Armored cruiser - Knowledge (XXG)

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but did not extend the full length of the hull due to weight but tapered off at both ends. Past this belt, the designers placed a 3-inch (76 mm) armored deck, situated deepest in the ships, to guard magazines and machinery against plunging fire. Above this deck, space was allocated for coal bunkers and storerooms. These areas served a two-fold purpose. The bunkers served as added protection, since two feet of coal was considered the equivalent of one foot of steel. Also, if either of the ships became flooded from battle damage, it was hoped the contents of the bunkers and storerooms would aid in their continued buoyancy. Because of this unarmored protection, these ships could be considered the first protected cruisers. However, these ships also shared the liabilities of the Russian ones and because of this, the British Navy was never happy with them.

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the battlecruisers were much larger than armored cruisers, allowing them to be faster, more heavily armed, and better-protected, so battlecruisers were able to outpace armored cruisers, stay out of range of their weapons and destroy them with relative impunity. Because they carried the heavy guns normally ascribed to battleships, they could also theoretically hold their place in a battle line more readily than armored cruisers and serve as the "battleship-cruiser" for which Hovgaard had argued after Tsushima. All these factors made battlecruisers attractive fighting units, although Britain, Germany and Japan would be the only powers to build them. They also meant that the armored cruiser as it had been known was now outmoded and no more were built after 1910. The

1286: 566:, begun in 1881 and finished in 1886, were built as armored cruisers but were often referred to as protected cruisers. While they carried an armored belt some 10 in thick, the belt only covered 140 ft (43 m) of the 315 ft (96 m) length of the ship, and was submerged below the waterline at full load. The real protection of the class came from the armored deck 4 in (102 mm) thick, and the arrangement of coal bunkers to prevent flooding. These ships were also the last armored cruisers to be designed with sails. However, on trials it became clear that the masts and sails did more harm than good; they were removed and replaced by a single military mast with machine guns. 1495:, three armoured cruisers and two light cruisers. The German armored cruisers were too slow to outrun their pursuers, and their initially accurate gunnery failed to inflict serious damage on the British battlecruisers. The British 12-inch guns turned the tide of battle once they started scoring hits on the Germans, and the German armored cruisers were fatally crippled before they had a chance to close the range and use their superior secondary armament. This victory seemed to validate Lord "Jacky" Fisher's justification in building battlecruisers—to track down and destroy armored cruisers with vessels possessing superior speed and firepower. The German force commander Admiral 1392: 868: 690:

fair surface upon which to attach them was all that was needed. Moreover, this belt could also be much wider than previously, covering the center of the hull, where the ammunition and engines were located, from the main deck to five feet below the waterline. Steel bulkheads added strength to the hull, while armor as thick as the belt covered the guns and heavier protection surrounded the conning tower. With these improvements, the ships became more fully protected than was possible previously. They were also expensive to maintain at fighting strength as they required a greater number of

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battleships, preferably by at least 30 percent, to fulfill its traditional role as scout for the fleet and the newly acquired one of participating with battleships in a naval encounter. Thirty percent was the ratio by which frigates had been faster than ships of the line in the days of sail. If a battleship sailed at 20 knots, this would mean that an armored cruiser would have to steam at least 26 or 27 knots. To fulfill these criteria, however, armored cruisers would have to be built much larger and take on a different form than they had in the past. The battlecruiser HMS

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you have given tonnage beyond what is needed for the speed and coal endurance proper for a cruiser. By giving this tonnage to armor and armament you have taken it from other uses; either from increasing her own speed and endurance, or from providing another cruiser. You have in her more cruiser than she ought to have and less armored vessel, or less cruiser and more armored ship. I do not call this a combination, though I do call it a compromise.... I do not say you have a useless ship. I do say that you have not as useful a ship as, for the tonnage, you ought to have.

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their ships. The vital parts—engines, boilers, magazines and enough hull structure to keep the ship stable in the event of damage—could be positioned underneath an armored deck just below the waterline. This deck, which would only be struck very obliquely by shells, could be thinner and lighter than belt armor. The sides of the ship would be entirely unarmored but would be as effective as an armored belt which would not stop shellfire. Cruisers designed along these guidelines, known as

1785:, even though the name might suggest this. The armored cruiser type had come about in a time of transition as one technology after another presented itself. Boilers had become better (though still in need of improvement), and Krupp cemented armor and compound steam engines had arrived. The rate of change was nothing less than staggering and any ship more than 20 years old was found to be completely obsolete. The Italian Navy, unable to afford battleships, produced the 33: 445: 1160: 1073: 804: 702: 291: 1059:

source defines an armored cruiser as "a battleship in which the qualities of offense and defense have been much reduced to gain high speed and great coal capacity" and adds, "... there are many who hold that the armored cruiser is an anomaly, something less than a battleship and more than a protected cruiser, performing satisfactorily the duties of neither, with no special function of her own and lacking the great

357: 913: 636: 162: 1031:. They carried four 8-inch (203 mm) and 14 6-inch (152 mm) guns, 6 inches (152 mm) of armor on their belts, 6.5 inches (165 mm) on their turrets and 9 inches (229 mm) on their conning towers. Their deck armor was light at 1.5 inches (38 mm) for flat surfaces and 3 inches (76 mm) for sloped, a compromise made for faster speed (22 knots, compared with 20 knots for 994: 1202: 570: 1578: 179:

become obsolete and ineffective should a war at sea arise. Concern over obsolescence in official circles was further fueled by the race between the increasing size of naval guns and of armor strong enough to withstand such fire. In 1860, one of the largest naval cannons in standard use had a bore of 8 inches (203 mm) and fired a 68-pound (31 kg) solid

757: 321:(22.8 km/h) and a high coal consumption, which necessitated a full sailing rig, they were not really suited for the role of cruiser. Nevertheless, these ships were considered a new threat to British commerce in the event of war, the rationale being that any vessel, regardless of its speed, could technically be a threat to overseas commerce. 399:.) Consequently, armored cruisers retained a more traditional broadside arrangement. Their armor was distributed in a thick belt around the waterline along most of their length; the gun positions on deck were not necessarily armored at all. The limitations of these ships would not be rectified fully until decades after their construction. 1263:, completed in 1908. Armed with four 10-inch (254 mm) in two twin turrets fore and aft and eight 8-inch (203 mm) in turrets along the ship's sides, she displaced 15,190 tons and carried a 6-inch (152 mm) belt, two armored decks and 8-inch (203 mm) armor on her turrets and conning tower. Her top speed was 21 knots. 269:, where steam is passed through a series of cylinders of increasing size before being released, was a more efficient process; it allowed the steam to generate more energy and use less coal to go the same distance. With greater efficiency came increasingly complex machinery and the larger potential for breakdown. However, advances in 203:, which improved accuracy, and advancements in shells were other factors. Although a cruiser would not likely face the largest-caliber guns of a battleship and many navies commonly used smaller weapons as they did not wear out as fast as larger ones did, cruisers still needed some form of protection to preclude being shot to pieces. 1228:

the world. Undaunted and fully engaged in a naval arms race with the British, the Germans also continued to build armored cruisers, partly from their faith in them as fighting units and commerce raiders, partly from Japan's success. Between 1897 and 1906 they laid down eight of them for use on overseas stations. The initial two,

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standard displacement of no more than 10,000 tons, with main guns not exceeding 8 inches (203 mm) caliber. There were also important technical differences between the heavy cruiser and the armored cruiser, some of which reflected the generational gap between them. Heavy cruisers were typically powered by oil-fired

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The final nail in the coffin for the armored cruiser type was in the development of capped armor-piercing shells. The Harvey and Krupp Cemented armor that had looked to offer protection failed when hit with soft capped AP shells of large enough size. Later hard capped AP shell would only make the matter worse.

662:. While Mahan emphasized the importance of battleships above all other types of warships in obtaining command of the sea, armored cruisers and large protected cruisers could still be used as second-class battleships to maintain control of the sea lanes and potentially as fighting units of a battle fleet. 1596:

of 1922 placed strict limits on the numbers of "capital ships" possessed by the navies of the great powers. A "capital ship" was defined as any vessel of over 10,000 tons displacement or with guns over 8-in caliber, and several more armored cruisers were decommissioned to comply with the terms of the

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Although pre-dreadnought battleships and armored cruisers were outclassed by modern battleship and battlecruiser designs, respectively, armored cruisers still played an active role in World War I. Their armor and firepower was sufficient to defeat other cruiser types and armed merchant vessels, while

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cruisers, the culmination of its armored cruiser building program. They displaced 14,600 tons, were capable of 23 knots and were armed with four 9.2-inch (234 mm) and 10 7.5-inch (191 mm) guns. By the time these ships were commissioned, Britain possessed the largest armored cruiser force in

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fast battleships in the 1930s, said, "The fighting capacity of the armored cruiser has reached a point which renders its participation in future fleet actions almost a certainty" and called for a "battleship-cruiser" which would possess the speed of a cruiser and the firepower of a capital ship Other

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steel and mild steel made it feasible to put a light yet useful armor belt on a large cruiser. They saved further weight by not requiring a heavy timber backing, as previous armor plating had, to soften and spread the force of the impact from oncoming shells; 2.5 inches (64 mm) of teak to give a

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followed, armed with four 10-inch and eight 9-inch guns. These early armored cruisers were essentially scaled-down versions of the first-rate ironclad warships of the time and, like their Russian counterparts, were essentially belted cruisers. Their 9-inch belts were thicker than that of the Russians

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She is armored, and she is a cruiser; and what have you got? A ship to "lie in the line"? as our ancestors used to say. No, and Yes; that is to say, she may at a pinch, and at a risk that exceeds her powers. A cruiser? Yes, and No; for, order to give her armor and armament which do not fit the line,

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quotes an otherwise unidentified Captain Walker, USN, in describing the role of the armored cruiser as "that of a vessel possessing in a high degree offensive and defensive qualities, with the capacity of delivering her attack at points far distant from her base in the least space of time." The same

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s were slower than the newer French cruisers. However, their 6-inch (152 mm) belt of Krupp steel was expected to keep out armor-piercing shells from a 6-inch (152 mm) quick-firing gun at likely battle ranges, while their two 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) and 12 6-inch (152 mm) guns offered

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Britain, which had concluded as early as 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire's sea lanes, responded to the perceived threat from France, Russia and, increasingly, Germany with a resumption of armored cruiser construction in 1898 with the

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The underlying problem with these early warships was that technology had not caught up to the demands being made of them; therefore, they represented a series of compromises and could not be fully effective. They were typically powered by double-expansion steam engines fed by boilers which generated

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in 1865 and sandwich armor in 1870 gave ships a chance to withstand fire from larger guns. Both these protective schemes used wood as an important component, which made them extremely heavy and limited speed, the key factor in a cruiser's ability to perform its duties satisfactorily. While the first

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The performance of the Japanese armored cruisers led to a boom in the construction of armored cruisers in the world's navies as some naval authorities concluded that the armored cruiser's superior speed could ensure survivability in a naval action against battleships; they did not take into account

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were not fully armored but protected only by a narrow belt along the waterline. This belt, moreover, was so heavy that it sat below the ships' waterlines, which limited its benefit still further. Since they were iron-hulled, however, they were more durable than their wooden counterparts. With a top

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and the successful use of compounding in commercial engines made it an attractive option for naval engines, as well. By the 1870s, compound engines had become standard for warships. Compounding by itself did not increase power or speed significantly, although it allowed for a much greater operating

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battle line, which included several battlecruisers and dreadnought battleships. The armor belt was shown to be far less than required to survive the 280mm (11 inch) and 300 mm (12 inch) shells of more modern dreadnoughts and battlecruisers and the cruisers were too slow to get away from them.

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she intended for? Surely not as a scout or a commerce destroyer, for vessels a fifth the displacement could do this work as well, and numbers are required here, not strength.... If she is to overtake a weaker enemy, you must first assume a smaller enemy, otherwise she could not have superiority in

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and her two sister ships were designed specifically to fulfill these requirements. In a sense they were an extension of the armored cruiser as a fast, heavily armed scout, commerce protector and cruiser-destroyer, reflected in the term originally ascribed to them, "large armored cruiser." However,

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s were armed with four 194-millimetre (7.6 in) guns in twin turrets and 16 164-millimetre (6.5 in) in four single and six twin turrets and were protected by up to 150-millimetre (5.9 in) of Krupp belt armor and nearly 200-millimetre (7.9 in) on their conning towers and turrets.

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of the time. Such a ship was desirable to protect overseas trade and, especially for the French and British, to police their vast overseas empires. The concern within higher naval circles was that without ships that could fulfill these requirements and incorporate new technology, their fleet would

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wars proved instrumental in spurring cruiser growth among all the major naval powers, according to naval historian Eric Osborne, "as they showcased the abilities of the modern ships in warfare." The only time cruisers were seen in any of their traditional role, he continues, was as blockade ships

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in warships, ability to fight in proportion to her great size and cost." By 1914 the U.S. Navy in hearings before the House of Representatives gave testimony to the effect that no armored cruisers were further planned nor to it knowledge were armored cruisers being built by any major naval power

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in 1896. Fournier argued that a fleet of technologically advanced armored cruisers and torpedo craft would be powerful and flexible enough to engage in a wide range of activity and overwhelm potential enemies. French naval and government circles embraced this ideal mutually and even advocates of

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guns caused problems for the designers of battleships and cruisers alike. Even a ship designed with adequate armor protection from the current generation of guns might be vulnerable to new guns powerful enough to penetrate its armor. Consequently, naval designers tried a novel method of armoring

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The heavy cruiser was a direct product of the First London Naval Treaty of 1930, which divided cruisers into 2 classes between those with larger than 6.1" main guns and those with smaller main guns with both remaining within the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited cruisers to a

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s (5 inches (127 mm) on their belts and 1 inch (25 mm) on their decks) due to newly imposed congressional restraints on tonnage, they could still steam at 22 knots. They were built as a fast, powerful response in the eventuality of a Pacific war and were the largest and last American

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was laid down before Harvey or Krupp armor was available and could not benefit from the advantage in weight these much lighter armors offered. She was redesignated a "second-class battleship" in 1894, an awkward compromise reflecting that, at 16.45 knots, she was considerably slower than other

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set the tone for cruiser construction for the years to come, with "Elswick cruisers" on a similar design being constructed for Italy, China, Japan, Argentina, Austria and the United States. Protected cruisers became attractive for two reasons. First, the concept of the armored cruiser was not

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By the time these ships were entering service, the armored cruiser as it was then known had reached the end of its development. Tactics and technology favored fighting power over long to medium ranges, which demanded an armament of primarily large caliber guns and a speed higher than that of

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The development of rapid–fire cannons in the late 1880s forced a change in cruiser design. Since a large number of hits at or near the waterline could negate the effect of water–excluding material used in protected cruisers, side armor again became a priority. Four inches (c. 10 cm) was

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was unusual in that she was Russian designed but British built; the Russian Navy was not usually a customer of British shipyards. She was reportedly one of the best armored cruisers built, with an advanced sprinkler protection for the magazines. Intended as the first of a three-ship class,

1448:). This was one of the last battles involving armored cruisers as the chief adversaries; all subsequent engagements were dominated by battlecruisers and dreadnought battleships. Moreover, the timing could not have been worse for British morale. Six weeks earlier, the armored cruisers 1371:

type, except that the latter, if wounded, would be fit to lie in the line, owing to her great armament. If it is hoped to fight at such great ranges that her 7-inch belt and 5-inch side will be of value, then the armor of battleships is wrong, not in principle, but in distribution."

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to starboard and the aft turret to port) to allow end-on fire for both turrets, and six 6-inch (152 mm) guns on broadside, she carried between 7 and 12 inches (178 to 305 mm) of belt armor and between 1 and 4 inches (25 to 102 mm) on her decks. However,

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For many decades, naval technology had not advanced far enough for designers to produce a cruiser that combined an armored belt with the long-range and high speed required to fulfill its mission. For this reason, beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, many navies preferred to build

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embraced wholeheartedly in naval circles. Second, several navies were caught in a race between armor thickness and the size of main guns and did not have the money to spend on battleships and armored cruisers. The use of smaller, cheaper cruisers was a better alternative.

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more than 50 times without causing significant damage. The Peruvian ship had an inexperienced crew unused to its cumbersome machinery, and managed to fire only six rounds, all of which missed. The engagement demonstrated the value of cruisers with armor protection.

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hit a vital spot, and if it did she would lose her only raison d'etre, for a crippled cruiser would be useless as a cruiser, and still not fit to "lie in the line."... It may be urged that an armored cruiser was never intended to fight a battleship. Then what

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s, slightly faster at 23 knots, were armed with 14 194-millimetre (7.6 in) guns and carried up to 170-millimetre (6.7 in) of armor on their belts, almost 100-millimetre (3.9 in) on their decks and 150-millimetre (5.9 in) on their turrets.

388:, the use of armored turrets as used on monitors and some battleships was ruled out, because a turret was a very heavy weight high in the ship and its placement necessitated a lower freeboard than was warranted for an oceangoing vessel. (The loss of 729:, laid down in 1896, displaced 11,000 tons, carried a mixed armament of 194-millimetre (7.6 in) and 138-millimetre (5.4 in) guns, and had a 150-millimetre (5.9 in) belt of Harvey armor over her machinery spaces. The 12,300-ton 352:

s of 14 knots (26 km/h) made them too slow to deal with fast cruisers and they were not armored well enough to take on a first-class battleship. Their armor belts also sat below the ships' waterlines, which made them of limited benefit.

623:. It also used steam of higher pressure, 60 poundforce per square inch, as compared to the 25 to 30 poundforce in earlier engines. With these engineering developments, warships could now dispense with sails and be entirely steam-driven. 380:

steam at perhaps 60 or 70 psi pressure, which gave relatively poor efficiency and short range. Even with improved engines, the dearth of overseas refueling stations made a full sailing rig a necessity. As sailing ships required a high

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was a revolutionary ship, being the first French armored cruiser to dispose entirely of masts, and sheathed in steel armor. However, she and two others were not sufficiently seaworthy, and their armor could be penetrated by modern

2831: 1793:-class cruiser of 12,000 tons displacement designed from the onset as an adjunct to the pre-dreadnought battle line, on 3 May 1897. As such the armored cruiser is the direct predecessor of and inspiration for the battlecruiser. 626:

The only major naval power to retain a preference for armored cruisers during the 1880s was Russia. The Russian Navy laid down four armored cruisers and one protected cruiser during the decade, all being large ships with sails.

228:, tasks usually assigned to frigates or corvettes. Powered by both sail and steam but without the additional weight of armor, these ships could reach speeds of up to 16 or 17 knots. The most powerful among them were the British 1180:

between 1905 and 1908. At a speed of 20.5 knots, they carried an extremely heavy main armament of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns, 8 inches (203 mm) of belt and turret armor and 3 inches (76 mm) of deck armor. The

499:, with a high speed of 18 knots (33 km/h), dispensed entirely with sails and carried an armament of two 10-inch and six 6-inch guns, considered very powerful for a ship her size. Her protection scheme, inspired by the 990:. After these two ships, the Navy concentrated on battleship construction until the Spanish–American War showed how cruisers could be "useful," in the words of General J. B. Crabtree, "and how desirable others would be." 77:

to protect the vital parts of the ship. However, by the late 1880s, the development of modern rapid-fire breech-loading cannons and high-explosive shells made the reintroduction of side armor a necessity. The invention of

3069: 1388:, were allocated to remote naval squadrons. Many other vessels however, were formed into independent squadrons for patrolling European waters and accompanied capital ships every time the latter made forays out of port. 971:

s builder diverged from the Navy blueprint by rearranging her boilers during construction; this allowed the installation of additional transverse and longitudinal bulkheads, which increased her underwater protection.

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s were intended to take the place of aging battleships and thus showed Japan's intention of continuing to use armored cruisers in fleet engagements. The U.S. Navy raised the main gun caliber of its cruisers with its

1629:, constructed in 1909, served with the British Navy as a convoy escort in the Indian Ocean after the fall of Greece, while a number of Japanese armored cruisers were still active as minelayers or training vessels. 1126:, an advocate of armored cruisers as more useful than battleships to safeguard British trade and territorial interests, saw his efforts justified; his belief that "speed is armor" would lead him to create the 838:, Gashinshōtan) in preparation for further confrontations. The core of this 109-ship build-up was the "Six-Six Program" of six battleships and six (eventually eight) armored cruisers comparable to the British 1805:

engines, and were capable of far faster speeds than armored cruisers (propelled by coal-fired reciprocating steam engines of their era) ever had been. Countries withdrawing from the Washington Treaty and the

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armored cruisers to take advantage of lessons learned and better control the large sea areas the nation had just gained. Much larger than their predecessors (displacing 14,500 tons as compared to 8150 for

949:, with 3 inches (76 mm) on her belt and 3 to 6 inches (76 to 152 mm) on her deck but better protected overall against rapid-fire weaponry. Their armor was comparable in thickness to that of 860:(23.6 mph; 38.0 km/h). They were considered a compromise between cruiser and battleship and were intended to augment capital ship strength in battle squadrons. This practice would persist until 534:

school of thought, which proposed a navy composed of fast cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo-boats for coast defense, was particularly influential in France. The first French protected cruiser was

1193:, laid down between 1902 and 1904. These mounted four 10-inch (254 mm) and 16 6-inch (152 mm) guns, the former a size previously allocated to battleships. While they had thinner armor than the 165:

Schematic of an armored cruiser. Red lines: armored upper and middle decks and side belt. Grey areas: lateral protective coal bunkers. The machinery was arranged in the protected internal void above the

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Ship propulsion was improving but was also taking time to develop. Naval engines in the 1860s were single-expansion types, in which steam was expanded into a cylinder, pushed a piston and was released.

187:. By 1884, guns with as wide a bore as 16.25 inches (413 mm), firing an 1,800-pound (816 kg) exploding shell, were being mounted on naval vessels. This gun could penetrate up to 34 inches of 2798:

Naval strategy compared and contrasted with the principles and practice of military operations on land: Lectures delivered at the U.S. Naval war college, Newport, R.I., between the years 1887 and 1911

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Japan, which now received British technical assistance in naval matters and purchased larger vessels from France and Britain, began an armored cruiser program of its own. With the end of the

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s were the beginning of a rapid expansion in British cruiser construction. Between 1899 and 1905, seven classes of armored cruisers were either completed or laid down, a total of 35 ships.

1699:. There she provided anti-aircraft cover and naval gunfire support to Italian units. She was heavily damaged by British aircraft and was scuttled to prevent her capture. Her sister ship, 1514:, as being superior to his entire force by itself. At the Falklands, he had already deduced the battle was lost when he missed the chance to attack the British battlecruisers in port. 1719:, decommissioned since 1933, was moored in Subic Bay and used as a receiving ship and anti-aircraft platform. She was later scuttled to prevent her capture by the Japanese during the 1789:-class cruiser of 7,500 tons displacement which was an international success. William H. White DNC of the British Royal Navy was taken by the design and presented the design for the 1254:, displaced 12,781 tons, steamed at 23.5 knots, carried 6 inches (152 mm) of belt and 2 inches (51 mm) of deck armor and were armed with eight 8.2-inch (208 mm) guns. 3055: 1321:

s then being constructed. The Germans expected these new British ships to be armed with six or eight 9.2 in (23 cm) guns. One week after the final decision to construct

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was the first ship to make use of an armored deck. However, by the end of the 1870s, ships could be found with full–length armored decks and little or no side armor. The Italian

310:, begun in 1870 and launched in 1873, often referred to as the first armored cruiser. Armed with six 8-inch (203 mm) and two 6-inch (152 mm) guns, she and her sister 723:

battleships over cruisers admitted the latter's potential usefulness in scouting and commercial warfare. The result was the building of increasingly large armored cruisers.

1329:, work was ordered to proceed as scheduled. Although much more powerful than a typical armored cruiser, she was significantly weaker than the new British battlecruisers. 1325:, the German naval attache learned they would carry eight 30.5 cm (12.0 in) guns, the same type mounted on battleships. With no funds available to redesign 891:, was launched in 1889 but not completed until 1895 due to a three-year delay in the delivery of her armor plate. Armed with four 10-inch (254 mm) guns, mounted 2999: 1758:

underwent an extensive modernization from 1939 to 1940 and conducted neutrality patrols in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She continued service until 1953.

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guns, was protected by a 3.5–6.7-inch (89–170 mm) main belt, 2.4-inch (61 mm) armored deck and 5.9-inch (150 mm) turret armor and steamed at 20.5

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designs, more heavily armed (with eight 8-inch (203 mm) and 12 5-inch (127 mm) guns) and with better sea-keeping abilities through the addition of a

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were used as training, support, and anti-aircraft ships during the war near the Japanese home islands. Most were sunk by Allied bombings in Japanese harbors.

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s inferior to protected cruisers and built exclusively protected cruisers immediately afterwards, including some very large, fast ships like the 14,000-ton

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during the Spanish–American War. More often, they were seen fighting in a battle line. They would not been seen in their designed role until World War I.

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class were designed for colonial service and were only capable of 13 knots (24 km/h) speed, not fast enough for commerce protection or fleet duties.

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considered adequate. However, it had to cover not just guns and the waterline but also much of the hull structure in–between; otherwise, the equally new

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but the French ship's armor covered a much greater area of the hull. The hull protection of both ships was superior to their main rival, the British

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received eight hits, which destroyed three of her 8-inch (203 mm) guns, killed five crew members and injured 90 more (one of the wounded being

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could penetrate and destroy much of the unarmored portion of the ship. Another development was the publication in 1890 of American naval strategist

199:, which were readopted into naval use in the 1870s, were more destructive than muzzle loaders due to their higher rate of fire. The development of 658: 118:" came into use for small cruisers with armored belts. Although they were now considered second-rate ships, armored cruisers were widely used in 1424: 1242:, were armed with 9.44-inch (240 mm) guns; the six that followed had 8.2-inch (208 mm) guns of a more modern design. The final pair, 3094: 2911: 2591: 2499: 2476: 2456: 724: 3665: 1720: 3099: 1381:

their speed and range made them particularly useful for extended operations out in the high seas. Some German and Royal Navy vessels, like

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Author unidentified, "Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association—with extracts from the Address of Mr. Fairbairn at the opening." In

103:, was launched in 1873 and combined sail and steam propulsion. By the 1890s, cruisers had abandoned sail and took on a modern appearance. 2162: 1705:

was decommissioned in 1931 and used as a radio controlled target ship. In 1943, she was scuttled to prevent her capture by the Germans.

330:, begun in 1873, launched in 1875 and armed with two 10-inch (254 mm) and seven 9-inch (229 mm) rifled guns. Two ships of the 211:

ocean-going ironclads had been launched around 1860, the "station ironclads" built for long-range colonial service such as the British

2159:"Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, 1914" 311: 246:. The British especially had hoped to rely on these vessels to serve the more distant reaches of its empire. In the aftermath of the 4004: 3025: 2983: 2967: 2950: 2930: 2892: 2867: 2840: 2819: 2786: 2758: 2736: 2717: 2698: 2647: 2627: 2576: 2561: 2544: 114:

and speed equivalent to that of a cruiser, was faster and more powerful than an armored cruiser. At around the same time, the term "

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Only a small number of armored cruisers survived these limitations, though a handful saw action in World War II in marginal roles;

867: 490: 669:. They combined long range, high speed and an armament approaching that of battleship with enough armor to protect them against 3870: 1848: 892: 542: 520: 305: 295: 98: 782:

comparable firepower. The 2,500-ton weight of their belt armor was an improvement over the 1809 tons of the otherwise similar

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of 1930 introduced further limits on cruiser tonnage, and the former role of the armored cruiser was occupied by more modern

1473: 1052:

Even with all their improvements and apparent performance, opinion on the armored cruiser was mixed. The 1904 edition of the

107: 730: 475:

of very fast battleships had armored decks and guns but no side armor. The British used a full-length armored deck in their

395:

in 1870 with nearly all of her 500-man crew illustrated graphically what could happen in a heavy sea with a steam-and-sail

1838: 1624: 1582: 1391: 1339: 1221: 1123: 251: 139: 2426: 905:

cruisers and weaker than first-line battleships. Her destruction in Havana harbor in 1898 was a catalyst in starting the

3562: 1518: 1258: 849: 37: 4037: 3845: 3691: 1731: 1686: 1139: 705: 673:, considered the most important weapons afloat at the time. Their speed was made possible due to another development, 241: 219: 715: 2556:(Harvard University Press, 1933; reprinted with permission by US Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2000). 3892: 3274: 1811: 1347: 1012: 737: 666: 126:

of 1922, which imposed limits on warships and defined a cruiser as a ship of 10,000 tons or less carrying guns of

4032: 3787: 3456: 3332: 3231: 3221: 1700: 848:

followed the basic pattern for these cruisers—on a 9,646 long tons (9,801 t) displacement, she carried four

1761:

The only armored cruiser still considered to be in existence, as well as in active duty, is the aforementioned

906: 130:

or less—rather smaller than many of the large armored cruisers. A handful survived in one form or another until

3865: 3855: 3782: 3425: 3283: 1313:

class with a speed of 24.25 knots, armed with 12 8.2-inch (208 mm) and eight 5.9-inch (150 mm) guns,

1090: 1076: 997: 960:, which were the largest cruisers at the time but had no side armor. Armed with six 8-inch (203 mm) guns, 790: 560: 261:, the Admiralty realized that its ships could theoretically encounter an ironclad in any theater of operation. 212: 448:

Schematic of a protected cruiser. Red lines: armored deck and gun shield. Grey areas: protective coal bunkers.

1427:. With newer ships, superior gunnery and optimal logistics, the Germans sank the Royal Navy armored cruisers 1150:

naval authorities remained skeptical. Mahan called the interest in armored cruisers "a fad," then explained:

3655: 3461: 3171: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1593: 1554: 1187: 1110: 1045: 1041:

and their use of state instead of city names, usually reserved for capital ships, emphasized their kinship.

1035:). Improved ammunition made their main guns as powerful as the 12-inch (305 mm) guns of the battleship 843: 817: 807: 612: 469: 247: 123: 3650: 3537: 3501: 3496: 3322: 3226: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1500: 1104: 1100: 1054: 691: 601: 3737: 3686: 3582: 3486: 3481: 3201: 1508: 1504: 1489: 1399: 1276: 1171: 1143: 1135: 620: 590: 515: 229: 196: 127: 94: 1367:

Later in the same address is this: "Every argument used against holds true for battle-cruisers of the

1229: 416: 3047: 2520:(New Haven, Connecticut), Vol. XXXII No. XCVI, November 1861. At Google Books. Accessed 13 April 2012. 541:, laid down in 1882, and followed by six classes of protected cruiser – and no armored cruisers until 3963: 3567: 3516: 3259: 3141: 1820: 1815: 1713: 1435: 1382: 940: 934: 916: 783: 771: 649: 616: 583: 476: 381: 331: 235: 304:

The Russian navy became the first to produce an armored warship intended for commerce raiding, with

4027: 3999: 3817: 3506: 3369: 3211: 1807: 1598: 1496: 1445: 1428: 954: 853: 832:, Japan began a 10-year naval build-up program, under the slogan "Perseverance and determination" ( 821: 653: 536: 426: 290: 170:

The armored cruiser was developed in the 1870s as an attempt to combine the virtues of the armored

2795: 2670: 503:

class, included a full–length protected deck up to 2 inches (51 mm) thick, and a cork-filled

32: 3933: 3797: 3752: 3645: 3547: 3511: 3491: 3390: 3216: 3111: 2993: 2810: 1814:

1936 eventually rendered all limitations on heavy cruisers moot, although the only supersized or

1709: 1565: 1547: 1540: 1463: 1236: 1206: 1086: 881: 825: 573: 389: 361: 325: 184: 90: 2887:. first published Seeley Service & Co, 1957, published United States Naval Institute Press. 2529:, ed. Beach, Frederick Converse and George Edward Rines. At Google Books. Accessed 9 April 2012. 559:

The British Royal Navy was equivocal about which protection scheme to use until 1887. The large

282:

systems would help increase power and speed but would not come into use until the early 1890s.

3968: 3918: 3860: 3850: 3617: 3471: 3349: 3289: 3136: 3021: 3006: 2979: 2963: 2946: 2939: 2926: 2907: 2888: 2873: 2863: 2849: 2836: 2815: 2782: 2767: 2754: 2732: 2713: 2694: 2679: 2661: 2653: 2643: 2623: 2606: 2587: 2572: 2557: 2550: 2540: 2524: 2515: 2495: 2472: 2452: 2158: 1798: 1738: 1692: 1592:

After the end of World War I, many of the surviving armored cruisers were sold for scrap. The

1561: 1449: 1406: 1103:). None of the other Japanese armored cruisers suffered serious damage or large loss of life. 981: 760: 458: 444: 413: 403: 67: 2956: 2773:(New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1905). Accessed 14 April 2012.] 2636: 2533: 2070: 3953: 3887: 3840: 3822: 3772: 3602: 3466: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3307: 3163: 3121: 3116: 2685:(London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1877), ed. Pole, William FRS. Accessed 13 April 2012. 1530: 1456: 1317:

was planned as an armored cruiser in part because the British had misled the Germans on the

1299: 1159: 1131: 1115:, all the cruisers present at Tsushima that morning were still battle-ready in the evening. 1096: 1028: 885: 871: 670: 589:, were protected cruisers, but the Royal Navy then returned to the armored cruiser with the 553: 171: 161: 58:

to operate as a long-range, independent warship, capable of defeating any ship apart from a

3877: 3807: 3732: 3630: 3364: 3344: 3269: 3236: 3181: 3126: 1696: 1410: 1243: 1072: 1036: 665:

The armored cruisers built in the mid– to late–1890s were often as large and expensive as

407: 266: 225: 224:

were too slow, at 13 and 11 knots respectively, to raid enemy commerce or hunt down enemy

122:. Most surviving armored cruisers from this conflict were scrapped under the terms of the 85:

Varying in size, the armored cruiser was distinguished from other types of cruiser by its

1220:

The British also considered 10-inch (254 mm) and 12-inch (305 mm) guns for its

2102:

Conway's 1860–1905, pp. 66, 147, 303; Friedman, pp. 34–6; Jane's 1905–1906, pp. 119, 161

803: 701: 556:. Thus from 1891 to 1897 the French reverted to the construction of protected cruisers. 3747: 3742: 3727: 3597: 3359: 3196: 2904:

The late Victorian Navy: the pre-dreadnought era and the origins of the First World War

1727: 1303: 1289: 1120: 674: 453: 385: 279: 79: 3007:

Stirling, Commander Yates, USN, "Another Argument for Speed in Battleship Design." In

356: 82:

armor in the mid-1890s offered effective protection with less weight than previously.

4021: 3983: 3978: 3943: 3928: 3882: 3792: 3777: 3635: 3577: 3572: 3476: 3354: 3339: 3327: 3317: 3206: 3186: 2805: 1802: 1782: 1766: 1620: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1417: 1249: 1127: 1085:

Armored cruisers were used with success in the line of battle by the Japanese at the

115: 3012:(Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute, 1908). Accessed 13 April 2012. 1109:

was hit 16 times but no one onboard was killed and only 15 were wounded. Except for

1027:

s "were closer to light battleships than to cruisers," according to naval historian

3938: 3923: 3762: 3757: 3696: 3640: 3607: 3440: 3435: 3241: 1752: 1748: 1682: 1442: 1363:

both speed and strength. By escaping from a stronger enemy she will never win wars.

1119:

the Russian Baltic Fleet's inefficiency and tactical ineptitude during the battle.

912: 678: 635: 255: 192: 188: 131: 2667:(Springfield, Mass.: The King-Richardson Company, 1898). Accessed 14 April 2012. 2418: 1060: 993: 89:—thick iron (or later steel) plating on much of the hull to protect the ship from 17: 3973: 3812: 3711: 3587: 3542: 3430: 3279: 3264: 861: 857: 820:

in 1895 and the return under pressure from Russia (in what became known as the "

695: 682: 530: 396: 318: 274: 207: 145: 119: 111: 74: 2676:(Springfield, Mass.: The King-Richardson Company, 1901). Accessed 9 April 2012. 1201: 945:, launched in 1895 and 1896 respectively, carried thinner but newer armor than 528:

The French navy adopted the protected cruiser wholeheartedly in the 1880s. The

54:

of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was designed like other types of

3958: 3767: 3701: 3251: 3151: 3078: 2161:. United States Congress House Committee on Naval Affairs. 1914. p. 575. 987: 270: 180: 135: 86: 59: 2770:

Transactions: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Volume 13

3832: 3706: 3521: 3415: 3395: 2610: 1089:

in 1905. Of the battle damage received by the Japanese, the armored cruiser

569: 504: 2832:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

2745:

Jane's Fighting Ships 1905/6. Arco Publishing Company, Inc. (reprint) 1970.

1885:

Baxter, pp. 202–3; Fairbairn, pp. 351–9; Osborne, pp. 32–3; Sandler, p. 53.

1577: 3042: 495:, designed and built by the British firm Armstrong at their Elswick yard. 3948: 3681: 3552: 3191: 3146: 1353:

would dare even tackle a monitor, for fear that one of the latter's shot

2855:, ed. Tucker, Spencer and Priscilla Mary Roberts. Accessed 9 April 2012. 1834:

List of cruisers of the United States Navy § Armored cruisers (ACR)

619:

used the steam in three stages, it was more fuel-efficient than earlier

489:

The breakthrough for the protected cruiser design came with the Chilean

3902: 3802: 3660: 3557: 3420: 3299: 3082: 2673:

The Marvels of Modern Mechanism and Their Relation to Social Betterment

2553:

The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship (Classics of Naval Literature)

2064:

Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy

1177: 896: 756: 200: 175: 55: 51: 1441:, with the loss of over 1,500 British sailors and officers (including 3897: 3625: 3592: 1770: 686: 2860:

Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

1476:

showed graphically how much technology and tactics had changed. SMS

1525:

was crippled by a shell from a British battlecruiser, which slowed

3385: 2879:(Baltimore: B. H. Woodward Company, 1898). Accessed 9 April 2012. 1576: 1390: 1284: 1200: 1158: 1071: 992: 911: 866: 829: 802: 755: 700: 568: 514: 355: 289: 250:

in 1862, where United States wooden warships were defeated by the

160: 71: 31: 2658:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1979. Accessed 11 April 2012. 2024:

Brown, p. 152; Lambert, pp. 22–3; Osborne, p. 61; Roberts, p. 128

2942:

The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904

2801:(University of Michigan Library, 1915). Accessed 14 April 2012. 2779:

Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution (Studies in Maritime History)

1691:

was deployed to Spain to protected Italian interests during the

1170:

Buoyed with their success at Tsushima, Japan laid down the four

3051: 1507:—in fact he described the latter's flagship, the battlecruiser 1469:

had all been sunk on the same day by the German submarine U-9.

2569:

Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881

1298:"The supreme embodiment of the armored cruiser," in historian 1275:

s sisters were cancelled with the advent of the battlecruiser

452:

During the 1870s, the rapid increase in the size and power of

421:

demonstrated the need for more and better-protected cruisers.

93:

much like that on battleships. The first armored cruiser, the

2811:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the coming of the great war

1499:

had been wary of the Allies' battlecruisers, especially the

461:, superseded armored cruisers in the 1880s and early 1890s. 2236:

Brown, pp. 158, 162; Conway's, p. 142; Osborne, pp. 62, 74.

964:

carried more heavy weapons than the French ship. Moreover,

596:, begun in 1885 and completed in 1889. The navy judged the 3043:

British and German Armored Cruisers of the First World War

2605:. Windsor, England: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96. 1537:

go down so his more valuable battlecruisers could escape.

685:. The higher tensile strength of these armors compared to 1564:

when they inadvertently came into sight and range of the

1529:

to 17 knots and eventually sealed her fate. Admiral

62:

and fast enough to outrun any battleship it encountered.

27:

Type of cruiser in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

2729:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905

2536:

Iron Admirals: Naval Leadership in the Twentieth Century

2419:"History and Technology – Projectile AP Caps – NavWeaps" 1876:

Baxter, p. 197; Osborne, pp. 28–9, 31–2; Sandler, p. 53.

1342:

put the matter bluntly in its 1908 written proceedings:

582:

The next class of small cruisers in the Royal Navy, the

2945:(Naval Institute press, 1987), ed. Roberts, Stephen S. 2518:

The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series

1695:. During World War II, she was heavily utilized at the 1484:

were sunk by a British force of the battlecruisers HMS

694:

to feed the boilers than a battleship when steaming at

2876:

How Uncle Sam fights: or, Modern warfare—how conducted

2622:. Alfred Kurti (trans.). London: Macdonal and Jane's. 2601:

Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee".

2584:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development, 1860–1905

2042:

Brown, pp. 157–58; Lambert, pp. 20–22; Osborne, 61–62.

2015:, p. 16; Osborne, p. 61; Tucker & Roberts, p. 525. 1068:

Battle of Tsushima and appearance of the battlecruiser

2620:

Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World 1905–1970

1894:

Baxer, pp. 314–15; Parkinson, p. 150; Roberts, p. 89.

714:

The ideas presented by Mahan prompted French Admiral

1011:

Shortly after the war ended, the Navy laid down six

3992: 3911: 3831: 3720: 3674: 3616: 3530: 3449: 3378: 3298: 3250: 3162: 2959:

Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

2664:The Passing of Spain and the Ascendency of America 2639:US Cruisers 1883–1904: The Birth of the Steel Navy 2751:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 2655:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 1425:British naval forces from the West Indies Station 1346:It is very doubtful if an armored cruiser of the 1257:Another powerful armored cruiser was the Russian 547:, laid down in 1888 but not finished until 1895. 345:s top speed of 12.25 knots (22.69 km/h) and 183:or approximately 51-pound (23 kg) spherical 1781:The armored cruiser was not a close ancestor of 2768:Hovgaard, Commander William, "The Cruiser." In 191:, the earliest form of naval armor. These were 110:, which, with armament equivalent to that of a 643:triggered a resurgence of the armored cruiser. 3063: 833: 611:s were the first class of cruiser to use the 174:and the fast and long-ranged, but unarmored, 8: 2525:Author unidentified, "Warships, Modern." In 2066:by David C. Evans, Mark R. Peattie pp. 52–53 195:, as had been used on ships from the 1500s. 1818:actually built were the two members of the 631:Armored cruisers in the pre-dreadnought era 273:and engineering, the potential for smaller 3070: 3056: 3048: 2998:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2970:. At Google Books. Accessed 10 April 2012. 2749:Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). 2727:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew (2001). 743:followed. With a speed of 22.5 knots, the 482:of corvettes started in 1878; however the 464:As mentioned earlier, the armored cruiser 440:Rise of the protected cruiser in the 1880s 2192:Conway's, p. 24; Lambert, pp. 107, 114–16 1744:served until 1947 and 1954 respectfully. 2753:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 2710:U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated History 2527:Encyclopedia Americana (1904), Volume 16 1844:List of cruisers of the Second World War 634: 443: 2682:The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, BART 2486: 2484: 2033:Roberts, p. 128; Ropp et al, pp. 296–7. 1860: 659:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 641:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 3009:Naval Institute Proceedings, Volume 34 2991: 2781:. University of South Carolina Press. 2449:British Cruisers of the Victorian era 1993:Osborne, pp. 41–42; Parkinson, p. 151. 1609:(and, in the case of the German navy, 1134:, who would later become president of 406:between the British unarmored cruiser 144:, has survived to the modern day as a 2691:U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated History 2492:British Cruisers of the Victorian era 2469:British Cruisers of the Victorian era 7: 2429:from the original on 24 October 2017 2403:Jon Sutherland & Diane Canwell, 1957:Beeler, pp. 42–44; Parkinson, p. 149 1948:Parkinson, p. 151; Sondhaus, p. 117. 1142:, a group which would help plan the 42:is an example of an armored cruiser. 3018:German Pocket Battleships 1939–1945 2852:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 1930:Osborne, pp. 33–34; Parkes, p. 239. 1921:Beeler, p. 183; Osborne, pp. 32–33. 2850:Osborne, Eric. W., "Cruisers." In 2272:Conway's, p. 150; Staff, pp. 3, 4. 2165:from the original on 28 April 2018 25: 2925:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 1423:scored a resounding victory over 106:In 1908, the armored cruiser was 70:, which only relied on a lightly 1966:Osborne, p. 41; Roberts, p. 107. 1140:Battleship Design Advisory Board 789:and very similar to that of the 639:Alfred Thayer Mahan, whose book 425:and the smaller wooden corvette 2874:Parkerson, General A. C., ed., 2080:Reilly & Scheina, pp. 26–28 1867:Osborne, p. 28; Sandler, p. 53. 1849:List of cruisers of World War I 1777:Differences with heavy cruisers 976:was an improved version of the 108:supplanted by the battlecruiser 3177:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 1474:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1409:, the German armored cruisers 1396:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1302:'s words, was the German ship 1: 3095:Naval ship classes in service 3020:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2777:Lambert, Nicholas A. (2002). 2245:Tucker & Roberts, p. 525. 1839:List of ships of World War II 1340:United States Naval Institute 1309:. An enlarged version of the 1138:and serve on the U.S. Navy's 286:1870s: First armored cruisers 3563:Harbour defence motor launch 2223:Burr, pp. 22, 24; Friedman, 36:The Russian armored cruiser 3846:Ballistic missile submarine 3692:Mine countermeasures vessel 3016:Williamson, Gordon (2003). 2974:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 2642:(Osprey Publishing, 2008), 1765:, preserved as a museum in 1721:Invasion of The Philippines 1099:, who would later plan the 667:pre-dreadnought battleships 324:The British responded with 4054: 3893:Submarine aircraft carrier 3275:Pre-dreadnought battleship 3085:in 19th and 20th centuries 2923:The World's Worst Warships 2829:Massie, Robert K. (2003). 2680:Fairbairn, William et al, 2618:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 1812:Second London Naval Treaty 3788:General stores issue ship 3457:Amphibious transport dock 3232:Merchant aircraft carrier 3222:Interdiction Assault Ship 3090: 2902:Parkinson, Roger (2008). 2712:. Naval Institute Press. 2708:Friedman, Norman (1985). 2693:. Naval Institute Press. 2689:Friedman, Norman (1984). 2650:. Accessed 11 April 2012. 2586:. Naval Institute Press. 2564:. Accessed 10 April 2012. 2547:. Accessed 14 April 2012. 1163:Japanese armored cruiser 1044:The Spanish-American and 834: 3866:Deep-submergence vehicle 3856:Cruise missile submarine 3783:Fast combat support ship 3426:Guided-missile destroyer 3284:Standard-type battleship 2953:. Accessed 9 April 2012. 2921:Preston, Antony (2002). 2671:Crabtree, Jerome Bruce, 2662:Crabtree, Jerome Bruce, 2571:. Caxton, London, 2003. 1198:armored cruisers built. 1130:. Danish Navy Commander 716:Ernest François Fournier 294:Russian armored cruiser 3462:Amphibious warfare ship 3172:Amphibious assault ship 2976:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 2551:Baxter, James Phinney, 1594:Washington Naval Treaty 850:7.99-inch (203 mm) 818:First Sino-Japanese War 615:. Because this type of 613:triple-expansion engine 519:French armored cruiser 248:Battle of Hampton Roads 206:The adoption of rolled 124:Washington Naval Treaty 3538:Armed boarding steamer 3502:Landing Ship Logistics 3497:Landing ship, infantry 3323:Guided missile cruiser 3227:Light aircraft carrier 2883:Parkes, Oscar (1990). 2796:Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 1634:Imperial Japanese Navy 1589: 1501:Imperial Japanese Navy 1472:Five weeks later, the 1402: 1365: 1295: 1217: 1167: 1157: 1101:attack on Pearl Harbor 1082: 1055:Encyclopedia Americana 1008: 933:immediate successors, 923: 895:(with the fore turret 877: 813: 766: 711: 644: 579: 525: 449: 384:and a large degree of 376: 301: 167: 112:dreadnought battleship 43: 3738:Auxiliary repair dock 3687:Destroyer minesweeper 3583:Ocean boarding vessel 3487:Landing Craft Support 3482:Landing craft carrier 3202:Fighter catapult ship 2405:The Battle of Jutland 1580: 1519:Battle of Dogger Bank 1505:Royal Australian Navy 1394: 1344: 1288: 1204: 1162: 1152: 1136:New York Shipbuilding 1075: 996: 915: 870: 806: 759: 704: 650:high–explosive shells 638: 572: 518: 447: 359: 293: 197:Breech-loading cannon 164: 95:Imperial Russian Navy 35: 3964:Littoral combat ship 3517:Landing Ship Vehicle 3260:Coastal defence ship 2582:Brown, D.K. (2011). 907:Spanish–American War 854:6-inch (150 mm) 796:of battleships. The 720:La flotte necessaire 617:reciprocating engine 360:Plan and section of 3818:Replenishment oiler 3721:Command and support 3507:Landing Ship Medium 3370:Unprotected cruiser 3212:Flight deck cruiser 2885:British Battleships 2093:, pp. 17, 20–21, 23 1984:Parkes, pp. 309–312 1808:London Naval Treaty 1599:London Naval Treaty 1583:Greek cruiser 1497:Maximilian von Spee 1446:Christopher Cradock 1046:First Sino-Japanese 822:Triple Intervention 777:. At 21 knots, the 681:and then crucially 654:Alfred Thayer Mahan 317:speed of only 12.3 193:muzzle-loading guns 4038:Russian inventions 3934:Breastwork monitor 3798:Joint support ship 3753:Combat stores ship 3548:Coastal motor boat 3512:Landing Ship, Tank 3492:Landing Ship Heavy 3391:Convoy rescue ship 3217:Helicopter carrier 2962:(ABC-CLIO, 2004). 2957:Sandler, Stanley, 2862:(ABC-CLIO, 2004). 2858:Osborne, Eric W., 2534:Andidora, Ronald, 2490:Friedman, Norman: 2467:Friedman, Norman: 2394:, pp. 614–15, 647. 2052:Conway's 1906–1921 1903:Sandler, pp. 54–5. 1710:United States Navy 1590: 1403: 1296: 1218: 1168: 1087:Battle of Tsushima 1083: 1009: 924: 878: 826:Liaotung peninsula 814: 767: 718:to write his book 712: 677:steel armor—first 645: 580: 526: 459:protected cruisers 450: 404:battle in May 1877 377: 373:s Monthly Magazine 313:Gerzog Edinburgski 302: 234:, the U.S. Navy's 168: 68:protected cruisers 44: 4015: 4014: 3919:Armed merchantman 3861:Cruiser submarine 3851:Coastal submarine 3618:Fast attack craft 3472:Dock landing ship 3350:Protected cruiser 3333:Pocket battleship 3290:Treaty battleship 3280:Super-dreadnought 3164:Aircraft carriers 3112:Operational zones 2913:978-1-84383-372-7 2906:. Boydell Press. 2806:Massie, Robert K. 2603:Warship Profile 4 2593:978-1-84832-086-4 2539:(Praeger, 2000). 2500:978-1-61251-956-2 2477:978-1-61251-956-2 2457:978-1-61251-956-2 2447:Friedman, Norman: 2417:DiGiulian, Tony. 2342:, pp. 131, 133–6. 2227:, Osborne, p. 73. 2205:, pp. 111, 115–16 1799:superheated steam 1693:Spanish Civil War 1636:armored cruisers 1562:Battle of Jutland 1560:were lost at the 1407:Battle of Coronel 884:armored cruiser, 671:quick-firing guns 554:quick-firing guns 507:along her sides. 412:and the Peruvian 18:Armoured cruisers 16:(Redirected from 4045: 4033:Armored cruisers 3954:Floating battery 3888:Midget submarine 3841:Attack submarine 3823:Submarine tender 3773:Destroyer tender 3603:Submarine chaser 3467:Attack transport 3411:Escort destroyer 3406:Destroyer leader 3401:Destroyer escort 3308:Aircraft cruiser 3122:Green-water navy 3117:Brown-water navy 3072: 3065: 3058: 3049: 3031: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2940:Ropp, Theodore, 2936: 2917: 2898: 2846: 2835:. Random House. 2825: 2814:. Random House. 2792: 2764: 2742: 2723: 2704: 2637:Burr, Lawrence, 2633: 2614: 2597: 2502: 2488: 2479: 2465: 2459: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290:Breyer, pp. 48–9 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2214:Mahan, pp. 390–1 2212: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1734:General Belgrano 1573:Post-World War I 1531:Franz von Hipper 1300:Robert K. Massie 1274: 1132:William Hovgaard 1097:Isoroku Yamamoto 1029:William Friedman 970: 930: 837: 836: 621:compound engines 375:, February 1886. 372: 351: 344: 226:commerce raiders 172:ironclad warship 134:. Only one, the 21: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4005:Sailing vessels 3988: 3907: 3878:Fleet submarine 3827: 3808:Net laying ship 3733:Ammunition ship 3716: 3670: 3612: 3526: 3445: 3374: 3365:Torpedo cruiser 3345:Merchant raider 3313:Armored cruiser 3294: 3270:Fast battleship 3246: 3237:Seaplane tender 3182:Balloon carrier 3158: 3142:Central battery 3127:Blue-water navy 3086: 3076: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3015: 2990: 2986: 2973: 2933: 2920: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2804: 2789: 2776: 2761: 2748: 2739: 2726: 2720: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2630: 2617: 2600: 2594: 2581: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2489: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2381:, pp. 394, 397. 2376: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254:Massie, p. 381. 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183:Andidora, p. 39 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128:, pp. 45, 49–50 2123: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2006: 2002:Roberts, p. 109 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975:Roberts, p. 128 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939:Osborne, p. 28. 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1830: 1779: 1763:Georgios Averof 1697:Siege of Tobruk 1626:Georgios Averof 1585:Georgios Averof 1575: 1378: 1272: 1070: 968: 928: 736:and 14,000-ton 633: 607:. However, the 442: 370: 349: 342: 307:General-Admiral 297:General-Admiral 288: 240:and the French 159: 154: 141:Georgios Averof 100:General-Admiral 48:armored cruiser 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3743:Auxiliary ship 3740: 3735: 3730: 3728:Amenities ship 3724: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3598:Steam gun boat 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3360:Strike cruiser 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3197:Escort carrier 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3133:Gun placement 3131: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3037:External links 3035: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3013: 3004: 2984: 2971: 2954: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2899: 2893: 2880: 2871: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2731:. Book Sales. 2724: 2718: 2705: 2699: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2651: 2634: 2628: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2579: 2567:Beeler, John, 2565: 2548: 2531: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2494:Location 6248 2480: 2471:Location 6228 2460: 2451:Location 1233 2440: 2409: 2396: 2383: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2283: 2281:Massey, p. 377 2274: 2265: 2263:Herwig, p. 45. 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2216: 2207: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2150: 2139: 2137:Osborne, p. 60 2130: 2117: 2104: 2095: 2082: 2073: 2056: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1912:Parkes, p. 235 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1816:large cruisers 1783:heavy cruisers 1778: 1775: 1728:Argentine Navy 1607:heavy cruisers 1603:light cruisers 1574: 1571: 1377: 1374: 1239:Prinz Heinrich 1232:Fürst Bismarck 1205:Stern view of 1124:"Jacky" Fisher 1121:First Sea Lord 1069: 1066: 632: 629: 454:armor-piercing 441: 438: 287: 284: 280:Forced-draught 166:double-bottom. 158: 155: 153: 150: 128:8-inch caliber 50:was a type of 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4050: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3984:Training ship 3982: 3980: 3979:River monitor 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944:Drone carrier 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:Barracks ship 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912:Miscellaneous 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Human torpedo 3881: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Naval tugboat 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Hospital ship 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778:Dispatch boat 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578:Naval trawler 3576: 3574: 3573:Naval drifter 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Landing craft 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3355:Scout cruiser 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3340:Light cruiser 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3328:Heavy cruiser 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3318:Battlecruiser 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3207:Fleet carrier 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187:Battlecarrier 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3027:1-84176-501-5 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2987: 2985:0-415-21478-5 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2968:1-85109-410-5 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2951:0-87021-141-2 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2932:0-85177-754-6 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2894:1-55750-075-4 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2868:1-85109-369-9 2865: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2842:0-679-45671-6 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2821:0-394-52833-6 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2788:1-57003-492-3 2784: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2760:0-87021-913-8 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2738:0-7858-1413-2 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2719:0-87021-718-6 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2700:0-87021-715-1 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648:1-84603-267-9 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2629:0-356-04191-3 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2577:1-84067-534-9 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2562:1-55750-218-8 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2545:0-313-31266-4 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366:Amerika Samoa 2361: 2358: 2355:, pp. 265–74. 2354: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1803:steam turbine 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1767:Palaio Faliro 1764: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621:Hellenic Navy 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:panzerschiffe 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566:German Navy's 1563: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1533:chose to let 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1212:, one of the 1211: 1210: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:battlecruiser 1125: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1006: 1003:, one of the 1002: 1001: 995: 991: 989: 985: 984: 979: 975: 967: 963: 959: 957: 952: 951:Dupuy de Lôme 948: 944: 943: 938: 937: 932: 921: 920: 914: 910: 908: 903: 898: 894: 890: 889: 883: 882:United States 876: 875: 869: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 841: 831: 827: 823: 819: 811: 810: 805: 801: 799: 795: 793: 788: 786: 780: 776: 774: 765: 764: 758: 754: 751: 746: 745:Léon Gambetta 742: 740: 735: 733: 732:Léon Gambetta 728: 727: 721: 717: 709: 708: 703: 699: 697: 693: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:case-hardened 672: 668: 663: 661: 660: 655: 651: 642: 637: 630: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 604: 599: 595: 593: 588: 586: 578: 577: 571: 567: 565: 563: 557: 555: 550: 549:Dupuy de Lôme 546: 545: 544:Dupuy de Lôme 540: 539: 533: 532: 524: 523: 522:Dupuy de Lôme 517: 513: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493: 487: 485: 481: 479: 474: 472: 467: 462: 460: 455: 446: 439: 437: 434: 430: 429: 424: 420: 419: 415: 411: 410: 405: 402:Meanwhile, a 400: 398: 394: 393: 387: 383: 374: 366: 365: 358: 354: 348: 341: 336: 334: 329: 328: 322: 320: 315: 314: 309: 308: 299: 298: 292: 285: 283: 281: 276: 272: 268: 262: 260: 259: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 238: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 215: 209: 204: 202: 201:rifled cannon 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 173: 163: 156: 151: 149: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:light cruiser 113: 109: 104: 102: 101: 96: 92: 88: 83: 81: 80:face-hardened 76: 73: 69: 63: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 3939:Capital ship 3924:Arsenal ship 3763:Crane vessel 3758:Command ship 3697:Mine planter 3675:Mine warfare 3641:Missile boat 3608:Torpedo boat 3568:Motor launch 3531:Patrol craft 3436:Radar picket 3312: 3242:Supercarrier 3017: 3008: 2975: 2958: 2941: 2922: 2903: 2884: 2875: 2859: 2851: 2830: 2809: 2797: 2778: 2769: 2750: 2728: 2709: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2638: 2619: 2602: 2583: 2568: 2552: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2491: 2468: 2463: 2448: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2423:navweaps.com 2422: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2329:, pp. 226–31 2326: 2321: 2316:, pp. 239–40 2313: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2224: 2219: 2210: 2203:Transactions 2202: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2167:. Retrieved 2153: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2012: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1819: 1810:of 1930 and 1801:boilers and 1795: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1749:Swedish Navy 1746: 1740: 1733: 1725: 1715: 1707: 1701: 1687: 1683:Regia Marina 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1597:treaty. The 1591: 1584: 1557:Black Prince 1556: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1443:Rear-Admiral 1437: 1430: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1395: 1384: 1379: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1291: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1195:Pennsylvania 1194: 1188: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1153: 1144: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1053: 1051: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1025:Pennsylvania 1024: 1020: 1014:Pennsylvania 1013: 1010: 1005:Pennsylvania 1004: 1000:South Dakota 999: 982: 977: 973: 965: 961: 955: 950: 946: 941: 935: 926: 925: 918: 901: 887: 879: 873: 844: 839: 815: 808: 797: 791: 784: 778: 772: 768: 762: 750:Edgar Quinet 749: 744: 739:Edgar Quinet 738: 731: 726:Jeanne d'Arc 725: 719: 713: 707:Edgar Quinet 706: 679:Harvey armor 664: 657: 646: 640: 625: 608: 602: 597: 591: 584: 581: 575: 561: 558: 548: 543: 537: 529: 527: 521: 508: 500: 496: 491: 488: 483: 477: 470: 465: 463: 451: 432: 427: 422: 417: 408: 401: 391: 378: 368: 363: 346: 339: 332: 326: 323: 312: 306: 303: 296: 263: 257: 242: 236: 230: 220: 213: 205: 189:wrought iron 169: 140: 132:World War II 105: 99: 84: 64: 47: 45: 38: 29: 3974:Mother ship 3813:Repair ship 3712:Minesweeper 3588:Patrol boat 3543:Armed yacht 3265:Dreadnought 3252:Battleships 3079:Naval ships 2407:pp. 111–112 2338:Massie U9, 2314:Proceedings 2301:Proceedings 2091:Battleships 2054:, pp. 222–3 1688:San Giorgio 1517:During the 1478:Scharnhorst 1413:Scharnhorst 1400:W.L. Wyllie 1376:World War I 1311:Scharnhorst 1245:Scharnhorst 1064:worldwide. 1061:desideratum 862:World War I 852:and twelve 696:flank speed 683:Krupp armor 531:Jeune Ecole 397:turret ship 267:Compounding 252:Confederate 221:Belliqueuse 218:and French 146:museum ship 120:World War I 4028:Ship types 4022:Categories 4000:Ship types 3959:Guard ship 3833:Submarines 3768:Depot ship 3702:Minehunter 2978:. London. 2509:References 2312:Stirling, 2299:Stirling, 2201:Hovgaard, 2124:Friedman, 2111:Crabtree, 2089:Friedman, 2011:Friedman, 1741:Pueyrredón 1509:HMAS 1492:Inflexible 1486:Invincible 1369:Invincible 1335:Invincible 1319:Invincible 1279:Invincible 988:forecastle 893:en echelon 880:The first 824:") of the 562:Imperieuse 271:metallurgy 231:Inconstant 208:iron armor 157:Background 136:Greek Navy 87:belt armor 60:battleship 3707:Minelayer 3522:Troopship 3450:Transport 3416:Escorteur 3396:Destroyer 3137:Broadside 3105:auxiliary 3100:submarine 2994:cite book 2147:Americana 1855:Citations 1787:Garibaldi 1716:Rochester 1702:San Marco 1555:HMS 1548:HMS 1541:HMS 1511:Australia 1490:HMS 1482:Gneisenau 1464:HMS 1457:HMS 1450:HMS 1438:Good Hope 1436:HMS 1429:HMS 1420:Gneisenau 1418:SMS 1411:SMS 1385:Good Hope 1383:HMS 1304:SMS 1290:SMS 1277:HMS 1251:Gneisenau 1237:SMS 1230:SMS 1207:HMS 1189:Tennessee 998:USS 917:USS 897:sponsoned 886:USS 872:USS 761:HMS 574:HMS 509:Esmeralda 505:cofferdam 497:Esmeralda 492:Esmeralda 390:HMS 386:stability 382:freeboard 362:HMS 275:bunkerage 256:CSS 254:ironclad 237:Wampanoag 214:Audacious 91:shellfire 3949:Flagship 3682:Danlayer 3553:Corvette 3431:Kaibōkan 3300:Cruisers 3192:CAM ship 3147:Casemate 3083:warships 2808:(1991). 2611:20229321 2433:28 April 2427:Archived 2390:Massie, 2377:Massie, 2368:, p. 184 2351:Massie, 2325:Massie, 2303:, p. 239 2225:Cruisers 2163:Archived 2126:Cruisers 2013:Cruisers 1828:See also 1672:, & 1503:and the 1480:and SMS 1431:Monmouth 1349:Colorado 1223:Minotaur 1214:Minotaur 1178:cruisers 1033:Brooklyn 1021:New York 978:New York 974:Brooklyn 966:New York 962:New York 942:Brooklyn 936:New York 919:Brooklyn 656:'s book 603:Powerful 428:Amethyst 258:Virginia 243:Duquesne 176:cruisers 56:cruisers 3993:Related 3969:Monitor 3903:Wet sub 3748:Collier 3666:Shin'yō 3661:PT boat 3558:Gunboat 3421:Frigate 3152:Turrets 2392:Castles 2379:Castles 2353:Castles 2340:Castles 2327:Castles 2169:22 July 2113:Passing 1824:class. 1550:Defence 1543:Warrior 1535:Blücher 1527:Blücher 1523:Blücher 1466:Aboukir 1405:At the 1327:Blücher 1323:Blücher 1315:Blücher 1306:Blücher 1292:Blücher 1209:Defence 1183:Tsukuba 1173:Tsukuba 1165:Tsukuba 1092:Nisshin 1081:(1905). 1078:Nisshin 1023:), the 983:Olympia 842:class. 812:in 1905 792:Canopus 710:in 1911 692:stokers 609:Orlando 598:Orlando 592:Orlando 576:Orlando 466:Shannon 433:Huáscar 418:Huáscar 414:monitor 392:Captain 364:Shannon 340:Shannon 327:Shannon 278:range. 152:History 72:armored 52:warship 3898:U-boat 3626:E-boat 3593:Q-ship 3379:Escort 3024: 2982: 2966: 2949: 2929: 2910: 2891: 2866: 2839: 2818: 2785: 2757: 2735: 2716: 2697: 2646: 2626: 2609: 2590: 2575: 2560: 2543: 2498: 2475: 2455: 2364:Gray, 1821:Alaska 1791:Cressy 1771:Greece 1755:Fylgia 1753:HSwMS 1675:Kasuga 1663:Yakumo 1651:Tokiwa 1452:Cressy 1225:-class 1175:-class 1147:-class 1112:Kasagi 1016:-class 922:(1898) 845:Yakumo 840:Cressy 809:Yakumo 798:Cressy 785:Diadem 779:Cressy 773:Cressy 763:Cressy 687:nickel 585:Mersey 501:Italia 471:Italia 369:Harper 347:Nelson 333:Nelson 3441:Sloop 3386:Aviso 2115:, 372 1669:Azuma 1657:Iwate 1645:Izumo 1639:Asama 1459:Hogue 1355:might 1351:class 1273:' 1270:Rurik 1265:Rurik 1260:Rurik 1216:class 1191:class 1106:Iwate 1007:class 969:' 958:class 956:Blake 947:Maine 929:' 927:Maine 902:Maine 888:Maine 874:Maine 858:knots 830:China 794:class 787:class 775:class 741:class 734:class 605:class 594:class 587:class 564:class 484:Comus 480:class 478:Comus 473:class 371:' 367:from 350:' 343:' 335:class 319:knots 216:class 185:shell 39:Rurik 3871:DSRV 3656:MTSM 3081:and 3022:ISBN 3000:link 2980:ISBN 2964:ISBN 2947:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2908:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2837:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2783:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2733:ISBN 2714:ISBN 2695:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2607:OCLC 2588:ISBN 2573:ISBN 2558:ISBN 2541:ISBN 2496:ISBN 2473:ISBN 2453:ISBN 2435:2018 2171:2017 1747:The 1739:ARA 1737:and 1732:ARA 1726:The 1714:USS 1708:The 1681:The 1632:The 1619:The 1605:and 1581:The 1553:and 1488:and 1462:and 1434:and 1416:and 1248:and 1235:and 1145:Iowa 1038:Iowa 980:and 939:and 835:臥薪嘗胆 748:The 538:Sfax 431:hit 423:Shah 409:Shah 181:shot 75:deck 46:The 3651:MTM 3646:MTB 3636:MGB 3631:MAS 1751:'s 1730:'s 1712:'s 1685:'s 1623:'s 1613:). 1521:, 1398:by 828:to 138:'s 97:'s 4024:: 2996:}} 2992:{{ 2483:^ 2425:. 2421:. 2068:ff 1773:. 1769:, 1723:. 1666:, 1660:, 1654:, 1648:, 1642:, 1546:, 1455:, 1360:is 1282:. 909:. 864:. 698:. 148:. 3286:) 3282:( 3071:e 3064:t 3057:v 3030:. 3002:) 2988:. 2935:. 2916:. 2897:. 2870:. 2845:. 2824:. 2791:. 2763:. 2741:. 2722:. 2703:. 2632:. 2613:. 2596:. 2437:. 2173:. 1588:. 931:s 300:. 20:)

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