205:, Ptolemy adds that a merchant named Theophilos sailed from Rhapta to Aromata in twenty days with a south wind blowing. Ptolemy emphasises that these were single sailings and he does not know the average number of days to sail between Aromata and Rhapta. He places Aromata 6°N, while Marinus places it 4.25°N. He cites a certain Dioskoros for the location of
296:
I am the first and only of the kings my predecessors to have subdued all these peoples by the grace given me by my mighty god Ares , who also engendered me. It is through him that I have submitted to my power all the peoples neighbouring my empire, in the east to the Land of
Aromatics, to the west to
209:, the southernmost point the Greeks reached in Africa, being "many days" beyond Rhapta. He then estimates the distance from Aromata to Cape Prason as 20.67° of latitude. Ptolemy also says that he has heard from traders that the direction from
292:. It describes the King's conquest of a country towards the east as the "Land of Aromatics", also translated "Land of Incense" or "Frankincense Country":
189:, a merchant named Diogenes, returning from India, was driven south by a north wind as he approached Aromata. He sailed for 25 days with the coast of the
603:
410:
South of the
Aromatic Coast, the present Somali country in which frankincense was gathered, he mentions Zengisa Acra, Cape Zenj or Zengg
764:
124:. It was one of the "far side" ports that lay in a line along the north Somali coast. They were "far" because they came after
100:
304:
takes this to refer to the whole of the "dry coastal region, a major source of incense" from the lowlands of what is today
256:, the latter being the main source for cassia. It also exported grain, rice, sesame oil and cotton cloth. According to the
481:
The
Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction
224:
Aromata, like all other ports on the Gulf of Aden, was independent and ruled by its own chief. Its major exports were
591:
759:
456:
Neville
Chittick (1976), "An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition, 1975",
720:
487:
place it at the end of
Barbaria, while Ptolemy makes it the start of Barbaria, which he extends to Rhapta.
322:
283:
279:
274:
282:
recording his various victories in war. It is lost, but its text was copied down in the 6th century by
387:
288:
113:
83:
43:
260:, a ship warned at Aromata of an approaching storm on the Indian Ocean could take refuge at Tabai (
249:
181:
317:
313:
206:
599:
229:
297:
the land of
Ethiopia and the Sasou ; some I fought myself, against others I sent my armies.
705:
620:
573:
464:
429:
121:
75:
202:
433:
253:
169:
55:
47:
31:
23:
753:
355:
129:
79:
71:
309:
225:
218:
214:
210:
360:
The
Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
190:
153:
74:, a site protected on the south but exposed on the north. British archaeologist
62:, Αρώματον ἄκρον). It was notable for its produce of resins and various herbs.
468:
301:
735:
722:
109:
576:, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine and Sabine R. Huebner,
248:). It may have served as a major transshipment port for goods coming from
697:
L. P. Kirwan (1972), "The
Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum",
534:
Ptolemy's
Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters
305:
186:
145:
87:
51:
39:
483:(Cambridge University Press, 2010 ), pp. 34 n3, 38 n5. Cosmas and the
198:
194:
161:
125:
27:
709:
261:
137:
133:
213:
to
Aromata is southwest not due south. He places Aromata on the
421:
Neville Chittick (1979), "Early Ports in the Horn of Africa",
592:"3. The Third Century CE: Monumentum Adulitanum II (RIE 277)"
641:
Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide
596:
3. The Third Century CE: Monumentum Adulitanum II (RIE 277)
278:
is a third-century monumental inscription by an anonymous
443:
441:
90:(Olog), which is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the west.
264:), two days' sailing and on the other side of the cape.
136:
in July to reach them. Aromata was the sixth port after
312:. Yuzo Shitomi suggests that it may in fact have been
82:
near Damo, confirming the identification. Previously,
58:, which was itself called the "promontory of spices" (
661:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
326:(which he places in South Arabia) and that of the
655:Y. Shitomi (1997), "A New Interpretation of the
625:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
532:J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones (eds.),
320:distinguishes two lands of incense: that of the
176:). It could occasionally be dangerous to ships.
598:, New York University Press, pp. 37–66,
423:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
8:
627:(Edinburgh University Press, 1991), p. 187.
374:
372:
370:
368:
362:(Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 115.
351:
349:
347:
308:through Somalia and perhaps even a part of
536:(Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 68.
635:
633:
616:
614:
458:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
343:
686:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
651:
649:
193:on his right (west) almost as far as
7:
572:Sunil Gupta, "Aromata Emporion", in
330:itself (which is the Aromata of the
578:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
16:Ancient proto-Somali trading center
434:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1979.tb01131.x
392:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
14:
545:Berggren and Jones 2000, p. 76.
404:Glasgow, University of (1955).
394:(Hakluyt Society, 1980), p. 25.
101:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
643:(I. B. Tauris, 2003), p. 235.
554:Huntingford 1980, pp. 173–74.
179:According to the 2nd-century
98:According to the 1st-century
688:(Palgrave, 2000), pp. 29–30.
590:Hatke, George (2013-01-07),
70:It is to be identified with
108:, Ἀρωμάτων ἐμπόριον) had a
781:
563:Huntingford 1980, p. 124.
514:Casson 1989, pp. 59, 115.
469:10.1080/00672707609511233
128:and beyond the strait of
54:. It lay near the tip of
699:The Geographical Journal
496:Huntingford 1980, p. 58.
447:Huntingford 1980, p. 83.
378:Casson 1989, pp. 129–30.
104:, the "port of spices" (
765:Ancient Greek geography
479:J. W. McCrindle (ed.),
675:McCrindle 2010, p. 63.
580:(Wiley, 2012), p. 754.
299:
657:Monumentum Adulitanum
323:Monumentum Adulitanum
294:
284:Cosmas Indicopleustes
275:Monumentum Adulitanum
120:) in the land of the
523:Casson 1989, p. 277.
388:G. W. B. Huntingford
328:Christian Topography
289:Christian Topography
86:had identified with
84:G. W. B. Huntingford
34:"), also called the
732: /
505:Casson 1989, p. 57.
639:Stuart Munro-Hay,
228:and all grades of
50:, today a part of
605:978-0-8147-6278-3
316:in South Arabia.
268:Land of Aromatics
132:. Merchants left
106:Aromaton emporion
38:, was an ancient
26:: Αρώματα, lit. "
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408:. p. 26.
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334:and Ptolemy).
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254:Southeast Asia
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60:Aromaton akron
56:Cape Guardafui
48:Horn of Africa
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406:Transactions
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331:
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318:L. P. Kirwan
310:South Arabia
300:
295:
287:
280:King of Axum
273:
271:
262:Chori Hordio
257:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:frankincense
223:
219:Indian Ocean
215:Gulf of Aden
211:Arabia Felix
180:
178:
173:
170:Bandar Alula
165:
162:Bandar Kasim
157:
149:
141:
117:
105:
99:
97:
94:Descriptions
69:
59:
35:
19:
18:
739: /
207:Cape Prason
191:Troglodytae
78:discovered
754:Categories
338:References
302:Paul Henze
36:Spice Port
666:, 81–102.
314:Ḥaḍramawt
201:. Citing
182:Geography
114:anchorage
110:roadstead
32:aromatics
485:Periplus
332:Periplus
258:Periplus
166:Mosullon
142:Aualites
122:Barbaroi
66:Location
44:emporium
727:51°14′E
724:11°50′N
390:(ed.),
358:(ed.),
306:Eritrea
286:in his
187:Ptolemy
174:Akannai
158:Moundou
146:Berbera
52:Somalia
46:in the
40:seaport
20:Aromata
602:
238:asuphe
234:gizeir
230:cassia
199:Azania
195:Rhapta
168:) and
126:Adulis
118:hormos
28:spices
250:India
242:magla
150:Malao
138:Zeyla
134:Egypt
24:Greek
600:ISBN
272:The
252:and
246:moto
244:and
154:Heis
88:Olok
72:Damo
42:and
706:doi
702:138
659:",
465:doi
430:doi
197:in
185:of
160:),
152:),
144:),
112:or
756::
664:55
648:^
632:^
623:,
613:^
594:,
461:11
440:^
367:^
346:^
240:,
236:,
221:.
30:,
708::
467::
432::
426:8
232:(
172:(
164:(
156:(
148:(
140:(
116:(
22:(
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