448:. Once in Paris the Duke of Enghien was tried for treason by a military tribunal and summarily executed. Caulaincourt, an aristocrat, had been used as a means to deliver a fellow aristocrat to his death. When Caulaincourt returned to Paris he learned of the Duke's execution, and wept openly over it. He was incensed that he had been used in this way, and the event forever gave supporters of the Bourbon monarchy a means by which to impugn Caulaincourt's integrity and honor. The shroud of idealism which had earlier colored his view of Napoleon was forever pulled away. From then on, though he treated Napoleon with courtesy, there was always a reserve, and he made a point to be frank in informing the Emperor of what he felt were the true motives behind the Emperor's policies. The event was a point of shame that would haunt Caulaincourt for the rest of his days.
145:
452:
157:
1468:
121:
109:
42:
602:, Duke of Bassano, who had served as a personal secretary of Napoleon. Caulaincourt believed these to be badly misrepresented conversations, individuals and events. In response Caulaincourt wrote his own memoir using his notes as reference. The work consisted of two independent parts. The first work records the discussions between the author and Napoleon just prior to the campaign in Russia, the events of the campaign, the occupation of Moscow, the fire that destroyed the city and the retreat that destroyed the
304:
481:. His tasks as ambassador included attempting to arrange a marriage between Napoleon and one of the sisters of the Tsar. Though nothing came of it, he was able to manage the negotiations without engendering an embarrassing rebuff upon the Emperor. In 1811, with Napoleon preparing to declare a change in policy with Russia, Caulaincourt was sent for to return to France. Napoleon wrote the Tsar to say the Duke was recalled to France because of the Duke's "poor state of health."
133:
574:
1138:
1667:
397:. His lineage as a noble made him suspect by the revolutionaries, causing Caulaincourt to volunteer to serve in the Paris National Guard as a common soldier. While on his way to join his regiment he was denounced as an aristocrat and thrown into prison. He escaped prison, and returned to serving in the army. In three years he had regained his previous rank and was serving General
513:
with the French while they were still in Moscow. During the subsequent French retreat from Moscow, Caulaincourt noted the disintegration of the army, and implored
Napoleon to return directly to France to stabilize the political situation in Europe. Napoleon eventually did so, choosing Caulaincourt to travel alongside him in December 1812.
606:. Following this is a recitation of Napoleon's analysis of events and the world situation as told to the author in the course of their journey to Paris. The second part of the memoir covered the period of 1813 through Napoleon's first abdication, and was still being worked upon at the time of the author's death.
512:
During the French occupation of Moscow that followed, Caulaincourt repeatedly warned the
Emperor of the dangers of wintering in Russia. The Emperor wanted to send him to St. Petersburg to negotiate terms of an armistice, but Caulaincourt declined, noting that the Tsar would not negotiate peace terms
609:
The publication of
Caulaincourt's memoir was delayed for a variety of reasons, and the work was eventually lost. Following the First World War the work was rediscovered, and efforts were made to prepare it for publication. After several years of work the entire memoir was published by Jean Hanoteau
501:, in which he was tasked with maintaining the horses of the Emperor and his close guard, and he had charge of the despatch riders and orderlies. He rode at the Emperor's left side, and was prepared to surrender his horse to him in case there was need. He was with the Emperor at the
597:
Caulaincourt had kept copious notes on his conversations with the
Emperor Napoleon. In the 1820s a number of memoirs of the First Empire were published, written by individuals who had served with Napoleon. These seemed to rely on the retelling of events by
325:, northern France, on 9 December 1773. He was the eldest son of Marquis Louis-Gabriel de Caulaincourt (1740-1808) and Anne-Joséphine de Barandier de la Chaussé d'Eu (1751-1830), married in 1770. His father served in the French Army through the
821:, p. 167, Most of the German generals wanted to break off the offensive and take up a suitable winter-line. They remembered what had happened to Napoleon's army. Many of them began to re-read Caulaincourt's grim account of 1812.
1992:
529:. Caulaincourt signed the armistice of Pleswitz, June 1813, which suspended hostilities between France and Prussia and Russia for seven weeks. In the following negotiations, he represented France at the congress of
435:
of
Napoleon. At this juncture an event occurred which was to profoundly affect his life. In 1804 Caulaincourt had been sent by Napoleon across the Rhine to seize some agents of the British government who were in
3154:
537:
on 10 April 1814. The provision for
Napoleon on the island of Elba after his abdication is credited to Caulaincourt, who reportedly was able to influence the Tsar Alexander I for this disposition. During the
644:
recounted: "I can still see von Kluge trudging through the mud from his sleeping quarters to his office, and standing there before the map with
Caulaincourt's book in his hand. That went on day after day."
774:
Caulaincourt advised
Napoleon against the invasion of Russia in 1812, but was in regular attendance throughout the campaign and after the retreat from Moscow accompanied Napoleon on his journey to Paris.
617:
The work developed newfound significance with the events of the Second World War. Following the initial astonishing success of the German invasion of Russia in June 1941, military historian and theorist
1611:
1427:
549:
and his regaining power in France, Caulaincourt was chosen to serve as
Napoleon's minister of foreign affairs. Caulaincourt tried to persuade Europe of the emperor's peaceful intentions during the
640:, commander of Army Group Center, reportedly often referred to the work. Liddell-Hart interviewed a great many German commanders after the war, and though Kluge did not survive he states General
1972:
1719:
2182:
2017:
1927:
1812:
1781:
581:
Caulaincourt lived in retirement in Paris. Of the politicians of the First Empire, he was one of the most loyal and faithful to
Napoleon. Caulaincourt's name is engraved on the
3194:
2270:
1962:
1952:
1604:
1420:
1083:
1932:
1026:
3184:
1937:
3159:
636:
made reference to it in his memoir while describing the character of the Russian soldier, his stubbornness in defense, and his capacity to endure bombardments. General
394:
1922:
2022:
2232:
1597:
1413:
451:
3189:
2887:
375:, he was promoted to second lieutenant in the now renamed 7th Cavalry Regiment in November 1789. Two years later he was requested by his father to serve as his
3174:
3144:
1967:
1872:
557:. Following Napoleon's second fall from power Caulaincourt's name was on the list of those proscribed for arrest and execution in what came to be known as the
368:
2398:
2045:
2012:
1576:
898:
1842:
2388:
1364:
3169:
2177:
2136:
2098:
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1805:
1268:
1154:
785:
Count de Las Cases, Memorial de Sainte HĂ©lĂšne Vol VII: Quote from Napoleon: "Hugues-Bernard Maret and Caulaincourt, two men of heart and uprightness."
218:
1530:
2103:
1273:
1190:
1159:
1122:
622:
coolly appraised the difficulties awaiting the Wehrmacht, citing Caulaincourt's work extensively in an article he published in the British magazine
2217:
1892:
1076:
1947:
589:. Caulaincourt died in Paris in 1827 at the age of 53, following an illness with cancer of the stomach, the same illness as his former employer.
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2481:
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767:
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2108:
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2002:
1982:
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126:
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402:
975:
916:
585:'s West pillar, and a street in Paris is named Rue Caulaincourt in his honor. His eldest son served as a senator during the rule of
2534:
525:
and charged with all diplomatic negotiations. He assumed this position following the death of the previous office holder, General
1205:
359:
Caulaincourt began his military service on 13 January 1788, at the age of 14, when he joined the Royal Foreign Cavalry Regiment (
1997:
1987:
1917:
2075:
1263:
2456:
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2212:
2187:
1907:
1247:
534:
441:
1359:
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2123:
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2007:
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162:
96:
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1957:
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522:
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383:
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380:
2689:
2624:
2310:
1942:
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51:
3073:
3013:
2935:
2739:
2466:
1912:
473:. In 1807, Napoleon sent him as ambassador to St. Petersburg, where Caulaincourt endeavored to maintain the
393:
in 1792 Caulaincourt had been promoted to captain and was serving as an adjutant on the staff of his uncle,
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2476:
2335:
2197:
1656:
1061:
892:
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41:
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by Napoleon shortly before his death in 1808. His grandfather, Marc-Louis de Caulaincourt, fought in the
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2368:
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332:
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1185:
637:
465:
After the establishment of the empire he received various honors and in 1808 was given the title of
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2779:
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2719:
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623:
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193:
150:
72:
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3003:
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619:
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340:
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2614:
2584:
2574:
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2227:
971:
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763:
690:
372:
114:
76:
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684:
3068:
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2684:
2669:
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2619:
2604:
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1902:
1877:
1829:
1671:
1635:
1518:
1392:
1338:
1200:
966:
724:
509:, was killed while pressing forward the assault following the capture of the great redoubt.
418:
327:
264:
565:. His name was removed from the list by the personal intervention of the Tsar Alexander I.
3018:
2930:
2920:
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2749:
2729:
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2659:
2629:
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208:
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1324:
603:
573:
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2814:
2714:
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2639:
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2320:
2300:
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2060:
1837:
1137:
632:
was read with great interest by many German officers during their invasion of Russia.
3118:
2998:
2945:
2857:
2839:
2789:
2709:
2594:
2431:
2393:
2358:
2348:
2242:
1641:
1506:
887:
577:
West pillar of the Arc de Triomphe. Caulaincourt's name is listed sixth from the top.
437:
288:
3033:
3023:
2877:
2862:
2849:
2834:
2824:
2794:
2764:
2146:
1977:
1666:
1646:
586:
550:
526:
440:. He was used to pass on orders calling for the seizure and transport to Paris of
432:
422:
398:
376:
307:
17:
2902:
718:
405:. By 1801 Caulaincourt had been involved in thirteen campaigns and wounded twice.
891:
2940:
2804:
2644:
2564:
2499:
175:
720:
Mémoires du général de Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence, grand écuyer de l'Empereur
477:
between France and Russia. During this time he developed a friendship with the
413:
Caulaincourt was fluent in a number of languages, including Russian. After the
1790:
292:
260:
428:. His mission was primarily to check British influence in the Russian court.
902:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 556â557.
493:. He was unsuccessful in dissuading the Emperor. He accompanied Napoleon as
1447:
1103:
470:
458:
322:
274:
224:
317:
Armand de Caulaincourt was born into a noble family in the village of
530:
489:
In 1812, Caulaincourt strongly advised Napoleon against his proposed
628:
in October 1941. After the war, it was learned that Caulaincourt's
572:
450:
364:
302:
92:
546:
1794:
1593:
1409:
1065:
907:
Fierro, Alfredo; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean (1995).
455:
Heraldic achievement of Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt,
802:
800:
521:
The following month Caulaincourt was assigned the position of
287:, 9 December 1773 – 19 February 1827), was a
686:
Napoléon Bonaparte: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works
3155:
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
542:
that followed, Caulaincourt lived in obscure retirement.
371:, a distant relative. Six months after the start of the
553:, but he was unsuccessful in this, culminating in the
505:, when Caulaincourt's younger brother, Major-General
871:
The History of the Restoration of Monarchy in France
2969:
2911:
2886:
2848:
2490:
2412:
2334:
2241:
2168:
2145:
2122:
2089:
2036:
1828:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1628:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1454:
1373:
1352:
1331:
1319:
1298:
1282:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1178:
1147:
1110:
909:
Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire
246:
230:
214:
199:
189:
181:
169:
102:
82:
59:
32:
1782:Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
882:. Translated by Hanoteau, Jean. New York: Morrow.
1027:Antoine René Charles Mathurin, comte de Laforest
291:military officer, diplomat and close advisor to
1021:20 November 1813 – 1 April 1814
830:
273:Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt, duc de
1806:
1605:
1421:
1077:
8:
1048:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815
878:Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis (1935).
818:
806:
3195:Ambassadors of France to the Russian Empire
1577:Government of the first Bourbon restoration
970:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky.
395:Louis-Auguste Juvénal des Ursins d'Harville
1813:
1799:
1791:
1612:
1598:
1590:
1428:
1414:
1406:
1084:
1070:
1062:
998:
846:(1965). "Moscow". In Richardson, William;
712:
710:
708:
706:
401:. He attained the rank of colonel in the
40:
29:
3185:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
854:. London: World Distributors. p. 34.
3160:French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
689:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48.
219:Name inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
654:
1155:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
911:(in French). Ăditions Robert Laffont.
1778:French government of the Hundred Days
1652:Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
1621:French Provisional Government of 1815
1581:French Provisional Government of 1815
1460:Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
1437:French government of the Hundred Days
1397:French provisional government of 1814
1191:Jean-Baptiste de NompĂšre de Champagny
1170:Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
1160:Jean-Baptiste de NompĂšre de Champagny
310:of the Caulaincourt family under the
282:
7:
3190:Deaths from stomach cancer in France
1567:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
1365:Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu
1010:Hugues-Bernard Maret, Duc de Bassano
678:
676:
507:Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt
240:Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt
1684:Louis Pierre Ădouard, Baron Bignon
1054:Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron Bignon
893:"Caulaincourt, Armand Louis"
759:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion
563:Second Restoration of the Bourbons
25:
3175:Members of the SĂ©nat conservateur
3145:Burials at PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
962:von Mellenthin, Friedrich-Wilhelm
723:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris:
540:First Restoration of the Bourbons
361:RĂ©giment Royal Ătranger Cavalerie
3170:Dukes of the First French Empire
1665:
1531:Jean Jacques Régis de CambacérÚs
1466:
1136:
155:
143:
131:
119:
107:
1744:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
1495:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
1439:(20 March 1815 to 22 June 1815)
1311:Nicolas François, Count Mollien
954:History of the Second World War
1248:Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke
46:Caulaincourt as Grand Squire (
1:
3180:19th-century French diplomats
1623:(22 June 1815 to 7 July 1815)
1381:Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy
1095:(18 May 1804 to 1 April 1814)
1037:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
235:Gabriel Louis de Caulaincourt
3165:Grand Marshals of the Palace
3140:18th-century French nobility
1732:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1720:Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe
1483:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1290:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
683:Meeks, Joshua (2019-12-15).
555:War of the Seventh Coalition
545:With Napoleon's escape from
3150:Foreign ministers of France
1822:Foreign Ministers of France
1360:Jean-Ătienne-Marie Portalis
1344:Anne Jean Marie René Savary
1044:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1017:Minister of Foreign Affairs
533:in August 1813, and at the
523:Grand Marshal of the Palace
431:On his return he was named
367:, at the time commanded by
256:Grand Marshal of the Palace
251:Minister of Foreign Affairs
27:French diplomat (1773â1827)
3211:
1374:Manufacturing and Commerce
1134:
1774:
1708:Joseph Pelet de la LozĂšre
1663:
1573:
1464:
1444:
1389:
1264:Jean François Aimé Dejean
1206:Jean-Pierre de Montalivet
1100:
1093:First cabinet of Napoleon
1050:
1041:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1006:
1001:
391:French Revolutionary Wars
204:French Revolutionary Wars
39:
2535:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
1243:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
942:The German Generals Talk
762:. ABC-CLIO. p. 51.
756:Nicholls, David (1999).
634:Friedrich von Mellenthin
442:Louis Antoine de Bourbon
379:, which was approved by
1222:Claude Ambroise RĂ©gnier
986:Alexandre I et Napoleon
956:. New York, NY: Putnam.
944:. New York, NY: Morrow.
899:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
880:With Napoleon in Russia
717:Hanoteau, Jean (1933).
630:With Napoleon in Russia
612:With Napoleon in Russia
610:in 1933 with the title
535:Treaty of Fontainebleau
417:in 1801 he was sent to
389:At the outbreak of the
347:, reaching the rank of
1657:Nicolas Marie Quinette
1306:François Barbé-Marbois
578:
462:
314:
34:Armand de Caulaincourt
993:Napoleon et Alexandre
576:
454:
321:, in the province of
306:
299:Early life and family
280:French pronunciation:
182:Years of service
139:French First Republic
127:Kingdom of the French
1768:Louis-Nicolas Davout
1555:Louis-Nicolas Davout
1186:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
1165:Hugues-Bernard Maret
1128:Hugues-Bernard Maret
1118:Hugues-Bernard Maret
869:Bohn, H. G. (1854).
844:Blumentritt, Gunther
794:Caulaincourt p. xxiv
600:Hugues-Bernard Maret
491:campaign into Russia
1696:Claude-Marie Carnot
950:Liddell Hart, B. H.
938:Liddell Hart, B. H.
929:(Paris, 1888), and
852:The Fatal Decisions
833:, pp. 233â234.
831:von Mellenthin 1956
746:Caulaincourt p. xxi
737:Caulaincourt p. xvi
642:GĂŒnther Blumentritt
559:Second White Terror
499:Master of the Horse
369:Alexandre de Lameth
337:Count of the Empire
194:General of division
163:Bourbon Restoration
151:First French Empire
18:Armand Caulaincourt
2482:La Tour d'Auvergne
2170:Second Restoration
1562:Secretary of State
1269:Jean-Girard Lacuée
1257:War Administration
1227:Louis-Mathieu Molé
1111:Secretary of State
1002:Political offices
995:(Paris, 1891â1895)
620:B. H. Liddell Hart
579:
503:Battle of Borodino
475:alliance of Tilsit
463:
426:Napoleon Bonaparte
415:peace of Lunéville
386:in November 1791.
341:Third Silesian War
315:
284:[kolÉÌkuÊ]
52:Féréol Bonnemaison
3135:People from Aisne
3112:
3111:
2979:Couve de Murville
2961:Couve de Murville
2218:Montmorency-Laval
2124:First Restoration
1788:
1787:
1751:Navy and Colonies
1587:
1586:
1538:Navy and Colonies
1403:
1402:
1353:Religious affairs
1320:Navy and Colonies
1060:
1059:
1051:Succeeded by
1024:Succeeded by
819:Liddell Hart 1970
807:Liddell Hart 1948
769:978-0-87436-957-1
696:978-1-5381-1351-6
638:GĂŒnther von Kluge
409:Diplomatic career
403:Army of the Rhine
373:French Revolution
270:
269:
115:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
3202:
2560:Challemel-Lacour
2462:La Tour Auvergne
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1669:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1470:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1393:French Consulate
1140:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1034:Preceded by
1007:Preceded by
999:
981:
957:
945:
922:
903:
895:
883:
874:
856:
855:
848:Freidin, Seymour
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
776:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
728:
714:
701:
700:
680:
671:
668:
662:
659:
517:Return to France
485:Russian campaign
479:Tsar Alexander I
471:duché grand-fief
419:Saint Petersburg
349:maréchal de camp
345:Seven Years' War
286:
281:
265:Saint-Petersburg
171:
161:
159:
158:
149:
147:
146:
137:
135:
134:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
110:
89:
86:19 February 1827
69:
67:
44:
30:
21:
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3114:
3113:
3108:
3014:François-Poncet
2965:
2913:Fourth Republic
2907:
2889:
2882:
2844:
2486:
2442:Drouyn de Lhuys
2422:Drouyn de Lhuys
2408:
2404:Drouyn de Lhuys
2384:Drouyn de Lhuys
2364:Drouyn de Lhuys
2336:Second Republic
2330:
2237:
2183:A. E. Richelieu
2164:
2141:
2118:
2085:
2032:
1848:A. J. Richelieu
1824:
1819:
1789:
1784:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1679:Foreign Affairs
1674:
1670:
1661:
1624:
1618:
1588:
1583:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1455:Foreign Affairs
1450:
1446:Head of state:
1440:
1434:
1404:
1399:
1385:
1369:
1348:
1327:
1315:
1294:
1278:
1252:
1231:
1210:
1196:Emmanuel Crétet
1174:
1148:Foreign Affairs
1143:
1141:
1132:
1106:
1102:Head of state:
1096:
1090:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1029:
1020:
1012:
991:Vandal, Albert
978:
960:
948:
936:
919:
906:
886:
877:
868:
865:
860:
859:
842:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
798:
793:
789:
784:
780:
770:
755:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
716:
715:
704:
697:
682:
681:
674:
670:Bohn pp 201â207
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
595:
583:Arc de Triomphe
571:
519:
487:
467:Duke of Vicenza
446:Duke of Enghien
411:
384:Louis Duportail
381:Minister of war
363:) stationed in
357:
355:Military career
301:
279:
259:
254:
247:Other work
238:
222:
209:Napoleonic Wars
207:
156:
154:
153:
144:
142:
141:
132:
130:
129:
120:
118:
117:
108:
106:
91:
87:
71:
70:9 December 1773
65:
63:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2971:Fifth Republic
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
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2900:
2894:
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2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
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2817:
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2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
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2722:
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2707:
2702:
2697:
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2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Casimir-Perier
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2492:Third Republic
2488:
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2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
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2340:
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2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:M. Montmorency
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2038:First Republic
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1780:âą Followed by
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:
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1728:
1724:
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1660:
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1649:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1579:âą Followed by
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
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1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1395:âą Followed by
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
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1349:
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1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
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1254:
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1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
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1230:
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1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
989:
982:
976:
967:Panzer Battles
958:
946:
934:
923:
917:
904:
890:, ed. (1911).
888:Chisholm, Hugh
884:
875:
864:
861:
858:
857:
835:
823:
811:
809:, p. 185.
796:
787:
778:
768:
748:
739:
730:
725:Plon Libraries
702:
695:
672:
663:
653:
652:
650:
647:
594:
591:
570:
567:
518:
515:
486:
483:
410:
407:
356:
353:
300:
297:
268:
267:
248:
244:
243:
232:
228:
227:
216:
212:
211:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
104:
100:
99:
90:(aged 53)
84:
80:
79:
61:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3207:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Sauvagnargues
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:MendĂšs France
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:Second Empire
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2243:July Monarchy
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Chateaubriand
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:L. Phélypeaux
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Saint-Contest
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:R. Phélypeaux
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:Ancien RĂ©gime
1827:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Joseph Fouché
1668:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Lazare Carnot
1640:
1637:
1636:Joseph Fouché
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Joseph Fouché
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Lazare Carnot
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Joseph Fouché
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Joseph Fouché
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1000:
994:
990:
988:(Paris, 1892)
987:
983:
979:
977:1-56852-578-8
973:
969:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:(Paris, 1893)
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:2-221-05858-5
914:
910:
905:
901:
900:
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664:
661:Fierro p. 600
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342:
338:
335:, being made
334:
331:and into the
330:
329:
328:ancien régime
324:
320:
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312:ancien régime
309:
305:
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74:
62:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3074:Alliot-Marie
3064:Douste-Blazy
2850:Vichy France
2810:Paul-Boncour
2780:Paul-Boncour
2213:La Ferronays
2155:Caulaincourt
2154:
2147:Hundred Days
2114:Caulaincourt
2113:
2091:First Empire
2046:Lebrun-Tondu
2028:Sainte-Croix
1776:Preceded by
1756:Denis DecrĂšs
1647:Paul Grenier
1575:Preceded by
1543:Denis DecrĂšs
1391:Preceded by
1325:Denis DecrĂšs
1042:
1015:
992:
985:
984:Tatischeff,
965:
953:
941:
930:
926:
925:Houssaye, H
908:
897:
879:
870:
851:
838:
826:
814:
790:
781:
773:
758:
751:
742:
733:
719:
685:
666:
657:
629:
624:
616:
611:
608:
604:Grande Armée
596:
587:Napoleon III
580:
551:Hundred Days
544:
527:Geraud Duroc
520:
511:
495:Grand Ăcuyer
488:
466:
464:
456:
433:aide-de-camp
430:
423:First Consul
412:
399:Lazare Hoche
388:
377:aide-de-camp
360:
358:
326:
319:Caulaincourt
316:
311:
308:Coat of arms
272:
271:
200:Battles/wars
88:(1827-02-19)
73:Caulaincourt
48:Grand ecuyer
47:
3130:1827 deaths
3125:1773 births
2994:Bettencourt
2888:Provisional
2369:Tocqueville
1963:Ă. Choiseul
1958:C. Choiseul
1953:Ă. Choiseul
1863:Bouthillier
1638:(President)
1274:Pierre Daru
1123:Pierre Daru
561:during the
165:(1814â1815)
3119:Categories
3009:Guiringaud
2890:Government
2525:Waddington
2520:Banneville
2510:A. Broglie
2457:La Valette
2447:La Valette
2311:Montebello
2296:V. Broglie
2276:V. Broglie
2271:SĂ©bastiani
2178:Talleyrand
2137:Talleyrand
2099:Talleyrand
2081:Talleyrand
2071:Talleyrand
2023:Dubouchage
649:References
625:The Strand
569:Later life
293:Napoleon I
261:Ambassador
242:(brother),
103:Allegiance
66:1773-12-09
2720:Millerand
2685:Doumergue
2675:Bourgeois
2670:Doumergue
2635:Bourgeois
2615:Bourgeois
2610:Berthelot
2570:Freycinet
2555:FalliĂšres
2545:Freycinet
2530:Freycinet
2437:Thouvenel
2344:Lamartine
2233:Mortemart
2188:Dessolles
2104:Champagny
2066:Delacroix
2051:Deforgues
2018:Chambonas
2008:Dumouriez
1998:Montmorin
1988:Montmorin
1983:Vergennes
1973:Aiguillon
1933:Puisieulx
1913:Chauvelin
237:(father),
231:Relations
185:1788â1815
3104:Séjourné
3094:Le Drian
3069:Kouchner
3054:Villepin
3044:Charette
3019:Cheysson
2989:Schumann
2858:Baudouin
2840:Baudouin
2830:Daladier
2820:Daladier
2785:Daladier
2740:Lefebvre
2735:Poincaré
2690:Delcassé
2655:Poincaré
2625:Delcassé
2620:Hanotaux
2605:Hanotaux
2575:Flourens
2540:Gambetta
2472:Ollivier
2452:Moustier
2427:Walewski
2379:La Hitte
2374:Rayneval
2228:Polignac
2223:Portalis
2193:Pasquier
2132:Laforest
2076:Reinhard
1993:Vauguyon
1928:Argenson
1923:Noailles
1918:Chaillou
1908:Morville
1898:Huxelles
1883:Pomponne
1868:Chavigny
1843:Villeroy
1739:Treasury
1691:Interior
1502:Interior
1490:Treasury
1472:Napoleon
1448:Napoleon
1299:Treasury
1179:Interior
1142:Napoleon
1104:Napoleon
964:(1956).
952:(1970).
940:(1948).
850:(eds.).
343:and the
333:Republic
170:Service/
3099:Colonna
3089:Ayrault
3059:Barnier
3049:VĂ©drine
3029:Raimond
2931:Bidault
2926:Schuman
2921:Bidault
2898:Bidault
2868:Flandin
2835:Reynaud
2825:Reynaud
2800:Flandin
2790:Barthou
2775:Herriot
2770:Tardieu
2755:Herriot
2745:Herriot
2725:Leygues
2710:Barthou
2695:Viviani
2680:Viviani
2660:Jonnart
2630:Rouvier
2595:Develle
2585:Spuller
2550:Duclerc
2515:Decazes
2505:RĂ©musat
2477:Gramont
2432:Baroche
2394:Baroche
2389:Brénier
2359:Bastide
2349:Bastide
2286:Bresson
2256:Jourdan
2109:Bassano
2013:Naillac
2003:Lessart
1943:Rouillé
1888:Croissy
1873:Brienne
1853:Sillery
1727:Finance
1715:Justice
1629:Members
1526:Justice
1478:Finance
1283:Finance
1215:Justice
863:Sources
459:Vicence
457:duc de
323:Picardy
275:Vicence
225:Vicence
223:duc de
3084:Fabius
2999:Jobert
2956:Pleven
2951:Pineau
2873:Darlan
2815:Bonnet
2805:Delbos
2760:Briand
2750:Briand
2730:Briand
2715:Pichon
2700:Briand
2665:Pichon
2650:Selves
2645:Cruppi
2640:Pichon
2580:Goblet
2399:Turgot
2354:Bedeau
2326:Guizot
2321:Thiers
2301:Thiers
2266:Maison
2251:Bignon
2160:Bignon
2061:Herman
2056:Goujon
1978:Bertin
1948:Bernis
1903:Dubois
1878:Lionne
1703:Police
1514:Police
1332:Police
974:
915:
766:
693:
593:Memoir
531:Prague
444:, the
289:French
215:Awards
172:branch
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
97:France
77:France
54:(1806)
50:), by
3079:Juppé
3039:Juppé
3034:Dumas
3024:Dumas
2984:Debré
2946:Pinay
2941:Faure
2878:Laval
2863:Laval
2795:Laval
2765:Laval
2705:Ribot
2590:Ribot
2565:Ferry
2500:Favre
2316:Soult
2291:Rigny
2281:Rigny
2208:Damas
1893:Torcy
1838:Revol
497:, or
438:Baden
365:Arras
93:Paris
2903:Blum
2467:Daru
2306:Molé
2261:Molé
972:ISBN
931:1815
927:1814
913:ISBN
764:ISBN
691:ISBN
547:Elba
469:, a
190:Rank
176:Army
83:Died
60:Born
1763:War
1550:War
1236:War
421:by
263:to
3121::
896:.
799:^
772:.
705:^
675:^
614:.
351:.
295:.
95:,
75:,
1814:e
1807:t
1800:v
1613:e
1606:t
1599:v
1429:e
1422:t
1415:v
1085:e
1078:t
1071:v
980:.
921:.
873:.
727:.
699:.
278:(
258:,
253:,
221:,
206:,
68:)
64:(
20:)
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