577:. There are two mating types for spores (not male and female but similar in effect). Spores can be dispersed by environmental factors such as wind, or they can be redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, the single spore must come in contact with a spore of a complementary mating type and of the same species. If the single spore isolates are from different species, the colonies will not fuse together and they will remain separate. When two isolates of the same species but different mating types fuse together, they soon form coalesced colonies which become dark brown and flat. With this particular fungus it will produce
521:
998:
338:
46:
237:
299:
272:
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357:
33:
317:
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burn the stumps. After stump removal, any species may be planted. The removal of stumps (stumping) has been used to prevent contact between infected stumps and newer growth resulting in lower infection rates. It is unknown if the lower infection rates will persist as roots of young trees extend closer to the original inoculate from the preceding stand.
252:
804:). It has similar mushrooms, but only if mycelial fans are not present. Dead and diseased trees usually occur in disease centers, which appear as openings in the canopy. GPS tracking can aid in the monitoring of these areas. However, sometimes distinct centers will be absent and diseased trees are scattered throughout the stand.
481:
grows and spreads primarily underground, such that the bulk of the organism is not visible from the surface. In the autumn, the subterranean parts of the organism bloom "honey mushrooms" as surface fruits. Low competition for land and nutrients often allow this fungus to grow to huge proportions, and
703:
appears to be more common in interior stands, but its virulence is seen to be greater in coastal conifers. Although conifers along the coastal regions show a lower rate of mortality against the root disease, infections can be much worse. Despite differences in how infections occur between these two
917:
can remain viable in stumps for 50 years. Chemical treatments do not eradicate the fungus entirely, and they are not cost-effective. The most frequent and effective approach to managing root disease problems is to attempt to control them at final harvest by replanting site-suited tree species that
966:
Another more expensive alternative to changing species is to remove diseased stumps and trees from the site by pushing them out with a bulldozer. The air will dry and kill the fungus. Any small roots left underground will decay before they can reinfect the new seedlings, so it is not necessary to
695:
Pathogenicity is seen to differ among trees of varying age and location. Younger conifer trees at age 10 and below are more susceptible to infection leading to mortality, with an increased chance of survival against the fungus where mortality can become rare by age 20. While mortality among older
742:
of eastern Oregon, was found to be the largest fungal colony in the world, spanning an area of 3.5 square miles (2,200 acres; 9.1 km). This organism is estimated to be some 8,000 years old and may weigh as much as 35,000 tons. If this colony is considered a single organism, it is one of the
950:. Species susceptibility varies somewhat from location to location. All trees in the disease center as well as uninfected trees within 50 feet (15 m) should be cut. No tree from a highly susceptible species should be planted within 100 feet (30 m) of a disease center.
974:, maintaining biological diversity, and reducing the chances for insect pest buildup. Mixed-species forests are more resistant to insect defoliation, and also slow the spread of species-specific pests such as dwarf mistletoe, which are both predisposing agents for
509:". Approximations of the land area occupied by the "Humongous fungus" are 3.5 square miles (9.1 km) (2,240 acres (910 ha)), and it possibly weighs as much as 35,000 tons (approximately 31,500 tonnes), making it the world's most massive living organism.
585:– also known as rhizomorphs. These rhizomorphs allow the fungus to obtain nutrients over distances. These are also the main factors to its pathogenicity. As the fruiting body continues to grow and obtain nutrients, it forms into a mature mushroom.
645:
covers only 38% of the estimated land area of the Oregon "humongous fungus" at 3.5 square miles (9.1 km), (2,240 acres (910 ha) which may weigh as much as 35,000 tons. It is currently the world's largest single living organism.
1124:
Rishbeth J. (1986). "Some characteristics of
English Armillaria species in culture". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 86 (2): 213–218. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(86)80147-4.
727:
is distributed throughout the different biogeoclimatic zones of
British Columbia, the root disease causes the greatest problem in the interior parts of the region in the
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1920:
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1972:
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it possibly covers more total geographical area than any other single living organism. A spatial genetic analysis estimated that an individual specimen of
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is mostly common in the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere. In North
America, this fungus is found on host coniferous trees in the forests of
2062:
1894:
236:
1456:
505:
on Earth by mass, area, and volume – this contiguous specimen covers 3.7 square miles (2,400 acres; 9.6 km) and is colloquially called the "
1562:
Cruickshank, M. G.; Morrison, D. J.; Lalumiere, A. (2009). "The
Interaction Between Competition in Douglas-fir Plantation and Disease Caused by
1089:
1642:
1722:
654:
The disease is of particular interest to forest managers, as the species is highly pathogenic to a number of commercial softwoods, notably
1216:"This humongous fungus is as massive as three blue whales: A new estimate suggests this mushroom is 2,500 years old and weighs 440 tons"
835:
2151:
1537:
Harington, T. C.; Wingfield, M. J. (2000). "19. Diseases and the
Ecology of Indigenous and Exotic Pines". In Richardson, D. M. (ed.).
684:). A commonly prescribed treatment is the clear cutting of an infected stand followed by planting with more resistant species such as
597:. Once spore formation is complete, this signifies a mature mushroom and now is able to spread its spores to start a new generation.
1546:
901:
1355:
Redhead, S. A.; Bérubé, J.; Cleary, M. R.; Holdenrieder, O.; Hunt, R. S.; Korhonen, K. R.; Marxmüller, H.; Morrison, D. J. (2011).
2166:
882:
554:
2146:
854:
761:– covers 91 acres (0.37 km; 0.142 sq mi), was found to have originated from a parent fungus in Ontario, Canada.
704:
regions, infections are generally established by rhizomorph strands, and pathogenicity is correlated to rhizomorph production.
1481:
963:
in both field and laboratory conditions, but further experimentation is required to establish the efficacy of this treatment.
747:
on the
Australian seabed that measures 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi; 49,000 acres), and rivals the aspen grove "
839:
2131:
1959:
1215:
861:
447:
invades the sapwood and is able to disseminate over great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of black
1025:
1181:
Anderson, James B.; Bruhn, Johann N.; Kasimer, Dahlia; Wang, Hao; Rodrigue, Nicolas; Smith, Myron L. (26 July 2018),
868:
45:
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1016:
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Affected trees often in groups or patches on the east side of the
Cascades; usually killed singly on the west side.
1977:
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The most important control measure after planting is to manage for reduced tree stress. This includes regulating
2141:
1249:
1149:
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1824:
1250:"Oregon Humongous Fungus Sets Record As Largest Single Living Organism on Earth (7-minute documentary video)"
2171:
1446:"The Malheur National Forest Location of the World's Largest Living Organism [The Humongous Fungus]"
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biogeoclimatic zone. It is both present in the interior where it is more common as well as along the coast.
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Romagn., until a 2008 publication revealed that the species had been described under the earlier name
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1987:
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751:" as the known organism with the highest living biomass. Another "humongous fungus" – a specimen of
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1951:
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1706:
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542:
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A tree is diagnosed with this parasitic fungus once the following characteristics are identified:
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in particular grows wide and thin sheet-like plates radiating from the stem which is known as its
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800:
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1683:. Washington State University – Department of Natural Resource Science Extension. Archived from
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1995:
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463:-brown colors, prominent cap scales, and a well-developed stem ring distinguish it from other
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conifers is less likely to occur, this does happen, however, in forests with dryer climates.
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593:. The gills hold the spores of a mature mushroom. This is stained white when seen as a
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largest known organisms in the world by area, only knowingly rivalled by a colony of
565:
This fungus, like most parasitic fungi, reproduces sexually. The fungi begin life as
452:
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77:
1847:
1090:"The Malheur National Forest: Location of the world's largest living organism (the
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748:
157:
2041:
32:
2027:
1746:
1579:
1506:
Morrison, D. J.; Pellow, K. W. (2002). "Variation in
Virulence Among Isolates of
1964:
1946:
1907:
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1714:
1482:"Oregon Humongous Fungus Sets Record As Largest Single Living Organism On Earth"
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1183:"Clonal evolution and genome stability in a 2,500-year-old fungal individual"
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are disease tolerant. In eastern
Washington that typically means replacing
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had described it in 1970. Subsequently, a proposal to conserve the name
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842: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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443:, United States. It has decurrent gills and the stipe has a ring. The
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1938:
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413:. In the western United States, it is the most common variant of the
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67:
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1711:
North
American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi
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1623:. Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science
1099:. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. Archived from
811:
663:
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491:
459:
can be separated from other species by its physical features:
959:
has been shown in early experiments to competitively exclude
621:, United States originated from spores of a parent fungus in
1621:"'Humongous fungus' is almost as big as the Mall of America"
613:, scientists determined that a 2500-year old specimen of
1597:. Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Forest Service
569:, released into the environment by a mature mushroom.
1649:. Forestry Development. 19 March 2009. Archived from
637:(4 x 10 kg), making it the equivalent in weight of 3
2011:
1794:
553:was published in 2011 and has been approved by the
371:
354:
334:
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788:Honey-colored mushrooms near base of tree in fall
776:Crown thinning or changing color to yellow or red
467:. Like several other Armillaria, the mycelium of
486:growing over 91 acres (37 ha) in northern
1677:Root Rot, Shoestring Root Rot, Honey Mushroom"
8:
1271:Peck, C. H. (1900). "New species of Fungi".
1742:Humungous Fungus: World's Largest Organism?
1541:. Cambridge University Press. p. 386.
986:The species is considered a choice edible.
785:Black rhizomorphs penetrating root surfaces
1782:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
497:Another specimen in northeastern Oregon's
471:can display bioluminescence, resulting in
31:
20:
1593:Richardson Dodge, Sherri (24 July 2000).
1429:
1392:
1194:
1189:, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 377234,
902:Learn how and when to remove this message
641:. By comparison of acreage, the Michigan
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723:. It also grows in parts of Asia. While
1209:
1207:
1205:
1049:"Armillaria ostoyae, Dark Honey Fungus"
1037:
1762:Early Results from Field Trials Using
1753:The Humongous Fungus – Ten Years Later
1312:, an older name for the fungus called
409:), pathogenic to trees, in the family
227:
2157:Natural history of Washington (state)
1306:Burdsall, H. H.; Volk, T. J. (2008).
1273:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
7:
2104:b87bd3ff-7908-4597-9100-f72590baa22f
1988:5795c637-27d5-4fea-bda4-045a765eaff5
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1043:
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840:adding citations to reliable sources
1410:"Interfertility and Clonal Size in
1150:"The largest organism in the world"
1137:. Extreme Science. 1 December 2010.
2162:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
1462:from the original on 24 March 2012
798:may be confused with Mottled rot (
451:("shoestrings"). In most areas of
14:
1539:Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus
1248:Vince Patton (12 February 2015).
1524:10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00275.x
996:
816:
555:Nomenclature Committee for Fungi
372:
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44:
1595:"An even more humongous fungus"
1214:Jason Daley (15 October 2018).
827:needs additional citations for
734:A mushroom of this type in the
1148:Puiu, Tibi (6 February 2015).
561:Life cycle, genetics, and mass
533:The species was long known as
1:
1568:Forest Ecology and Management
1357:"(2033) Proposal to conserve
1088:Schmitt CL, Tatum ML (2008).
782:White mycelial fan under bark
1580:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.09.013
1026:List of bioluminescent fungi
490:, United States, weighs 440
435:wood in forests west of the
953:The use of another fungus,
629:into the 21st century to a
243:Mycological characteristics
2190:
1775:Canadian Journal of Botany
1709:; Miller, Hope H. (2006).
692:) or deciduous seedlings.
2152:Natural history of Oregon
1335:10.2509/naf2008.003.00717
773:Resin flow from tree base
625:, Canada, then grew over
172:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
922:or true fir stands with
2167:Fungi described in 1900
759:Crystal Falls, Michigan
736:Malheur National Forest
503:largest living organism
499:Malheur National Forest
2147:Fungi of North America
1566:in British Columbia".
1135:"Biggest living thing"
779:Distress crop of cones
729:Interior Cedar Hemlock
527:
2013:Armillariella ostoyae
1764:Hypholoma fasciculare
1747:Fantastic fungus find
1408:Korhonen, K. (1978).
1359:Armillariella ostoyae
956:Hypholoma fasciculare
757:found at a site near
699:The pathogenicity of
660:Pseudotsuga menziesii
545:in 1900, long before
523:
199:Armillariella ostoyae
2132:Bioluminescent fungi
1707:Miller Jr., Orson K.
1431:10.29203/ka.1978.135
1375:Armillaria solidipes
1323:North American Fungi
1310:Armillaria solidipes
1252:. Oregon Field Guide
851:"Armillaria ostoyae"
836:improve this article
740:Strawberry Mountains
539:Armillaria solidipes
398:Armillaria solidipes
210:Armillaria solidipes
176:Agaricus congregatus
1681:Forest Health Notes
1643:"CTD-Root Disease:
1619:(10 October 2018).
972:species composition
745:Posidonia australis
670:spp.), pine trees (
543:Charles Horton Peck
1825:armillaria-ostoyae
1796:Armillaria ostoyae
1768:Armillaria ostoyae
1564:Armillaria ostoyae
1508:Armillaria ostoyae
1394:10.1002/tax.606023
1371:Agaricus occultans
1363:Armillaria ostoyae
1314:Armillaria ostoyae
961:Armillaria ostoyae
932:western white pine
801:Pholiota limonella
754:Armillaria gallica
725:Armillaria ostoyae
713:Armillaria ostoyae
701:Armillaria ostoyae
682:Tsuga heterophylla
615:Armillaria ostoyae
587:Armillaria ostoyae
571:Armillaria ostoyae
551:Armillaria ostoyae
535:Armillaria ostoyae
528:
525:Armillaria ostoyae
479:Armillaria ostoyae
469:Armillaria ostoyae
457:Armillaria ostoyae
427:is common on both
401:) is a species of
392:Armillaria ostoyae
232:Armillaria ostoyae
150:Armillaria ostoyae
25:Armillaria ostoyae
2114:
2113:
1996:Open Tree of Life
1788:Taxon identifiers
1724:978-0-7627-3109-1
1653:on 30 August 2010
1617:Elizabeth Pennisi
1412:Armillaria mellea
1367:Agaricus obscurus
1218:. Smithsonian.com
1012:Largest organisms
940:western red cedar
912:
911:
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886:
721:Pacific Northwest
601:Genetics and mass
420:Armillaria mellea
388:
387:
225:Species of fungus
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187:Armillaria mellea
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16:Species of fungus
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1387:(6): 1770–1771.
1377:(Basidiomycota)"
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1344:on 21 July 2011.
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1337:. Archived from
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1106:on 3 August 2019
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717:British Columbia
686:Western redcedar
507:Humongous fungus
501:is possibly the
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678:Western Hemlock
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411:Physalacriaceae
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108:Physalacriaceae
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1196:10.1101/377234
1166:
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1065:
1036:
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1033:
1030:
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1028:
1023:
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1008:
1007:
991:
988:
983:
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936:lodgepole pine
924:ponderosa pine
910:
909:
824:
822:
815:
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793:
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786:
783:
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651:
648:
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579:mycelial cords
562:
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386:
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100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
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60:
55:
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50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
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2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
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1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
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1708:
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1699:
1686:
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1678:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1652:
1648:
1647:Root Disease"
1646:
1638:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
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1555:
1550:
1548:9780521789103
1544:
1540:
1533:
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1525:
1521:
1518:(2): 99–107.
1517:
1513:
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1502:
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1234:
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1210:
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1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
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1177:
1175:
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1136:
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1127:
1121:
1118:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
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1066:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
994:
989:
987:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:western larch
925:
921:
916:
906:
903:
895:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853: –
852:
848:
847:Find sources:
841:
837:
831:
830:
825:This section
823:
819:
814:
813:
807:
805:
803:
802:
797:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
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771:
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764:
762:
760:
756:
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750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
702:
697:
693:
691:
690:Thuja plicata
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:Pathogenicity
649:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
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558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
522:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
494:(4 x 10 kg).
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:North America
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Cascade Range
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
393:
384:
383:
379:Edibility is
378:
370:
367:
366:
361:
353:
350:
346:
343:
333:
330:
329:
324:
321:
313:
310:
306:
303:
295:
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288:
284:
281:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
248:
244:
238:
233:
229:
216:
211:
208:
205:
202:Romagn. 1970
200:
197:
192:
188:
185:
182:
177:
174:
173:
171:
168:
164:
159:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2137:Edible fungi
2012:
1795:
1773:
1770:Root Disease
1767:
1763:
1710:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1680:
1674:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1644:
1637:
1627:23 September
1625:. Retrieved
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1588:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1538:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1452:
1440:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1339:the original
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1256:23 September
1254:. Retrieved
1222:23 September
1220:. Retrieved
1186:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1143:
1129:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1091:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1018:
1004:Fungi portal
985:
975:
969:
965:
960:
954:
952:
914:
913:
898:
892:October 2019
889:
879:
872:
865:
858:
846:
834:Please help
829:verification
826:
799:
795:
794:
768:
752:
733:
728:
724:
712:
711:
700:
698:
694:
689:
681:
671:
667:
659:
653:
642:
617:in northern
614:
604:
586:
582:
573:has a white
570:
564:
550:
538:
534:
532:
524:
506:
496:
483:
478:
477:
468:
464:
456:
424:
418:
397:
396:
391:
390:
389:
381:
363:
348:
326:
308:
290:
286:
257:
231:
214:
209:
203:
198:
190:
186:
180:
179:Bolton 1791
175:
156:(Romagnesi)
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
1947:NatureServe
1908:iNaturalist
1749:at BBC News
1715:FalconGuide
1453:fs.usda.gov
1159:20 February
1154:ZME Science
1110:16 December
920:Douglas-fir
656:Douglas-fir
639:blue whales
595:spore print
583:shoestrings
575:spore print
449:rhizomorphs
362:Ecology is
345:Spore print
287:campanulate
194:Gillet 1874
181:nom. illeg.
2127:Armillaria
2121:Categories
1766:to Reduce
1675:Armillaria
1657:7 December
1645:Armillaria
1601:2 November
1365:) against
1058:23 October
1032:References
1019:Armillaria
976:Armillaria
915:Armillaria
862:newspapers
796:A. ostoyae
643:A. ostoyae
607:genotyping
484:A. ostoyae
465:Armillaria
425:A. ostoyae
213:Peck 1900
204:nom. cons.
119:Armillaria
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
2028:Q62079396
1952:2.1063324
1424:: 31–42.
1418:Karstenia
808:Treatment
765:Diagnosis
708:Geography
627:millennia
395:(synonym
365:parasitic
309:decurrent
215:nom. rej.
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2089:MycoBank
2081:10791492
2050:Fungorum
2022:Wikidata
1934:MycoBank
1926:10378614
1882:Fungorum
1832:BioLib:
1805:Wikidata
1757:Inoculum
1491:1 August
1466:1 August
1457:Archived
1455:. 2008.
1414:Complex"
1017:List of
990:See also
719:and the
662:), true
619:Michigan
513:Taxonomy
488:Michigan
445:mycelium
429:hardwood
407:mushroom
305:Hymenium
264:hymenium
167:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
2068:2536900
1900:2536899
1861:6697493
1811:Q917989
1691:11 June
1293:2477998
1187:bioRxiv
1021:species
876:scholar
738:in the
676:), and
633:of 440
623:Ontario
473:foxfire
433:conifer
191:obscura
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2101:NZOR:
2094:308939
2055:308939
2001:376128
1985:NZOR:
1939:134992
1913:192381
1887:134992
1874:ARMLOS
1820:ARKive
1778:(2004)
1721:
1545:
1373:, and
1291:
948:spruce
878:
871:
864:
857:
849:
605:Using
581:– the
567:spores
441:Oregon
403:fungus
382:choice
325:has a
291:convex
160:(1973)
158:Herink
2076:IRMNG
1978:47428
1921:IRMNG
1848:5W4S7
1835:60289
1460:(PDF)
1449:(PDF)
1381:Taxon
1342:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1289:JSTOR
1104:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
946:, or
944:alder
883:JSTOR
869:books
749:Pando
673:Pinus
668:Abies
591:gills
461:cream
349:white
323:Stipe
259:Gills
189:var.
68:Fungi
2063:GBIF
2042:GSQV
1973:NCBI
1895:GBIF
1869:EPPO
1719:ISBN
1693:2013
1659:2010
1629:2019
1603:2015
1543:ISBN
1493:2021
1468:2021
1258:2019
1224:2019
1161:2015
1112:2018
1060:2019
982:Uses
855:news
664:firs
635:tons
631:mass
609:and
492:tons
431:and
328:ring
2037:CoL
1960:NBN
1856:EoL
1843:CoL
1772:in
1755:at
1576:doi
1572:257
1520:doi
1510:".
1486:opb
1426:doi
1389:doi
1331:doi
1281:doi
1191:doi
838:by
541:by
475:.
439:in
347:is
307:is
289:or
285:is
283:Cap
262:on
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2039::
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1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
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1679:.
1570:.
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1484:.
1451:.
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1420:.
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1321:.
1287:.
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1275:.
1232:^
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1051:.
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978:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
