is often referred to as the father of 2626:of the octopus and the ability of elephants to 2184:, Theophrastus suggests that one kind of plant 228:, and some of his long-derided observations in 79:, including especially his descriptions of the 5392:The works of Aristotle translated into English 3901:Rhodes, Frank Harold Trevor (1 January 1974). 2657:, and that marine vertebrates could be either 1314:. Aristotle distinguished animals with blood, 1292:) was one of the many fish named by Aristotle. 6687:History of the creation-evolution controversy 6439: 5429: 4909: 4907: 3874:Carl T. Bergstrom; Lee Alan Dugatkin (2012). 3831:Emily Kearns, "Animals, knowledge about," in 3753: 3751: 3749: 3081:To a modern biologist, such a scale suggests 2512:proved Aristotle wrong by demonstrating that 2501:Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo 389:, and so on, just as there are many forms of 8: 5121:"Aristotle's lobster: the image in the text" 5086:. Cambridge University Press. p. viii. 5074: 5072: 5017:Novartis Foundation Symposium 222 - Homology 4863:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage 4419:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3199:Ancient Natural History: Histories of Nature 2861:derive from this, and have related meanings. 1122:(labelled "Calona") where Aristotle studied 232:have been found in modern times to be true. 212:, as well as errors in his theories, caused 208:. The association of his work with medieval 91:, which derives from but is markedly unlike 4866:. Yale University Press. pp. 236–239. 4763:(6th ed.). John Murray. p. xiii. 4452:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 3063:, but of a different kind from vertebrates. 688:The system worked as follows. The animal's 272:, remaining there for about 20 years. Like 6446: 6432: 6424: 6275: 6204: 6184: 6133: 6056: 5698: 5436: 5422: 5414: 5371:(1922). "Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology". 5281:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science 4915:"A History of the Study of Marine Biology" 4557:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. 696:, which Aristotle believed was the heart ( 292:, where he spent about two years, and the 6717:Relationship between religion and science 5270:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 261–284. 5154: 5136: 4980:. Knight Ayton Management. Archived from 4953: 4214:The Oxford History of the Classical World 4061: 3945: 3686: 3684: 2508:Simplicio ("Simpleton"). That same year, 760:(definitely one trait or another), as in 4938:"The great chain of being is still here" 4741: 4729: 3728: 2925:seat of the rational and sensitive souls 2614:Elephant swimming, using its trunk as a 2037:). Other animals without blood included 1332: 665: 557: 4632:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 4416:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4391: 3300: 3145: 2846: 2162:Aristotle's pupil and successor at the 5058: 5048: 4278: 4268: 3990: 3970: 3959: 3757: 3663: 3521: 3330: 2188:into another, as when a field sown to 2158:Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book) 813:from a cow's stomach) curdles milk in 5106: 5002: 4898: 4886: 4781: 4667: 4612: 4597: 4345: 4236: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4152: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3861: 3849: 3819: 3804: 3768: 3740: 3716: 3675: 3625: 3604: 3592: 3575: 3548: 3536: 3509: 3457: 3413: 3401: 3384: 3372: 3353: 3288: 3276: 3236: 3155: 2256:Science in the medieval Islamic world 1021:. But the real Aristotle did provide 829:then makes the other organs develop. 7: 5985:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias 4164: 4076: 2975:Thus features are, in modern terms, 2679:evolutionary developmental biologist 1047:Readers of Aristotle have found the 3174:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1167:are detailed, as is his writing on 330:Aristotle argued by analogy with a 6594:Central dogma of molecular biology 6346:Transmission of the Greek Classics 3695:. University of California, Irvine 2630:with their trunks while swimming. 2083:Aristotle reported correctly that 907:decreases with body mass, whereas 170:, as well as the lost drawings of 134:. The main biology texts were the 25: 6020:The Situations and Names of Winds 5225:De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae 4942:Evolution: Education and Outreach 4689:Journal of the History of Biology 3783:, Book V, 541b9-541b12, 544a6-14. 2706:are lost, but referred to in the 1260:embryological development of the 1200:(roughly, the modern zoologist's 1196:were part of the group he called 641:Youth and Old Age, Life and Death 632:Youth and Old Age, Life and Death 244:Aristotle spent some 20 years at 6730: 6729: 6406: 6396: 6395: 4917:. MarineBio Conservation Society 4554:Astronomy: The Evolving Universe 4516:Laurin, Michel (3 August 2023). 2898:In modern terms, this implies a 1220: 1211: 1089:explanations of these same kinds 348:, which is derived from Plato's 5926:On Length and Shortness of Life 3639:Leroi, Armand Marie (Presenter) 3430:. Duckworth. pp. 126–129. 2827:On Length and Shortness of Life 2738:(De Generatione Animalium) (GA) 1126:is in the centre of the island. 1087:. Biologists continue to offer 768:model which was continuous and 27:Aristotle's theories of biology 6619:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis 5516:Correspondence theory of truth 4796:Species: a history of the idea 3168:Lennox, James (27 July 2011). 2677:began with Aristotle, and the 2606:20th and 21st century interest 2308:(d. 850), and commented on by 2176:, the first classical book of 1670:, but placenta like tetrapods 543:what Aristotle called the soul 308:later wrote a similar book on 83:of the Pyrrha lagoon, now the 1: 5862:Constitution of the Athenians 5252:A History of Greek Philosophy 4827:Pasipoularides, Ares (2010). 2914:which give form to organisms. 2387:. Later in the 13th century, 2087:were able to stun their prey. 1322:) and animals without blood, 508:information, alter it in the 5764:On Generation and Corruption 5325:. Harvard University Press. 4587:. Frankfurt: Wilhelm Fitzer. 4433:UK public library membership 4410:"Wotton, Edward (1492–1555)" 4096:. Harvard University Press. 3934:Mediterranean Marine Science 2927:was the heart, not the brain 2754:(De Partibus Animalium) (PA) 2115:On Generation and Corruption 1230:Aristotle recorded that the 863:History of scientific method 50:change colour when disturbed 5406:On Aristotle as a biologist 5299:Mason, Stephen F. (1962) . 5181:De Memoria et Reminiscentia 4364:. Springer. pp. 502–. 4063:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1 3907:. Golden Press. p. 7. 3834:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3428:Aristotle on Life and Death 3124:, some two millennia later. 2766:(De Incessu Animalium) (IA) 132:writings that have survived 6789: 6005:On Marvellous Things Heard 5624:Potentiality and actuality 5401:Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth 5387:Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth 5374:Greek Biology and Medicine 5363:. Oxford University Press. 5361:A Short History of Biology 5256:Cambridge University Press 5250:Guthrie, W. K. C. (1981). 5138:10.1007/s12064-020-00322-6 4407:; Wallis, Patrick (2004). 4358:Lagerlund, Henrik (2010). 3387:, pp. 79–80, 143–145. 3249:Pellegrin, Pierre (1986). 3046:means any of 4 species of 2992:(whales and dolphins) and 2345: 2304:The book was mentioned by 2249: 2206:Medicine in ancient Greece 2203: 2155: 2072: 1637:(Among egg-laying fishes): 1043:Tinbergen's four questions 1036: 860: 734: 541:The five processes formed 498:, but which progressively 457: 404: 354: 337: 256: 110:, information processing, 6725: 6391: 6368:Commentaries on Aristotle 5301:A History of the Sciences 5214:De Divinatione per Somnum 5025:10.1002/9780470515655.ch2 4628:; Medawar, J. S. (1984). 3731:, p. Prefatory Note. 3484:10.1163/15685284-12341242 2949:In modern terms, this is 2730:(Historia Animalium) (HA) 2460:De differentiis animalium 2330:(Ibn Rushd) commented on 2242:while the former do not. 2238:, noting that the latter 2017:); and divisible animals 1069:biologist, such teleology 832:Aristotle asserts in his 630:: Leroi's model based on 87:. His theory is based on 5359:Singer, Charles (1931). 5170:De Sensu et Sensibilibus 5005:, pp. 3 and passim. 4978:"Professor Armand Leroi" 4680:Bodson, Liliane (1983). 4551:Zeilik, Michael (2002). 4305:Contadini, Anna (2012). 4255:. Brill. pp. 288–. 4249:Hoffman, Eva R. (2013). 2889:, I form, give shape to. 2746:(De Motu Animalium) (DM) 2091:Aristotle stated in the 2065:was in its "own group". 1815:Spontaneously generating 1318:(the modern zoologist's 416:(which includes various 264:(384–322 BC) studied at 6763:Philosophy of Aristotle 5736:Sophistical Refutations 5342:The Classical Tradition 4218:Oxford University Press 3837:, 3rd ed., 1996, p. 92. 3795:, Book I, 720b16-721a2. 3426:King, R. A. H. (2001). 2392:became associated with 2332:On the Parts of Animals 2284:On the Parts of Animals 2220:Herophilus of Chalcedon 2200:On Hellenistic medicine 2105:or great chain of being 1974:(sharks and rays), had 1059:) and formal cause are 496:maintain a steady state 185:, who wrote a matching 36:Among Aristotle's many 6639:Spontaneous generation 6589:Germ theory of disease 6566:Zoology (through 1859) 5921:On Divination in Sleep 5607:Horror vacui (physics) 4955:10.1186/1936-6434-6-18 4860:Forbes, Peter (2009). 4794:Wilkins, John (2009). 4425:10.1093/ref:odnb/29999 4050:Comptes Rendus Palevol 3969:Cite journal requires 3880:. Norton. p. 35. 3203:. Routledge. pp. 3195:French, Roger (1994). 2820:On Divination in Sleep 2763:On the Gait of Animals 2759:Progression of Animals 2727:Inquiries into Animals 2694: 2619: 2483: 2466:Early Modern rejection 2433: 2408:On Renaissance science 2371:emerged into European 2301: 2088: 1425:Live-bearing tetrapods 1293: 1268:those species, indeed 1127: 1075:under the pressure of 992: 920: 795: 732: 710:sensory-motor coupling 683:information processing 678: 671:Information processing 662:Information processing 635: 628:Temperature regulation 619:Temperature regulation 578:can be modelled as an 570: 536:spontaneous generation 492:temperature regulation 470:evolutionary biologist 455: 452:structure of the souls 335: 257:Aristotle's background 253: 181:Apart from his pupil, 174:which accompanied the 155:Progression of Animals 108:temperature regulation 53: 6773:Ancient Greek science 6660:Philosophy of biology 6413:Philosophy portal 6035:Rhetoric to Alexander 5125:Theory in Biosciences 4528:10.1201/9781003092827 3793:Generation of Animals 3176:. Stanford University 3170:"Aristotle's Biology" 2964:nature-nurture debate 2735:Generation of Animals 2618:, as Aristotle stated 2613: 2583:The Origin of Species 2545:Johannes Peter Müller 2473: 2415: 2354:Alfonso VI of Castile 2346:Further information: 2336:Generation of Animals 2296: 2288:Generation of Animals 2250:Further information: 2204:Further information: 2082: 2073:Further information: 1283: 1102: 1081:developmental biology 1061:what something is for 1023:biological mechanisms 1002:The Imaginary Invalid 986: 979:Mechanism and analogy 933:Generation of Animals 923:Aristotle did not do 902: 861:Further information: 798:Aristotle's model of 787: 723: 669: 626: 606:subdivided into atoms 561: 532:embryonic development 460:Soul § Aristotle 449: 397:, indivisible forms. 329: 243: 143:Generation of Animals 35: 6692:Human Genome Project 6604:Great chain of being 6571:Zoology (since 1859) 6506:Evolutionary thought 6476:Agricultural science 6124:Andronicus of Rhodes 6025:On Virtues and Vices 5980:On Indivisible Lines 5901:Sense and Sensibilia 5871:Rhetoric and poetics 5684:mathematical realism 5369:Taylor, Henry Osborn 3954:"Supplementary data" 3743:, pp. 196, 248. 2791:Sense and Sensibilia 2561:classically educated 2535:19th century revival 2226:, and connected the 2130:(cold and wet); and 2075:Great chain of being 1745:Hard-shelled animals 1596:except scales, eggs 1561:except scales, eggs 1532:Egg-laying tetrapods 1350:(given by Aristotle) 1340:(highest to lowest) 1149:His observations on 1011:dormitive principle 845:The Parts of Animals 737:Telegony (pregnancy) 18:Aristotelian biology 6697:Humboldtian science 6634:Sequence hypothesis 6541:Molecular evolution 6094:Strato of Lampsacus 5726:Posterior Analytics 5478:Ideas and interests 5276:Leroi, Armand Marie 5264:Leroi, Armand Marie 5192:De Somno et Vigilia 4889:, pp. 137–138. 4784:, pp. 272–275. 4600:, pp. 355–361. 4348:, pp. 354–355. 4203:, pp. 296–297. 4079:, pp. 201–202. 4005:, pp. 111–119. 3807:, pp. 384–385. 3691:Becker, Barbara J. 3628:, pp. 361–365. 3616:Taylor, 1922. p. 42 3595:, pp. 365–368. 3578:, pp. 369–373. 3551:, pp. 181–182. 3539:, pp. 197–200. 3512:, pp. 215–221. 3416:, pp. 176–177. 3404:, pp. 403–404. 3375:, pp. 261–284. 3356:, pp. 400–401. 3279:, pp. 370–373. 2743:Movement of Animals 2385:Thomas of Cantimpré 2352:When the Christian 2342:On medieval science 2320:The Book of Healing 2274:) is a 9th-century 1341: 1242:(right), in fact a 1120:lagoon near Kalloni 945:testable hypotheses 468:As analysed by the 315:Enquiry into Plants 216:scientists such as 188:Enquiry into Plants 149:Movement of Animals 89:his concept of form 57:Aristotle's biology 6768:History of zoology 6758:History of biology 6707:Natural philosophy 6655:History of science 6455:History of biology 6138:Islamic Golden Age 6061:Peripatetic school 5847:Nicomachean Ethics 5542:Future contingents 5409:. Clarendon Press. 5395:. Clarendon Press. 4984:on 24 October 2013 4701:10.1007/bf00582408 4491:Fish and Fisheries 4155:, p. 276–278. 3947:10.12681/mms.13874 3781:History of Animals 3118:Captain James Cook 2723:History of Animals 2708:History of Animals 2620: 2559:in 1910, making a 2557:History of Animals 2484: 2451:Historia Animalium 2434: 2429:Historia Animalium 2398:natural philosophy 2312:(Ibn Sīnā) in his 2302: 2280:History of Animals 2246:On Islamic zoology 2192:turns to the weed 2093:History of Animals 2089: 1916:Zōiotoka tetrapoda 1333: 1306:History of Animals 1294: 1128: 1095:Empirical research 993: 921: 882:History of Animals 838:that according to 796: 762:Mendelian genetics 733: 700:) rather than the 679: 675:seat of perception 636: 571: 514:to drive movements 494:, whereby animals 456: 346:his theory of form 336: 322:Aristotelian forms 254: 137:History of Animals 128:history of science 54: 6743: 6742: 6609:Hierarchy of life 6556:Plant systematics 6536:Molecular biology 6421: 6420: 6373:Metabasis paradox 6334: 6333: 6274: 6273: 6261:Pietro Pomponazzi 6203: 6202: 6183: 6182: 6132: 6131: 6084:Eudemus of Rhodes 6074:Clearchus of Soli 6048: 6047: 5716:On Interpretation 5659:Temporal finitism 5547:Genus–differentia 5504:Category of being 5381:on 27 March 2006. 5351:978-0-674-07227-5 5332:978-0-674-36446-2 5303:. P. F. Collier. 5291:978-1-4088-3622-4 5082:(February 2017). 4873:978-0-300-12539-9 4838:978-1-60795-033-2 4805:978-0-520-27139-5 4564:978-0-521-80090-7 4537:978-1-003-09282-7 4503:10.1111/faf.12223 4431:(Subscription or 4371:978-1-4020-9728-7 4262:978-90-04-25034-5 4191:, pp. 32–33. 4167:, pp. 90–91. 3914:978-0-307-64360-5 3887:978-0-393-92592-0 3864:, pp. 46–47. 3822:, pp. 72–74. 3771:, pp. 71–72. 3719:, pp. 91–92. 3437:978-0-7156-2982-6 3239:, pp. 88–90. 2936:Corresponding to 2776:(De Anima) (DA). 2624:active camouflage 2600:natural selection 2438:Pietro Pomponazzi 2396:. The scholastic 2361:Kingdom of Toledo 2173:History of Plants 1944:Ōiotoka tetrapoda 1912: 1911: 1632:, including eggs 1077:natural selection 1033:Complex causality 694:seat of sensation 645:negative feedback 530:the processes of 510:seat of sensation 288:of the island of 59:is the theory of 16:(Redirected from 6780: 6733: 6732: 6712:Natural theology 6448: 6441: 6434: 6425: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6276: 6256:Jacopo Zabarella 6205: 6185: 6134: 6114:Diodorus of Tyre 6057: 5699: 5629:Substance theory 5590:Moderate realism 5584:Minima naturalia 5485:Active intellect 5438: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5410: 5396: 5382: 5377:. Archived from 5364: 5355: 5336: 5314: 5295: 5271: 5259: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5140: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4911: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4686: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4497:(6): 1038–1055. 4482: 4476: 4475: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4127: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4041: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3688: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3488: 3487: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3357: 3351: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3218: 3202: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3024: 3018: 3015:dormitive virtue 3003: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2896: 2890: 2881: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2853:The English and 2851: 2751:Parts of Animals 2570:quoted a passage 2514:blood circulates 2348:Medieval science 2326:(Ibn Bājja) and 2278:translation of 2267:Kitāb al-Hayawān 2252:Kitāb al-Hayawān 1997:); hard-shelled 1908: 1904: 1878: 1874: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1809: 1805: 1774:(mineral shell) 1773: 1769: 1739: 1735: 1704: 1700: 1669: 1665: 1631: 1627: 1595: 1591: 1560: 1556: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1487: 1483: 1453: 1449: 1419: 1415: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1342: 1311:Parts of Animals 1298:actinopterygians 1224: 1215: 1117: 1015:virtus dormitiva 969:gestation period 895:Scientific style 877:system of causes 850:vertebral column 576:Parts of Animals 500:fails in old age 407: 406: 357: 356: 161:Parts of Animals 71:'s books on the 21: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6721: 6702:Natural history 6643: 6581: 6575: 6531:Model organisms 6468: 6462: 6452: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6387: 6330: 6270: 6266:Cesar Cremonini 6222:Albertus Magnus 6199: 6179: 6128: 6044: 6000:Physiognomonics 5995:On Things Heard 5990:On the Universe 5951: 5935: 5893:Parva Naturalia 5887: 5866: 5852:Eudemian Ethics 5832: 5816: 5778: 5740: 5721:Prior Analytics 5688: 5612:Rational animal 5473: 5447: 5445:Aristotelianism 5442: 5399: 5385: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5317: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5274: 5262: 5254:. Vol. 1. 5249: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5057: 5047: 5035: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4755:Darwin, Charles 4753: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4579:Harvey, William 4577: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4379: 4372: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4277: 4267: 4263: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4118:Lloyd, G. E. R. 4116: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4043: 4042: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3982: 3968: 3958: 3952: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3582: 3574: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3491: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3445: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3360: 3352: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3222: 3215: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3096:Parva Naturalia 3093: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3025: 3021: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2900:symbolic system 2897: 2893: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2782:Parva Naturalia 2699: 2690:deep homologies 2684:commented that 2608: 2553:D'Arcy Thompson 2537: 2496:Aristotelianism 2468: 2410: 2381:Albertus Magnus 2350: 2344: 2298:Albertus Magnus 2272:Book of Animals 2270:(كتاب الحيوان, 2258: 2248: 2208: 2202: 2160: 2154: 2152:On Theophrastus 2149: 2126:(hot and wet); 2122:(hot and dry); 2077: 2071: 2009:); soft-bodied 1906: 1902: 1876: 1872: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1807: 1803: 1771: 1767: 1737: 1733: 1702: 1698: 1667: 1663: 1654:with blood 1638: 1629: 1625: 1616:with blood 1593: 1589: 1580:with blood 1558: 1554: 1545:with blood 1523: 1519: 1515: 1506:with blood 1485: 1481: 1472:with blood 1451: 1447: 1438:with blood 1417: 1413: 1404:with blood 1386: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1349: 1278: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1111: 1097: 1045: 1037:Main articles: 1035: 981: 967:increases with 897: 865: 859: 782: 739: 718: 664: 621: 593:, whether soft 556: 551: 523:the process of 466: 458:Main articles: 444: 439: 350:theory of Forms 342: 324: 286:natural history 266:Plato's Academy 259: 246:Plato's academy 238: 97:theory of Forms 85:Gulf of Kalloni 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6786: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6750: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6378:Views on women 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6339:Related topics 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Peter of Spain 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6227:Thomas Aquinas 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6104:Aristo of Ceos 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5957:Pseudepigrapha 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5759:On the Heavens 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5491:Antiperistasis 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5397: 5383: 5365: 5356: 5350: 5337: 5331: 5315: 5309: 5296: 5290: 5284:. Bloomsbury. 5272: 5260: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5217: 5206: 5195: 5184: 5173: 5162: 5111: 5099: 5093:978-1316601211 5092: 5080:Held, Lewis I. 5068: 5059:|journal= 5033: 5007: 4995: 4969: 4928: 4903: 4901:, p. 352. 4891: 4879: 4872: 4852: 4837: 4819: 4804: 4786: 4774: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4695:(3): 391–407. 4672: 4670:, p. 361. 4660: 4645: 4639:978-0192830432 4638: 4626:Medawar, P. B. 4617: 4615:, p. 353. 4602: 4590: 4584:De Motu Cordis 4570: 4563: 4543: 4536: 4508: 4477: 4458:(2): 227–262. 4438: 4405:Pollard, A. F. 4396: 4377: 4370: 4350: 4333: 4324: 4317: 4297: 4288: 4261: 4241: 4229: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4138: 4109: 4102: 4090:Lovejoy, A. O. 4081: 4069: 4031: 4029:, p. 116. 4019: 4017:, p. 279. 4007: 3995: 3980: 3971:|journal= 3940:(3): 468–478. 3920: 3913: 3893: 3886: 3866: 3854: 3839: 3824: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3706: 3680: 3678:, p. 408. 3668: 3656: 3641:(3 May 2011). 3630: 3618: 3609: 3607:, p. 397. 3597: 3580: 3553: 3541: 3526: 3514: 3489: 3462: 3460:, p. 402. 3443: 3436: 3418: 3406: 3389: 3377: 3358: 3335: 3320: 3305: 3303:, p. 348. 3293: 3281: 3266: 3259: 3241: 3220: 3213: 3187: 3160: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3126: 3122:Charles Darwin 3109: 3100: 3087: 3074: 3065: 3052: 3038:is definitely 3019: 2998: 2988:Excluding the 2981: 2968: 2955: 2942: 2929: 2916: 2891: 2876: 2863: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2770:together with 2768: 2767: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2731: 2698: 2695: 2667:marine biology 2607: 2604: 2567:Charles Darwin 2541:Georges Cuvier 2536: 2533: 2510:William Harvey 2467: 2464: 2446:Konrad Gessner 2424:Konrad Gessner 2409: 2406: 2389:Thomas Aquinas 2343: 2340: 2318:(کتاب الشفاء, 2247: 2244: 2228:nervous system 2201: 2198: 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2070: 2069:Scale of being 2067: 1918:(roughly, the 1910: 1909: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1783: 1779:Larva-bearing 1776: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1277: 1276:Classification 1274: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1185:hectocotyl arm 1181:paper nautilus 1171:including the 1124:marine zoology 1109:Giacomo Franco 1096: 1093: 1067:: to a modern 1034: 1031: 980: 977: 896: 893: 858: 855: 781: 778: 717: 714: 698:cardiocentrism 663: 660: 648:control system 620: 617: 555: 552: 550: 547: 539: 538: 528: 521: 502: 488: 443: 442:Soul as system 440: 438: 435: 420:) in another. 338:Main article: 323: 320: 258: 255: 237: 234: 230:marine biology 222:William Harvey 193:ancient Greece 81:marine biology 67:, embodied in 42:marine biology 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6785: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491:Biotechnology 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6384: 6383:Wheel paradox 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6291:Trendelenburg 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Peter Lombard 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6209:Scholasticism 6206: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099:Lyco of Troas 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6040:Magna Moralia 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Virtue ethics 5677: 5675: 5674:Unmoved mover 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5310:0-02-093400-9 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5112: 5109:, p. 60. 5108: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034:9780470515655 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4742:Thompson 1913 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730:Thompson 1910 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4318:9789004222656 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4242: 4239:, p. 56. 4238: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4226:0-19-872112-9 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179:, p. 46. 4178: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4139:0-521-09456-9 4135: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4103:0-674-36153-9 4099: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3993:, p. 54. 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3855: 3852:, p. 59. 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729:Thompson 1910 3725: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3666:, p. 49. 3665: 3660: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524:, p. 50. 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3333:, p. 46. 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3291:, p. 45. 3290: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214:0-415-11545-0 3210: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3188: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3158:, p. 14. 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028:Linnean names 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910:"letters" of 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2704:The Anatomies 2696: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2682:Lewis I. Held 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:Louis Agassiz 2546: 2542: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Peter Medawar 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2456:Edward Wotton 2453: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2442:Agostino Nifo 2439: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:scholasticism 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375:scholarship. 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2315:Kitāb al-Šifā 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2286:: 11–14, and 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:can transform 2183: 2182:scala naturae 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2110:four elements 2107: 2106: 2104: 2103:scala naturae 2098: 2094: 2086: 2085:electric rays 2081: 2076: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848:, from earth 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1754:trumpet snail 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705:except shell 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Ottoman viper 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1369: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1337:Scala naturae 1331: 1329: 1328:invertebrates 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:ovoviviparous 1256:, and of the 1255: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155:electric fish 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005:portrays the 1004: 1003: 999:'s 1673 play 998: 990: 985: 978: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 948: 946: 942: 936: 934: 930: 926: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 894: 892: 890: 889: 884: 883: 878: 874: 870: 869:Francis Bacon 864: 856: 854: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 836: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 800:embryogenesis 794: 790: 789:Embryogenesis 786: 780:Embryogenesis 779: 777: 773: 771: 767: 764:, unlike the 763: 759: 753: 751: 750: 742: 738: 730: 726: 722: 715: 713: 711: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 676: 672: 668: 661: 659: 655: 651: 649: 646: 642: 633: 629: 625: 618: 616: 613: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 568: 564: 560: 553: 548: 546: 544: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 519: 515: 512:, and use it 511: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 482: 481: 480: 478: 474: 471: 465: 461: 453: 448: 441: 436: 434: 431: 427: 421: 419: 415: 411: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 351: 347: 341: 333: 328: 321: 319: 317: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 251: 247: 242: 235: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:scholasticism 207: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189: 184: 179: 177: 173: 172:The Anatomies 169: 168: 163: 162: 157: 156: 151: 150: 145: 144: 139: 138: 133: 129: 124: 121: 117: 113: 112:embryogenesis 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 47: 44:was that the 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6745: 6546:Paleontology 6486:Biochemistry 6363:Neoplatonism 6089:Theophrastus 5947:Protrepticus 5840:and politics 5783: 5651: 5638: 5634:hypokeimenon 5632: 5616: 5599: 5582: 5575: 5563: 5559:Hylomorphism 5551: 5529: 5508: 5496: 5489: 5405: 5391: 5379:the original 5373: 5360: 5341: 5322: 5300: 5280: 5267: 5251: 5231: 5220: 5209: 5203:De Insomniis 5198: 5187: 5176: 5165: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5102: 5083: 5016: 5010: 4998: 4986:. Retrieved 4982:the original 4972: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4894: 4882: 4861: 4855: 4828: 4822: 4795: 4789: 4777: 4759: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4692: 4688: 4675: 4663: 4654: 4648: 4629: 4620: 4593: 4583: 4573: 4553: 4546: 4518: 4511: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4414: 4399: 4392:Ogilvie 2010 4360: 4353: 4327: 4307: 4300: 4291: 4251: 4244: 4232: 4213: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4123: 4112: 4093: 4084: 4072: 4053: 4049: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3962:cite journal 3937: 3933: 3923: 3903: 3896: 3876: 3869: 3857: 3832: 3827: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3764: 3736: 3724: 3697:. Retrieved 3671: 3659: 3647:. Retrieved 3633: 3621: 3612: 3600: 3544: 3517: 3478:(1): 52–97. 3475: 3471: 3465: 3427: 3421: 3409: 3380: 3313: 3308: 3301:Guthrie 1981 3296: 3284: 3250: 3244: 3198: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3173: 3163: 3129: 3112: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3077: 3068: 3055: 3043: 3035: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006:First Doctor 3005: 3001: 2984: 2971: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2904:Armand Leroi 2894: 2884: 2879: 2866: 2849: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2671:Armand Leroi 2632: 2621: 2581: 2575: 2574:Aristotle's 2565: 2556: 2538: 2518: 2499: 2494:represented 2488:Early Modern 2485: 2478: 2459: 2449: 2435: 2427: 2418: 2401: 2377:Michael Scot 2351: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2209: 2181: 2171: 2170:, wrote the 2168:Theophrastus 2161: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2051:sea anemones 2043:hermit crabs 2018: 2010: 1999:Ostrakoderma 1998: 1983:Malakostraka 1982: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932:megista genē 1931: 1927: 1915: 1913: 1692:Several legs 1335: 1334:Aristotle's 1323: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1285: 1251: 1197: 1158: 1148: 1129: 1118:(1597). The 1046: 1014: 1000: 994: 949: 937: 932: 929:pepeiramenoi 928: 922: 886: 880: 866: 843: 833: 831: 826: 822: 818: 815:cheesemaking 804: 797: 788: 774: 754: 748: 747:the form or 743: 740: 724: 706: 687: 681:Aristotle's 680: 670: 656: 652: 640: 637: 631: 627: 614: 603: 587:element fire 584: 575: 572: 562: 540: 473:Armand Leroi 467: 429: 422: 417: 413: 409: 394: 368: 359: 343: 340:Hylomorphism 314: 306:Theophrastus 276:, he sought 260: 214:Early Modern 205: 186: 183:Theophrastus 180: 175: 171: 165: 159: 153: 147: 141: 135: 125: 101: 56: 55: 38:observations 29: 6672:Ethnobotany 6561:RNA biology 6469:disciplines 6239:Duns Scotus 6079:Dicaearchus 6069:Aristoxenus 5828:Metaphysics 5821:Metaphysics 5807:Progression 5774:On the Soul 5769:Meteorology 5571:Magnanimity 5537:Four causes 5319:Mayr, Ernst 5131:(1): 1–15. 4948:(18): 1–6. 4921:19 November 4279:|work= 4056:(1): 1–16. 3991:Taylor 1922 3758:Singer 1931 3699:20 November 3664:Taylor 1922 3649:17 November 3522:Taylor 1922 3331:Taylor 1922 3312:Aristotle, 3180:28 November 3061:haemoglobin 3048:grey mullet 2951:homeostasis 2883:From Latin 2773:On the Soul 2639:echinoderms 2635:crustaceans 2592:Empedoclean 2555:translated 2402:On the Soul 2063:sea anemone 2015:cephalopods 1711:Cephalopods 1676:Crustaceans 1601:Egg-laying 1572:Water snake 1367:Vegetative) 1320:vertebrates 1270:vivisecting 1169:cephalopods 1165:angler fish 1112: [ 1057:final cause 1049:four causes 1039:Four causes 925:experiments 873:explanation 793:Peter Panum 766:Hippocratic 758:particulate 725:Inheritance 716:Inheritance 690:sense organ 580:open system 567:open system 525:inheritance 490:a cycle of 464:On the Soul 426:woodcarving 332:woodcarving 294:marine life 206:On the Soul 197:Hellenistic 167:On the Soul 116:inheritance 6752:Categories 6614:Lamarckism 6521:Immunology 6321:Hursthouse 6195:Maimonides 6161:Avicennism 5812:Generation 5784:On Animals 5711:Categories 5531:Eudaimonia 5107:Leroi 2014 5003:Leroi 2014 4899:Leroi 2014 4887:Leroi 2014 4782:Leroi 2014 4668:Leroi 2014 4657:: 187–257. 4613:Leroi 2014 4598:Leroi 2014 4435:required.) 4346:Leroi 2014 4237:Mason 1962 4201:Leroi 2014 4189:Leroi 2014 4177:Mason 1962 4153:Leroi 2014 4027:Leroi 2014 4015:Leroi 2014 4003:Leroi 2014 3862:Leroi 2014 3850:Leroi 2014 3820:Leroi 2014 3805:Leroi 2014 3769:Leroi 2014 3741:Leroi 2014 3717:Leroi 2014 3676:Leroi 2014 3626:Leroi 2014 3605:Leroi 2014 3593:Leroi 2014 3576:Leroi 2014 3549:Leroi 2014 3537:Leroi 2014 3510:Leroi 2014 3458:Leroi 2014 3414:Leroi 2014 3402:Leroi 2014 3385:Leroi 2014 3373:Leroi 2010 3354:Leroi 2014 3289:Mason 1962 3277:Leroi 2014 3260:0520055020 3237:Leroi 2014 3156:Leroi 2014 3141:References 2994:Chiroptera 2977:sex-linked 2908:nucleotide 2715:On Animals 2663:viviparous 2419:Rhinoceros 2214:under the 2212:Alexandria 2003:gastropods 1976:cartilages 1952:amphibians 1641:selachians 1639:placental 1612:parrotfish 1365:Sensitive, 1363:(Rational, 1302:selachians 1202:selachians 1177:cuttlefish 1140:beekeepers 1085:physiology 1073:adaptation 1071:describes 905:brood size 840:Empedocles 735:See also: 610:Democritus 565:: Leroi's 563:Metabolism 554:Metabolism 395:atoma eidē 282:philosophy 278:universals 226:zoologists 120:mechanisms 104:metabolism 65:zoological 6682:Dysgenics 6665:Teleology 6629:RNA world 6624:Protocell 6599:Darwinism 6580:Theories, 6551:Phycology 6356:Platonism 6311:MacIntyre 6173:Averroism 6151:Al-Farabi 6109:Critolaus 6053:Followers 6030:Economics 6010:Mechanics 5975:On Plants 5970:On Colors 5965:On Breath 5916:On Dreams 5906:On Memory 5669:Haecceity 5647:Syllogism 5618:Phronesis 5510:Catharsis 5459:Aristotle 5147:1611-7530 5061:ignored ( 5051:cite book 4964:1936-6434 4847:680621287 4814:314379168 4464:0391-9714 4311:. Brill. 4281:ignored ( 4271:cite book 4165:Mayr 1985 4092:(2005) . 4077:Mayr 1985 3904:Evolution 3877:Evolution 3472:Phronesis 3083:evolution 2855:taxonomic 2813:On Dreams 2799:On Memory 2659:oviparous 2651:cetaceans 2596:phylogeny 2290:: 15–19. 2216:Ptolemies 2147:Influence 2047:red coral 2039:fish lice 2031:scorpions 1924:cetaceans 1727:tentacles 1541:crocodile 1537:Chameleon 1522:, except 1498:Bee-eater 1459:Cetaceans 1370:Qualities 1290:John Dory 1266:dissected 1254:ruminants 1236:a dogfish 1144:fishermen 973:fecundity 909:gestation 549:Processes 485:metabolic 477:processes 262:Aristotle 195:, though 69:Aristotle 6735:Category 6677:Eugenics 6582:concepts 6526:Medicine 6511:Genetics 6459:timeline 6401:Category 6326:Nussbaum 6296:Brentano 6168:Averroes 6156:Avicenna 6146:Al-Kindi 6119:Erymneus 6015:Problems 5911:On Sleep 5878:Rhetoric 5857:Politics 5802:Movement 5664:Quiddity 5525:accident 5452:Overview 5403:(1913). 5321:(1985). 5278:(2014). 5043:10332750 4757:(1872). 4717:20605226 4709:11611403 4581:(1628). 4472:23334371 4120:(1968). 3315:De Anima 3044:kephalos 3032:Linnaeus 2806:On Sleep 2675:homology 2649:", that 2643:mollusks 2588:ontogeny 2506:strawman 2480:Dialogue 2448:'s 1551 2417:Dürer's 2373:medieval 2369:Averroes 2365:Avicenna 2328:Averroes 2324:Avempace 2310:Avicenna 2306:Al-Kindī 2282:: 1–10, 2236:arteries 2140:placenta 2059:starfish 2007:bivalves 1991:lobsters 1968:Ikhthyes 1948:reptiles 1936:Ornithes 1884:Minerals 1608:Sea bass 1502:nightjar 1348:Examples 1286:khalkeus 1244:yolk sac 1240:placenta 1065:function 1053:exegesis 1019:vitalist 989:oenochoe 965:Lifespan 957:elephant 941:genomics 917:elephant 770:blending 518:Alcmaeon 387:sparrows 383:bustards 201:medieval 6648:Related 6516:Geology 6501:Ecology 6481:Anatomy 6467:Fields, 6244:Scotism 6232:Thomism 5883:Poetics 5792:History 5754:Physics 5746:Physics 5703:Organon 5631: ( 5577:Mimesis 5521:Essence 5244:Sources 5156:7897620 4988:30 July 4769:1185571 4130:166–169 2996:(bats). 2990:Cetacea 2938:mammals 2886:informo 2872:species 2794:(Sense) 2655:mammals 2628:snorkel 2616:snorkel 2576:Physics 2529:hearsay 2525:farrago 2498:in his 2492:Galileo 2486:In the 2475:Galileo 2138:with a 2112:in his 2055:sponges 2027:spiders 2023:insects 2011:Malakia 1995:shrimps 1972:Selakhē 1920:mammals 1893:without 1863:without 1828:without 1820:Sponges 1794:without 1781:Insects 1758:without 1724:without 1720:octopus 1689:without 1464:Dolphin 1410:R, S, V 1324:Anhaima 1316:Enhaima 1262:dogfish 1198:Selachē 1173:octopus 1160:Torpedo 1151:catfish 1103:Map of 1027:bellows 997:Molière 835:Physics 534:and of 506:sensory 302:Lycaeum 298:zoology 280:in his 236:Context 218:Galileo 176:History 73:science 61:biology 46:octopus 6496:Botany 6286:Newman 6279:Modern 6188:Jewish 5838:Ethics 5731:Topics 5601:Philia 5595:Mythos 5469:Lyceum 5348: 5329: 5307: 5288: 5153: 5145: 5090: 5041: 5031: 4962: 4870: 4845: 4835: 4812: 4802: 4767: 4715: 4707: 4636: 4561: 4534: 4470: 4462: 4429: 4368: 4315: 4259: 4224: 4136: 4100: 3911: 3884: 3434: 3257: 3211: 3036:hippos 3011:Argan 2857:Latin 2645:, and 2590:, the 2547:, and 2432:, 1551 2357:retook 2276:Arabic 2194:darnel 2178:botany 2164:Lyceum 2019:Entoma 1993:, and 1964:fishes 1960:Opheis 1956:snakes 1928:Kētōdē 1854:Plants 1797:6 legs 1790:cicada 1750:Cockle 1681:Shrimp 1603:fishes 1567:Snakes 1548:4 legs 1509:2 legs 1441:4 legs 1407:2 legs 1232:embryo 1190:sharks 1163:) and 1136:Pyrrha 1132:Lesbos 1105:Lesbos 1063:, its 1013:, its 888:Nature 857:Method 827:pneuma 823:pneuma 819:pneuma 811:enzyme 807:rennet 462:, and 437:System 391:fishes 375:eagles 371:cranes 310:botany 290:Lesbos 270:Athens 250:Athens 164:, and 114:, and 77:Lesbos 6351:Plato 6316:Smith 6301:Adler 5797:Parts 5694:Works 5653:Telos 5640:ousia 5565:Lexis 5553:Hexis 5498:Arete 5464:Logic 4713:S2CID 4685:(PDF) 4468:JSTOR 3645:. BBC 3207:–99. 3040:horse 2859:genus 2841:Notes 2725:, or 2697:Works 2572:from 2334:and 2260:Many 2240:pulse 2232:veins 2224:brain 2190:wheat 2132:Earth 2128:Water 2097:eidos 2035:ticks 1987:crabs 1940:eidos 1824:worms 1716:Squid 1650:skate 1646:Shark 1526:eggs 1493:Birds 1468:whale 1353:Blood 1345:Group 1116:] 1007:quack 961:mouse 952:rules 913:mouse 749:eidos 702:brain 599:semen 430:eidos 414:génos 410:eidos 405:εἶδος 399:Human 379:crows 360:eidos 355:εἶδος 274:Plato 93:Plato 6306:Foot 5940:Lost 5346:ISBN 5327:ISBN 5305:ISBN 5286:ISBN 5143:ISSN 5088:ISBN 5063:help 5039:PMID 5029:ISBN 4990:2014 4960:ISSN 4923:2016 4868:ISBN 4843:OCLC 4833:ISBN 4810:OCLC 4800:ISBN 4765:OCLC 4705:PMID 4634:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4532:ISBN 4460:ISSN 4366:ISBN 4313:ISBN 4283:help 4257:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4098:ISBN 3975:help 3909:ISBN 3882:ISBN 3701:2016 3651:2016 3432:ISBN 3318:II 3 3255:ISBN 3209:ISBN 3182:2014 3120:and 2653:are 2647:fish 2598:and 2578:II 8 2440:and 2367:and 2359:the 2254:and 2234:and 2136:womb 2120:Fire 2005:and 1950:and 1903:Cold 1899:none 1896:none 1889:Iron 1873:Cold 1866:none 1838:Cold 1834:S, V 1831:none 1804:Cold 1800:S, V 1768:Cold 1764:S, V 1761:none 1734:Cold 1730:S, V 1699:Cold 1695:S, V 1685:crab 1664:Cold 1660:S, V 1657:none 1626:Cold 1622:S, V 1619:none 1590:Cold 1586:S, V 1583:none 1555:Cold 1551:S, V 1512:S, V 1478:S, V 1475:none 1444:S, V 1434:hare 1378:Cold 1360:Soul 1356:Legs 1308:and 1300:and 1284:The 1194:rays 1192:and 1179:and 1142:and 1083:and 1041:and 915:and 809:(an 729:form 595:suet 450:The 418:eide 364:bird 220:and 48:can 5151:PMC 5133:doi 5129:140 5021:doi 4950:doi 4697:doi 4524:doi 4499:doi 4421:doi 4058:doi 3942:doi 3480:doi 2912:DNA 2761:or 2661:or 2580:in 2527:of 2426:'s 2422:in 2322:). 2124:Air 1907:Dry 1877:Dry 1859:Fig 1846:Dry 1844:or 1842:Wet 1808:Dry 1786:Ant 1772:Dry 1738:Wet 1703:Wet 1668:Wet 1630:Wet 1594:Wet 1559:Wet 1524:Dry 1520:Wet 1516:Hot 1486:Wet 1482:Hot 1452:Wet 1448:Hot 1430:Cat 1418:Wet 1414:Hot 1400:Man 1395:Man 1387:Dry 1383:Wet 1374:Hot 1330:). 1304:in 1234:of 1204:). 1107:by 634:26. 608:as 591:fat 268:in 248:in 95:'s 40:of 6754:: 5637:, 5149:. 5141:. 5127:. 5123:. 5071:^ 5055:: 5053:}} 5049:{{ 5037:. 5027:. 4958:. 4944:. 4940:. 4906:^ 4841:. 4808:. 4711:. 4703:. 4693:16 4691:. 4687:. 4605:^ 4530:. 4495:18 4493:. 4489:. 4466:. 4456:30 4454:. 4450:. 4413:. 4380:^ 4336:^ 4275:: 4273:}} 4269:{{ 4220:. 4216:. 4132:. 4054:21 4052:. 4048:. 4034:^ 3983:^ 3966:: 3964:}} 3960:{{ 3938:18 3936:. 3932:. 3842:^ 3812:^ 3748:^ 3709:^ 3683:^ 3583:^ 3556:^ 3529:^ 3492:^ 3476:58 3474:. 3446:^ 3392:^ 3361:^ 3338:^ 3323:^ 3269:^ 3223:^ 3205:92 3172:. 3148:^ 2902:. 2641:, 2637:, 2543:, 2516:. 2404:. 2196:. 2166:, 2118:: 2057:, 2053:, 2049:, 2045:, 2041:, 2033:, 2029:, 2025:, 1989:, 1966:, 1958:, 1926:, 1905:, 1875:, 1840:, 1822:, 1806:, 1788:, 1770:, 1752:, 1736:, 1718:, 1701:, 1683:, 1666:, 1648:, 1628:, 1610:, 1592:, 1574:, 1557:, 1539:, 1518:, 1500:, 1484:, 1466:, 1450:, 1432:, 1416:, 1389:) 1175:, 1153:, 1114:es 1091:. 963:. 772:. 712:. 601:. 483:a 479:: 385:, 381:, 377:, 373:, 318:. 312:, 178:. 158:, 152:, 146:, 140:, 106:, 99:. 6461:) 6457:( 6447:e 6440:t 6433:v 5643:) 5523:– 5437:e 5430:t 5423:v 5354:. 5335:. 5313:. 5294:. 5258:. 5159:. 5135:: 5096:. 5065:) 5045:. 5023:: 4992:. 4966:. 4952:: 4946:6 4925:. 4876:. 4849:. 4816:. 4771:. 4744:. 4732:. 4719:. 4699:: 4642:. 4567:. 4540:. 4526:: 4505:. 4501:: 4474:. 4427:. 4423:: 4394:. 4374:. 4321:. 4285:) 4265:. 4142:. 4106:. 4066:. 4060:: 3977:) 3973:( 3956:. 3950:. 3944:: 3917:. 3890:. 3703:. 3653:. 3486:. 3482:: 3440:. 3263:. 3217:. 3184:. 3098:. 3050:. 2979:. 2966:. 2953:. 2940:. 2021:( 2013:( 2001:( 1985:( 1946:( 1869:V 1385:– 1380:, 1376:– 1372:( 1326:( 1288:( 1246:. 1157:( 919:. 677:. 527:. 520:. 408:( 358:( 252:. 52:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index