1949:
or just after the Middle-Late Bronze Age. A similar input at approximately the same time was detected in East Africa, suggesting large-scale movement both North and South of the Middle East. Whether such large-scale population movement was a result of climatic or cultural changes is unclear, as well as the true source of gene flow remains an open question that needs to be addressed in future ancient DNA studies. We focused on solving a long-standing puzzle regarding
Armenians' genetic roots. Although the Balkan hypothesis has long been considered the most plausible narrative on the origin of Armenians, our results strongly reject it, showing that modern Armenians are genetically distinct from both the ancient and present-day populations from the Balkans. On the contrary, we confirmed the pattern of genetic affinity between the modern and ancient inhabitants of the Armenian Highland since the Chalcolithic, which was initially identified in previous studies. Sardinians have the highest affinity to early European farmers
617:
848:
750:
564:
742:
49:
1143:
635:
3104:
148:
1238:
1948:
We show that
Armenians have indeed remained unadmixed through the Neolithic and at least until the first part of the Bronze Age, and fail to find any support for historical suggestions by Herodotus of an input from the Balkans. However, we do detect a genetic input of Sardinian-like ancestry during
864:
From 4000 to 1000 BC, tools and trinkets of copper, bronze and iron were commonly produced in this region and traded in neighboring lands where those metals were less abundant. It is also traditionally believed to be one of the possible locations of the
1723:. First mentioned almost contemporaneously by a Greek and Persian source in the 6th century BC, modern DNA studies have shown that the people themselves had already been in place for many millennia. Those people the world know as Armenians call themselves
1917:
Hovhannisyan, Anahit; Jones, Eppie; Delser, Pierpaolo
Maisano; Schraiber, Joshua; Hakobyan, Anna; Margaryan, Ashot; Hrechdakian, Peter; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Saag, Lehti; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Yepiskoposyan, Levon (2020-06-24).
785:("Geography"). The earlier Arab geographers know Armenia (Arminīya) under this definition, but the Muslim geographers of the late Middle Ages know Armenia as a much more restricted area, effectively the regions of Lake Van,
383:
came to prominence. The population of the
Armenian highlands seem to have had a high level of regional genetic continuity for over 6,000 years. Recent studies have shown that the Armenian people do share ancestry with the
2604:
2006:
Our tests suggest that
Armenians had no significant mixture with other populations in their recent history and have thus been genetically isolated since the end of the Bronze Age, 3000 years ago.
779:. The preceding is the definition of Armenia assumed in texts of the Classical and Late Classical periods and laid out explicitly in the early seventh-century C.E. document called the
2220:
695:. In the west, the Anti-Taurus departs to the north from the Central (Cilician) Taurus, and, passing right in the middle of the Armenian plateau, parallel to the Eastern (Armenian)
2170:
499:, whether it was as part of a fully independent Armenian state, as vassals, or as part of a foreign state. Since the 1040s, the highlands have been under the rule of various
1010:, reached the Highlands in 1235. With their arrival, Armenia became part of "the East" in its entirety for the first time since the territory was partitioned during the
2654:
2537:
3299:
1886:
1123:
During the first half of the 19th century, the
Ottoman-held parts of the Armenian highlands comprising Western Armenia formed the boundary of the Ottoman and
1629:
616:
1067:
tribesman to rule over the highlands' local administrative affairs. By 1516, the
Ottoman Empire had invaded all of the Armenian lands, including Cilicia.
1905:
Among the diversity of ethnicities residing on the
Armenian plateau in Antiquity, the Armenian-speakers came to prominence during the Achaemenid period.
379:
people in historical records, historians have hypothesized that the region must have been home to various ethnic groups who became homogenous when the
1694:
1635:...1. Western Caucasus...&...2. Middle Caucasus: (a) Western Half...&...3. Middle Caucasus: (b) Eastern Part...&...4. The Eastern Section
2775:
1847:
660:. Its total area is about 400,000 km. Historically, the Armenian highlands have been the scene of great volcanic activity. Geologically recent
825:
Regardless of its topography, the
Armenian highlands are primarily defined by the geographical dispersal of its native inhabitants, the Armenians.
967:
first arrived in the
Armenian highlands in the 1040s and expanded westward, conquering territories and populating the peninsula until finally the
1092:
95:
1919:
2513:
2370:
2313:
2242:
1898:
730:, where the elevation drops rapidly by about 600 metres (2,000 ft) to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level. To the southwest is
3284:
749:
847:
3756:
3274:
3217:
3134:
198:
3746:
3051:
2647:
1779:
1164:
1518:
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2563:
2465:
2431:
2397:
2167:
2122:
1964:
Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 October 2015).
1822:
3751:
3578:
1920:"AN ADMIXTURE SIGNAL IN ARMENIANS AROUND THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE REVEALS WIDESPREAD POPULATION MOVEMENT ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST"
1208:
2993:
2988:
1184:
441:
3617:
3305:
3144:
2907:
1245:
3384:
3354:
3190:
2640:
2343:
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
508:
1601:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
3628:
3545:
3312:
3237:
2803:
2768:
2023:
191:
88:
2830:
1011:
3741:
3612:
3607:
3511:
3394:
3369:
3269:
3088:
2958:
2555:
1745:
984:
2018:
3082:
1814:
976:
432:
settled in large numbers in the Armenian highlands. The Christian population of the western half of the region was
741:
3761:
3597:
3294:
3169:
3164:
3149:
3077:
3046:
563:
3602:
3567:
3174:
245:
2835:
372:. The highlands are primarily defined by the geographical dispersal of its native inhabitants, the Armenians.
3655:
3522:
3349:
3344:
3264:
3247:
3222:
3179:
2855:
2820:
2761:
2106:
1741:
1054:
1678:
1146:
Map of massacre locations and deportation and extermination centers during the Armenian genocide 1915–1916.
771:, the whole of the territory of the present Republic of Armenia, further districts, now in the Republic of
54:
48:
3650:
3412:
3339:
3252:
2346:
1604:
759:
3443:
3242:
3227:
3023:
1108:
2091:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945"
1802:
Early Hellenistic coinage : from the accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-188 B.C.)
3540:
3404:
3289:
3259:
3232:
3159:
3112:
2021:(June 2008). "Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50".
1484:
1402:
3589:
3490:
3379:
3374:
3205:
2273:
1690:
1499:
1335:
1316:
1060:
1022:
and Seljuks, the Mongols eventually converted to Islam and established their dynasty in modern day
972:
946:
in 2492 BCE, but they subside to insignificant levels since 1200 BC, remaining stable until today.
882:
842:
834:
393:
2207:
1654:
1297:
3766:
3704:
3505:
3426:
3389:
3327:
3139:
3056:
2900:
2796:
2697:
2590:
2531:
2068:
1935:
1753:
1720:
1716:
1494:
1393:
1136:
927:
838:
814:
719:
582:
496:
385:
349:
1966:"Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations"
2487:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies – Page 3, by Richard G. Hovannisian – 2011
1049:
did not take control of the highland region until 1514, several decades after Armenians in the
3560:
3550:
3530:
3473:
3453:
3438:
3364:
3279:
3072:
2953:
2922:
2895:
2687:
2621:
2613:
2559:
2519:
2509:
2461:
2455:
2427:
2393:
2387:
2366:
2309:
2303:
2238:
2178:
2118:
2114:
2090:
2060:
2052:
1997:
1943:
1894:
1864:
1856:
1818:
1775:
1749:
1736:
1509:
1504:
1192:
1156:
939:
935:
923:
919:
906:
886:
806:
798:
790:
703:
532:
492:
437:
425:
380:
236:
2421:
2360:
2232:
1059:
status. The Highlands came under Ottoman control following the defeat of the Safavids at the
1037:
culture of the Kara Koyunlu Turks undermined agricultural practices in Armenia. In 1468, the
3720:
3622:
3572:
3535:
3500:
3495:
3483:
3478:
3458:
3018:
2963:
2927:
2717:
2609:
2582:
2545:
2501:
2110:
2044:
1987:
1977:
1927:
1852:
1752:
for it in 407, both for the propagation of the new faith and to avoid assimilation into the
1712:
1686:
1539:
1457:
1448:
1381:
802:
735:
723:
696:
653:
575:
308:
284:
1091:
were finally conquered by the Ottomans in the first half of the 17th century following the
319:
or Caucasus Minor, and historically as the Anti-Caucasus, meaning "opposite the Caucasus".
3660:
3030:
2917:
2890:
2825:
2742:
2727:
2712:
2174:
1796:
1419:
1375:
1364:
1354:
1160:
1142:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1080:
931:
915:
898:
810:
781:
727:
688:
657:
628:
596:
524:
512:
504:
413:
397:
389:
316:
312:
304:
288:
2549:
2264:
Mesopotamian Trade. Noah's Flood: The Garden of Eden, W. Willcocks, H. Rassam pp. 459–460
1345:
1307:
638:
2201:
1648:
1619:
3645:
3468:
3013:
2677:
2672:
2086:
1992:
1965:
1810:
1124:
1084:
1076:
1064:
1050:
968:
959:
890:
866:
852:
687:
The central, axial chain of Armenian highland ridges, running from west to east across
528:
516:
500:
481:
361:
3735:
3462:
3359:
3008:
3003:
2948:
2912:
2682:
2594:
2141:
2102:
2036:
1939:
1624:
1596:
1566:
1475:
1471:
1326:
1132:
1087:, with numerous wars raging over the region, large parts of the Highlands comprising
1046:
991:
955:
445:
2072:
851:
The natural borders of the Armenian plateau and its peripheral regions according to
634:
3670:
3665:
3448:
3184:
3124:
2998:
2983:
1489:
1438:
1288:
1180:
1030:
1003:
964:
893:, the Kingdom of Van controlled much of the region, until it was overthrown by the
520:
485:
453:
300:
296:
70:
2158:
Volcanoes, their structure and significance Thomas George Bonney – 1912 – Page 243
914:
is placed in a geographic space that could be describing the Armenian plateau. In
147:
1800:
1769:
515:, which had been ruled by the Safavids from the 16th century, became part of the
17:
3685:
2845:
2573:
Shahinyan, Arsen K. (2022). "The Southern Boundaries of the Southern Caucasus".
2457:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ...
2292:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, By Barbara A. West, 2009, p. 47
1522:
1429:
1168:
731:
692:
645:
620:
417:
353:
292:
3154:
2978:
2702:
2586:
2048:
1931:
1633:. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 550–555.
1544:
1196:
1038:
1023:
772:
711:
707:
681:
673:
608:
540:
275:. Clockwise starting from the west, the Armenian highlands are bounded by the
166:
2625:
2523:
2190:
Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Nikolaĭ Oganesovich Oganesian – 2005– Page 6
2064:
2056:
1868:
295:. The highlands are divided into western and eastern regions, defined by the
213:
200:
110:
97:
3555:
2973:
2968:
2707:
2040:
1806:
1708:
1527:
1019:
979:, led some Armenians out of the Highlands and escaped into the mountains of
918:, the population living on the Highlands was ethnically diverse, but in the
661:
461:
457:
449:
401:
369:
357:
272:
184:
2001:
2305:
Post-Soviet Armenia: The New National Elite and the New National Narrative
1982:
2943:
2865:
2732:
1128:
1127:
spheres of influence, after the latter had completed its conquest of the
1042:
1034:
1015:
999:
878:
715:
677:
669:
624:
589:
568:
465:
433:
323:
280:
276:
3675:
3103:
2870:
2850:
2784:
2722:
2632:
1728:
1214:
1188:
995:
980:
786:
775:, immediately adjacent to the east, and the northwest corner of modern
649:
536:
473:
365:
268:
162:
990:
In the early 13th century, as various peoples fled from the advancing
664:
on the area has resulted in large volcanic formations and a series of
2880:
2875:
2860:
2098:
2032:
1734:–the land of the Armenians, today known as Hayastan. Their language,
1532:
1222:
1172:
911:
768:
665:
548:
405:
332:
174:
78:
2341:
Robert Bedrosian,"Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods," in
1163:
being relabeled "Eastern Anatolia". Since the Armenian genocide and
2753:
809:, and western Azerbaijan. Its northeastern parts are also known as
3680:
2885:
2737:
1141:
1007:
894:
881:", since it appears to be the location of the first appearance of
846:
748:
740:
633:
615:
477:
469:
429:
421:
1075:
From the early modern era and on, the region came directly under
926:
came to prominence. Recent studies have shown that Armenians are
2840:
1479:
1176:
943:
805:, and also includes northwestern Iran, all of Armenia, southern
776:
544:
409:
170:
2757:
2636:
1618:
1232:
672:
movement has formed the three largest lakes in the Highlands;
1774:(2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 336–8.
718:
extends to the northeast of the Armenian highlands, with the
491:
The region was administered for most of its known history by
2142:"Armenian Highland | Historic Region | Britannica"
1041:
Turks assumed power; their reign lasted until 1502 when the
757:
According to Thomas A. Sinclair in the third edition of the
2280:. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1970, pp. 50–51, 58–59.
1740:(Armenian) constitutes a separate and unique branch of the
877:
The Armenian Plateau has been called the "epicenter of the
1617:
Bealby, John Thomas; Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911).
1079:
rule. Heavily contested for centuries between the Iranian
710:
and converges with the Armenian highlands to the east of
448:
policies. Today, the eastern half is mainly inhabited by
1155:
The Highlands saw a massive demographic shift after the
611:
emphasizing the natural shape of the Armenian Highlands.
1249:
2389:
Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus
2288:
2286:
1002:
peoples. The Mongols, who did not distinguish between
684:. The Armenian highlands are rich in water resources.
507:, with pockets of Armenian autonomy in places such as
250:
2349:. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), pp. 241–272.
1131:
and Eastern Armenia at the expense of its suzerain,
392:
in the region. The region was also inhabited during
3638:
3588:
3521:
3425:
3403:
3326:
3204:
3111:
3065:
3039:
2936:
2813:
2795:
2506:
Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage
1103:, the other major part of the Highlands, stayed in
994:onslaught, the Highlands saw the migrations of the
801:, most of the Armenian highlands is in present-day
706:, which rises slowly from the lowland coast of the
267:) is the most central and the highest of the three
190:
180:
158:
139:
131:
126:
87:
77:
66:
61:
32:
2603:
1846:
1607:(ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17
971:was declared in 1299. The Seljuks' victory at the
2332:(Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press, 1978).
2095:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
1171:, the Highlands have been the boundary region of
326:, the region was known by variations of the name
460:, while the western half is mainly inhabited by
2234:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
1880:
1878:
934:in the region. There are signs of considerable
765:
930:to the Armenian highlands and form a distinct
440:(1915–1917), organized and perpetrated by the
388:of the Armenian highlands and form a distinct
38:
2769:
2648:
2136:
2134:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
942:, these mixture dates also coincide with the
8:
745:Armenian highlands Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467
519:in 1828 and was later incorporated into the
3431:
3332:
3210:
3117:
2810:
2776:
2762:
2754:
2655:
2641:
2633:
2536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1267:
271:that together form the northern sector of
29:
1991:
1981:
1893:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
753:Armenian highlands and Caucasus mountains
135:400,000 km (150,000 sq mi)
2168:Emerald Network Pilot Project in Armenia
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1045:brought Armenia under Iranian rule. The
767:It occupied a large part of present-day
699:, ends in the east at the Ararat peaks.
2115:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011
1959:
1957:
1891:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1558:
535:. Today, the region is divided between
2529:
1746:Christianity became the state religion
644:The Armenian highlands is part of the
344:). Later, the Highlands were known as
27:Elevated plateau in northern West Asia
1159:and fall of the Ottoman Empire, with
375:Prior to the appearance of nominally
7:
1742:Indo-European linguistic family tree
1221:(the Armenian plum), was brought to
789:, and the upper Aras in Azerbaijan (
722:forming its eastern boundary in the
2420:Holding, Deirdre (September 2014).
2359:Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010-05-13).
2237:. Infobase Publishing. p. 47.
1014:. Considered the successors of the
3300:President of the National Assembly
2454:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014-12-02).
1970:European Journal of Human Genetics
1165:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
1139:spanning more than two centuries.
1029:In 1410 the area was ruled by the
975:made them dominant in the region.
944:legendary establishment of Armenia
25:
1697:from the original on 7 March 2023
3102:
2612:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2362:Historical Dictionary of Armenia
2302:Ghaplanyan, Irina (2017-11-01).
1855:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1771:Historical dictionary of Armenia
1236:
1209:Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
562:
146:
53:The Armenian highlands near the
47:
2330:The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
2278:Armenia: Cradle of Civilization
1185:dissolution of the Soviet Union
464:(included crypto-Armenians and
442:Committee of Union and Progress
2620:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
2423:Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh
1889:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1863:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1711:were for millennia located in
1679:"Armenian Rarities Collection"
1650:A Bird's-eye View of the World
1599:"The Geography of Armenia" in
1567:"Topographic map of Ağrı Dağı"
652:range that stretches from the
1:
1768:Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010).
1750:a unique alphabet was created
1434:3,515 m (11,532 ft)
1415:3,594 m (11,791 ft)
1398:3,597 m (11,801 ft)
1369:3,906 m (12,815 ft)
1350:4,058 m (13,314 ft)
1331:4,090 m (13,420 ft)
1312:4,135 m (13,566 ft)
1293:5,137 m (16,854 ft)
1217:, known by the Romans as the
1093:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)
950:Middle Ages: Turkic conquests
83:5,137 m (16,854 ft)
2602:Sinclair, Thomas A. (2014).
2024:Journal of Genocide Research
1845:Sinclair, Thomas A. (2014).
1033:, who ruled until 1468. The
531:and later incorporated into
3613:Armenian Brotherhood Church
3608:Armenian Evangelical Church
2959:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2556:University of Chicago Press
2551:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
2093:. In Breuilly, John (ed.).
1225:from the Armenian plateau.
985:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
307:is nowadays referred to as
251:
3783:
3757:Mountain ranges of Armenia
3083:Armenian national movement
1815:Cambridge University Press
1744:. A spoken language until
1206:
977:Ruben I, Prince of Armenia
953:
832:
726:. To its southeast is the
527:was under the rule of the
348:, a central region to the
3747:Mountain ranges of Turkey
3698:
3598:Armenian Apostolic Church
3434:
3335:
3275:National Security Service
3213:
3120:
3100:
3078:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3047:First Republic of Armenia
2994:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia
2668:
2587:10.1163/1573384X-20220407
2049:10.1080/14623520701850278
1932:10.1101/2020.06.24.168781
1885:La Porta, Sergio (2018).
1795:Grierson, Otto Mørkholm;
983:, where they founded the
561:
240:
144:
46:
39:
37:
3603:Armenian Catholic Church
3218:Administrative divisions
2386:Peimani, Hooman (2009).
2231:Barbara A. West (2009).
1647:Reclus, Onésime (1892).
555:Geography and topography
360:, the other three being
356:regions associated with
3752:Mountain ranges of Iran
3180:Shikahogh State Reserve
2831:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
2426:. Bradt Travel Guides.
2392:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2203:The geography of Strabo
2107:Oxford University Press
1721:Caucasus Mountain range
1630:Encyclopædia Britannica
1111:, when it was ceded to
1012:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
813:, which is a center of
3651:Armenian eternity sign
3413:South Caucasus Railway
2618:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2605:"Armenia (topography)"
2508:. Print info. London.
2347:Richard G. Hovannisian
2206:. H. G. Bohn. p.
1861:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1848:"Armenia (topography)"
1799:(1991). Philip (ed.).
1754:Persian literary world
1605:Richard G. Hovannisian
1147:
1083:and its archrival the
856:
795:
760:Encyclopaedia of Islam
754:
746:
648:, forming part of the
641:
631:
396:by minorities such as
352:, and one of the four
3024:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2575:Iran and the Caucasus
2173:May 28, 2009, at the
1983:10.1038/ejhg.2015.206
1926:: 2020.06.24.168781.
1145:
1109:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1107:hands up to the 1828
954:Further information:
938:in Armenians between
922:period (550–330 BC),
850:
752:
744:
637:
619:
214:39.28361°N 43.37194°E
3345:AMX (stock exchange)
2663:Mountains of Armenia
2109:. pp. 220–241.
1485:Geography of Armenia
1403:Gegharkunik Province
1250:adding missing items
1183:and, since the 1991
350:history of Armenians
255:; also known as the
3355:Central Depository
3057:Independent Armenia
2836:Kura–Araxes culture
2365:. Scarecrow Press.
1691:Library of Congress
1653:. Ticknor. p.
1500:Mountains of Ararat
1336:Aragatsotn Province
1071:Early modern period
1061:Battle of Chalderon
973:Battle of Manzikert
940:3000 BC and 2000 BC
883:Iron Age metallurgy
843:History of Anatolia
835:Prehistoric Armenia
702:To the west is the
252:Haykakan leṙnašxarh
241:Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ
210: /
111:39.7019°N 44.2983°E
107: /
40:Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ
3742:Armenian Highlands
3385:Telecommunications
3306:more on government
3130:Armenian highlands
2908:Kingdom of Armenia
2901:Satrapy of Armenia
2693:Armenian highlands
2608:. In Fleet, Kate;
2328:T.S.R. Boase, ed.
2146:www.britannica.com
1851:. In Fleet, Kate;
1805:(Repr. ed.).
1717:Armenian Highlands
1495:History of Armenia
1453:3,463 (11.362 ft)
1248:; you can help by
1148:
1119:Late modern period
1095:and the resulting
857:
839:History of Armenia
755:
747:
724:Kura-Aras lowlands
642:
632:
584:Armenian Highlands
285:Kura-Aras lowlands
265:Armenian tableland
233:Armenian highlands
219:39.28361; 43.37194
62:Highest point
55:Iran–Turkey border
33:Armenian highlands
3729:
3728:
3694:
3693:
3546:Ethnic minorities
3421:
3420:
3322:
3321:
3285:Political parties
3270:National Assembly
3238:Foreign relations
3200:
3199:
3098:
3097:
3073:Armenian genocide
2954:Bagratuni Armenia
2923:Byzantine Armenia
2896:Achaemenid Empire
2881:Kingdom of Urartu
2751:
2750:
2546:Hewsen, Robert H.
2515:978-1-908755-20-9
2502:Galichian, Rouben
2372:978-0-8108-7450-3
2315:978-1-315-28267-1
2244:978-0-8160-7109-8
2179:Council of Europe
1900:978-0-19-866277-8
1707:The lands of the
1597:Hewsen, Robert H.
1463:
1462:
1266:
1265:
1157:Armenian genocide
1063:; they appointed
936:genetic admixture
924:Armenian-speakers
907:Epic of Gilgamesh
887:2nd millennium BC
799:Britannica Online
704:Anatolian plateau
493:Armenian nobility
444:as part of their
438:Armenian genocide
424:and particularly
386:indigenous people
381:Armenian language
277:Anatolian plateau
249:
229:
228:
192:Range coordinates
18:Armenian Highland
16:(Redirected from
3774:
3762:Plateaus of Asia
3714:
3707:
3432:
3395:Waste management
3333:
3211:
3118:
3106:
3019:Karabakh Khanate
2928:Sasanian Armenia
2811:
2807:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2718:Karabakh Plateau
2657:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2607:
2598:
2569:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2019:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
2015:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1985:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1942:. Archived from
1914:
1908:
1907:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1850:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1797:Westermark, Ulla
1792:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1732:Hayots' ashkharh
1713:Eastern Anatolia
1704:
1702:
1687:Washington, D.C.
1675:
1662:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1620:"Caucasus"
1614:
1608:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1540:Zagros Mountains
1458:Tunceli Province
1449:Munzur Mountains
1317:Hakkâri Province
1268:
1261:
1258:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1219:prunus armenicus
815:Armenian culture
803:eastern Anatolia
736:Fertile Crescent
691:, is called the
654:Pontic Mountains
602:
592:
585:
578:
577:Fertile Crescent
571:
566:
523:, while much of
309:eastern Anatolia
261:Armenian plateau
254:
244:
242:
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
215:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
150:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:39.7019; 44.2983
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
51:
42:
41:
30:
21:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3690:
3671:National anthem
3634:
3584:
3517:
3417:
3399:
3360:Dram (currency)
3318:
3196:
3107:
3094:
3061:
3035:
3031:Russian Armenia
2989:Ottoman Armenia
2932:
2918:Parthian Empire
2891:Orontid dynasty
2801:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2743:Tskhouk-Karckar
2728:Lesser Caucasus
2664:
2661:
2614:Rowson, Everett
2601:
2572:
2566:
2544:
2528:
2516:
2500:
2497:
2495:Further reading
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2468:
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2434:
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2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2200:Strabo (1856).
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2175:Wayback Machine
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2087:Roshwald, Aviel
2085:
2084:
2080:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1946:on 2020-08-15.
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1857:Rowson, Everett
1844:
1843:
1832:
1825:
1817:. p. 175.
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1719:, and into the
1700:
1698:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1595:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1571:opentopomap.org
1565:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1468:
1420:Syunik Province
1376:Syunik Province
1365:Mount Kaputjugh
1355:Bitlis Province
1262:
1256:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1203:Flora and fauna
1191:, and parts of
1161:Western Armenia
1153:
1137:four major wars
1121:
1113:Imperial Russia
1101:Eastern Armenia
1097:Treaty of Zuhab
1089:Western Armenia
1077:Safavid Iranian
1073:
962:
952:
932:genetic isolate
899:Orontid dynasty
875:
862:
845:
833:Main articles:
831:
823:
811:Lesser Caucasus
728:Iranian plateau
689:Western Armenia
658:Malay Peninsula
629:Akhtamar Island
614:
613:
612:
606:
605:
604:
600:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
557:
525:Western Armenia
513:Eastern Armenia
505:Safavid dynasty
390:genetic isolate
317:Lesser Caucasus
313:Eastern Armenia
305:Western Armenia
289:Iranian Plateau
257:Armenian upland
218:
216:
212:
209:
204:
201:
199:
197:
196:
154:
153:
152:Satellite image
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3780:
3778:
3770:
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3759:
3754:
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3744:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Armenian Cross
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Pension reform
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3295:Prime Minister
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Municipalities
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Extreme points
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:Soviet Armenia
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3014:Erivan Khanate
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2886:Median kingdom
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2610:Krämer, Gudrun
2599:
2581:(4): 418–424.
2570:
2564:
2542:
2514:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2466:
2446:
2432:
2412:
2398:
2378:
2371:
2351:
2334:
2321:
2314:
2294:
2282:
2266:
2257:
2243:
2223:
2213:
2192:
2183:
2160:
2151:
2130:
2123:
2078:
2010:
1976:(6): 931–936.
1953:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1853:Krämer, Gudrun
1830:
1823:
1787:
1781:978-0810874503
1780:
1760:
1663:
1659:anti caucasus.
1639:
1625:Chisholm, Hugh
1609:
1582:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:Durupınar site
1505:Mount Tendürek
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:Mount Azhdahak
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1152:
1149:
1120:
1117:
1085:Ottoman Empire
1072:
1069:
1051:Ottoman Empire
969:Ottoman Empire
960:Safavid Empire
951:
948:
910:, the land of
891:Early Iron Age
874:
871:
867:Garden of Eden
861:
858:
853:H. F. B. Lynch
830:
827:
822:
819:
607:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
559:
558:
556:
553:
529:Ottoman Empire
517:Russian Empire
501:Turkic peoples
227:
226:
194:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
160:
156:
155:
151:
145:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
91:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3779:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Social issues
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
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3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
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3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
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3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
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3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3183:
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3178:
3176:
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3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
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3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Afsharid Iran
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Roman Armenia
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
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2786:
2779:
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2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
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2721:
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2709:
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2699:
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2681:
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2671:
2670:
2667:
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2653:
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2646:
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2638:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
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2600:
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2588:
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2576:
2571:
2567:
2565:0-226-33228-4
2561:
2557:
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2547:
2543:
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2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2467:9781598849486
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2433:9781841625553
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2399:9781598840544
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2308:. Routledge.
2307:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Lang, David M
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:9780191750304
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:0-5213-9504-6
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1729:their country
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1670:
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1626:
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1598:
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1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1568:
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1559:
1552:
1546:
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1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
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1529:
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1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
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1508:
1507:
1506:
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1502:
1501:
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1496:
1493:
1491:
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1483:
1481:
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1473:
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1459:
1455:
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1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
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1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
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1408:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Mount Aragats
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:Ağrı Province
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1257:December 2021
1251:
1247:
1244:This list is
1242:
1235:
1234:
1229:Notable peaks
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:Ottoman Turks
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
956:Seljuk Empire
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
859:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:According to
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:
782:Ašxarhac‘oyc‘
778:
774:
770:
764:
762:
761:
751:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
603:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:modern Turkey
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Turkification
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:. During the
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:Armenia Minor
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Armenia Major
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Ararat Valley
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
247:
238:
234:
223:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
149:
143:
138:
134:
130:
125:
120:
92:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
36:
31:
19:
3666:Mount Ararat
3656:Coat of arms
3627:
3577:
3523:Demographics
3510:
3444:Architecture
3350:Central Bank
3311:
3304:
3248:Human rights
3223:Constitution
3189:
3185:Shirak Plain
3129:
3125:Ararat Plain
3087:
2999:Safavid Iran
2984:Kara Koyunlu
2692:
2617:
2578:
2574:
2550:
2505:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2456:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2422:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2388:
2381:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2304:
2297:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2250:20 September
2248:. Retrieved
2233:
2226:
2216:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2094:
2081:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2005:
1973:
1969:
1947:
1944:the original
1923:
1912:
1904:
1890:
1860:
1801:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1706:
1699:. Retrieved
1682:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1600:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1519:River system
1490:Haykakan Par
1439:Van Province
1412:Mount Trasar
1380:Azerbaijan:
1289:Mount Ararat
1254:
1218:
1212:
1181:Soviet Union
1154:
1151:20th century
1122:
1074:
1055:
1031:Kara Koyunlu
1028:
1004:Christianity
989:
965:Seljuk Turks
963:
905:
903:
885:in the late
876:
863:
824:
796:
791:Adhharbāyjān
780:
766:
758:
756:
701:
686:
643:
639:Lake Akdoğan
521:Soviet Union
490:
486:Azerbaijanis
454:Azerbaijanis
434:exterminated
376:
374:
354:geopolitical
345:
341:
337:
331:
327:
321:
303:is located.
301:Mount Ararat
264:
260:
256:
232:
230:
73:, Turkey
71:Mount Ararat
3686:Pomegranate
3340:Agriculture
3313:on politics
3253:LGBT rights
3145:Earthquakes
2846:Hayasa-Azzi
2473:26 December
2439:26 December
2405:26 December
1748:in 314 AD,
1683:www.loc.gov
1523:Mesopotamia
1430:Mount Artos
1346:Mount Sipan
1169:World War I
1053:were given
821:Ethnography
732:Mesopotamia
693:Anti-Taurus
646:Alpide belt
621:Mount Artos
472:(including
436:during the
418:Middle Ages
322:During the
293:Mesopotamia
217: /
114: /
89:Coordinates
3736:Categories
3491:Literature
3243:Government
3228:Corruption
3155:Lake Sevan
3009:Qajar Iran
2979:Aq Qoyunlu
2703:Dar-Alages
2460:Abc-Clio.
1576:2023-06-15
1553:References
1545:Mount Judi
1308:Mount Cilo
1246:incomplete
1197:Azerbaijan
1133:Qajar Iran
1039:Ak Koyunlu
1024:Azerbaijan
1000:Kharizmian
928:indigenous
920:Achaemenid
860:Prehistory
773:Azerbaijan
720:Kura river
712:Cappadocia
708:Aegean Sea
682:Lake Urmia
674:Lake Sevan
609:Height map
541:Azerbaijan
511:. Much of
205:43°22′19″E
202:39°17′01″N
167:Azerbaijan
127:Dimensions
102:44°17′54″E
99:39°42′07″N
3767:Highlands
3541:Education
3405:Transport
3290:President
3260:Judiciary
3233:Elections
3160:Mountains
3113:Geography
2974:Chobanids
2969:Ilkhanate
2964:Sallarids
2713:Kaputjugh
2708:Gutanasar
2626:1873-9830
2595:254388941
2532:cite book
2524:893915777
2065:260038904
2057:1469-9494
2043:: 15–39.
2041:Routledge
1940:220253091
1887:"Armenia"
1869:1873-9830
1807:Cambridge
1715:, on the
1709:Armenians
1528:Euphrates
1418:Armenia:
1401:Armenia:
1374:Armenia:
1334:Armenia:
1280:Location
1277:Elevation
1020:Sassanids
916:Antiquity
889:. In the
873:Antiquity
662:volcanism
462:Armenians
458:Georgians
450:Armenians
402:Georgians
398:Assyrians
394:Antiquity
370:Commagene
358:Armenians
273:West Asia
246:romanized
185:West Asia
159:Countries
140:Geography
79:Elevation
3721:Category
3590:Religion
3561:diaspora
3474:Language
3439:Alphabet
3380:Taxation
3265:Military
3206:Politics
3066:By topic
2944:Arminiya
2866:Urumeans
2804:timeline
2789:articles
2733:Niphates
2698:Azhdahak
2673:Achkasar
2616:(eds.).
2548:(2001).
2504:(2014).
2171:Archived
2103:New York
2089:(2013).
2073:71551858
2037:New York
2002:26486470
1859:(eds.).
1701:27 March
1695:Archived
1693:. 2020.
1466:See also
1456:Turkey:
1437:Turkey:
1353:Turkey:
1315:Turkey:
1296:Turkey:
1274:Mountain
1179:and the
1135:, after
1129:Caucasus
1081:Safavids
1043:Safavids
1035:pastoral
1016:Abbasids
879:Iron Age
716:Caucasus
678:Lake Van
670:tectonic
650:Eurasian
625:Lake Van
591:Caucasus
570:Anatolia
503:and the
466:Hemshins
426:Turkmens
414:Iranians
377:Armenian
324:Iron Age
281:Caucasus
269:plateaus
237:Armenian
3705:Outline
3676:Apricot
3639:Symbols
3629:more...
3618:Judaism
3579:more...
3512:more...
3506:Theatre
3484:Western
3479:Eastern
3459:Cuisine
3427:Culture
3390:Tourism
3328:Economy
3191:more...
3140:Climate
3089:more...
2871:Diauehi
2851:Mitanni
2821:Origins
2797:History
2785:Armenia
2723:Khustup
2688:Aramazd
2683:Aragats
1993:4820045
1924:bioRxiv
1737:Hayeren
1627:(ed.).
1382:Ordubad
1215:apricot
1193:Georgia
1189:Armenia
1125:Russian
1105:Iranian
1065:Kurdish
981:Cilicia
904:In the
855:(1901).
829:History
807:Georgia
787:Erzurum
666:massifs
656:to the
627:, from
601:Plateau
598:Iranian
537:Armenia
509:Artsakh
474:Yazidis
366:Sophene
342:Urashtu
338:Uruatri
315:as the
248::
163:Armenia
3556:People
3551:Health
3531:Census
3454:Cinema
3370:Mining
3365:Energy
3280:Police
3170:Rivers
3135:Cities
3040:Modern
2949:Sajids
2937:Middle
2876:Etiuni
2861:Mushki
2799:
2787:
2624:
2593:
2562:
2522:
2512:
2464:
2430:
2396:
2369:
2345:, ed.
2312:
2241:
2121:
2099:Oxford
2071:
2063:
2055:
2033:London
2000:
1990:
1938:
1897:
1867:
1821:
1809:, the
1778:
1533:Tigris
1223:Europe
1173:Turkey
1167:after
1056:millet
996:Karluk
992:Mongol
912:Aratta
841:, and
769:Turkey
714:. The
697:Taurus
680:, and
549:Turkey
547:, and
497:states
484:, and
456:, and
412:, and
406:Greeks
368:, and
333:Urartu
328:Ararat
311:, and
299:where
291:, and
287:, the
283:, the
279:, the
181:Region
175:Turkey
3712:Index
3681:Grape
3623:Islam
3573:Women
3536:Crime
3501:Sport
3496:Music
3469:Dance
3175:Lakes
2856:Nairi
2814:Early
2738:Porak
2591:S2CID
2069:S2CID
2031:(1).
1936:S2CID
1623:. In
1008:Islam
895:Medes
482:Turks
478:Zazas
470:Kurds
430:Kurds
422:Arabs
263:, or
3661:Flag
3463:wine
2841:Hayk
2826:Name
2622:ISSN
2560:ISBN
2538:link
2520:OCLC
2510:ISBN
2475:2014
2462:ISBN
2441:2014
2428:ISBN
2407:2014
2394:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2252:2011
2239:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2101:and
2061:OCLC
2053:ISSN
2035:and
1998:PMID
1895:ISBN
1865:ISSN
1819:ISBN
1811:U.K.
1776:ISBN
1727:and
1703:2023
1480:Noah
1271:Rank
1213:The
1195:and
1177:Iran
1006:and
998:and
958:and
897:and
777:Iran
734:(or
668:and
545:Iran
495:and
476:and
428:and
410:Jews
231:The
173:and
171:Iran
132:Area
67:Peak
3449:Art
2678:Ara
2583:doi
2208:260
2111:doi
2045:doi
1988:PMC
1978:doi
1928:doi
1725:Hay
1655:264
1521:of
1478:or
1476:Nuh
1474:of
1472:Ark
1252:.
738:).
480:),
468:),
3738::
2589:.
2579:26
2577:.
2558:.
2554:.
2534:}}
2530:{{
2518:.
2285:^
2276:.
2177:,
2144:.
2133:^
2117:.
2105::
2097:.
2067:.
2059:.
2051:.
2039::
2029:10
2027:.
2004:.
1996:.
1986:.
1974:24
1972:.
1968:.
1956:^
1934:.
1922:.
1903:.
1877:^
1833:^
1813::
1705:.
1689::
1685:.
1681:.
1666:^
1657:.
1603:.
1585:^
1569:.
1445:9
1199:.
1187:,
1175:,
1115:.
1099:.
1026:.
1018:,
987:.
901:.
869:.
837:,
817:.
793:).
763::
676:,
623:,
551:.
543:,
539:,
488:.
452:,
420:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
364:,
340:,
336:,
259:,
243:,
239::
169:,
165:,
3465:)
3461:(
2806:)
2802:(
2777:e
2770:t
2763:v
2656:e
2649:t
2642:v
2628:.
2597:.
2585::
2568:.
2540:)
2526:.
2477:.
2443:.
2409:.
2375:.
2318:.
2254:.
2210:.
2181:.
2148:.
2127:.
2113::
2075:.
2047::
1980::
1930::
1871:.
1827:.
1784:.
1756:.
1579:.
1426:8
1409:7
1390:6
1361:5
1342:4
1323:3
1304:2
1285:1
1259:)
1255:(
330:(
235:(
20:)
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