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During late spring 1918, Bolsheviks in Moscow sent oil from Baku over the
Caspian Sea and up the lower Volga to Austrian-German forces in Ukraine in return for German financial support and German help to stop the Ottoman 3rd Army's advances through Armenian territory and into the Caucasus. The 3rd
870:. Instead, Germany shifted its foreign policy support to Islamic forces in obtaining guarantees of oil supplies from Southern Russia and Persia via Batumi, Tiflis, and Baku, thus splitting its foreign policy goals from those of Turkey and removing German support for Zionism.
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and began to send reinforcements to the "Dunsterforce" in June 1918. Although most of the oil fields were owned by
Azerbaijanis and less than 5 per cent by Armenians, most of the production/distribution rights in Baku were owned by foreign investors, primarily the British.
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placed the
British and French at odds with their foreign policy toward both the Turks and the Russians. Because the British and French supported the Greeks and Armenians in their fight against the Turks, the Turks were kept from occupying the Baku oilfields during the
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to Batumi to confer with Enver Pasha about the situation. This led to Vehip Pasha being sacked from the head of the
Ottoman 3rd Army. The Ottoman Empire's objective shifted from taking the railroad and pipeline to taking and occupying Baku and its nearby oilfields.
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attacked from the west. British Major
General Dunsterville decided to withdraw about 11:00 A.M. because of the failure of the defense. "Dunsterforce" loaded its personnel and equipment and set sail for Bandar-e Anzali by 10:00 P.M. on September 14.
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which was very favorable to the
Germans and overlooked the goals of the Ottomans. Enver looked for victory where Russia left in the Caucasus. When Enver discussed his plans for taking over southern Russia, the Germans told him to keep out.
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80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
746:, and sent about 300 British soldiers to Baku and they arrived there on August 5. The Islamic Army of the Caucasus launched second attack to Hill 905 on August 5. This attack failed again and they lost 547 officers and soldiers.
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and spotted advance on
October 7. The division restarted attack on Derbent on October 20 and occupied the city on October 26. The division continued to advance northwards and arrived at the gate of Petrovsk (present day:
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The exclusion of German officers from the
Caucasian Army of Islam was deliberate. By the end of 1917, Enver Pasha concluded that the Germans and the Ottoman Empire did not have compatible goals after the
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was signed by Lenin and Stalin which armed and repatriated over 100,000 Armenians from the former Tsar's Army to be sent to the
Caucasus for operations against Ottoman interests. On January 20, 1918,
846:. This allowed the Bolsheviks to gain capital from the Baku oilfields which would be used in the destruction of the British and French supported anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War.
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742:, but failed to get the hill and halted their attack on August 2. Major General L.C. Dunsterville coordinated future combined operations with the Cossack forces commended by Colonel
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Both the delegates from the
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and the delegates from the Ottoman Empire agreed that the borders from the Brest-Litovsk were incorrect.
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and allowed Germany to have 25% of the oil from Baku. The Bolsheviks wanted Germany to prevent the 3rd Ottoman Army from taking the railroad and pipeline. Subsequently,
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830:. The Ottoman's forces had to withdraw from Baku allowing the Bolsheviks to regain not only the control of the oil fields but also the money gained from oil sales.
496:, the German High Command objected and informed its Ottoman ally that Germany would withdraw its troops and support from the Ottoman Empire. Erich Ludendorff sent
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moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks by signing the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918). On January 11, 1918, the special decree
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which would have allowed Germany to gain railroad and pipeline concessions between the Levant and the oil rich Persian Gulf. This was all part of its
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Reynolds, Michael A. (May 2009). "Buffers, not Brethren: Young Turk Military Policy in the First World War and the Myth of Panturanism".
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after its reorganization. The 15th Division advanced northwards along the Caspian coast, encountered the local resistance in front of
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Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı Ordusu'nun Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan Harekâtı: Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan'ın Bağımsızlığını Kazanması, 1918
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Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı Ordusu'nun Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan Harekâtı: Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan'ın Bağımsızlığını Kazanması, 1918
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to the Entente Powers in September 1918: the Ottoman Empire had few forces to defend either Syria or Constantinople. This allowed
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Azerbaijani Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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but was subsequently repelled by the Armenians. The Ottoman's 3rd Army had secured the Ottoman Empire's pre war borders.
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The purpose of the Caucasus Army of Islam was to mobilize Muslim supporters in Transcaspian and Caucasian regions.
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Palestine, which is in the Levant, was the German supported location of the Zionist state which is now known as
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Büyük Harpte (1334-1918) 15. Piyade Tümeninin Azerbaycan ve Şimali Kafkasyadaki Harekât ve Muharebeleri
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The last attack of the Islamic Army of the Caucasus on Baku began at 1:00 A.M. on September 14. The
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The Army of Islam took Baku on September 15 and sent a telegraph announcing the capture of Baku to
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Army's objective was to take and occupy the railroad and pipeline which ran from Batumi through
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1258:] (in Turkish). Vol. IV (3rd ed.). Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı. p. 92.
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entered an official protest against the Bolsheviks arming Armenian army legions and replied, "
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The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908 - 1923
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with strong support from Bolshevik Soviets. The Azerbaijanis refer to this as a genocide (
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The Islamic Army of the Caucasus began to attack Hill 905 on July 31 to the northwest of
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With the march of an Ottoman supported army to Baku, the Bolshevik soviet fled to
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After several skirmishes between the Ottoman 3rd Army and the German forces near
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to occupy western Thrace within a short march to Constantinople leading to the
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to establish their borders. During March 30 to April 2 in 1918, thousands of
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The Berlin-Baghdad Express: Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for World Power
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Condition and Restructuring of the Army in the Armistice Period (1918-1920)
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Finally, prior to the summer of 1918, Germany had unabashed support for a
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had collapsed. This feeling was confirmed by the terms of the treaty of
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of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic were massacred by
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Second, the subsequent withdrawal of Austrian and German support from
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Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)
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First, Enver Pasha's gambit of taking Baku's oilfields failed when
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Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in World War I
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Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Bakû yollarında 5 nci Kafkas Piyade Tümeni
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Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
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Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
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Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
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in Tiflis adopted a declaration of independence, proclaiming the
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The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
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1399:, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı, 2006
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would receive support through a large army from Turkey again.
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20,000 soldiers (Turks, Azerbaijanis, Dagestanis and Chechens)
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in mid-February and organized a small military force called "
998:] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 31.
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The Islamic Army of the Caucasus sent the 15th Division to
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a machine-translated version of the Azerbaijani article.
1161:(2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
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formally ceased to exist in March 1918. Meanwhile, the
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Military units and formations of the Russian Civil War
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Chief of the British Military Mission to the Caucasus
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ceased to exist. The Russian Provisional Government's
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to Baku. Later, the Bolsheviks through the May 28th
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98:accompanying your translation by providing an
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47:expand this article with text translated from
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1062:Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press
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409:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
377:the Russian leopard had not changed its spots
27:Ottoman Imperial military unit in World War I
8:
2270:Turkish involvement in the Russian Civil War
1192:The Victory of Sardarabad: Armenia, May 1918
1188:La victoire de Sardarabad: Arménie, mai 1918
319:in some sources) was a military unit of the
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521:Islamic Army of the Caucasus Headquarters (
476:Georgia's independence under German control
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1194:] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan.
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569:Chief of the division of operations:
323:formed on July 10, 1918. The Ottoman
110:{{Translated|az|Qafqaz İslam Ordusu}}
7:
450:had advanced to within 7 km of
2260:Azerbaijan in the Russian Civil War
1085:McMeekin, Sean (October 13, 2015).
826:. The British Fleet could sail the
508:came to Yelizavetpol (present day:
895:The Ottoman 3rd Army had lost the
696:which left Baku to be defended by
25:
658:106th Caucasian Infantry Regiment
419:and other Muslims in the city of
2255:Armenia in the Russian Civil War
1338:Russian Soviet Government Bureau
1158:Armenia The Survival of a Nation
835:Southern Russia and the Caucasus
796:British forces advanced in Syria
753:attacked from the north and the
634:13th Caucasian Infantry Regiment
631:10th Caucasian Infantry Regiment
482:in the German High Command sent
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169:
160:July 10, 1918 – October 27, 1918
142:
34:
1381:, pp. 354–355. Avon Books.
1272:, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1996,
969:. Greenwoodpress. p. 189.
920:interests near the Suez in the
628:9th Caucasian Infantry Regiment
608:5th Caucasian Infantry Division
365:Committee of Union and Progress
901:Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)
439:). This event is known as the
108:You may also add the template
18:Army of Islam (Ottoman Empire)
1:
596:Inspector: Kaymakam Şefik Bey
381:Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich
2189:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
1060:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
965:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
922:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
297:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
137:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
1252:Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Tarihi
839:Turkish War of Independence
708:Lionel Charles Dunsterville
590:Artillery officer: Binbaşı
405:Transcaucasian Commissariat
199:(although named as an army)
121:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2286:
990:Türkmen, Zekeriya (2001).
681:
441:March Days or March Events
423:and adjacent areas of the
413:Trebizond Peace Conference
355:, the Russian army in the
72:Machine translation, like
2174:Hejaz Expeditionary Force
1256:Turkish Air Force History
1186:Afanasyan, Serge (1985).
808:Allied Army of the Orient
141:
49:the corresponding article
1378:A Peace to End All Peace
617:, as reinforcement from
563:Staff: First Lieutenant
347:During 1917, due to the
2159:5th Expeditionary Force
2154:1st Expeditionary Force
1052:McMeekin, Sean (2010).
578:Staff: Binbaşı Naim Bey
397:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
317:Caucasian Army of Islam
119:For more guidance, see
1388:, Askerî Matbaa, 1936
1231:Cite journal requires
1153:Walker, Christopher J.
755:5th Caucasian Division
679:
655:38th Infantry Regiment
643:15th Infantry Division
637:56th Infantry Regiment
436:
403:On 22 April 1918, the
315:) (also translated as
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2250:Islam in the Caucasus
2184:2nd Provisional Force
2179:1st Provisional Force
1250:Kurter, Ajun (2009).
905:Battle of Bash Abaran
903:(May 24–28), and the
751:Ottoman 15th Division
677:
536:and Fahri (honorary)
516:Order of Battle, 1918
446:By June 4, 1918, the
385:Russian Caucasus Army
268:Ceremonial chief
92:copyright attribution
1355:Edward J. Erickson,
1340:. 1920. p. 236.
1311:Edward J. Erickson,
897:Battle of Sardarapat
800:Bulgaria capitulated
2230:History of Dagestan
1416:Kafkas İslam Ordusu
1315:, Greenwood Press,
824:Armistice of Mudros
313:Kafkas İslâm Ordusu
305:Qafqaz İslam Ordusu
2220:1918 in Azerbaijan
1755:Infantry divisions
1422:2012-06-20 at the
804:Franchet d'Espèrey
680:
650:Süleyman Izzet Bey
454:and 10 km of
349:Russian Revolution
255:Battle of Kurdamir
216:Eastern Army Group
148:Ottoman artillery
100:interlanguage link
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2164:German Asia Corps
1413:Süleyman Gündüz,
1278:978-975-00524-0-8
899:(May 21–29), the
844:Russian Civil War
765:on September 16.
744:Lazar Bicherakhov
484:forces to Georgia
458:which led to the
333:Caucasus Campaign
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250:Battle of Goychay
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798:and also when
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684:Battle of Baku
671:
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1292:Nâsir Yücer,
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45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
2188:
2107:37 Caucasian
2102:36 Caucasian
2097:11 Caucasian
2092:10 Caucasian
1695:II Caucasian
1415:
1401:(in Turkish)
1396:
1390:(in Turkish)
1385:
1376:
1367:Bibliography
1356:
1333:
1328:
1312:
1298:(in Turkish)
1293:
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1282:(in Turkish)
1269:
1264:
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1251:
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1224:cite journal
1211:
1191:
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1123:. New York:
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702:
691:
523:Yelizavetpol
503:
491:
464:
445:
417:Azerbaijanis
402:
389:
376:
373:Talaat Pasha
368:
346:
316:
312:
296:
294:
226:Yelizavetpol
212:Part of
96:edit summary
87:
54:
46:
2265:Enver Pasha
2087:9 Caucasian
2082:5 Caucasian
2077:3 Caucasian
2072:2 Caucasian
2067:1 Caucasian
1716:Dardanelles
1690:I Caucasian
1476:Army groups
1469:World War I
907:(May 21–24)
851:pan-Turkism
828:Dardanelles
810:along with
784:Makhachkala
763:Enver Pasha
532:Commander:
494:Vorontsovka
474:recognized
433:Azerbaijani
337:World War I
329:Enver Pasha
301:Azerbaijani
272:Enver Pasha
240:World War I
236:Engagements
222:Garrison/HQ
56:(July 2019)
2214:Categories
1731:Adrianople
1296:, p. 177.
1127:. p.
945:References
682:See also:
670:Azerbaijan
665:Operations
623:Third Army
615:Mürsel Bey
574:Tevfik Bey
541:Nuri Pasha
506:Nuri Pasha
456:Echmiadzin
369:On Armenia
343:Background
286:(Killigil)
284:Nuri Pasha
280:commanders
263:Commanders
187:Azerbaijan
2133:3 Cavalry
2128:2 Cavalry
2123:1 Cavalry
1726:Chataldja
1721:Bosphorus
1680:Iraq Area
1359:, p. 192.
1323:, p. 191.
1280:, p. 75.
790:Aftermath
694:Astrakhan
599:Adviser:
592:Kemal Bey
558:Kılıç Ali
353:Civil War
114:talk page
2199:177 Rgt.
1488:Caucasus
1483:Yildirim
1420:Archived
1375:(1989).
1155:(1990).
1117:(2003).
820:Salonika
724:Russians
720:Cossacks
710:reached
647:Kaymakam
619:II Corps
586:Sami Bey
549:Edip Bey
547:Kaymakam
437:soyqırım
429:Dashnaks
357:Caucasus
90:provide
2194:57 Rgt.
1741:Erzurum
1493:Eastern
1467:during
1163:254–255
1091:Penguin
779:Derbent
612:Miralay
583:Yüzbaşı
571:Binbaşı
552:Staff:
534:Mirliva
452:Yerevan
309:Turkish
278:Notable
165:Country
112:to the
94:in the
53:.
2169:Africa
2147:Others
1736:Smyrna
1502:Armies
1319:
1276:
1169:
1135:
1097:
1068:
1002:
973:
935:Israel
728:Azeris
486:under
468:Tiflis
157:Active
1700:Hejaz
1685:Halil
1650:XVIII
1558:Corps
1254:[
1190:[
994:[
874:Notes
812:Milne
718:" of
538:Ferik
510:Ganja
488:Kress
197:Corps
74:DeepL
1746:Kars
1670:XXII
1645:XVII
1625:XIII
1600:VIII
1317:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1237:help
1212:2003
1167:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1000:ISBN
971:ISBN
853:nor
816:Army
740:Baku
726:and
686:and
527:Baku
421:Baku
295:The
230:Baku
204:Size
193:Type
88:must
86:You
67:View
1675:XXV
1665:XXI
1655:XIX
1640:XVI
1630:XIV
1620:XII
1595:VII
1575:III
1549:9th
1544:8th
1539:7th
1534:6th
1529:5th
1524:4th
1519:3rd
1514:2nd
1509:1st
1428:TRT
1129:321
818:at
814:'s
806:'s
698:SRs
621:of
383:'s
335:of
76:or
2216::
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2017:52
2012:51
2007:50
2002:49
1997:48
1992:47
1987:46
1982:45
1977:44
1972:43
1967:42
1962:41
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1952:39
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1937:36
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1812:11
1807:10
1660:XX
1635:XV
1615:XI
1605:IX
1590:VI
1580:IV
1570:II
1346:^
1336:.
1304:^
1228::
1226:}}
1222:{{
1214:.
1200:^
1165:.
1131:.
1093:.
1089:.
1064:.
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327:,
311::
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228:,
1802:9
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1430:.
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1235:(
1218:.
1175:.
1141:.
1103:.
1074:.
1008:.
979:.
937:.
924:.
560:)
299:(
123:.
116:.
20:)
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