293:
335:
311:
93:
323:
20:
28:
684:
142:
government's responsibility. This proved an insurmountable humanitarian issue. Typhus was a major sickness, because of its effect on children. Conditions in the outlying regions, not necessarily consisting of refugees, weren't any better. The
Ottoman governing structure and Russian army had already
79:
and another 200,000 lived in the
Turkish provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted. Though Armenians in Constantinople faced discrimination, they were allowed to maintain their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey who continued to face forced Islamization
280:
was faced with a most sobering reality in the winter of 1918-19. The newly formed government was responsible for over half a million
Armenian refugees in the Caucasus. It was a long and harsh winter. The homeless masses, lacking food, clothing and medicine, had to endure the elements. Many who
285:
shipment of wheat reached Batum. The
British army transported the aid to Yerevan. Yet by that time some 150,000 of the refugees had perished. Vratsian puts this figure at around 180,000, or nearly 20% of the entire nascent Republic. A report in early 1919 noted that 65% of the population of
50:
saw the return of
Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. The return of survivors was therefore impossible in most of Anatolia and thousands of Armenians who tried were murdered. Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in
292:
334:
137:
There was also an
Armenian settlement problem that brought conflict with other ethnic residents. In all, there were over 300,000 embittered and impatient Armenian refugees escaping from the Ottoman Empire which were now the
1370:
1048:
143:
withdrawn from the region. The
Armenian government had neither time nor resources to rebuild the infrastructure. The 393,700 refugees were under their jurisdiction as follows:
1472:
1462:
1261:
1213:
281:
survived the exposure and famine succumbed to the ravaging diseases. By the spring of 1919, the typhus epidemic had run its course, the weather improved and the first
282:
310:
1063:
80:
and kidnapping of girls after 1923. Between 1922 and 1929, the
Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to
1345:
1266:
948:
1499:
1446:
104:, in 1922 there were 817,873 Armenian refugees who had originated from Turkey. This figure was based upon information provided by the British Embassy in
322:
81:
1319:
886:
867:
848:
818:
792:
698:
1584:
1093:
123:
According to the same source, there were 281,000 Armenians still living in Turkey in 1921: 150,000 in
Istanbul and 131,000 in Asia Minor.
905:
1553:
1516:
1506:
1335:
1179:
1358:
92:
666:
1494:
1340:
1073:
723:
1378:
915:
840:
1282:
1043:
971:
941:
39:
1149:
139:
1563:
1479:
1467:
1393:
1022:
1410:
1053:
1017:
300:
105:
47:
1594:
1558:
1433:
1174:
1124:
56:
286:
Sardarabad, 40% of the population of eight villages near
Etchmiadzin and 25% of the population of Ashtarak had died.
457:
46:. After the end of World War I, many tried to return home to the Ottoman rump state, which later became Turkey. The
1589:
1109:
1068:
934:
690:
519:
1249:
1114:
132:
1144:
467:
1484:
1229:
1154:
109:
31:
Settlement and routes for Armenian refugees during and after the Armenian Genocide, up to the Hatay Referendum.
1134:
1119:
1440:
1426:
1012:
879:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
482:
437:
1536:
686:
The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
462:
1234:
1058:
1007:
991:
877:
Kévorkian, Raymond (2020). "The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922".
494:
76:
340:
Greek and Armenian refugee children near Athens, Greece, in 1923, following their expulsion from Turkey
452:
447:
298:
Armenian refugees from Turkey carding wool in Tiflis, Georgia. Photograph by Melville Chater from the
1353:
1027:
387:
277:
782:
1184:
981:
392:
101:
19:
1400:
986:
427:
407:
397:
372:
64:
1312:
777:
487:
1388:
1081:
976:
957:
902:
882:
863:
844:
828:
814:
788:
719:
694:
514:
377:
367:
117:
72:
43:
499:
1489:
1422:
1254:
1189:
1086:
810:
802:
432:
417:
352:
1511:
1244:
1221:
909:
1541:
996:
765:
761:
680:
422:
362:
68:
1578:
1307:
402:
382:
357:
52:
748:
1383:
1297:
1287:
442:
116:
Turkey, nor Armenian women and children - approximately 95,000, according to the
1302:
1292:
1001:
192:
921:
1202:
412:
71:; an estimated 200,000 settled in the Middle East, forming a new wave of the
1239:
171:
860:
The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History
27:
243:
214:
113:
67:. By 1923, about 295,000 Armenians ended up in the Soviet Union, mainly
1129:
253:
161:
60:
770:
Comprendre le génocide des arméniens – 1915 à nos jours
203:
1139:
926:
112:. The total given did not include able-bodied Armenians detained by
96:
The US State Department document of the Armenian population in 1921
1546:
232:
181:
91:
930:
718:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 126–155.
774:
Understanding the Armenian genocide: 1915 to the present day
667:"Approximate number of Armenian in the world, November 1922"
716:
The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-1919, Vol. I
601:
599:
807:
Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide
1049:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
1529:
1455:
1409:
1369:
1328:
1275:
1212:
1167:
1102:
1036:
964:
538:
837:Destroying the Armenians: History of a Genocide
133:First Republic of Armenia § Refugee Crisis
833:Détruire les Arméniens. Histoire d'un génocide
283:American Committee for Relief in the Near East
942:
8:
120:– who have been forced to convert to Islam.
1099:
949:
935:
927:
653:
629:
605:
590:
578:
566:
554:
77:100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople
328:Armenian refugee camp In Beirut, Lebanon
145:
26:
18:
16:Armenians who survived the 1915 genocide
641:
617:
531:
288:
7:
881:. Berghahn Books. pp. 147–173.
224:Akhta - Yelenovka (Hrazdan - Sevan)
1554:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1336:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
1359:National Armenian Relief Committee
316:Armenian refugees in Aleppo, Syria
14:
1495:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
841:Presses Universitaires de France
768:; Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2015).
714:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971).
333:
321:
309:
291:
1283:Committee of Union and Progress
972:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
40:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
23:Armenian genocide survivors map
987:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
918:, a survivor, tells his story.
912:, a survivor, tells her story.
458:Shooshanig Palanjian Derderian
59:and another 100,000 fled from
1:
1394:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
1023:Ottoman Empire in World War I
992:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
301:National Geographic Magazine
48:Turkish nationalist movement
1585:Armenian genocide survivors
1564:Hitler's Armenian reference
1559:Assassination of Hrant Dink
1434:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
57:Turkish invasion of Armenia
36:Armenian genocide survivors
1613:
691:Princeton University Press
468:Araxie Derderian Derderian
130:
1463:Witnesses and testimonies
1185:Post-genocide population
110:Near East Relief Society
1350:Foreign aid and relief
1175:Pre-genocide population
1013:1914 Greek deportations
858:Suciyan, Talin (2015).
108:and 1921 data from the
1537:Late Ottoman genocides
1329:International response
97:
32:
24:
1059:20 Hunchakian gallows
1008:1914 Armenian reforms
997:Adana massacre (1909)
438:Haig Artin Kojababian
95:
30:
22:
1354:Near East Foundation
1320:Special Organization
1078:Concentration camps
1028:Battle of Sarikamish
388:Hambarsoom Grigorian
278:Hovhannes Kachaznuni
82:French-mandate Syria
1411:Cultural depictions
1262:Rescue of Armenians
1180:Genocide casualties
1018:Congress at Erzerum
982:Turkish nationalism
839:] (in French).
776:] (in French).
749:"Grandma's Tattoos"
593:, pp. 103–104.
569:, pp. 229–230.
463:Mugerdich Derderian
393:J. Michael Hagopian
102:US State Department
1595:Lists of survivors
1401:Treaty of Lausanne
1267:Turkish opposition
922:Genocide Survivors
908:2020-01-14 at the
903:Heghine Abrahamyan
495:Suzanne Khardalian
428:Soghomon Tehlirian
408:Aurora Mardiganian
398:Katherine Magarian
373:Pailadzo Captanian
276:The government of
155:Number of refugees
98:
33:
25:
1590:Armenian diaspora
1572:
1571:
1500:100th anniversary
1389:Operation Nemesis
1163:
1162:
977:Armenian question
958:Armenian genocide
916:Setrak Keshishian
888:978-1-78920-451-3
869:978-0-85772-773-2
850:978-2-13-062617-6
829:Nichanian, Mikaël
820:978-1-84904-458-5
803:Cheterian, Vicken
794:979-10-210-0681-2
700:978-0-691-15333-9
515:Armenian diaspora
483:Grandma's Tattoos
475:Documentary films
378:Kegham Djeghalian
368:Grigoris Balakian
346:Notable survivors
274:
273:
118:League of Nations
100:According to the
73:Armenian diaspora
65:French withdrawal
42:who survived the
1602:
1517:notable visitors
1490:Hidden Armenians
1419:Ravished Armenia
1341:Imperial Germany
1250:Shabin-Karahisar
1222:Armenian militia
1190:Hidden Armenians
1100:
951:
944:
937:
928:
892:
873:
854:
824:
798:
786:
766:Duclert, Vincent
762:Bozarslan, Hamit
753:
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453:Krikor Derderian
448:Franzi Avetisyan
433:Kourken Yanigian
418:Yevnige Salibian
353:Hrachia Acharian
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44:genocide of 1915
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1512:Tsitsernakaberd
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910:Wayback Machine
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862:. I.B. Tauris.
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693:. p. 331.
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1587:
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1549:
1544:
1542:Greek genocide
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1386:
1381:
1379:Courts-martial
1375:
1373:
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1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1346:Press coverage
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1038:
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654:Kévorkian 2020
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630:Cheterian 2015
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608:, p. 104.
606:Cheterian 2015
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591:Cheterian 2015
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581:, p. 238.
579:Nichanian 2015
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567:Nichanian 2015
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557:, p. 242.
555:Nichanian 2015
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70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Transcaucasia
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
21:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1384:Malta exiles
1276:Perpetrators
1226:By location
1201:
1196:
1087:Ra's al-'Ayn
1064:Confiscation
878:
859:
836:
832:
806:
773:
769:
743:
734:
715:
709:
685:
681:Akçam, Taner
675:
661:
649:
642:Suciyan 2015
637:
625:
618:Suciyan 2015
613:
586:
574:
562:
550:
540:
534:
481:
443:Nairi Zarian
299:
275:
268:
263:
182:Novo-Bayazit
154:
149:
136:
122:
99:
88:Distribution
75:; and about
35:
34:
1480:Reparations
1468:Recognition
1441:The Promise
1371:Prosecution
1094:Terminology
1082:Deir ez-Zor
1004:(1912–1913)
1002:Balkan Wars
781: [
498: [
486: [
204:Bash-Abaran
63:during the
55:during the
1579:Categories
1214:Resistance
1203:Vorpahavak
1168:Demography
1125:Diyarbekir
1054:Tehcir Law
965:Background
778:Tallandier
539:Bozarslan
526:References
413:John Mirak
244:Karakilisa
233:Bash-Garni
193:Daralagyaz
131:See also:
1507:Memorials
1456:Aftermath
1240:Musa Dagh
1197:Survivors
1150:Trebizond
1103:By region
1074:Mass rape
206:(Aparan)
172:Ejmiatsin
150:Districts
1037:Genocide
906:Archived
831:(2015).
805:(2015).
683:(2012).
509:See also
235:(Garni)
215:Ashtarak
184:(Gavar)
114:Kemalist
1530:Related
1303:Djevdet
1130:Erzurum
304:, 1920.
269:350,000
264:Armenia
258:13,000
254:Dilijan
248:16,000
238:15,000
227:22,000
219:30,000
209:35,000
198:36,000
187:38,000
176:70,000
166:75,000
162:Yerevan
61:Cilicia
1485:Denial
1447:others
1308:Reshid
1298:Djemal
1288:Talaat
1230:Zeitun
1135:Harput
1120:Bitlis
1115:Aleppo
1044:Causes
885:
866:
847:
817:
791:
738:Family
722:
697:
541:et al.
493:(dir.
1547:Sayfo
1293:Enver
1255:Azakh
1145:Sivas
1110:Adana
835:[
811:Hurst
785:]
772:[
502:]
490:]
38:were
1427:film
1423:book
1245:Urfa
883:ISBN
864:ISBN
845:ISBN
815:ISBN
789:ISBN
720:ISBN
695:ISBN
543:2015
1235:Van
1155:Van
1140:Muş
140:DRA
84:.
1581::
1425:,
843:.
813:.
809:.
787:.
783:fr
764:;
689:.
598:^
500:sv
488:sv
1429:)
1421:(
950:e
943:t
936:v
891:.
872:.
853:.
823:.
797:.
751:.
728:.
703:.
669:.
504:)
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