Cardinal Richelieu

1107: 1538: 1868:, with powerful nobles and a wide variety of laws in different regions. Parts of the nobility periodically conspired against the king, raised private armies, and allied themselves with foreign powers. This system gave way to centralized power under Richelieu. Local and even religious interests were subordinated to those of the whole nation, and of the embodiment of the nation – the king. Equally critical for France was Richelieu's foreign policy, which helped restrain Habsburg influence in Europe. Richelieu did not survive to the end of the Thirty Years' War. However, the conflict ended in 1648, with France emerging in a far better position than any other power, and the 1456: 1612: 1384:.) Military action, at first, was disastrous for the French, with many victories going to Spain and the Empire. Neither side, however, could obtain a decisive advantage, and the conflict lingered on after Richelieu's death. Richelieu was instrumental in redirecting the Thirty Years' War from the conflict of Protestantism versus Catholicism to that of nationalism versus Habsburg hegemony. In this conflict France effectively drained the already overstretched resources of the Habsburg empire and drove it inexorably towards bankruptcy. The defeat of Habsburg forces at the 1033:. There, he was a vigorous advocate of the Catholic Church, arguing that it should be exempt from taxes and that bishops should have more political power. He was the most prominent clergyman to support the adoption of the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout France; the Third Estate (commoners) was his chief opponent in this endeavour. At the end of the assembly, the First Estate (the clergy) chose him to deliver the address enumerating its petitions and decisions. Soon after the dissolution of the Estates-General, Richelieu entered the service of King 1255: 614: 1506:'s failed conspiracy against Richelieu, but was not discovered. Then, the following year, he schemed with leading nobles (including the king's brother, the duc d'Orléans) to raise a rebellion; he also signed a secret agreement with the king of Spain, who promised to aid the rebels. Richelieu's spy service, however, discovered the plot, and the cardinal received a copy of the treaty. Cinq-Mars was promptly arrested and executed; although Louis approved the use of capital punishment, he grew more distant from Richelieu as a result. 1153: 602: 1219:. In the next year, Richelieu's position was seriously threatened by his former patron, Marie de Médicis. Marie believed that the cardinal had robbed her of her political influence; thus, she demanded that her son dismiss the chief minister. Louis XIII was not, at first, averse to such a course of action, as he personally disliked Richelieu. Despite this, the persuasive statesman was able to secure the king as an ally against his own mother. On 11 November 1630, Marie de Médicis and the king's brother, 648: 4620: 1486: 61: 1060:. In April 1617, in a plot arranged by Luynes, Louis XIII ordered that Concini be arrested, and killed should he resist; Concini was consequently assassinated, and Marie de Médicis overthrown. His patron having died, Richelieu also lost power; he was dismissed as Secretary of State, and was removed from the court. In 1618, the king, still suspicious of the Bishop of Luçon, banished him to Avignon. There, Richelieu spent most of his time writing; he composed a 1566:, his great-nephew, fully funded – should serve not merely his family but to be open at fixed hours to scholars. The manuscripts alone numbered some 900, bound as codices in red Morocco with the cardinal's arms. The library was transferred to the Sorbonne in 1660. He funded the literary careers of many writers. He was a lover of the theatre, which was not considered a respectable art form during that era; a private theatre, the 1896: 1203: 1847: 1525:, the corpse was removed from its tomb, and the mummified front of his head, having been removed and replaced during the original embalming process, was stolen. It ended up in the possession of Nicholas Armez of Brittany by 1796, and he occasionally exhibited the well-preserved face. His nephew, Louis-Philippe Armez, inherited it and also occasionally exhibited it and lent it out for study. In 1866, 2208: 1980: 1794: 1056:. The queen had become Regent of France when the nine-year-old Louis ascended the throne; although her son reached the legal age of majority in 1614, she remained the effective ruler of the realm. However, her policies, and those of Concini, proved unpopular with many in France. As a result, both Marie and Concini became the targets of intrigues at court; their most powerful enemy was 1373: 4402: 1966:. Annoyed by the bad manners that were commonly displayed at the dining table by users of sharp knives (who would often use them to pick their teeth), in 1637 Richelieu ordered that all of the knives on his dining table have their blades dulled and their tips rounded. The design quickly became popular throughout France and later spread to other countries. 1014: 1746:, enamels and rock crystal mounted in gold, Chinese porcelains, tapestries and Persian carpets, cabinets from Italy, and Antwerp and the heart-shaped diamond bought from Alphonse Lopez that he willed to the king. When the Palais-Cardinal was complete, he donated it to the Crown, in 1636. With the queen in residence, the paintings of the 2294: 1137:, which also claimed the strategically important valley. The cardinal deployed troops to Valtellina, from which the pope's garrisons were driven out. Richelieu's early decision to support a Protestant canton against the pope was a foretaste of the purely diplomatic power politics he espoused in his foreign policy. 3839:

In Richelieu's day it was common for everyone, especially the quarrelsome menfolk, not merely to disdain the forks and napkins bequeathed by Henri III, but to pick their teeth at table with their knives – or stab tablemates. Richelieu abhorred coarseness and petty violence, especially if it stained

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subjugated many of his Protestant opponents in Germany. Richelieu, alarmed by Ferdinand's growing influence, incited Sweden to intervene, providing money. In the meantime, France and Spain remained hostile due to Spain's ambitions in northern Italy. At that time northern Italy was a major strategic

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However, Richelieu was now dying. For many years he had suffered from recurrent fevers (possibly malaria), strangury, intestinal tuberculosis with fistula, and migraine. Now his right arm was suppurating with tubercular osteitis, and he coughed blood (after his death, his lungs were found to have

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to Louis XIII's court. The cardinal had been a friend of Cinq-Mars's father. More importantly, Richelieu hoped that Cinq-Mars would become Louis's favourite, so that he could indirectly exercise greater influence over the monarch's decisions. Cinq-Mars had become the royal favourite by 1639, but,

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and ordered all fortified castles razed, with the exception only of those needed to defend against invaders. Thus he stripped the princes, dukes, and lesser aristocrats of important defences that could have been used against the king's armies during rebellions. As a result, Richelieu was hated by

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His legacy is also important for the world at large; his ideas of a strong nation-state and aggressive foreign policy helped create the modern system of international politics. As a statesman and churchman, Richelieu played an important role in shaping France's prominence in the 17th century and

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The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it, shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen, and as such may come to live in France when they want, and acquire, donate, and

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in Paris to study philosophy. Thereafter, he began to train for a military career. There, he learned mathematics, fencing, horse riding, dancing skills, courtly manners, and military drill. His private life seems to have been typical for a young officer of the era; in 1605, aged twenty, he was

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Habsburg Spain exploited the French conflict with the Huguenots to extend its influence in northern Italy. It funded the Huguenot rebels to keep the French army occupied, meanwhile expanding its Italian dominions. Richelieu, however, responded aggressively; after La Rochelle capitulated, he

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under Richelieu allowed it – and through the settlement's strategic location, the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes gateway into the North American interior – to develop into a French empire in North America, parts of which eventually became modern Canada and Louisiana.

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The principall points of the faith of the Catholike Church: Defended against a writing sent to the king by the 4. ministers of Charenton. By the most eminent. Armand Ihon de Plessis Cardinal Duke de Richelieu. Englished by M.C. confessor to the English nuns at

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region in Europe's balance of power, serving as a link between the Habsburgs in the Empire and in Spain. Had the imperial armies dominated this region, France would have been threatened by Habsburg encirclement. Spain was meanwhile seeking papal approval for a

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agreed to make peace with Spain, Richelieu refused to support them. The agreement would have prohibited French interference in Germany. Therefore, Richelieu advised Louis XIII to refuse to ratify the treaty. In 1631, he allied France to Sweden, which had

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in 1598, was permitted to continue, but the cardinal abolished their political rights and protections. Rohan was not executed (as were leaders of rebellions later in Richelieu's tenure); in fact, he later became a commanding officer in the French Army.

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Born in Paris on 9 September 1585, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons: he was delicate from childhood and suffered frequent bouts of ill-health throughout his life. His family belonged to the lesser nobility of

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either were exempt or could easily avoid payment, so the burden fell on the poorest segment of the nation. To collect taxes more efficiently, and to keep corruption to a minimum, Richelieu bypassed local tax officials, replacing them with

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in June 1624, prior to Richelieu's appointment to First Minister in August. That same year, a military expedition, secretly financed by France and commanded by Marquis de Coeuvres, started an action with the intention of liberating the

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Richelieu is also notable for the authoritarian measures he employed to maintain power. He censored the press, established a large network of internal spies, forbade the discussion of political matters in public assemblies such as the

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or principal of the Sorbonne. He presided over the renovation of the college's buildings and over the construction of its famous chapel, where he is now entombed. As he was Bishop of Luçon, his statue stands outside the Luçon

1052:, the most powerful minister in the kingdom. In 1616, Richelieu was made Secretary of State, and was given responsibility for foreign affairs. Like Concini, the Bishop was one of the closest advisors of Louis XIII's mother, 1655:, others were careful copies by Philippe de Champaigne from known portraits; with them were busts of Roman emperors. Another series of portraits of authors complemented the library. The architect of the Palais-Cardinal, 3400: 1478:, one of Richelieu's main political allies, in 1641. Despite troubled relations with the Roman Catholic Church, Richelieu did not support the complete repudiation of papal authority in France, as was advocated by the 1246:. These and other harsh measures were orchestrated by Richelieu to intimidate his enemies. He also ensured his political security by establishing a large network of spies in France and in other European countries. 1122:(which ruled in both Austria and Spain). He saw the reestablishment of the Catholic orthodoxy as a political maneuver of the Habsburg and Austrian states which was detrimental to the French national interests. 6463: 1891:

in continental Europe. Thus, Richelieu's policies were the requisite prelude to Louis XIV becoming the most powerful monarch, and France the most powerful nation, in all of Europe during the late seventeenth

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As of April 2013, the Internet Movie Database listed 94 films and television programs in which Cardinal Richelieu is a character. Actors who have portrayed Cardinal Richelieu on film and television include

1426:, governor of New France at the time of Richelieu, saw intermarriage between French and Indians as a solution to increase population in its colony. Under the guidance of Richelieu, Louis XIII issued the 1529:

persuaded Armez to return the face to the government for re-interment with the rest of Richelieu's body. An investigation of subsidence of the church floor enabled the head to be photographed in 1895.

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in France; in turn, the pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy. However, the conflict was largely resolved when the pope granted a cardinalate to

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episode "How to Recognise Different Types of Trees from Quite a Long Way Away", first released in 1969, features the sketch "Court Scene with Cardinal Richelieu", in which Richelieu (played by

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Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada, contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu, le 29 avril 1627

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contrary to Cardinal Richelieu's belief, he was not easy to control. The young marquis realized that Richelieu would not permit him to gain political power. In 1641, he participated in the

6412: 4811: 4019: 1230:. Both Marie and the duc d'Orléans continued to conspire against Richelieu, but their schemes came to nothing. The nobility also remained powerless. The only important rising was that of 5021: 2569: 4856: 1094:. On 12 August of the same year, La Vieuville was arrested on charges of corruption, and Cardinal Richelieu took his place as the king's principal minister the following day, but the 1422:. Unlike the other colonial powers, France encouraged a peaceful coexistence in New France between natives and colonists and sought the integration of Indians into colonial society. 1883:; in the same vein as the cardinal, he enacted policies that further suppressed the once-mighty aristocracy, and utterly destroyed all remnants of Huguenot political power with the 1689: 1306:, a famous mercenary general operating in Germany in English service. However, in May 1626, when war costs had almost ruined France, king and cardinal made peace with Spain via the 1090:, rendered Richelieu a nearly indispensable advisor to the king. After he was appointed to the royal council of ministers on 29 April 1624, he intrigued against the chief minister 953:

nominated Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon. As Richelieu had not yet reached the canonical minimum age, it was necessary that he journey to Rome for a special dispensation from

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On the "Day of the Dupes" in 1630, it appeared that Marie de Médicis had secured Richelieu's dismissal. Richelieu, however, survived the scheme, and Marie was exiled as a result.

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him frequently, further weakening him. As he felt his death approaching, he named Mazarin, one of his most faithful followers, to succeed him as chief minister to the king.

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After the death of the king's favourite, the duc de Luynes, in 1621, Richelieu rose to power quickly. The year after, the king nominated Richelieu for a cardinalate, which

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vis-a-vis the power relationship at play were first frowned upon but later emulated by other European nation-states to add to their diplomatic strategic arsenal.

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Because he openly aligned France with Protestant powers, Richelieu was denounced by many as a traitor to the Roman Catholic Church. (He ordered ships of war from

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monk. Thus, it became necessary that the younger Richelieu join the clergy. He had strong academic interests and threw himself into studying for his new post.

6221: 5237: 4884: 4851: 1586:, the pre-eminent French literary society. The institution had previously been in informal existence; in 1635, however, Cardinal Richelieu obtained official 3749: 6510: 6048: 4574: 1393: 1183:

led an expedition to help the citizens of La Rochelle, but failed abysmally. The city, however, remained firm for over a year before capitulating in 1628.

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was ratified; Marie de Médicis was given complete freedom, but would remain at peace with the king. The queen-mother was restored to the royal council.

3861: 3116: 934:. The family appropriated most of the revenues of the bishopric for private use; they were, however, challenged by clergymen who desired the funds for 6780: 6675: 5016: 4975: 4937: 4919: 4909: 4889: 4644: 2232: 983:, who would later become a close confidant. Because of his closeness to Richelieu, and the grey colour of his robes, Father Joseph was also nicknamed 1447:

in New France, many more than there had been only a few decades earlier, but also a great difference in the number of men (2,034) and women (1,181).

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succeed and accept donations and legacies, just as true French subjects, without being required to take letters of declaration of naturalization.

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de Paris (a court of justice), and had those who dared to conspire against him prosecuted and executed. The Canadian historian and philosopher

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includes 40 members, promotes French literature, and remains the official authority on the French language. Richelieu served as the Académie's

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in 1632; Richelieu, ruthless in suppressing opposition, ordered the duke's execution. In 1634, the cardinal had one of his outspoken critics,

6648: 6616: 6608: 6455: 5089: 4998: 4993: 4952: 4691: 4217: 3825: 3613: 3277: 2943: 2708: 2683: 2121:(1827–1840), set in 1628, as a Lombard peasant expresses his own conspiracy theories about the bread riots happening in Milan. The 1839 play 302: 75: 2487: 2160:) possesses the casual and somewhat smarmy demeanor of a master of ceremonies. Richelieu is a minor and eventually a major character in the 7151: 7141: 6788: 6753: 6420: 6348: 5358: 4947: 4637: 3384: 1730: 957:. This secured, Richelieu was consecrated bishop in April 1607. Soon after he returned to his diocese in 1608, Richelieu was heralded as a 5041: 1562:), he sent his agents abroad in search of books and manuscripts for his unrivaled library, which he specified in his will – leaving it to 601: 245: 4391: 1736:

The fittings of his chapel in the Palais-Cardinal, for which Simon Vouet executed the paintings, were of solid gold – crucifix, chalice,

1412:, had no more than 100 permanent European inhabitants. Richelieu encouraged Louis XIII to colonize the Americas by the foundation of the 7171: 7106: 6683: 6277: 4841: 4821: 4726: 4584: 2949: 2270: 2266: 1997: 1811: 1503: 309: 3925: 2542: 1455: 1223:, secured the king's agreement for the dismissal. Richelieu, however, was aware of the plan, and quickly convinced the king to repent. 7161: 7116: 6862: 6632: 6380: 6149: 5968: 4894: 4721: 4512: 4276: 2132: 1611: 1563: 1521:. By that time, the populace detested him. In many provinces of the kingdom, bonfires were kindled to celebrate his death. During the 688: 462: 442: 5134: 5114: 4479: 2245: 2019: 1833: 1740:, ciborium, candlesticks – set with 180 rubies and 9,000 diamonds. His taste also ran to massive silver, small bronzes and works of 1414: 854: 5373: 1497:

As he neared death, Richelieu faced a plot that threatened to remove him from power. The cardinal had introduced a young man named

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Kenneth M. Morrison, The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations, 1984, p. 94

2117: 1311: 1294: 3887: 1133:, a valley in Lombardy (northern Italy). To counter Spanish designs on the territory, Richelieu supported the Protestant 804:

to help him achieve his goals. However, although he was a powerful political figure in his own right, events such as the

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Cabanès, Augustin. "Le Médecin de Richelieu – La Maladie du Cardinal" and "L'Odyssée d'un Crane – La Tête du Cardinal",

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alternative history series by Eric Flint, he is one of the primary antagonists to the nascent United States of Europe.

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Richelieu's tenure was a crucial period of reform for France. Earlier, the nation's political structure was largely

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were transferred to Fontainebleau and replaced by copies, and the interiors were subjected to much rearrangement.

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nominally remained president of the council (Richelieu was officially appointed president in November 1629).

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purposes. To protect the important source of revenue, Richelieu's mother proposed to make her second son,

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had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the

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The history of modern Europe from the fall of Constantinople: in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857

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personally led the French army to northern Italy to restrain Spain. On 26 November 1629, he was created

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Les Tombeaux des Richelieu à la Sorbonne, par un membre de la Société d'archéologie de Seine-et-Marne.

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and a famous patron of the arts. An author of various religious and political works (most notably his

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prelate and statesman who had an outsize influence in civil and religious affairs. He became known as

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were among the rich appointments of the château Richelieu, where there were the Nativity triptych by

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Richelieu is one of the clergymen more frequently portrayed in film, notably as the lead villain in

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Richelieu died on 4 December 1642, aged 57. His body was embalmed and interred at the church of the

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Military expenses placed a considerable strain on royal revenues. In response, Richelieu raised the

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Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Volume II: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660.

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La Sorbonne au service des humanités: 750 ans de création et de transmission du savoir, 1257–2007.

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Bonnaffé :7ff (notes other portrait galleries assembled by Richelieu's contemporaries), pp. 10ff.

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of 1627 by which the Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen":

961:. He became the first bishop in France to implement the institutional reforms prescribed by the 4147: 1639:, the cardinal's chief portraitist, celebrating the major events of the cardinal's career; the 1186:

Although the Huguenots suffered a major defeat at La Rochelle, they continued to fight, led by

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Roger L. Nichols, Indians in the United States and Canada: A Comparative History, 1999, p. 32

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in 1624. He retained that office until his death in 1642, when he was succeeded by Cardinal

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was enforced to provide funds to raise armies and wage war. The clergy, nobility, and high

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In 1614, the clergymen of Poitou asked Richelieu to be one of their representatives to the

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To further consolidate power in France, Richelieu sought to suppress the influence of the

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Cabanès, "Le Medecin de Richelieu", pp. 16–43, for a full account of his medical history.

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collection at Mantua by French military forces in 1630, as well as numerous antiquities.

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There is also an ornate style of lace, Richelieu lace, named in honor of the cardinal.

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influencing the secularization of international policies during the Thirty Years' War.

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Collins, p. 1 – although Collin does note that this can be exaggerated.

1846: 1167:

Another obstacle to the centralization of power was religious division in France. The

1086:

accordingly granted in September 1622. Crises in France, including a rebellion of the

7065: 6568: 6340: 6246: 5837: 5784: 5696: 5678: 5628: 5548: 5433: 5270: 5232: 5197: 5187: 5081: 4378:

Damayanov, Orlin. (1996). "The Political Career and Personal Qualities of Richelieu."

2517: 2252: 2157: 2101: 2074: 2046: 2038: 1908: 1904: 1769: 1680: 1475: 1134: 908: 900:

of France, and his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist.

793: 683: 768:

and restrained the power of the nobility in order to transform France into a strong

6919: 6888: 6640: 5872: 5862: 5716: 5701: 5688: 5673: 5663: 5633: 5603: 4985: 4816: 2167: 2058: 2042: 1925: 1753: 1620: 1526: 1511: 1471: 1179:; the cardinal personally commanded the besieging troops. English troops under the 1048:

Richelieu advanced politically by faithfully serving the queen-mother's favourite,

288: 43: 5741: 4305: 4108: 1227: 1021:; only a figurehead during his early reign; power actually rested with his mother 897: 4207: 4135: 3815: 3364: 816:) in 1630 showed that Richelieu's power still depended on the king's confidence. 5779: 5643: 5483: 5403: 5338: 3981:"Officer Cadet Division – Faculty and Staff – Royal Military College Saint-Jean" 2171: 2062: 1979: 1963: 1793: 1729:, that he made a gift to Rubens' widow of a diamond-encrusted watch. His marble 1652: 1648: 1479: 1359: 1156: 954: 864: 772:

state. In foreign policy, his primary objectives were to check the power of the

542: 532: 3524:

Fontaine de Resbecq (pp. 11–18); Cabanès, "L'Odyssée d'un Crane"; Murphy, 1995.

3306:"Cercle Richelieu Senghor de Paris – Tribune internationale de la francophonie" 2218:

Many sites and landmarks were named to honor Cardinal Richelieu. They include:

1875:

Richelieu's successes were extremely important to Louis XIII's successor, King

1623:. The palace, renamed the Palais-Royal after Richelieu's death, now houses the 1005:). Later, Richelieu often used him as an agent during diplomatic negotiations. 6078: 4629: 4326: 3893: 2289: 2207: 1427: 1405: 1381: 1372: 1327: 1299: 1265:

Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become enmeshed in the

1130: 943: 848: 750: 414: 4382: 3628:

Jacques Gaffrel in Italy and Jean Tileman Stella in Germany – Bonnaffé p. 13.

6083: 3936: 2066: 1917: 1876: 1865: 1389: 1365: 1281:

as one of France's most important allies, for it bordered directly with the

1141: 1087: 1061: 921: 4046:

Museums in Motion: an introduction to the history and functions of museums.

3561: 1659:, also received a commission to build a château and a surrounding town in 788:

of 1618–1648 after that conflict engulfed Europe. Despite suppressing the

4411: 3979:

Departement of National Defence, Chief Military Personnel (27 May 2015).

1888: 1773: 1761: 1168: 472: 1600:. Since 1672, that role has been fulfilled by the French head of state. 6043: 4338:

Raison d'Etat: Richelieu's Grand Strategy During the Thirty Years' War.

2004: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1818: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1466:

Toward the end of his life, Richelieu alienated many people, including

1344: 1125:

Shortly after he became Louis' principal minister, he was faced with a

1013: 6038: 4383:

Goyau, Georges. (1912). "Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu."

1733:

was not considered a good likeness and was banished to a passageway.

1714: 1350: 885: 4352:. trans. Henry Bertram Hill. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3591:

Chess and Chess-players: Consisting of Original Stories and Sketches

2358: 1388:

in 1648, coupled with their failure to prevent a French invasion of

903:

When he was five years old, Richelieu's father died of fever in the

1619:

Richelieu oversaw the construction of his own palace in Paris, the

1510:

extensive cavities and caseous necrosis). His doctors continued to

6464:

The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin

2206: 1894: 1845: 1737: 1610: 1555: 1536: 1484: 1454: 1371: 1253: 1201: 1151: 1105: 1012: 528: 3913:. Internet Archive. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. 3817:

A Taste of Paris: A History of the Parisian Love Affair with Food

2191:

The principal points of the faith of the Catholic Church defended

2144:

Richelieu and Louis XIII are depicted in Ken Russell's 1971 film

1470:. Richelieu was displeased by the pope's refusal to name him the 2094:. He is usually portrayed as a sinister character, but the 1950 1574:. Among the individuals he patronized was the famous playwright 737:

in 1616. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the

5957: 4633: 4501: 4209:

Europe's physician: the various life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne

1302:

from Spanish occupation. In 1625, Richelieu also sent money to

4348:

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal et Duc de (1964).

4317:

After the Funeral: The Posthumous Adventures of Famous Corpses

2432: 2370: 1973: 1787: 1462:(depicted here in 1660, age 58) succeeded Richelieu in office. 1071:

In 1619, Marie de Médicis escaped from her confinement in the

3966:

Mémoires du cardinal de Richelieu, sur le règne de Louis XIII

2420: 2197:

Mémoires du cardinal de Richelieu, sur le règne de Louis XIII

1946:

A less renowned aspect of his legacy is his involvement with

1939:

His pioneering approach to French diplomatic relations using

1683:. Among his 300 paintings by moderns, most notably, he owned 907:, leaving the family in debt; however, with the aid of royal 3706:

Le petit cabinet de passage pour aller à l'appartement vert

2405: 2349: 1725:, for which he was so glad to pay the artist's heirs 3,000 4258:. trans. Bernard Hoy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 2435: 2402: 2373: 2346: 1289:

with Spain at that time. Luckily for him, Richelieu was a

6413:

The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After

3008:"Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de | Encyclopedia.com" 2414: 2399: 2355: 2343: 3931:. At Paris: By Sebastien Cramoisy, printer to the king. 3117:"Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu | Encyclopedia.com" 2570:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1114:

Cardinal Richelieu's policy involved two primary goals:

726:"), a term derived from the title "Eminence" applied to 2228:

Avenue Richelieu, located in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada

1924:

has referred to Richelieu as the "father of the modern

2111:

Richelieu is indirectly mentioned in a famous line of

1110:

Jean Warin, Cardinal de Richelieu 1622 (obverse), 1631

733:

Consecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed

1310:. This peace quickly ended after tensions due to the 896:, was a soldier and courtier who served as the Grand 2676:

Cardinal Richelieu and the Development of Absolutism

2429: 2408: 2396: 2367: 2352: 2340: 1663:; the project culminated in the construction of the 7007: 6960: 6898: 6872: 6831: 6772: 6729: 6722: 6667: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6537: 6474: 6431: 6328: 6297: 6104: 6097: 6026: 5808: 5750: 5725: 5687: 5329: 5251: 5173: 5080: 5007: 4984: 4961: 4928: 4875: 4667: 4069:(Walker & Company; 2011) 309 pages; a biography 4067:

Eminence: Cardinal Richelieu and the Rise of France

3403:. Library and Archives Canada. 2006. Archived from 3270:

Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth

2426: 2393: 2364: 2337: 1578:. Richelieu was also the founder and patron of the 1269:(1618–1648). France was not openly at war with the 682: 672: 664: 654: 632: 608: 596: 591: 583: 570: 557: 552: 518: 510: 502: 494: 486: 478: 468: 458: 448: 425: 413: 403: 389: 365: 360: 344: 334: 326: 308: 296: 277: 269: 251: 239: 227: 219: 201: 189: 170: 162: 144: 132: 115: 105: 87: 41: 4325: 4264: 3924:de, Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis duc (1635). 3854:"May 13, 1637: Cardinal Richelieu Makes His Point" 2767:. New York: Haskell House Publishers. p. 57. 2166:novel series (published between 1977 and 2003) by 2131:portrayed Richelieu uttering the now famous line " 761:, the king's mother, and formerly his close ally. 4183:Church and Culture in Seventeenth Century France. 3442: 3440: 3291: 3289: 3185: 3183: 3075: 3073: 2902: 2900: 2881: 2879: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2740: 2738: 1615:Bust of Cardinal Richelieu by Gianlorenzo Bernini 968:At about this time, Richelieu became a friend of 2225:, Indre et Loire, a town founded by the cardinal 1144:nobility. In 1626, he abolished the position of 708:; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as 4062:Manchester: Manchester University Press. (1997) 1879:. He continued Richelieu's work of creating an 1675:in France. The heavily resurfaced and restored 1432: 4387:Volume XIII. New York: Robert Appleton Company 6840:Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer 5969: 4645: 4513: 4350:The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu 4233:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1992) 4185:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1997) 4164:. Colburn (1852); BiblioBazaar reprint (2006) 4103:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1995) 4074:Recherches sur les collections des Richelieu. 697:Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu 8: 4362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3820:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 93. 2674:Treasure, Geoffrey Russell Richards (1972). 1591: 1579: 1570:, was a feature of his Paris residence, the 1499:Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis de Cinq-Mars 852: 828: 6511:Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers 4297:Cardinal Richelieu and the Making of France 3968:. Oxford University. Paris : Foucault. 2701:Cardinal Richelieu and the Making of France 2135:." The play was adapted into the 1935 film 990: 6904: 6726: 6597: 6590: 6478: 6101: 6017:The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later 5976: 5962: 5954: 4652: 4638: 4630: 4520: 4506: 4498: 4416: 3964:Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1823). 3907:Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1961). 2539:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1962:Richelieu is known as the inventor of the 1493:showing Cardinal Richelieu on his deathbed 1226:Meanwhile, Marie de Médicis was exiled to 1159:'s depiction of Cardinal Richelieu at the 839:responsible for matters pertaining to the 629: 612: 600: 59: 38: 27:French statesman and clergyman (1585–1642) 18:Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu 4332:. New York: The World Publishing Company. 4271:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4176:Richelieu and the Growth of French Power. 4086:Le Cabinet Secret de l'Histoire, 4e serie 3551: 3256:Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu 2516:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 2020:Learn how and when to remove this message 1834:Learn how and when to remove this message 322:25 November 1616 – 24 April 1617 265:30 November 1616 – 24 April 1617 101:12 August 1624 – 4 December 1642 4133:Lodge, Sir Richard, and Ketcham, Henry. 2244:, a squadron of Officer Cadets from the 1543:Triple Portrait of Cardinal de Richelieu 1408:, where the French had a foothold since 784:) and to ensure French dominance in the 158:17 April 1632 – 4 December 1642 4192:Paris: Presses Paris Sorbonne. (2007) ( 2471: 2319: 2104:in a scene not from Rostand's original 1928:, modern centralised power the modern 7147:French people of the Thirty Years' War 6950:Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance 6813:Dogtanian: One For All and All For One 4355: 4212:. Yale: Yale University Press. (2006) 4155:Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598–1700. 4048:Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. (1996) 3942: 3540:Medical Library and Historical Journal 2238:Richelieu River, in Montérégie, Quebec 764:Richelieu sought to consolidate royal 741:and the French government, becoming a 253:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 7087:17th-century deaths from tuberculosis 4529:Chief ministers to the French Monarch 4394:The History of the Thirty Years' War. 4162:The Life of Marie de Medici, volume 3 2914: 2912: 2447: 2231:The provincial electoral district of 792:of the 1620s, he made alliances with 703: 7: 4480:Chief minister to the French monarch 4022:from the original on 14 October 2019 3316:from the original on 30 October 2014 2529: 2527: 2002:adding citations to reliable sources 1816:adding citations to reliable sources 861:1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 6684:Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds 6527:Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds 4319:. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. 3991:from the original on 27 August 2021 2723:Bergin, p. 58; Trevor-Roper, p. 66. 2545:from the original on 6 October 2019 1950:and the fledgling colony along the 1627:, the Ministry of Culture, and the 1603:In 1622, Richelieu was elected the 1326:. When in 1630 French diplomats in 1285:and was right in the middle of the 639:Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu 6863:The Three Musketeers: One for All! 3514:. A. L. Burt Company. p. 322. 3258:, p. vii, supports general thesis. 3145:. A. L. Burt Company. p. 195. 2678:. St. Martin's Press. p. 10. 2278:, four warships of the French Navy 2133:The pen is mightier than the sword 1564:Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis 76:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg 25: 4392:Schiller, Friedrich von. (1793). 4256:Richelieu and His Age (3 volumes) 4101:The State in Early Modern France. 2970:Lodge & Ketcham, 1903, p. 85. 2952:from the original on 24 July 2020 2490:from the original on 29 July 2019 2246:Royal Military College Saint-Jean 1954:. The retention and promotion of 6279:The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan 4618: 4400: 4396:Translated by A. J. W. Morrison. 4122:Fontaine de Resbecq, Eugène de. 3864:from the original on 15 May 2022 3752:from the original on 7 June 2011 3401:"Statistics for the 1666 Census" 3310:www.cercle-richelieu-senghor.org 2389: 2333: 2292: 2271:Bibliothèque nationale de France 2269:, or the historical site of the 1978: 1792: 1690:Virgin and Child with Saint Anne 1118:in France and opposition to the 646: 7102:17th-century French politicians 7035:Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno 6633:d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers 6519:Barbie and the Three Musketeers 2449:[kaʁdinald(ə)ʁiʃ(ə)ljø] 1989:needs additional citations for 1803:needs additional citations for 1415:Compagnie de la Nouvelle France 730:and their customary red robes. 493: 485: 4342:Texas National Security Review 4136:The life of Cardinal Richelieu 4126:Paris: Ernest Thorin. (1867) ( 4119:Cambridge: Canto Press. (1991) 3576:Routledge's Every Boy's Annual 3512:The Life of Cardinal Richelieu 3143:The Life of Cardinal Richelieu 2598:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1872:entering a period of decline. 1404:When Richelieu came to power, 867:returned to French rule after 1: 7167:Tuberculosis deaths in France 7097:17th-century French diplomats 7092:17th-century French cardinals 6448:The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan 6318:Musketeers Twenty Years After 4299:. New York: Carroll and Graf. 4267:Richelieu and Reason of State 3695:made a careful drawing of it. 3693:Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres 2573:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 1855: 1643:had twenty-six historicizing 1625:French Constitutional Council 1312:War of the Mantuan Succession 6994:The Baron of Magister Valley 6310:The Return of the Musketeers 6287:The Three Musketeers: Milady 4254:Burckhardt, Carl J. (1967). 4206:Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald. 4169:Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648. 4092:Paris: Dorbon Ainé. (1905) ( 3985:www.cmrsj-rmcsj.forces.gc.ca 3894:"Monty Python – Court Scene" 3892:Chadner (22 December 2006). 3168:Moote, pp. 179–183, esp. 182 2514:Lexico UK English Dictionary 2170:. Also, in the 21st century 2153:Monty Python's Flying Circus 2124:Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy 1651:to Louis XIII; some were by 1641:Galerie des hommes illustres 1096:Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld 1092:Charles, duc de La Vieuville 970:François Leclerc du Tremblay 7152:Peers created by Louis XIII 7142:Foreign ministers of France 4661:Foreign Ministers of France 4472:as informal chief minister 4410:public domain audiobook at 4304:Lodge, Sir Richard (1896). 4263:Church, William F. (1972). 4249:. London: J. B. Lippincott. 3510:Lodge, Sir Richard (1903). 3141:Lodge, Sir Richard (1903). 2938:. Routledge. pp. 16–. 2100:shows Richelieu (played by 1903:continued to be admired by 1679:continued to be admired by 855:Compagnie des Cent-Associés 7188: 7172:University of Paris alumni 7107:Alexandre Dumas characters 6987:The Viscount of Adrilankha 6708:Albert the Fifth Musketeer 6692:The Three Musketeers Anime 4385:The Catholic Encyclopedia, 4044:Alexander, Edward Porter. 3593:. C.J. Skeet. p. 107. 2703:. Constable. p. 224. 2484:Collins English Dictionary 1709:, as well as paintings by 1273:, who ruled Spain and the 869:English privateers took it 351:Nicolas Brulart de Sillery 310:Secretary of State for War 203:Grand Master of Navigation 32:Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov 29: 7162:Prime ministers of France 7117:Cistercian abbots general 6945:(South Korean adaptation) 6927:The Three Must-Get-Theres 6907: 6481: 6456:Revenge of the Musketeers 5997: 4616: 4535: 4486: 4477: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4432: 4429:Jacques de Veny d'Arbouze 4426: 4419: 4336:Rehman, Iskander. 2019. " 4286:Kissinger, Henry (1997). 4203:London: Routledge. (1998) 4157:London: Macmillan. (1990) 4065:Blanchard, Jean-Vincent. 3272:. Yale University Press. 2922:(1967). Vol. 3, appendix. 2213:Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire 2211:The Parc de Richelieu at 2092:numerous film adaptations 1647:, larger than life, from 1635:had ceiling paintings by 1592: 1580: 1441:1666 census of New France 1232:Henri, duc de Montmorency 1066:L'Instruction du chrétien 859:; he also negotiated the 853: 829: 705:[aʁmɑ̃ʒɑ̃dyplɛsi] 645: 624: 620: 437: 433: 356: 315: 258: 208: 151: 94: 83: 58: 6980:Five Hundred Years After 6789:The Man in the Iron Mask 6754:The Man in the Iron Mask 6495:Three Blind Mouseketeers 6421:The Man in the Iron Mask 6349:The Man in the Iron Mask 6199:Blades of the Musketeers 5374:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire 4324:O'Connell, D.P. (1968). 4245:Belloc, Hilaire (1929). 1731:portrait bust by Bernini 1695:The Family of the Virgin 1420:Dutch West India Company 871:in 1629. He was created 851:, he founded (1627) the 7045:Musketeers of the Guard 6700:The Return of Dogtanian 6373:The Count of Bragelonne 6127:Les Trois Mousquetaires 5986:The d'Artagnan Romances 4226:London: Methuen. (1981) 4178:Ayer Publishing. (1971) 4171:London: Fontana. (1984) 4117:Richelieu and Olivares. 3673:Alexander, 1996, p. 20. 3604:Reinfeld, Fred (1963). 3589:Walker, George (1850). 3340:30 October 2014 at the 3268:Bergin, Joseph (1985). 1673:ancient Roman sculpture 1633:Galerie de l'avant-cour 1333:just invaded the empire 1135:Swiss canton of Grisons 1116:centralization of power 979:or "Father Joseph"), a 965:between 1545 and 1563. 905:French Wars of Religion 234:The Duke of Montmorency 177:The Marquis of Thémines 89:First Minister of State 7157:Politicians from Paris 6934:The Three Mouseketeers 4421:Catholic Church titles 4315:Murphy, Edwin (1995). 4295:Levi, Anthony (2000). 4224:The Thirty Years' War. 4201:Richelieu and Mazarin. 4174:Perkins, James Breck. 4060:The Rise of Richelieu. 3814:Downie, David (2017). 3748:. Cartelen.louvre.fr. 3608:. Pitman. p. 19. 3606:Great Moments in Chess 3387:21 August 2016 at the 3235:Amsterdam City Archive 2699:Levi, Anthony (2000). 2444: 2215: 1912: 1885:Edict of Fontainebleau 1861: 1852:Philippe de Champaigne 1645:portraits of great men 1637:Philippe de Champaigne 1616: 1551: 1548:Philippe de Champaigne 1494: 1491:Philippe de Champaigne 1463: 1437: 1377: 1262: 1258:Cardinal Richelieu by 1207: 1164: 1149:most of the nobility. 1111: 1026: 823:and headmaster of the 813: 565:Anne d'Escars de Givry 370:Armand Jean du Plessis 303:The Marquis of Sillery 72:Philippe de Champaigne 7137:French art collectors 6913:The Three Mesquiteers 6365:Lady in the Iron Mask 4141:31 March 2020 at the 3189:Parker, 1984, p. 219. 2920:Richelieu and His Age 2906:Parker, 1984, p. 199. 2885:Parker, 1984, p. 130. 2763:Federn, Karl (1928). 2535:"Richelieu, Cardinal" 2445:Cardinal de Richelieu 2276:French ship Richelieu 2210: 1970:Portrayals in fiction 1898: 1849: 1614: 1540: 1488: 1458: 1375: 1257: 1221:Gaston, duc d'Orléans 1205: 1155: 1109: 1016: 843:. As an advocate for 776:(reigning notably in 67:Cardinal de Richelieu 48:The Duke of Richelieu 7040:Man in the Iron Mask 6942:The Three Musketeers 6881:The Three Musketeers 6855:The Three Musketeers 6847:The Three Musketeers 6805:The Three Musketeers 6781:The Three Musketeers 6746:The Three Musketeers 6738:The Three Musketeers 6676:The Three Musketeers 6652:(2009–10) (puppetry) 6649:The Three Musketeers 6617:The Three Musketeers 6609:The Three Musketeers 6548:The Two Mouseketeers 6503:The Three Musketeers 6271:The Three Musketeers 6255:The Three Musketeers 6239:The Three Musketeers 6223:The Three Musketeers 6215:The Three Musketeers 6207:The Three Musketeers 6191:The Three Musketeers 6183:The Three Musketeers 6175:The Three Musketeers 6167:The Three Musketeers 6159:The Three Musketeers 6151:The Three Musketeers 6143:The Three Musketeers 6135:The Three Musketeers 6119:The Three Musketeers 6003:The Three Musketeers 4310:. London: Macmillan. 4199:Treasure, Geoffrey. 4188:Pitte, Jean-Robert. 4106:Dyer, Thomas Henry. 4055:Viking Press. (1972) 4051:Auchincloss, Louis. 3896:– via YouTube. 3804:Kissinger, pp. 62–63 3655:Elliot, 1991, p. 30. 3646:Auchincloss, p. 178. 3637:Bonnaffé, pp. 4, 12. 3578:. 1877. p. 341. 3534:Griffith, F (1906). 3254:Henry Bertram Hill, 3159:, pp. 135–136, 178. 3157:Louis XIII, the Just 3121:www.encyclopedia.com 3012:www.encyclopedia.com 2918:Carl J. Burckhardt, 2855:Pardoe, pp. 103–104. 2796:Bergin, pp. 132–133. 2129:Edward Bulwer-Lytton 2087:The Three Musketeers 1998:improve this article 1905:neoclassical artists 1812:improve this article 1681:neoclassical artists 1418:in imitation of the 1161:siege of La Rochelle 751:Louis XIII of France 514:Emery de Bragelongne 498:Before 29 April 1624 429:Clergyman, statesman 246:The Marquis of Brézé 146:Governor of Brittany 122:The Marquis of Ancre 7127:Court of Louis XIII 7122:Counter-Reformation 7029:The Three Muscatels 6487:The Four Musketeers 6405:The Fifth Musketeer 6381:The King's Prisoner 6231:The Four Musketeers 4112:. J. Murray. (1861) 3910:Political testament 3407:on 4 September 2015 3369:11 May 2016 at the 2979:Dyer, 1861, p. 525. 2932:R J Knecht (2014). 2510:"Richelieu, Duc de" 2186:Political Testament 1948:Samuel de Champlain 1764:, and paintings by 1560:Political Testament 1424:Samuel de Champlain 1348:(salt tax) and the 1295:Treaty of Compiègne 1283:Spanish Netherlands 1240:burned at the stake 1188:Henri, duc de Rohan 1146:Constable of France 1077:Treaty of Angoulême 918:Théodore de Mayerne 890:François du Plessis 845:Samuel de Champlain 825:College of Sorbonne 821:University of Paris 790:Huguenot rebellions 668:Your Grand Eminence 7132:Dukes of Richelieu 7072:Cardinal Richelieu 7022:A Modern Musketeer 6973:The Phoenix Guards 6797:Dogtanian: Special 6762:La Femme Musketeer 6555:Touché, Pussy Cat! 6054:Cardinal Richelieu 6010:Twenty Years After 5321:La Tour d'Auvergne 5009:Second Restoration 4610:Comte de Montmorin 4585:Comte de Vergennes 4540:Cardinal Richelieu 4461:Title last held by 4452:Political offices 4407:Cardinal Richelieu 4247:Richelieu: A Study 4167:Parker, Geoffrey. 4099:Collins, James B. 4072:Bonnaffé, Edmond. 3785:www.britannica.com 3225:Zagorin, pp. 8–12. 2637:Bergin, pp. 18–19. 2619:Bergin, pp. 14–15. 2242:Richelieu Squadron 2216: 2138:Cardinal Richelieu 2113:Alessandro Manzoni 2097:Cyrano de Bergerac 2055:Aleksandr Trofimov 1952:St. Lawrence River 1913: 1862: 1776:, lifted from the 1617: 1593:Académie française 1590:for the body. The 1582:Académie française 1552: 1495: 1464: 1378: 1376:The Battle of Lens 1337:Treaty of Bärwalde 1324:universal monarchy 1304:Ernst von Mansfeld 1263: 1249: 1208: 1181:Duke of Buckingham 1165: 1112: 1027: 972:(better known as " 932:Bishopric of Luçon 913:College of Navarre 831:Académie Française 819:An alumnus of the 798:Kingdom of England 710:Cardinal Richelieu 660:His Grand Eminence 420:College of Navarre 44:His Grand Eminence 7059: 7058: 7003: 7002: 6963:Khaavren Romances 6858:(2006 video game) 6850:(1987 video game) 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6718: 6717: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 5951: 5950: 5818:Couve de Murville 5800:Couve de Murville 5057:Montmorency-Laval 4963:First Restoration 4627: 4626: 4580:Comte de Maurepas 4496: 4495: 4487:Succeeded by 4475: 4445:Armand de Bourbon 4442:Succeeded by 4218:978-0-300-11263-4 4181:Phillips, Henry. 4016:www.trc-leiden.nl 3840:his table linens. 3827:978-1-25-008295-4 3770:Phillips, p. 266. 3708:" (Bonnaffé :10). 3615:978-0-8128-2187-1 3295:Wedgwood, p. 450. 3279:978-0-300-03495-0 3245:Wedgwood, p. 452. 3177:Wedgwood, p. 247. 3106:Wedgwood, p. 270. 3040:Wedgwood, p. 195. 2997:Wedgwood, p. 188. 2945:978-1-317-87455-3 2805:Wedgwood, p. 189. 2710:978-0-09-480190-5 2685:978-0-7136-1286-8 2664:Wedgwood, p. 187. 2601:. Merriam-Webster 2520:on 20 March 2022. 2486:. HarperCollins. 2173:1632/Ring of Fire 2163:Fortune de France 2030: 2029: 2022: 1922:John Ralston Saul 1901:Richelieu Bacchus 1881:absolute monarchy 1870:Holy Roman Empire 1844: 1843: 1836: 1719:Diana at the Bath 1701:, the two famous 1677:Richelieu Bacchus 1669:town of Richelieu 1665:Château Richelieu 1657:Jacques Lemercier 1523:French Revolution 1504:comte de Soissons 1317:In 1629, Emperor 1287:Eighty Years' War 1275:Holy Roman Empire 1267:Thirty Years' War 1250:Thirty Years' War 1058:Charles de Luynes 1000:the Grey Eminence 873:Duke of Richelieu 814:Journée des Dupes 786:Thirty Years' War 735:Foreign Secretary 694: 693: 628: 627: 539:Territorial abbot 526:Territorial abbot 16:(Redirected from 7179: 7112:Bishops of Luçon 6905: 6727: 6598: 6591: 6479: 6440:At Sword's Point 6397:Le Masque de fer 6102: 6059:Milady de Winter 5978: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5399:Challemel-Lacour 5301:La Tour Auvergne 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4545:Cardinal Mazarin 4522: 4515: 4508: 4499: 4490:Cardinal Mazarin 4469: 4427:Preceded by 4417: 4404: 4403: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4333: 4331: 4320: 4311: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4270: 4259: 4250: 4229:Zagorin, Perez. 4222:Wedgwood, C. V. 4058:Bergin, Joseph. 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4012:"Richelieu Work" 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482:Perkins, p. 204. 3480: 3474: 3473:Perkins, p. 200. 3471: 3465: 3464:Perkins, p. 191. 3462: 3456: 3455:Perkins, p. 198. 3453: 3447: 3446:Perkins, p. 195. 3444: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425:Perkins, p. 273. 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3379: 3373: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3155:A. Lloyd Moote, 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3031:Kissinger, p. 59 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2907: 2904: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2476: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2302: 2300:Biography portal 2297: 2296: 2295: 2267:Richelieu-Drouot 2259:Rue de Richelieu 2035:Nigel De Brulier 2025: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2005: 1982: 1974: 1860: 1859: 1633–1640 1857: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1796: 1788: 1699:Andrea del Sarto 1595: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1576:Pierre Corneille 1554:Richelieu was a 1533:Arts and culture 1460:Cardinal Mazarin 1354:(land tax). The 1308:Treaty of Monçon 1213:duc de Richelieu 1120:Habsburg dynasty 1073:Château de Blois 1054:Marie de' Medici 1023:Marie de' Medici 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 986:L'éminence grise 978: 963:Council of Trent 858: 857: 834: 833: 806:Day of the Dupes 796:states like the 774:Habsburg dynasty 724:the Red Eminence 719:l'Éminence Rouge 707: 702: 650: 640: 635: 630: 616: 604: 592:Personal details 574:5 September 1622 571:Created cardinal 519:Previous post(s) 482:18 December 1606 396: 380:9 September 1585 379: 377: 361:Personal details 347: 337: 320: 299: 292: 280: 263: 242: 230: 213: 192: 185: 173: 156: 135: 118: 99: 63: 39: 21: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7052:(chocolate bar) 6999: 6956: 6900: 6894: 6868: 6819: 6768: 6714: 6663: 6625:The Mind Robber 6574: 6533: 6470: 6427: 6389:Uthama Puthiran 6357:Uthama Puthiran 6331: 6324: 6300: 6293: 6108: 6093: 6022: 5993: 5991:Alexandre Dumas 5982: 5952: 5947: 5853:François-Poncet 5804: 5752:Fourth Republic 5746: 5728: 5721: 5683: 5325: 5281:Drouyn de Lhuys 5261:Drouyn de Lhuys 5247: 5243:Drouyn de Lhuys 5223:Drouyn de Lhuys 5203:Drouyn de Lhuys 5175:Second Republic 5169: 5076: 5022:A. E. Richelieu 5003: 4980: 4957: 4924: 4871: 4687:A. J. Richelieu 4663: 4658: 4628: 4623: 4614: 4570:Duc de Choiseul 4565:Cardinal Fleury 4550:Cardinal Dubois 4531: 4526: 4492: 4483: 4468: 4465:Concino Concini 4462: 4447: 4438: 4430: 4401: 4374: 4354: 4347: 4323: 4314: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4241: 4239:Further reading 4236: 4160:Pardoe, Julia. 4153:Munck, Thomas. 4143:Wayback Machine 4115:Elliott, J. H. 4040: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3941: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3888:Wayback Machine 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3746:"Louvre Museum" 3744: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3500:Treasure, p. 8. 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3434:Phillips, p. 3. 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3389:Wayback Machine 3380: 3376: 3371:Wayback Machine 3362: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3342:Wayback Machine 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207:Collins, p. 53. 3206: 3202: 3198:Collins, p. 62. 3197: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088:Pardoe, p. 176. 3087: 3083: 3079:Zagorin, p. 18. 3078: 3071: 3067:Zagorin, p. 17. 3066: 3062: 3058:Zagorin, p. 16. 3057: 3053: 3049:Collins, p. 48. 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864:Collins, p. 45. 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846:Bergin, p. 135. 2845: 2841: 2837:Treasure, p. 4. 2836: 2827: 2823:Bergin, p. 133. 2822: 2818: 2814:Bergin, p. 130. 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628:Treasure, p. 3. 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2604: 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Montmorency 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4877:First Republic 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4560:Duc de Bourbon 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4476: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4435:Abbot of Cluny 4431: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4372:External links 4370: 4369: 4368: 4345: 4334: 4321: 4312: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4278:978-0691051994 4277: 4260: 4251: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4204: 4197: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4131: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4097: 4081: 4076:Plon. (1883) ( 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4002: 3971: 3956: 3916: 3899: 3875: 3844: 3826: 3806: 3797: 3772: 3763: 3737: 3728: 3726:Collins, p. 1. 3719: 3710: 3697: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3596: 3581: 3567: 3546:(2): 184–185. 3526: 3517: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3392: 3374: 3356: 3345: 3327: 3297: 3285: 3278: 3260: 3247: 3238: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3148: 3133: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 2999: 2990: 2988:Zagorin, p. 9. 2981: 2972: 2963: 2944: 2924: 2908: 2896: 2894:Bergin, p. 99. 2887: 2875: 2873:Pardoe, p. 23. 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2773: 2755: 2753:Bergin, p. 62. 2746: 2744:Bergin, p. 61. 2734: 2732:Bergin, p. 57. 2725: 2716: 2709: 2691: 2684: 2666: 2657: 2655:Bergin, p. 55. 2648: 2646:Bergin, p. 24. 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2584: 2556: 2523: 2501: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2256: 2251:A wing of the 2249: 2239: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2180:Literary works 2178: 2084:'s 1844 novel 2028: 2027: 1986: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1930:secret service 1842: 1841: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1661:Indre-et-Loire 1629:Conseil d'État 1588:letters patent 1534: 1531: 1452: 1449: 1401: 1398: 1386:Battle of Lens 1279:Dutch Republic 1251: 1248: 1217:Peer of France 1192:Peace of Alais 1103: 1102:Chief minister 1100: 1010: 1007: 981:Capuchin friar 936:ecclesiastical 892:, seigneur de 888:: his father, 880: 877: 802:Dutch Republic 747:chief minister 692: 691: 686: 680: 679: 674: 673:Informal style 670: 669: 666: 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 643: 642: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 610: 606: 605: 598: 594: 593: 589: 588: 585: 581: 580: 572: 568: 567: 559: 555: 554: 550: 549: 547: 546: 536: 522: 520: 516: 515: 512: 508: 507: 504: 500: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 476: 475: 470: 466: 465: 460: 456: 455: 450: 446: 445: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 417: 411: 410: 405: 401: 400: 397:(aged 57) 391: 387: 386: 369: 367: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 324: 323: 313: 312: 306: 305: 300: 294: 293: 281: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 256: 255: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 206: 205: 199: 198: 193: 187: 186: 174: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 149: 148: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 119: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 92: 91: 85: 84: 81: 80: 64: 56: 55: 50: 47: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7184: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6571: 6570: 6569:Royal Cat Nap 6566: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6539:Tom and Jerry 6536: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432:Other sequels 6430: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341:The Iron Mask 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247:The Musketeer 6244: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Sauvagnargues 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:Mendès France 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5253:Second Empire 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5082:July Monarchy 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Chateaubriand 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:L. Phélypeaux 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4777:Saint-Contest 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:R. Phélypeaux 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4669:Ancien Régime 4666: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4621: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:Duc d'Orléans 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3920: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3664:Pitte, p. 33. 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3216:Munck, p. 48. 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3097:Munck, p. 44. 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2787:Munck, p. 43. 2784: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2386: 2378: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2253:Louvre Museum 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2158:Michael Palin 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118:The Betrothed 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2102:Edgar Barrier 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2075:Peter Capaldi 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:Vincent Price 2044: 2040: 2039:George Arliss 2036: 2024: 2021: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1987:This section 1985: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941:raison d'etat 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1909:Louvre Museum 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1853: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1827: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1801:This section 1799: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Lorenzo Costa 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1748:Grand Cabinet 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476:Jules Mazarin 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1244:Loudun affair 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1009:Rise to power 1008: 1006: 988: 987: 982: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 878: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 755:Jules Mazarin 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 720: 715: 711: 706: 698: 690: 687: 685: 681: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 644: 641: 631: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 586: 582: 579: 573: 569: 566: 561:17 April 1607 560: 556: 551: 544: 540: 537: 534: 530: 527: 524: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506:François Yver 505: 501: 497: 490:17 April 1607 489: 481: 477: 474: 471: 467: 464: 461: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 418: 416: 412: 409: 406: 404:Resting place 402: 399:Paris, France 392: 388: 385: 368: 364: 359: 355: 352: 349: 343: 340:Claude Mangot 339: 333: 329: 325: 319: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 295: 290: 285: 284:Claude Mangot 282: 276: 272: 268: 262: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 222: 218: 212: 207: 204: 200: 197: 194: 188: 183: 178: 175: 169: 165: 161: 155: 150: 147: 143: 140: 139:Jules Mazarin 137: 131: 127: 123: 120: 114: 111: 108: 104: 98: 93: 90: 86: 82: 77: 73: 69: 68: 62: 57: 53: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7050:3 Musketeers 7027: 7020: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6961: 6953:(video game) 6948: 6940: 6932: 6925: 6920:Dog in Boots 6918: 6911: 6889:3 Musketiers 6887: 6879: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6655: 6647: 6641:Young Blades 6639: 6631: 6623: 6615: 6607: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6329: 6316: 6308: 6299:Twenty Years 6298: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6263:3 Musketeers 6262: 6254: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6125: 6118: 6105: 6053: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5984: 5913:Alliot-Marie 5903:Douste-Blazy 5689:Vichy France 5649:Paul-Boncour 5619:Paul-Boncour 5052:La Ferronays 4994:Caulaincourt 4986:Hundred Days 4953:Caulaincourt 4930:First Empire 4885:Lebrun-Tondu 4867:Sainte-Croix 4686: 4539: 4478: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4433: 4406: 4393: 4384: 4349: 4341: 4327: 4316: 4306: 4296: 4287: 4266: 4255: 4246: 4230: 4223: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038:Bibliography 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Choiseul 4797:C. Choiseul 4792:É. Choiseul 4702:Bouthillier 2593:"Richelieu" 2565:"Richelieu" 2541:. Longman. 2480:"Richelieu" 2263:Paris Métro 2106:verse drama 2063:Stephen Rea 2010:August 2020 1964:table knife 1824:August 2020 1703:Bacchanales 1653:Simon Vouet 1649:Abbot Suger 1451:Final years 1382:Jean Bicker 1360:bourgeoisie 1177:La Rochelle 1157:Henri Motte 974:Père Joseph 955:Pope Paul V 916:treated by 865:Quebec City 770:centralized 722:(English: " 545:(1635–1642) 535:(1627–1635) 503:Predecessor 336:Preceded by 287: [ 279:Preceded by 229:Preceded by 180: [ 172:Preceded by 128:(1617–1624) 117:Preceded by 7066:Categories 6587:Television 6332:Bragelonne 6109:Musketeers 6079:Louis XIII 6074:Queen Anne 6069:Buckingham 6049:d'Artagnan 6027:Characters 5848:Guiringaud 5729:Government 5364:Waddington 5359:Banneville 5349:A. Broglie 5296:La Valette 5286:La Valette 5150:Montebello 5135:V. Broglie 5115:V. Broglie 5110:Sébastiani 5017:Talleyrand 4976:Talleyrand 4938:Talleyrand 4920:Talleyrand 4910:Talleyrand 4862:Dubouchage 4484:1624–1642 4439:1635–1642 4053:Richelieu. 4026:14 October 3756:14 October 3691:The young 2774:1432516361 2467:References 2443:; French: 2147:The Devils 1608:cathedral. 1428:Ordonnance 1406:New France 1366:intendants 1328:Regensburg 1300:Valtelline 1131:Valtellina 1035:Louis XIII 1019:Louis XIII 1017:The young 944:Carthusian 879:Early life 849:New France 794:Protestant 495:Term ended 449:Metropolis 426:Profession 415:Alma mater 376:1585-09-09 330:Louis XIII 273:Louis XIII 223:Louis XIII 196:Queen Anne 166:Louis XIII 110:Louis XIII 6711:(1993–94) 6695:(1987–89) 6107:The Three 6084:Louis XIV 6064:Rochefort 5559:Millerand 5524:Doumergue 5514:Bourgeois 5509:Doumergue 5474:Bourgeois 5454:Bourgeois 5449:Berthelot 5409:Freycinet 5394:Fallières 5384:Freycinet 5369:Freycinet 5276:Thouvenel 5183:Lamartine 5072:Mortemart 5027:Dessolles 4943:Champagny 4905:Delacroix 4890:Deforgues 4857:Chambonas 4847:Dumouriez 4837:Montmorin 4827:Montmorin 4822:Vergennes 4812:Aiguillon 4772:Puisieulx 4752:Chauvelin 4358:cite book 4328:Richelieu 4307:Richelieu 4288:Diplomacy 4148:A.L. Burt 3995:27 August 3945:cite book 3937:18472731M 2935:Richelieu 2765:Richelieu 2549:6 October 2233:Richelieu 2223:Richelieu 2115:'s novel 2067:Tim Curry 1918:Parlement 1877:Louis XIV 1605:proviseur 1598:protector 1550:(c. 1642) 1445:habitants 1400:New World 1390:Catalonia 1335:, in the 1271:Habsburgs 1228:Compiègne 1173:Charles I 1169:Huguenots 1088:Huguenots 1062:catechism 1041:, as her 1037:'s wife, 949:In 1606, 928:Henry III 922:gonorrhea 894:Richelieu 875:in 1629. 728:cardinals 634:Styles of 597:Signature 529:Coadjutor 511:Successor 487:Installed 479:Appointed 318:In office 261:In office 215:1626–1642 211:In office 154:In office 97:In office 6937:(comics) 6873:Musicals 6773:Animated 6668:Animated 6475:Animated 5943:Séjourné 5933:Le Drian 5908:Kouchner 5893:Villepin 5883:Charette 5858:Cheysson 5828:Schumann 5697:Baudouin 5679:Baudouin 5669:Daladier 5659:Daladier 5624:Daladier 5579:Lefebvre 5574:Poincaré 5529:Delcassé 5494:Poincaré 5464:Delcassé 5459:Hanotaux 5444:Hanotaux 5414:Flourens 5379:Gambetta 5311:Ollivier 5291:Moustier 5266:Walewski 5218:La Hitte 5213:Rayneval 5067:Polignac 5062:Portalis 5032:Pasquier 4971:Laforest 4915:Reinhard 4832:Vauguyon 4767:Argenson 4762:Noailles 4757:Chaillou 4747:Morville 4737:Huxelles 4722:Pomponne 4707:Chavigny 4682:Villeroy 4600:Breteuil 4412:LibriVox 4150:. 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Cardinal Richelieu

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