Armand Hammer - Knowledge (XXG)

1185: 1440: 392: 577:. The blockade of Soviet Russia had ended for most items in February 1921, and on July 5, 1921, he departed New York on his first trip to Soviet Russia as Allied Drug's representative in Soviet Russia. Prior to his departure, he visited Charles Recht, Lenin's United States attorney that supported Soviet Russia's best interests in the United States and whose law office was in the same building that the former Soviet Russian Government Bureau had occupied, and Recht gave Hammer a package to deliver to Ludwig Martens in Moscow. During this first visit, Armand Hammer allowed the 438:. Four weeks after her death, a Bronx County grand jury indicted Julius Hammer for first-degree manslaughter. The following summer, a criminal prosecutor convinced a jury that Julius Hammer had let his patient "die like a dog" and that the claims that she had actually died from complications due to influenza were mere attempts to cover up his crime. In 1920, a judge sentenced Julius Hammer to three and a half years in 1040:

Nixon's second campaign: "He wished his substantial contribution to Nixon to be anonymous because he himself was a Democrat." Hammer anonymously gave $ 46,000 to support Nixon before a 1971 law took effect on April 7, 1972, which banned political contributions both anonymous and through another person. Later, in September 1972, Armand Hammer made an additional three illegal contributions totaling $ 54,000 to

59: 897:, $ 46,000 in cash from a numbered bank account in Switzerland which Hammer used as his slush fund money. Later, in September 1972 Hammer gave Nixon's campaign fund an additional $ 54,000 from the same Swiss bank account amounting to a total of $ 100,000 that Hammer donated to Nixon's campaign fund. On July 18, 1972, Hammer returned to the United States through London and called 526:, Hammer went to the Soviet Union for a trip that lasted until late 1930. Although his career in medicine was cut short, he relished being referred to as "Dr. Hammer". Hammer's intentions in the 1921 trip have been debated ever since. He has claimed that he originally intended to recoup $ 150,000 in debts for drugs shipped during the 466:, who had been Armand's mistress. According to Murphy and Epstein's account, the legal strategy was that Julius did not deny that an abortion had been performed, but insisted that it had been medically necessary and that a licensed doctor, rather than a medical student, would be more convincing in presenting that argument. 836:) also called Mike or Michael Brook or Brooke, who was an English-Russian translator, as Hammer's personal ambassador and expediter and was present as Hammer's translator at all meetings between Armand Hammer and Soviet leaders in the Soviet Union beginning in 1964. Bruk had been a technical translator at the first 640:

them rich. Barmine further contends that the Soviets were eventually able to duplicate certain items such as typewriter parts and pens, and end those concessions, but were never able to match the quality of Hammer's pencils, so that concession became permanent. Armand Hammer remained in the Soviet Union until 1930.

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products; he also served on its board of directors. However, the Arm & Hammer company's brand name did not originate with Armand Hammer. It was in use 31 years before Hammer was born. While Hammer and Occidental said that the Church & Dwight investment was a coincidence, Hammer acknowledged

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Politically, Hammer was a Democrat; but according to the memoir of his lawyer Louis Nizer, he was also one of "many executives who contribute to both political parties preferred no publicity about his dual gifts." In 1972, "under pressure" from various sources, Hammer donated an unusual amount to

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came to power in September 1969. By the 1974 deal, 81% of the oil extracted by Occidental Petroleum was going to the Libyan government, with only 19% retained by Occidental Petroleum. At the time, Oxy was the second largest producer of oil in Libya, and Libya was the company's only major source of

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wife of a former tsarist diplomat) entering Julius's medical office located in a wing of his Bronx home. Oganesoff, "who had accumulated a life-threatening history of miscarriages, abortions, and poor health, was pregnant and wanted to terminate her pregnancy." The surgical procedure took place in

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company to compete with Hammer, the stationery concession to produce such items in the Soviet Union was actually granted to Julius Hammer. Barmine states the party spent five million gold rubles on stationery supplies made in factories controlled by Julius Hammer and other concessionaires, making

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He gained enormous wealth through his United Distillers of America, which was a 1933 established firm known as the A. Hammer Cooperage Corporation until 1946, when it changed its name to United Distillers of America Ltd. In early 1944, Hammer purchased American Distilling Co. and a former

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During his time in Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union, he perfected bribery and money-laundering techniques, which were exposed later in the 1960s and 1970s during which he tape-recorded his payoffs. After returning to the United States, Hammer stated that Lenin had granted him an

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After the Soviet Russian Government Bureau closed, Allied Drug's smuggling activities between the United States and Soviet Union ceased, which caused Allied Drug to gain enormous debts from storing large amounts of unpaid items in warehouses in New York and Riga. In March 1921,

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While Julius was imprisoned, he sent Armand Hammer, who could not speak any Russian, to the Soviet Union to look after the affairs of Allied Drug and Chemical. Hammer traveled back and forth from the Soviet Union for the next 10 years. In the meantime, Hammer graduated from

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received much criticism from environmentalists, when the shares passed to the estate after the death of Gore Sr., and Gore Jr. was a son and the executor of the estate. Gore Jr. did not exercise control over the shares, which were eventually sold when the estate closed.

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supported the police raid of the Soviet Russian Government Bureau on June 12, 1919, Ludwig Martens escaped and went underground, often hiding at Hammer's home. On December 18, 1920, Martens was deported; he was returned to Soviet Russia in January 1921.

1589: 371:, headed the Soviet Bureau's commercial department. Julius Hammer and Heller traveled extensively across the United States to stop the embargo of Soviet Russia and to increase United States trade with Soviet Russia and improve the image of 5649: 1055:, who was Hammer's vice president of Occidental Petroleum, after which both Hammer and Babcock pleaded guilty to charges involving illegal contributions. Hammer received probation and a $ 3,000 fine. In August 1989, US President 3978: 1965: 984: 538:

in the Justice Department knew this was false, but Hammer was allowed to travel, anyway. The 26-year-old Hoover, who was the Justice Department's expert on subversives, was tipped off that Armand Hammer was a courier for the

1109:. Hammer supposedly promised Gore Sr. that he could make his son the president of the United States. It was under Hammer's encouragement and support that Gore Jr. sought the Democratic Party presidential nomination in 1988. 675:

by Habsburg), with commissions going back to Mikoyan. Although certainly some fakes were produced, on close examination many of the so-called fake items turned out to actually be from various workshops, particularly that of

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puts forward the claim that it was Armand Hammer, then a medical student, rather than his father, who performed the abortion and his father Julius assumed the blame. Epstein's claims come from interview comments made by

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to Julius Hammer, who was imprisoned at Sing Sing until 1924, granting his Allied Drug and Chemical concessions for trade with the Soviets and requested an Allied Drug representative to be present in the Soviet Union.

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tractors into the USSR, which served a major role in agricultural mechanization in the country. Later, after Stalin came to power, additional deals were negotiated with Hammer as an American–Soviet negotiator.

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Like his father before him, Al Gore Jr.'s political career was lavishly sponsored by Hammer from the moment it began until Hammer died, only two years before Gore Clinton race for the White House in 1992.

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as his legal advisor, negotiated the first trade agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union following Nixon's summit. Six weeks prior to Nixon's departure, Hammer personally gave

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This picture is from the article Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней (The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day) in the Ukrainian Shipping Magazine (USM).

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In 1973, Libya nationalized 51% of Oxy's holdings in Libya. In 1974, Armand Hammer announced a 35-year oil exploration agreement with Libya, the first such agreement signed by Libya after

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tools to Armand to sell fakes, and Victor stated a 1938 New York sale he ran with Armand, which grossed several million dollars, consisted of both authentic and inauthentic items (called

1461:, who was the daughter of a czarist general. In 1943, he married Angela Zevely. In 1956, he married the wealthy widow Frances Barrett, and they remained married until her death in 1989. 885:, as the first United States President to visit the Soviet Union, traveled to Moscow for a summit that ended on June 1, 1972, Hammer traveled to Moscow arriving July 14, 1972, and, with 5754: 4279: 4357: 3968: 5749: 1955: 1200: 5629: 714:

After returning to the US, Hammer entered into a diverse array of business, art, cultural, and humanitarian endeavors, including investing in various U.S. oil-production efforts.

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When his father was imprisoned, Hammer and his brother took Allied Drug, the family business, to new heights, reselling equipment they had bought at depressed prices at the end of

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The article is near the end of the list of excerpts from the 2006 book Ностальгические хроники (Nostalgic Chronicles) by Александр Степанович Ольбик (Alexander Stepanovich Olbik).

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and ensured that foreign intelligence agencies were notified of Armand Hammer's travels. A skeptical U.S. government watched him through this trip and for the rest of his life.

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centuries of masterpieces, sometimes in conjunction with museums where the collection was displayed. and his philanthropic projects were the subject of numerous publications.

5659: 795: 413:" graphic symbol of the SLP, in which his father had a leadership role. Late in his life, Hammer confirmed that the latter story contained the true origin of his given name. 5634: 680:, and had been appropriated by the Soviet government when they closed the Faberge company. As the items were either unfinished or not ready for retail sale, many were not 5709: 2826: 4207: 1764: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5194: 4667: 4185: 4069: 3922: 3682: 841: 837: 4459: 2440: 598:

concession for 25 years to mine asbestos from the Urals in Soviet Russia. According to Hammer, on his initial trip, he took $ 60,000 in medical supplies to aid in a

4237: 3582: 3105: 5739: 5654: 1086:, among others. Gore, who had a longtime close friendship with Hammer, became the head of the subsidiary Island Creek Coal Company, upon his election loss in the 1079:

erroneously places the Hammer and Gore families close to each other in Europe. Occidental's coal interests were represented for many years by attorney and former

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on a foggy Saturday July 28 in 1945, Hammer purchased the damaged 78th floor, refurbished it, and made it the headquarters of his United Distillers of America.

5704: 4712: 722:, rum distillery at which his American Distilling employee, Dr. Hanns G. Maister, began producing the first United States-made potato-based spirit, which was a 4874: 2865: 1142:

and he later served as chairman of the panel from 1984 to 1989. As chairman of the panel, he announced a campaign to raise $ 1 billion a year to fight cancer.

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Donald Woutat (June 7, 1987). "The Unfinished Business of Armand Hammer; After A Lifetime in the Public Eye, He Still Worries About His Place in History".

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in Los Angeles, estimated that Tower International's International Trade Center project in Moscow would cost $ 100 million and would be a complete flop if

516: 4031: 2791: 2651: 2306: 618:, Armand Hammer became the mediator for 38 international companies in their dealings with the USSR. Before Lenin's death, Hammer negotiated the import of 421:

Due to his socialist and communist activities, Hammer's father Julius had been put under federal surveillance. On July 5, 1919, federal agents witnessed

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disliked the idea. In the 1980s, Hammer gave strong financial support to Prince Charles's projects of nearly 40 million pounds and free use of Hammer's

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He moved to the USSR in the 1920s to oversee these operations, especially his large business manufacturing and exporting pens and pencils. According to

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to finance in part the deal, valued at $ 20 billion over 20 years, and fund the Soviet construction of four ammonia plants in the greater

753:, Hammer was pivotal in breaking the tight grip that the major United States domestic producers had on the price of oil, and instead gave 2758: 1283:), Weinberg 1989, Blumay 1992, Epstein 1996, and Alef 2009; and two autobiographies (1932 and a bestseller in 1987). His art collection, 1211:, who was president of United World Colleges International. Due to his closeness to the future Charles III, he was figuratively called a 5734: 4507:"John Richardson's "Sacred monsters, sacred masters", a vision of the idiosyncratic personalities that left their mark on the art world" 1556: 1095: 1686:

During this trip which Mike Brook organized, Hammer was the first person to fly to the Soviet Union in a privately owned airplane, his

786:. In later years, he lobbied and traveled extensively at a great personal expense, working for peace between the United States and the 5104: 5080: 5059: 5038: 4993: 4939: 3660: 2396: 4896: 4062:"Campaigner's finances Where the presidential hopefuls have invested their fortunes may reveal something about the character of each" 1560: 1105:

Hammer was very fond of Gore Jr. and, in 1984, under Hammer's guidance, Gore Jr. sought Tennessee's Senate office previously held by

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Together with his friends Harry and Rosa Strygler, he also supported several Jewish foundations, particularly those associated with

855:'s Tower International through which Hammer would have a controlling majority stake in Tower International in exchange for Hammer's 2970: 1439: 606:, and jewelry expropriated by the Soviet state in exchange for a million bushels (27,216 tons) shipment of surplus American wheat. 375:, whom American socialists despised overwhelmingly. During the United States embargo against Soviet Russia, Julius Hammer used his 5624: 1505: 1015:), which is the deepest port in Ukraine servicing vessels with drafts up to 18.5 metres (61 ft). Pivdenny is located at the 352: 328: 3739: 3190: 4985: 4769: 1178: 905:, who was Nixon's chief of staff, in order to debrief the President about Hammer's trade deal which occurred on July 20, 1972. 805: 779:

crude. The Libyan government continually threatened the assets of the company, who would usually give in to Gaddafi's demands.

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Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations; An Encyclopedia of American Espionage: Hammer, Armand (May 21, 1898–December 10, 1990)

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assuming the debts of Tower International and Eaton receiving 45% of any profits from Tower International's future projects.

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failed. On July 31, 1972, Commons voiced his thoughts with Hammer after which Hammer fired Commons effective August 1, 1972.

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to the then-starving Russians. In his passport application, Hammer stated that he intended to visit only Western Europe.

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Hammer was the middle of three sons. He had close relationships, including in business, with his brothers, Harry and

1139: 2849: 1374: 4689: 4394: 3900: 324: 1365: 1173:. Together with his brother Victor, he was the owner of the "Hammer Galleries" in New York City. Hammer purchased 3623: 3025: 2930:"A Virtual Spy: DOSSIER: The Secret History of Armand Hammer. By Edward J. Epstein (Random House, 1996, 418 pp.)" 1279:

As of 2016, he has been the subject of six biographies: in 1975 (Considine, authorized biography), 1985 (Bryson,

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Honore Daumier 1808–1879: The Armand Hammer Daumier Collection Incorporating a Collection from George Longstreet

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In July 1972, Armand Hammer's financial wizard Dorman Commons, who was the chief financial officer at Hammer's

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to act as an intermediary because direct trade between the United States and the Soviet Union was unthinkable.

1389: 376: 5171: 5110: 5471: 5267: 3799: 1458: 1208: 1170: 1122: 562: 401: 3277: 391: 356: 5669: 5664: 5217: 3489: 3376: 2511: 1660:, Cyrus Eaton World Trade Ltd. contributed to the opening up of trade between the Soviet Union and Canada. 1330: 1320: 1261:(as the grandfather of a friend of Theo Huxtable's who was suffering from cancer), saying that a cure for 1098: 1083: 1016: 3706: 2929: 355:, Julius Hammer was assigned to generate support for the Russian Soviet Government Bureau and funded the 2993:"Army Pushes Bomber Crash Investigation: 5 of 13 Dead Remain Unidentified as Empire State Bldg. Reopens" 1960: 1700: 1465: 1204: 965: 739: 636: 410: 406: 226: 5172:

Interview with Epstein on occasion of the publication of "Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer"

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Throughout his life Hammer continued personal and business dealings with the Soviet Union, despite the

689: 259:'s chosen capitalist" by the press, he was also known for his art collection and his close ties to the 4302: 4091: 5619: 5614: 5545: 4748:

Dreams & Promises: The Story of the Armand Hammer United World College : A Critical Analysis

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by the Soviets between 1930 and 1933. The authenticity of the artifacts was questioned. According to

422: 252: 135: 4761: 4576: 4152:"The Straight Dope: Did tycoon Armand Hammer have anything to do with Arm & Hammer baking soda?" 453:) state that Julius had performed the abortion, an opposing position has been put forward by author 5257: 5072: 3973: 3223: 2252: 1407: 901:, Hammer's lobbyist for the Nixon administration, to have him arrange a meeting with Nixon through 763: 665: 615: 463: 332: 107: 4428: 2333:. New York: Office of Alumni Affairs and Development, Columbia College, Columbia University. 1988. 5560: 5515: 5404: 5358: 5348: 5086: 4481: 3916: 3676: 2445: 1510: 1484: 1159: 1076: 996: 791: 790:

countries of the world, including ferrying physicians and supplies into the Soviet Union to help

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previously trying to buy the Arm & Hammer brand as a result of often being asked about it.

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Hammer had one son, Julian Armand Hammer, by his first wife. Hammer's grandson is businessman

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as a front to smuggle items and materials between the United States and Soviet Russia through

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Peter Flint (December 19, 1989). "Frances Hammer, A Painter, Was 87; Wife of Industrialist".

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In 1978, Hammer, as a non-citizen of the Soviet Union, received the Soviet Union's award the

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to one of the Prince's children. It has been reported that Charles intended to make Hammer

491:. According to Hammer, his first business success was in 1919, manufacturing and selling a 5530: 5491: 5399: 5379: 5303: 5252: 4967: 1337: 1304: 913: 886: 775: 758: 727: 661: 535: 317: 5015: 4795: 1094:, the state Gore represented in the Senate, and Gore owned shares in the company. Former 399:

Hammer said originally that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in

27: 2962: 5535: 5486: 5466: 5456: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5323: 5287: 5262: 5242: 5232: 3131:(First Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 2997: 2164: 1621: 1617: 1422: 1257: 1239: 1220: 925: 902: 852: 649: 570: 495: 476: 384: 348: 336: 293: 256: 31: 5133: 2721: 2698: 2675: 5608: 5525: 5461: 5394: 5338: 5313: 5247: 5237: 5090: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5009: 5006: 3728: 3186: 1545: 1273: 1231: 1166: 1155: 1135: 1041: 980: 968:, was the United States port through which this trade occurred. Nixon encouraged the 890: 882: 817: 801: 695: 279: 248: 4000: 3766: 1643:, Eaton's son Cyrus Eaton Jr., established the Canadian firm Tower International in 1287:, published by the Armand Hammer Foundation in multiple editions, eventually became 749:(Oxy) which he obtained in 1956. Through his Occidental Petroleum and its stakes in 498:, which legally contained high levels of alcohol. This was extremely popular during 5481: 5446: 5420: 5343: 5096: 4581: 3030: 2102: 1887: 1640: 1469: 1312: 1162:

paintings. His personal donation forms the core of the permanent collection of the

1106: 1080: 917: 566: 446: 260: 232: 39: 3317: 3272: 2597: 2538: 1813: 1584: 672: 4961: 3185:Ольбик (Olbik), Александр Степанович (Alexander Stepanovich) (October 13, 2011). 1590:

List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

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as director at Knoedler; Richardson later wrote an unflattering portrait of him.

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Midnight in Chernobyl: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Nuclear Disaster

1657: 1613: 1609: 1579: 1549: 1541: 1476: 1269: 1189: 1052: 937: 898: 499: 488: 312:), respectively. Julius Hammer came to the United States in 1875 and settled in 2992: 2328: 1859: 58: 5333: 3146: 2050:[Ludwig Christian Alexander Karl Martens - Ludwig Karlovich Martens]. 1674: 1636: 1224: 953: 909: 450: 372: 340: 4353: 4314: 4272:"Designation of Armand Hammer To Be Chairman of the President's Cancer Panel" 3594: 3557: 3524: 3101: 2861: 2647: 2609: 2550: 2302: 2047: 1825: 1535: 920:

that was signed by Hammer in April 1973 in which the Hammer controlled firms

530:, but was soon moved by a capitalistic and philanthropic interest in selling 331:(SLP) under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the 5451: 4550:"Why Is Princess Diana In The New 'House Of Hammer' Doc About Armie Hammer?" 4398: 4278:. The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara. 1625: 1385: 1308: 1212: 1151: 1091: 1090:

in November 1970. Much of Occidental's coal and phosphate production was in

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ventures with a successful business importing many goods from and exporting

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See the entry at 11/15/2009, 10:42 pm by Camilio at the bottom of the page.

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The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror

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Loans and Legitimacy: The Evolution of Soviet-American Relations, 1919–1933

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that was retailed through the cooperage's account with West Shore. After a

409:. According to other sources, Hammer later was said to be named after the " 2506:[The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day]. 2104:

Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea

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Death and Oil: The True Story of the Piper Alpha Disaster on the North Sea

3731:[The government changed the name of the Odessa port "Southern"]. 1644: 1632: 1629: 1403: 1370: 1315:. By the time of his death, Hammer had received other awards, including: 1177:, the oldest art gallery in America, in 1971. Hammer hired art historian 1174: 783: 681: 668: 595: 426: 363:

the proceeds from illegal sales of smuggled diamonds through his company

3026:"Restoration and removal: James Fenton on moving rooms around the world" 1514: 1501: 4618: 3072:

Canby, Thomas Y. (February 1981). "Synfuels: Fill 'er up! With what?".

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Hammer married three times. In 1927, Hammer married a Russian actress,

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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni

5166: 3895:[Albert Gore and his family served the USSR for many years]. 1394: 1379: 1352: 1262: 1246: 1020: 945: 933: 829: 603: 599: 492: 289: 2747:"Armand Hammer, Elated Over Bush Pardon, Usually Gets What He Wants" 912:

in July 1972, Armand Hammer negotiated a twenty year agreement with

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to the newly formed Soviet Union, together with his younger brother

284: 4342:"Hammer Begins a Drive to Raise $ 1 Billion a Year to Fight Cancer" 2048:"Ludwig Christian Alexander Karl Martens - Людвиг Карлович Мартенс" 5353: 1483:, across the street from the Occidental Petroleum headquarters on 1438: 1342: 1183: 973: 750: 723: 578: 531: 390: 305: 4963:

Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, Vol. 2: H–M

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cancer in December 1990, aged 92 in Los Angeles. He is buried in

270:" helped him cultivate a wide network of friends and associates. 5181: 1163: 949: 754: 731: 380: 5190: 1956:"Reaches Into Her Gypsy Songbag For Tunes To Give To Posterity" 1207:), which he helped found in 1981, with the support of the then- 979:

On July 27, 1978, the fertilizer deal began functioning in the

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region, and a pipeline connecting them to the port at Odessa.

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writes that Hammer "ended up as a go-between for five Soviet

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The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces

4666:. Excerpted All the Money in the World. September 14, 2007. 1509:, vol. 39, no. 2: China in Transition (Winter 1986): 19–25. 1285:

The Armand Hammer Collection: Four Centuries of Masterpieces

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In the 1980s Hammer owned a considerable amount of stock in

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deal was to continue until Hammer's 100th birthday in 1998.

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Murder by Madness 9/11: The Government & the Goon Squad

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discusses Hammer's "extensive involvement with Russia." In

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Chisholm, Patricia; Newman, Peter C. (November 13, 1989).

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Hammer was a philanthropist, supporting causes related to

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described Occidental chairman Hammer as "a pioneer in the

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Oil company, Libya deals, and return to Soviet negotiation

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Lipschitz) and Julius Hammer. Rose and Julius Hammer were

3969:"Gore Getting $ 20,000 a Year for Mineral Rights on Farm" 3422: 3420: 3418: 3246: 3244: 3055: 3053: 581:, the Soviet secret police who later became known as the 4532: 4530: 4528: 3655:[10 interesting facts about the port "Yuzhny"]. 2136:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. 2027: 2025: 2012: 2010: 1997: 1995: 1268:

Hammer was leading Occidental in 1988 when its oil rig,

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His oil investments were later parlayed into control of

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sent a letter from Moscow through the Soviet mission in

3189:[WAS ARMAND HAMMER A KGB AGENT?] (in Russian). 1201:

Armand Hammer United World College of the American West

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held in July 1957. According to Armand Hammer, "Mike's

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Back in the United States, Hammer was bequeathed a few

635:, who was assigned by the Central Committee to run the 5138:. An exhibition catalog (February 18 – April 9, 1978). 2963:"UNITED DISTILLERS (OF AMERICA), LTD. v. COMMISSIONER" 2598:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade" 2539:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade" 2504:"Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней" 1814:"Deal-maker Armand Hammer Moscow's capitalist comrade" 1219:'s godfather but was forced to abandon these plans as 522:

In 1921, while waiting for his internship to begin at

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Hammer's business interests around the world and his "

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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events

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Historical Dictionary of Cold War Counterintelligence

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pardoned Hammer for the illegal contributions to aid

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Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders

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highlighted failings in many areas on the platform.

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Hammer made a guest appearance on a 1988 episode of

928:

would export to the Soviet Union, and later Russia,

862:

During Soviet times Armand Hammer also financed the

706:

called Hammer "a virtual spy" for the Soviet Union.

5500: 5429: 5367: 5296: 5225: 3891:АРХИПОВ, Андрей (ARKHIPOV, Andrey) (July 8, 2003). 3261: 3259: 2957: 2955: 1035:

Illegal financial support of Nixon's Watergate fund

316:, where he ran a general medical practice and five 213: 205: 124: 114: 103: 87: 68: 49: 5720:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 4932:Dossier : the secret history of Armand Hammer 3765: 3651:Мячина, Анна (Myachina, Anna) (October 17, 2015). 3646: 3644: 2163: 2101: 1886: 684:, so Hammer and his associates finished the work. 251:business manager and owner. He spent decades with 5117:with author Edward Jay Epstein (January 5, 1997). 1802:. No. 6558. London. May 3, 1969. p. 76. 851:In early 1969, Armand Hammer obtained control of 515:in 1919 and received his medical degree from the 434:. Six days after the abortion, Oganesoff died of 5745:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples 4208:"Armand Hammer to Own Pinch of Arm & Hammer" 3893:"Альберт Гор и его семья много лет служили СССР" 3697:"Hammer Exhibit Opens at Odessa Fine Art Museum" 2434: 2432: 1154:, medicine, and the arts. He was a collector of 5755:United States National Medal of Arts recipients 2573:"Soviets Failing a Lesson Taught by Henry Ford" 1203:(now generally called the UWC-USA, part of the 585:, to take control of Allied Drug and Chemical. 247:(May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was an 5750:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) 3793: 3791: 3789: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2249:"Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer" 1699:Occidental held large phosphate reserves near 1134:In 1981, Hammer was appointed by US President 602:epidemic and made a deal with Lenin for furs, 5630:American chief executives of energy companies 5202: 4452:"150 Years of Helping Shape a Nation's Taste" 2042: 2040: 1761:"History of Occidental Petroleum Corporation" 8: 5092:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer 4660:"Forbes 400 Members In Trouble With The Law" 4092:"Gore may be flawed, but message is sincere" 3921:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1916: 1914: 1532:. William Farquhar Payson (1932). 241 pages. 700:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer 459:Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer 5715:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent 5700:Recipients of American presidential pardons 4705:"TV Reviews; An Update On 'The Cosby Show'" 3729:"Уряд змінив назву одеського порту "Южний"" 3220:Форумы inFrance - Франция по-русски website 2510:(in Russian). June 11, 2021. Archived from 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 517:Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons 5660:Deaths from multiple myeloma in California 5209: 5195: 5187: 5068:Dark Side of Power: The Real Armand Hammer 4178:"Armand Hammer buys into Arm & Hammer" 3480:"Phosphate treasure draws little interest" 3218:[Hemingway's Paris and more ...]. 2196: 2194: 2192: 1307:because of his strong support of both the 1252:estimated his net worth at $ 200 million. 57: 46: 5635:American people of Russian-Jewish descent 2727:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 2704:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 2681:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 2508:"Юкрейниан Шиппинг Мегазин" (USM) website 2127: 2125: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1188:Sign of the Armand Hammer Golf Course in 820:, Andropov assigned Mikhail Ilyich Bruk ( 343:. As the administrative head, commercial 5710:American expatriates in the Soviet Union 5011:The Remarkable Life of Dr. Armand Hammer 4934:(1st ed.). New York: Random House. 4609:"It's time to clean up your act Charles" 4383:. New York: S & R Hayden. p. 8. 3759: 3757: 1924:The remarkable life of Dr. Armand Hammer 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 4536: 4246:University of California, Santa Barbara 4120: 3967:Babcock, Charles R. (August 15, 1992). 3862:"Hammer Enters Plea In Nixon Fund Case" 3576: 3574: 3488:. Jacksonville, Florida. Archived from 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3409: 3397: 3355: 3343: 3298: 3250: 3172: 3127:Higginbotham, Adam (February 4, 2020). 3090:"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set" 3059: 2900:"What's New on the Corporate Bookshelf" 2886: 2483: 2471: 2439:Persico, Joseph E. (October 13, 1996). 2423: 2411: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2277: 2265: 2076: 2031: 2016: 2001: 1986: 1872: 1785: 1767:from the original on September 25, 2018 1716: 1601: 1481:Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 1445:Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 197: 1956; died 1989) 4867:"Miss Mobley Has Nuptials In Oklahoma" 4832:from the original on December 26, 2018 4776:from the original on December 15, 2016 4703:O'Connor, John J. (January 21, 1988). 4681: 4670:from the original on November 20, 2016 4042:from the original on February 24, 2018 3981:from the original on November 10, 2021 3914: 3674: 3653:"10 интересных фактов о порте "Южный"" 3163:, page 557. Simon & Schuster, 1991 2940:from the original on December 17, 2014 2848:Blumenthal, Ralph (October 14, 1996). 2819:"Faberge show exposes market in fakes" 2745:Andrews, Robert M. (August 15, 1989). 2654:from the original on December 17, 2021 2309:from the original on December 17, 2021 2213:from the original on November 20, 2016 2201:Joseph E. Persico (October 13, 1996). 1950: 1948: 1347:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1013:Морський торговельний порт «Південний» 877:Trade deals between Nixon and Brezhnev 5740:Philanthropists from New York (state) 5655:Deaths from bone cancer in California 4360:from the original on November 1, 2020 4321:from the original on October 31, 2020 4282:from the original on November 2, 2020 4252:from the original on January 21, 2021 4218:from the original on November 6, 2020 4188:from the original on January 14, 2021 4072:from the original on October 15, 2007 3948:from the original on October 23, 2018 3829:Ripley, Anthony (December 11, 1974). 3616:"Aerial view of the Port of Pivdenny" 3108:from the original on October 11, 2022 2850:"Armand Hammer's Maze of Skulduggery" 2829:from the original on November 8, 2021 2813: 2811: 2809: 2781:"Faberge Eggs - the fate of the eggs" 2740: 2738: 2616:from the original on January 19, 2021 2533: 2531: 2529: 1968:from the original on February 4, 2021 1832:from the original on January 19, 2021 7: 5705:20th-century American businesspeople 4625:from the original on August 15, 2021 4589:from the original on August 15, 2021 4462:from the original on August 19, 2016 4158:from the original on August 18, 2020 3872:from the original on August 15, 2021 3841:from the original on August 15, 2021 3663:from the original on August 19, 2021 3193:from the original on August 15, 2021 3038:from the original on August 15, 2021 3005:from the original on August 15, 2021 2868:from the original on October 6, 2018 2571:Flanigan, James (December 7, 1988). 1561:"Hammer: Odyssey of an Entrepreneur" 626: 4877:from the original on March 26, 2010 4826:Columbia College Alumni Association 4244:. The American Presidency Project, 3860:Oelsner, Lesley (October 2, 1975). 3810:from the original on March 14, 2021 3742:from the original on April 17, 2019 3705:. September 3, 1986. Archived from 3583:"Soviets Dumping Ammonia, ITC Says" 3513:"OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET" 3187:"БЫЛ ЛИ АРМАНД ХАММЕР АГЕНТОМ КГБ?" 2973:from the original on August 1, 2022 2761:from the original on August 1, 2022 1557:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 1309:International Workers and Communist 5725:Columbia College (New York) alumni 4154:. straightdope.com. May 21, 1982. 4102:from the original on April 3, 2007 4030:Frantz, Douglas (March 19, 2000). 3369:"World Trade Center Set To Expand" 3266:Demont, John (November 13, 1989). 3222:. 2009. p. 17. Archived from 2910:from the original on July 27, 2018 2058:from the original on June 20, 2021 1608:In 1954 during the United States' 1529:The Quest of the Romanoff Treasure 893:, the finance chairman of Nixon's 14: 5218:National Medal of Arts recipients 4715:from the original on May 31, 2013 4575:Holden, Anthony (March 8, 2003). 4482:"Knoedler Kasmin Limited Records" 4427:. August 16, 1937. Archived from 4011:from the original on July 1, 2009 3831:"Guilt Admitted by a Nixon Donor" 3581:Rich, Spencer (October 4, 1979). 2794:from the original on May 25, 2012 1739:. Random House Value Publishing. 1612:era and to affect the trading of 1272:, exploded, killing 167 men. The 367:, while his Allied Drug partner, 255:in the mid 20th century. Called " 5690:People in the petroleum industry 5685:People from Bel Air, Los Angeles 3800:"Armand Hammer Pardoned by Bush" 3798:Rampe, David (August 15, 1989). 3738:(in Ukrainian). April 17, 2019. 3511:Smith, Hedrick (June 29, 1974). 3216:"Париж Хемингуэя и не только..." 3024:Fenton, James (March 14, 2008). 1506:Journal of International Affairs 1121:, the company that manufactures 1071:Association with the Gore family 660:stated Stalin's trade commissar 353:Russian Soviet Government Bureau 329:Socialist Labor Party of America 171: 151: 16:American businessman (1898–1990) 5695:Philanthropists from California 5640:Businesspeople from Los Angeles 5047:Armand Hammer: The Untold Story 4986:Macmillan Library Reference USA 4770:American Academy of Achievement 4450:Landi, Ann (December 1, 1996). 3897:"Стрингер" (stringer-agency.ru) 3622:. June 11, 2021. Archived from 3478:Cristy, Matt (March 31, 1997). 3078:(special report on energy): 80. 3001:. July 30, 1945. pp. 1–2. 2385:Hastedt, Glenn P., ed. (2011). 2151:. University Press of Kentucky. 1737:Armand Hammer, The Untold Story 1321:American Academy of Achievement 445:While most historians (such as 347:, and financial advisor of the 194: 147: 4395:"The Armand Hammer Collection" 4340:Kolata, Gina (March 2, 1988). 3375:. May 17, 2005. Archived from 2391:. ABC-Clio. pp. 354–355. 2147:Katherine A.S. Siegel (1996). 1555:Reviewed by Tom Gainor, VP of 1468:; his great-grandson is actor 1375:Hilal-i-Quaid-Azam Peace Award 1311:movement and the needs of the 1301:Order of Friendship of Peoples 1034: 816:Through Hammer's closeness to 21:Armand Hammer (disambiguation) 1: 5645:Businesspeople from Manhattan 4903:. August 1987. Archived from 3936:Reitwiesner, William Addams. 3546:"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER" 3485:Jacksonville Business Journal 2636:"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER" 2291:"The Riddle of Armand Hammer" 1927:. Harper & Row. pp. 1798:"Lenin's capitalist friend". 1357:Royal Order of the Polar Star 1146:Other activities and pursuits 1138:to serve on the three-member 1019:west of the 1974 established 940:that would be converted into 627:Hammer's move to Soviet Union 98:Los Angeles, California, U.S. 5531:John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie 4930:Epstein, Edward Jay (1996). 3899:(in Russian). Archived from 3657:Одесская жизнь (odessa1.com) 1129: 808:and seven U.S. Presidents." 506:Family envoy in Soviet Union 416: 5152:(in Greek). Patakis (2000). 5150:To Ergostassio ton Molivion 3768:Reflections without Mirrors 2719:Barmine, Alexander (1945). 2696:Barmine, Alexander (1945). 2673:Barmine, Alexander (1945). 736:crashed into the north face 644:Return to the United States 36:Armand Hammer (music group) 5771: 5735:Jews from New York (state) 5031:The World of Armand Hammer 4746:Theodore Lockwood (1997). 4646:Los Angeles Times Magazine 4379:Hammer, Victor J. (1976). 4303:"Cancer Panel Chief Named" 3772:. Doubleday. p. 432. 1893:. Pantheon Books. p. 1454:, throughout their lives. 1399:National Recognition Award 1319:Golden Plate Award of the 1199:Among his legacies is the 1048:through friends of former 565:, Hammer extended earlier 278:Armand Hammer was born in 25: 18: 5569: 5561:Dayton Hudson Corporation 4982:Tycoons and Entrepreneurs 2602:Christian Science Monitor 2543:Christian Science Monitor 2236:. CreateSpace Publishing. 1818:Christian Science Monitor 1502:"On a Vast China Market." 1194:Holmby Hills, Los Angeles 1113:Stake in Arm & Hammer 1024: 1012: 1008: 1000: 992: 864:World Trade Center Moscow 825: 757:control over oil prices. 738:of the 79th floor of the 720:New Market, New Hampshire 610:Lenin New Economic Policy 56: 5178:Armand Hammer Collection 2100:Bradford Matsen (2011). 1885:Bradford Matsen (2011). 1656:Later, during the 1980s 1366:Knight Commander's Cross 1234:. Hammer hungered for a 1209:Prince of Wales, Charles 1140:President's Cancer Panel 1130:President's Cancer Panel 1009:Морской порт “Пивденный” 377:Allied Drug and Chemical 110:(B.A., 1919; M.D., 1921) 26:Not to be confused with 5625:American art collectors 5268:Dorothy Buffum Chandler 2185:. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2132:John N. Ingham (1983). 1921:Considine, Bob (1975). 1735:Steve Weinberg (1990). 1548:, 1988. Co-authored by 1459:Olga Vadimovna von Root 1345:: Grand Officer of the 1171:Los Angeles, California 936:through Hammer's firms 794:survivors. In his book 563:Columbia Medical School 4796:"Hammer, Dott. Armand" 4688:: CS1 maint: others ( 4397:. UCLA. Archived from 4214:. September 23, 1986. 2330:Columbia College today 2232:Rachel Verdon (2012). 1447: 1331:National Medal of Arts 1196: 1075:A 2003 interview with 1017:Small Adzhalyk Estuary 726:, and also produced a 396: 184:Frances Barrett Tolman 5675:Jewish art collectors 5148:Triantafyllou, Soti. 4955:Biographical profiles 4828:. December 14, 2016. 4431:on September 17, 2008 3938:"Ancestry of Al Gore" 3552:. November 29, 1981. 3313:"To Russia with Cash" 2642:. November 29, 1981. 2358:, pp. 22, 49–50. 2297:. November 29, 1981. 2162:Beverly Gage (2008). 1961:Meriden Daily Journal 1701:Jacksonville, Florida 1466:Michael Armand Hammer 1442: 1390:Order of Andrés Bello 1205:United World Colleges 1187: 966:Jacksonville, Florida 740:Empire State Building 637:Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga 552:Early Soviet ventures 417:Father's imprisonment 395:The symbol of the SLP 394: 357:Soviet Russian Bureau 5730:Jews from California 5288:Hallmark Cards, Inc. 5073:Simon & Schuster 4873:. January 13, 1985. 4381:Elizabeth Charleston 4301:Ap (June 24, 1984). 3764:Nizer, Lois (1978). 3325:on November 24, 2020 3280:on November 26, 2020 3096:. February 8, 1974. 2936:. October 27, 1996. 2247:Edward Jay Epstein. 1862:on October 22, 2012. 1671:Occidental Petroleum 962:Port of Jacksonville 922:Occidental Petroleum 857:Occidental Petroleum 747:Occidental Petroleum 557:First trip to Russia 432:a great flu epidemic 402:La Dame aux Camélias 253:Occidental Petroleum 209:Julian Armand Hammer 150: 1927; 136:Olga Vadina von Root 19:For other uses, see 5472:Sydney J. Freedberg 5087:Epstein, Edward Jay 4556:. September 2, 2022 4276:presidency.ucsb.edu 4242:presidency.ucsb.edu 4212:The Washington Post 4098:. August 16, 2006. 3974:the Washington Post 3492:on November 7, 2002 3453:, pp. 267–276. 3441:, pp. 270–271. 3400:, pp. 266–267. 3346:, pp. 271–273. 3301:, pp. 263–265. 3175:, pp. 265–268. 3075:National Geographic 2474:, pp. 249–258. 2181:Nigel West (2007). 1763:. FundingUniverse. 1635:primarily from the 1119:Church & Dwight 1061:Nixon's re-election 926:Tower International 806:General Secretaries 764:National Geographic 761:was Oxy's auditor. 656:, Armand's brother 616:New Economic Policy 589:Asbestos concession 528:Allied intervention 333:Communist Party USA 292:emigrants from the 164:Angela Carey Zevely 108:Columbia University 82:New York City, U.S. 5516:Alfred Eisenstaedt 5492:Obert Clark Tanner 5405:Robert Penn Warren 5359:Seymour H. Knox II 5349:Dominique de Menil 5233:Elliott Carter Jr. 4871:The New York Times 4853:The New York Times 4709:The New York Times 4621:. March 10, 2003. 4456:The New York Times 4346:The New York Times 4307:The New York Times 4036:The New York Times 4001:"Gore's Oil Money" 3866:The New York Times 3835:The New York Times 3804:The New York Times 3709:on August 19, 2021 3626:on August 19, 2021 3550:The New York Times 3517:The New York Times 3226:on August 15, 2021 3094:The New York Times 2904:The New York Times 2854:The New York Times 2640:The New York Times 2514:on August 19, 2021 2453:on August 15, 2021 2446:The New York Times 2295:The New York Times 2255:on March 16, 2015. 2207:The New York Times 2108:. Pantheon Books. 1485:Wilshire Boulevard 1448: 1417:Order of the Crown 1382:: Leadership Award 1197: 1160:Post-Impressionist 1077:Aleksey Mitrofanov 1003:) at the seaport " 970:Export–Import Bank 838:Pugwash conference 704:Edward Jay Epstein 687:In his 1983 book, 457:, who in his book 455:Edward Jay Epstein 397: 335:, which supported 325:Russian Revolution 5602: 5601: 5551:Robert Motherwell 5541:Vladimir Horowitz 5354:Exxon Corporation 5319:Willem de Kooning 5130:Denver Art Museum 5075:(November 1992). 5044:Weinberg, Steve. 4970:(1983): 533–536. 4822:"John Jay Awards" 3903:on August 6, 2003 3734:Українська правда 3702:Los Angeles Times 3379:on August 3, 2022 3138:978-1-5011-3463-0 2969:. March 9, 1959. 2934:Los Angeles Times 2906:. July 31, 1983. 2577:Los Angeles Times 2441:"The Last Tycoon" 2414:, p. 48, 50. 2268:, pp. 42–43. 2203:"The Last Tycoon" 1989:, pp. 40–41. 1964:. March 6, 1934. 1281:coffee table book 1242:, but never won. 1236:Nobel Peace Prize 1057:George H. W. Bush 826:Михаил Ильич Брук 654:Géza von Habsburg 633:Alexander Barmine 524:Bellevue Hospital 425:(the 33-year-old 369:Abraham A. Heller 268:citizen diplomacy 242: 241: 91:December 10, 1990 5762: 5511:Katherine Dunham 5477:Roger L. Stevens 5329:Eva Le Gallienne 5273:Lincoln Kirstein 5258:Georgia O'Keeffe 5211: 5204: 5197: 5188: 5033:. Abrams, 1985. 5016:Harper & Row 4960:Ingham, John N. 4945: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4907:on July 24, 2008 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4066:The Boston Globe 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3795: 3784: 3783: 3771: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3373:The Moscow Times 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3321:. Archived from 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3276:. Archived from 3263: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3159:Yergin, Daniel. 3157: 3151: 3150: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2815: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2755:Associated Press 2742: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2723:One Who Survived 2716: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2700:One Who Survived 2693: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2677:One Who Survived 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2604:. July 3, 1980. 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2545:. July 3, 1980. 2535: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2500: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2449:. Archived from 2436: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2251:. Archived from 2244: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2198: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2107: 2097: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2044: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1892: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1858:. Archived from 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1820:. July 3, 1980. 1810: 1804: 1803: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1732: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1648: 1606: 1429:, his alma mater 1427:Columbia College 1349:(August 1, 1981) 1123:Arm & Hammer 1050:Montana Governor 1026: 1014: 1010: 1002: 994: 872: 827: 513:Columbia College 361:money laundering 327:, a part of the 235:(great-grandson) 198: 196: 175: 173: 155: 153: 149: 119:Business magnate 94: 78: 76: 61: 47: 28:Arm & Hammer 5770: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5680:Museum founders 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5565: 5521:Martin Friedman 5496: 5425: 5400:William Schuman 5380:Ella Fitzgerald 5363: 5304:Marian Anderson 5292: 5253:Louise Nevelson 5221: 5215: 5159: 4988:(1998): 87–92. 4968:Greenwood Press 4952: 4950:Further reading 4942: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4766:achievement.org 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4513:. June 30, 2002 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4401:on July 3, 2008 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3587:Washington Post 3580: 3579: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3229: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2817: 2816: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2537: 2536: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2502: 2501: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2384: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2170:. Oxford Press. 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2099: 2098: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1734: 1733: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1576: 1493: 1475:Hammer died of 1443:Family tomb in 1437: 1432: 1338:Legion of Honor 1305:Leonid Brezhnev 1297: 1179:John Richardson 1148: 1132: 1115: 1073: 1037: 1025:«Григорьевский» 914:Leonid Brezhnev 887:Sargent Shriver 879: 866: 842:Thinkers' Lodge 814: 776:Muammar Gaddafi 759:Arthur Andersen 728:blended whiskey 712: 678:Henrik Wigstrom 662:Anastas Mikoyan 646: 629: 614:During Lenin's 612: 591: 571:pharmaceuticals 567:entrepreneurial 559: 554: 549: 536:J. Edgar Hoover 508: 472: 423:Marie Oganesoff 419: 407:Alexandre Dumas 276: 238: 201: 200: 192: 188: 185: 177: 174: 1954) 169: 165: 157: 154: 1943) 145: 141: 138: 104:Alma mater 99: 96: 92: 83: 80: 74: 72: 64: 52: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5546:Czesław Miłosz 5543: 5538: 5536:Walker Hancock 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5487:Francis Goelet 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5467:Virgil Thomson 5464: 5459: 5457:Jerome Robbins 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412:Frances Fisher 5410: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Alwin Nikolais 5387: 5385:Howard Nemerov 5382: 5377: 5375:Romare Bearden 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5324:Agnes de Mille 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5263:Leontyne Price 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5175: 5169: 5158: 5157:External links 5155: 5154: 5153: 5140: 5139: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5105:978-0679448020 5084: 5081:978-0671700539 5065:Blumay, Carl. 5063: 5060:978-0316928397 5042: 5039:978-0810910935 5029:Bryson, John. 5027: 4998: 4997: 4994:978-0028649825 4979: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941:978-0679448020 4940: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4888: 4858: 4843: 4813: 4787: 4753: 4738: 4726: 4695: 4651: 4636: 4600: 4577:"Bad heir day" 4567: 4541: 4524: 4498: 4473: 4442: 4421:"Hammer Icons" 4412: 4386: 4371: 4332: 4293: 4263: 4229: 4199: 4169: 4143: 4125: 4113: 4083: 4053: 4022: 3992: 3959: 3928: 3883: 3852: 3821: 3785: 3778: 3753: 3720: 3688: 3659:(in Russian). 3640: 3607: 3570: 3537: 3503: 3467: 3465:, p. 267. 3455: 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 270. 3414: 3412:, p. 268. 3402: 3390: 3360: 3358:, p. 273. 3348: 3336: 3303: 3291: 3255: 3253:, p. 266. 3240: 3207: 3177: 3165: 3152: 3137: 3119: 3081: 3064: 3062:, p. 233. 3049: 3016: 2998:Brooklyn Eagle 2984: 2951: 2921: 2891: 2889:, p. 138. 2879: 2840: 2805: 2772: 2734: 2711: 2688: 2665: 2627: 2589: 2563: 2525: 2488: 2486:, p. 257. 2476: 2464: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2398:978-1851098088 2397: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2320: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2239: 2224: 2188: 2173: 2154: 2139: 2121: 2114: 2081: 2069: 2054:(in Russian). 2052:pseudology.org 2036: 2021: 2006: 1991: 1979: 1944: 1937: 1910: 1903: 1877: 1865: 1843: 1805: 1790: 1778: 1752: 1745: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1692: 1688:Gulfstream jet 1679: 1662: 1649: 1622:Republic Steel 1600: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567:, August 1987. 1533: 1519: 1518: 1492: 1489: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1423:John Jay Award 1420: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1340: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1296: 1293: 1265:was imminent. 1258:The Cosby Show 1240:Menachem Begin 1221:Princess Diana 1217:Prince William 1147: 1144: 1131: 1128: 1114: 1111: 1096:Vice President 1072: 1069: 1046:Watergate fund 1036: 1033: 903:H. R. Haldeman 878: 875: 813: 810: 711: 708: 645: 642: 628: 625: 611: 608: 590: 587: 561:After leaving 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 507: 504: 477:Ludwig Martens 471: 468: 418: 415: 411:arm and hammer 385:Lusk Committee 349:Ludwig Martens 337:Vladimir Lenin 323:Following the 294:Russian Empire 275: 272: 240: 239: 237: 236: 230: 227:Michael Hammer 224: 217: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 190: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 167: 163: 162: 161: 160: 143: 139: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 105: 101: 100: 97: 95:(aged 92) 89: 85: 84: 81: 70: 66: 65: 63:Hammer in 1982 62: 54: 53: 50: 32:arm and hammer 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5767: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Hammer Museum 5668: 5666: 5665:Hammer family 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:Complete list 5572: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Leigh Gerdine 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507:Leopold Adler 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Rudolf Serkin 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416:Armand Hammer 5414: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395:Isamu Noguchi 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Lewis Mumford 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:Aaron Copland 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Martha Graham 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Ralph Ellison 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107:. 418 pages. 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052:Little, Brown 5049: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5007:Cosidine, Bob 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4844: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4487: 4486:oac.cdlib.org 4483: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4435:September 27, 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4405:September 27, 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4133:Neil Lyndon. 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779:9780385126700 3775: 3770: 3769: 3760: 3758: 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2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2669: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426:, p. 48. 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2370:, p. 22. 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2346:, p. 45. 2345: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2280:, p. 43. 2279: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115:9780307378811 2111: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2079:, p. 35. 2078: 2073: 2070: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2034:, p. 42. 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2019:, p. 41. 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2004:, p. 40. 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938:0-06-010836-3 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904:9780307378811 1900: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1881: 1878: 1875:, p. 34. 1874: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1800:The Economist 1794: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1746:9780517062821 1742: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 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