360:, a set of conditions prepared by Cromwell and other senior officers; in many ways, they were more lenient than the Newcastle Propositions, particularly in their religious provisions. This not only created a rift between Parliament and the New Model but also between its senior officers and the rank and file, who viewed them as being far too moderate. Seeing an opportunity to divide his opponents, Charles rejected them; on 26 July, pro-Presbyterian rioters burst into Parliament, demanding he be invited to London.
116:
197:
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363:
In early August, Fairfax and the New Model took control of the city, which re-established command authority over the rank and file. However, with the majority of the New Model now based in or around London, the influence of the
Levellers was strengthened; with their support, the Agitators prepared a
379:
representing the Army
Council. The Levellers pushed for a single meeting of the entire army, which would vote on which proposal to accept but were out manoeuvred by the Council, which insisted on three separate meetings. They used the delay to ensure adoption of the 'Proposals' by demanding every
278:
At this stage, the idea of establishing a republic was largely confined to a radicals like the
Levellers; Parliament presented its conditions to Charles, known as the Newcastle conditions. They included establishing the Church of England as a Presbyterian body, handing control of the army to
380:
soldier sign a declaration of loyalty, to
Fairfax and the Army Council, with signature signifying acceptance of the 'Proposals'. In return, they were promised their pay arrears in full; it was suggested divisions within the New Model could enable Parliament to delay or even refuse payment.
345:". Presented to Parliament on 8 June, it set out their grievances and explained the constitution of the Council, to make it clear these demands had wide-ranging support. Parliament responded by ordering the New Model to disband.
403:
Over the following years the Army
Council changed in constituency. The elected agitators were removed and the Council became an (Army) Council of Officers, remaining an important institution in the ruling establishment of the
266:
with
Parliament as a way to preserve it, by preventing Royalist victory in England. As the war progressed, they and their English co-religionists came to see the Independents, and their political allies like the
211:
began in 1642, the vast majority on both sides believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated. They disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs.
368:. This contained demands for almost universal male suffrage, reform of electoral boundaries, supreme power to rest with the Parliament, religious freedom and an end to imprisonment for debt.
395:, the other regiments complied with orders to show support for Fairfax. The net result was the Army Council now became a political power, separate from either king or Parliament.
275:
to agree terms, but this was a fundamental misunderstanding of his character. Charles refused to agree any substantial concessions, frustrating allies and opponents alike.
291:, Parliament was struggling with the economic cost of the war, a poor 1646 harvest, and a recurrence of the plague. The Presbyterian faction which formed a majority of
307:. By March 1647, the New Model was owed more than £3 million in unpaid wages; Parliament ordered it to Ireland, stating only those who agreed would be paid.
330:
279:
Parliament and accepting punishment of leading
Royalists. Although Charles continued negotiations, he had no intention of agreeing to these conditions.
714:
387:, which was quickly suppressed; Private Richard Arnold was tried for mutiny and shot on the spot as an example. At the two other meetings at
231:
However, 'Puritan' was a term for anyone who wanted to reform, or 'purify', the Church of
England, and contained many different perspectives.
670:
570:
651:
271:, as a greater threat to the established order than the Royalists. In 1646, many Parliamentarians assumed military defeat would force
375:
in late
October and early November, Agitators discussed adoption of the 'Agreement' and the 'Proposals', with Cromwell's son-in-law
17:
180:
grew concerned by their radicalism, and in 1648, Agitators were removed from the
Council. Now dominated by the so-called
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during the Interregnum. For example, at the start of the Protectorate, ten days after the dissolution of the
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that it no longer existed and together with the Council of Officers, instituted a new Council of State.
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opposed any state church, and although smaller in number, included Cromwell, as well as much of the
239:; in general, they wanted to convert the Church of England into a Presbyterian body, similar to the
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597:
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Concerned Parliament intended to restore Charles without preconditions, on 4 June the Council
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believed he was answerable to the leaders of the church, appointed by their congregations.
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A Solemne Engagement of the Army, under the Command of his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax
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203:; by 1648, a significant element felt only his death could end the conflict
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was a body established in 1647 to represent the views of all levels of the
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609:
Macleod, Donald (Autumn 2009). "The influence of Calvinism on politics".
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At the first meeting on 15 November, a minority refused, leading to the
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337:', these representatives formed the Army Council. After a meeting near
181:
93:
309:
195:
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In response, each regiment elected two representatives, or
254:
Having established control of Scotland in the 1639 to 1640
161:, and representatives elected by their regiments, known as
157:. It originally consisted of senior commanders, like Sir
580:
Kishlansky, Mark A (1982). "What Happened at Ware?".
299:, the Army of the Western Association, leaders like
682:"The Independents and the Long Parliament, 1644–48"
663:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
137:
127:
109:
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350:had him removed from his Parliamentary guards
224:, appointed by, and answerable to, the king;
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364:revolutionary new constitution called the
318:, who argued the Grandees position at the
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329:; along with senior officers like Sir
172:of October to November 1647, Fairfax,
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416:on 20 April 1653, Cromwell told the
341:on Friday 4 June 1647, they issued "
283:Establishment of the General Council
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520:
448:
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235:were the most prominent in the
715:1647 establishments in England
303:in Wales, and elements of the
295:had the support of the London
1:
18:Army Council (disambiguation)
356:. He was now presented with
731:
358:The Heads of the Proposals
264:Solemn League and Covenant
15:
665:(2006 ed.). Abacus.
594:10.1017/S0018246X00021245
565:. Oneworld Publications.
624:"Heads of the Proposals"
563:Democracy and its crisis
644:The Leveller Revolution
439:, pp. 5–19 passim.
366:Agreement of the People
289:First English Civil War
287:Despite victory in the
209:First English Civil War
661:Royle, Trevor (2004).
582:The Historical Journal
322:
314:Cromwell's son-in-law
216:generally supported a
204:
686:History of Parliament
561:Grayling, AC (2017).
385:Corkbush Field mutiny
313:
199:
611:Theology in Scotland
406:English Commonwealth
16:For other uses, see
642:Rees, John (2016).
547:, pp. 837–839.
511:, pp. 173–174.
487:, pp. 387–388.
475:, pp. 354–355.
463:, pp. 103–105.
399:Council of Officers
186:Council of Officers
34:Council of Officers
339:Newmarket, Suffolk
323:
241:Church of Scotland
205:
54:Dates of operation
672:978-0-349-11564-1
572:978-1-78607-289-4
301:Rowland Laugharne
218:Church of England
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184:, it became the
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680:Scott, David.
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653:978-1784783907
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622:Plant, David.
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588:(4): 827–839.
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499:, p. 173.
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373:Putney Debates
331:Thomas Fairfax
320:Putney Debates
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249:New Model Army
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170:Putney Debates
168:Following the
159:Thomas Fairfax
155:New Model Army
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142:New Model Army
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689:. Retrieved
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256:Bishops Wars
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220:governed by
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178:Henry Ireton
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151:Army Council
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28:Army Council
22:
628:BCW Project
260:Covenanters
100:Merged into
37:(1648–1653)
31:(1647–1648)
704:Categories
485:Royle 2004
473:Royle 2004
424:References
305:Royal Navy
192:Background
132:Parliament
128:Allegiance
646:. Verso.
633:4 January
509:Rees 2016
497:Rees 2016
461:Rees 2016
327:Agitators
273:Charles I
269:Levellers
214:Royalists
207:When the
201:Charles I
163:Agitators
90:Agitators
78:Dissolved
393:Kingston
354:Thriplow
335:Grandees
226:Puritans
182:Grandees
94:Grandees
602:2638633
555:Sources
389:Ruislip
371:At the
222:bishops
138:Part of
122:England
110:Country
68: (
60: (
669:
650:
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258:, the
119:
43:Leader
691:7 May
598:JSTOR
521:Plant
449:Scott
66:–1653
693:2020
667:ISBN
648:ISBN
635:2021
617:(2).
567:ISBN
408:and
391:and
176:and
149:The
70:1653
62:1647
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615:XVI
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293:MPs
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