Army of Sambre and Meuse - Knowledge (XXG)

75: 2102:. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by the Swiss city of Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and advanced (eastward) up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest. Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked, Charles retreated to the east. By the end of July, the entirety of the Swabian Circle, most of Bavaria, Franconia, Baden and Wuerttemberg had reached a separate peace with the French. which disarmed the Imperial army, and gave French free rein to demand supplies from the southern polities. 2902: 2390:. This movement placed the Archduke squarely on the French right rear and convinced Wartensleben to turn his force around to join Archduke Charles. After the battle, Charles withdrew his troops further east, pulling Moreau further away from Jourdan's flank, thus weakening the French front. After enticing Moreau away from any possible support of Jourdan's Army of the Sambre and Meuse, Archduke Charles marched north with 27,000 troops to join with Wartensleben on 24 August; their combined force defeated Jourdan at Amberg and further split the French fronts, Jourdan to the north and Moreau to the south. With his more compact line, Charles held a strategically and tactically superior position. 2919: 710: 2878: 2966: 984: 42: 2951: 2531:, he saw a chance to retrieve his campaign by offering battle at Würzburg, an important stronghold on the Main River. At this point, the petty jealousies and rivalries that had fostered in the Army over the summer came to a head. Jourdan had a spat with his wing commander Kléber and that officer suddenly resigned his command. Two generals from Kléber's clique, Bernadotte and Colaud, also made excuses to leave the army immediately. Faced with this mutiny, Jourdan replaced Bernadotte with General 926: 2811:, 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Ulm, the French army, now in retreat, paused to savage the pursuing Coalition force, who were following too closely. As the outnumbered Latour doggedly followed the French retreat, Moreau lashed out at him at Biberach. For a loss of 500 soldiers killed and wounded, Moreau's troops inflicted 300 killed and wounded and captured 4,000 prisoners, 18 artillery pieces, and two colors. After the engagement, Latour followed the French at a more respectful distance. 834:). French commanders walked a fine line between the security of the frontier and the Parisian clamor for victory. Add to this the desperate condition of the Army—in training, supplies and leadership—and the military leadership faced a crisis. They were constantly under suspicion from the representatives of the new regime and sometimes from their own soldiers. Failure to achieve unrealistic expectations implied disloyalty and the price of disloyalty was an appointment with 2936: 1050:, Belgium and the Netherlands into a unit on the middle Rhine. These units were reorganized into task forces that would engage the Austrian and Coalition forces directly in the Rhineland. Its paper strength equaled close to 83,000 men, although its actual strength was considerably less. By 1 October 1795, some of the troops had been assembled in five locations to form an advanced guard of 63,615, men commanded by the veteran General of Division 1980:, Dutch and royalist French emigres. The French had won several victories but the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful. The Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims and their efforts faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the Rhine Campaign of 1795, the 506: 893: 2094:

hopefully drawing troops toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim; a deft feint toward Mannheim caused Charles to reposition his troops. Once this occurred, Moreau's army executed a forced march south and, on 23 June, overwhelmed the bridgehead at Kehl. The Imperial troops there included only 7,000 troops recruited that spring from the

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territories surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg, such as the county of Solm, the archbishopric of Trier and Hesse-Darmstadt. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of

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on 3 September, forcing the French to retreat to the Lahn river. Charles lost 1,500 casualties out of 44,000 troops against 2,000 French casualties. The losses at Würzburg compelled the French to lift the siege of Mainz on 7 September and to move those troops to reinforce their lines further east. On

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The opening action on the Upper Rhine, north of Kehl. Moreau and Jourdan coordinated feinting actions to convince Charles that the principal attack would be between the confluence of Rhine, Moselle, and Mainz rivers, and further north. The Coalition force lost 10% of its members, missing, killed, or

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Internal disputes between Moreau and Jourdan and with Jourdan's subordinate commanders within the Army of the Sambre and Meuse prevented the two armies from uniting. This gave the Austrian commander time to reform his own forces, driving Jourdan to the northwest. By the end of September 1796, Charles

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Prussia also governed territories outside the Empire, such as the Habsburg territories in eastern Europe and northern Italy; for others, a village could belong predominantly to one polity but have a farmstead, a house or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. There were also

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Over the next few days, most of the Army of Sambre and Meuse returned to the west bank of the Rhine, except for a small rear guard. After his disastrous panic at Diez in which he prematurely abandoned a critical bridge position, Jean Castelbert de Castelverd held east bank entrenchments at Neuwied,

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Charles struck the French right flank while Wartensleben attacked frontally. The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse was overcome by weight of numbers and Jourdan retired northwest. The Austrians lost only 400 casualties of the 40,000 men they brought onto the field. French losses were 1,200 killed

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The number of troops involved is unclear. General Bernadotte commanded part of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse, and Nauendorf commanded part of the Army of the Upper Rhine. Archduke Charles had been unable to convince Wartensleben to march south to join him; consequently, he directed part of his

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In 1795 the French sent the Army of the Sambre and Meuse, also called the northern army, and the Army of the Rhine and Moselle, sometimes called the southern army, in thrusts across the Rhine. After winning a bridgehead on the east bank, the northern French army under Jourdan advanced south to the

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river basin held strategic importance for the defense of the Republic. The Rhine offered a formidable barrier to what the French perceived as Austrian aggression and the state that controlled its crossings controlled the river and access into the territories on either side. Ready access across the

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was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Construction of a canal to control the water level occurred from 1927 to 1974. In 1790, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four times wider than in the twenty-first century, even under normal conditions. Its channels

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Initially the Austrians were able to take the river crossings at Kehl, but French reinforcements pushed them off the bridges. By the end of the day, the French could not break the Austrian hold on all east shore approaches to the bridges, and the Austrians established a strong cordon that forced

687:. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 19 mi (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At the furthest edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of the 910:

Rhine and along the Rhine bank between the German states and Switzerland or through the Black Forest, gave access to the upper Danube river valley. For the French, control of the Upper Danube or any point in between, was of immense strategic value and would give the French a reliable approach to

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on 24 August, Charles defeated the French and destroyed two battalions of their rear guard. The Austrians lost 400 killed and wounded out of 40,000 troops. Of a total of 34,000 soldiers, the French suffered greater losses of 1,200 killed and wounded plus 800 men and two colors captured. Jourdan

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The French plan called for a spring (April–May–June) offensive, during which two French armies would press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states and a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's army would push south from Düsseldorf,

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and its 471 guns to the Army of Rhine and Moselle after negotiations. The Austrians were furious at their ally but could do nothing to prevent the French from gaining this valuable bridgehead. Pichegru, the commander of the southern French army, proved uncooperative, which allowed Clerfayt to

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with 28,000 troops to blockade Mainz and Ehrenbreitstein, Jourdan pressed up the Main River. Following Carnot's strategy, the French commander continually operated against Wartensleben's north flank, causing the Austrian general to fall back. Jourdan's army numbered over 46,000 men, while

2850:. Despite the renewal of military action, the Congress continued its meetings in Rastatt until the assassination of the French delegation in April 1799. The Army of Sambre and Meuse remained in cantonment until 29 September 1797, when it was united with other units, to form the 821:—agents of the legislature, sent to ensure cooperation among the military—lacked the discipline and training to function efficiently; frequently insubordinate, they often refused orders and undermined unit cohesion. After a defeat, they were capable of mutiny, as 483:, to retreat into the German states. By late July, most of the southern German states had been coerced into an armistice. The Army of Sambre and Meuse maneuvered around northern Bavaria and Franconia, and the Army of the Rhine and Moselle operated in Bavaria. 2739:, allowing the left wing to escape. Marceau was fatally wounded on the 19th and died the next morning. This permanently severed the only possible link between Jourdan's and Moreau's armies, leaving Charles free to focus on the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. 509:

The broad Rhine River and its many tributaries prevented easy escape into France. The colors represent the different sections of the Rhine: Mountain Rhine (Alpenrhein), High Rhine (Hochrhein), Upper Rhine (Oberrhein), Middle Rhine (Mittelrhein), Low Rhine

2579:. MacDonald's division stopped at Düsseldorf while Castelverd's was placed in the French line on the lower Lahn. These reinforcements brought Jourdan's strength back to 50,000 but the French abandonment of the sieges at Mainz and later Mannheim and 2105:

With Charles absent from the north, Jourdan recrossed the Rhine and drove Wartensleben behind the Lahn river. The Army of Sambre and Meuse defeated its opponents at Friedberg, Hesse on 10 July, while Charles was busy at Ettlingen. Jourdan captured

568:, during which its generals were intimidated or executed and many of the army's experienced officers left France for safer havens. Elements of the armies that were later formed into the Army of Sambre and Meuse participated in the conquest of the 2417:, a small village 45 km (28 mi) east of Nuremberg, General Kleber led a portion of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse against Lieutenant Field Marshal Paul von Kray. Of the Austrian force, 900 were killed and wounded and 200 captured. 896:

The two principal French Armies of 1794 were formed from four smaller units, each contributing a portion of its troops to either the Sambre and Meuse or the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. The right flank of Army of the North remained in the

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had permanently separated the two French armies, forcing Jourdan's command further northwest and eventually across the Rhine. On 29 September 1797, the Army of Sambre and Meuse was merged with the Army of the Rhine and Moselle to become the

731:(little states) that covered no more than a few square miles to large and powerful states. The states and territories involved in late 1796 included the Breisgau (Habsburg), Offenburg and Rottweil (imperial cities), the princely states of 2567:'s division from the west side of Mainz retreated to the Nahe river and dug in. The French government belatedly recognized the difficulties in which the Army of the Sambre and Meuse struggled and transferred two divisions commanded by 546:

articulated that the interests of the monarchs of Europe were as one with the interests of Louis and his family. He and his fellow monarchs threatened unspecified consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. French

1614:, shifted his army north to oppose him. This movement gave Pichegru the opportunity to move his army against the weakened rear guard of Clerfayt's force. Despite having a sizable garrison force, Baron von Belderbusch turned over 2062:'s commanded both armies, but the northern army, Sambre and Moselle, was large enough for a sub command: Jourdan. The 80,000-man Army of Sambre and Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to 1975:

The campaign of 1796 was part of the French Revolutionary Wars in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of Prussians and Austrians and several other states of the Holy Roman Empire, the British,

2735:, who was holding the bridgehead, panicked and withdrew his division without orders from Marceau. With a gaping hole on their right, Marceau and Bernadotte (now returned to his division) made a fighting withdrawal to 1611: 2292:

Archduke Charles saw that if he could unite with Wartenbsleben, he could pick off the French armies in succession. Having sufficient reinforcements and having transferred his supply line from Vienna to

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Dodge, p. 301. Smith gives French losses as 2,000 killed and wounded plus 1,000 men and seven guns captured, while Austrian losses numbered 1,200 killed and wounded and 300 captured. Smith, p. 122.

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as the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. These were the French armies involved in the successes at Fleurus and the Lowlands, but the strength of the units had been enhanced by untrained conscripts.

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retreated eastward to protect the borders of Austria. This gave Moreau a chance to place his army between the two Austrian forces (Wartensleben's and Charles'), but he did not seize this chance.

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Ideally, it was designed to include the regular infantry inherited from the old Royal regiments of the King, who were relatively well trained and equipped, dressed in white uniforms and wearing

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Wartensleben counted 36,000 troops; Wartensleben refused to attack the larger French force. Buoyed up by their forward movement and by the capture of Austrian supplies, the French captured

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The absence of wagons prevented the French from mobilizing their supply train; the Habsburg forces attacked the rear guard, scattered the troops, and captured massive numbers of supplies.

1718:, caught Dufour's division in the open, scattered the cavalry and mowed down the infantry. General of Brigades Dusirat and General of Division Dufour were wounded and Dufour was captured. 3765:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles: Les Éditions de la Librairie Encyclopédique, 1975. 2583:, released about 27,000 Habsburg troops to reinforce Charles' now overwhelming numbers. Moreau continued in the south to press toward Vienna, seemingly oblivious to Jourdan's situation. 2321:

as Charles and Wartensleben's forces converged on the Army of Sambre and Meuse. On 20 August, Moreau sent Jourdan a message vowing to closely follow Charles, which he did not do. In the

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maneuver the bulk of the Austrian forces against Jourdan. Clerfayt crossed the Main to the east, gaining a dangerously exposed position on the French left flank. After being repulsed at

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Archduke Charles ruined the French strategy in the north; the Army of Sambre and Meuse withdrew across the river and remained inactive for the rest of the year. On 18 April 1797, with

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Infantry Regiment Nr. 7, and the French Army of Condé. In the ensuing clash, the Austrians and Royalists were cut to pieces. Despite Charles' instructions to withdraw northward toward

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After hearing of Moreau's successful assault on Kehl, and crossing the river, Jourdan recrossed the Rhine river, attacked Wartensleben's force, and pushed him south to the Main river.

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called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany. The agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.

376: 471:. The first part of the operation called for Jourdan to cross the Rhine north of Mannheim and divert the Austrians while the Army of the Moselle crossed the southern Rhine at 1992: 381: 371: 3153: 180: 1382: 978:

Location map depicts distribution of the Army on 1 October 1795 (modern boundaries shown). Troops were positioned within this triangle represented by the three cities.

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Anticipating Jourdan's move, Charles had already rushed his army toward Würzburg, where they engaged on 1 September. Marshaling the divisions of Hotze, Sztáray, Kray,

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river as the principal line of defense: for each side, control of the opposite bank or at least, the river's principal crossings, was the basis of defensive strategy.

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The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine. Some territories were so subdivided they are not named on the map.

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Several of the Archduke's forces attacked Jourdan's rearguard. This action forced Jourdan's army to consolidate its front further away from Moreau's line of retreat.

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flank north. At this clash, he pushed Bernadotte back to the northwest. Charles also shifted his lines of supply further north, so his supplies were coming from

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Relation de l'assassinat de M. Théobald Dillon, Maréchal-de-Camp, Commis à Lille, le 29 avril 1792. Imprimerie de Mignaret (4 May 1792). Jean Paul Bertaud,

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Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland

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on 16 June 1794. The merging of the forces into the Army of Sambre and Meuse was made official soon afterwards. Shortly after Fleurus, the position of the

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to the Austrians. The artillery arm, considered by the old nobility to be an inferior assignment, was less affected by emigration and survived intact.

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included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine, secured the west bank behind the

253: 1607:, by 20 September. Hemmed in by Lefebvre and 12,600 French troops, Count Hompesch surrendered the Bavarian garrison at Düsseldorf on 21 September. 356: 2907: 2599:

in the north, 9,000 more in Mainz and Mannheim to insure the Army did not recross the Rhine, and moved south with 16,000 men to intercept Moreau.

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Pressures exerted by the Coalition forces on the French front at the Rhine required the movement of the Army of Sambre and Meuse troops from the

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on 4 August. Three days later, the Army of Sambre and Meuse, under the temporary direction of Kléber, won another clash with Wartensleben at

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and divided Colaud's rebellious units among the other divisions. Jourdan marched south with 30,000 men of the infantry divisions of Simon,

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Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.

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Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.

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but was repulsed. In the struggle, Bonnaud was badly wounded and died six months later. Meanwhile, Charles made his main effort against

2648:, ruined the French offensive; the French lost any chance of reuniting their front; both Moreau and Jourdan had to withdraw to the west. 323: 1787:

The bulk of the northern Army (Sambre and Meuse) attempted to blockade the city of Mainz, at the juncture of the Rhine and Main rivers.

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Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgegeben.

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10 September, Marceau reinforced the Army of Sambre and Meuse with 12,000 troops that had been blockading the east side of Mainz.

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wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. Systems of

2924: 2297:, he moved north to unite with Wartensleben. With 25,000 of his best troops, Charles crossed to the north bank of the Danube at 2032: 4013:

Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre,

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polities; despite their lack of experience and training, they held the bridgehead for several hours before retreating toward

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and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of

639:. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the 3877: 3668:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle.

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The Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 Habsburg and Imperial troops. The 20,000-man right wing, first under

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The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

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After the early clashes the French withdrew, splitting their force. Jourdan moved westward to secure the bridgehead at

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formed the Army of the Sambre and Meuse, on 29 June 1794. The remaining units of the former Army of the Center and the

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Conquering the Natural Frontier: French Expansion to the Rhine River During the War of the First Coalition, 1792-1797

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The French and the Bavarians negotiated an agreement by which t 9,000 men guarding the fortress surrendered the city.

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Although initially successful in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793, the French army lost some effectiveness during the

2843: 2576: 1726: 1562: 818: 635:); it cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed, and moves in torrents in such places as the former rapids at 558: 554: 445: 338: 213: 174: 99: 2918: 2317:

with a division to pursue Bernadotte, the Archduke thrust north at Jourdan's right flank. The French fell back to

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which concluded the War of the First Coalition on 18 October 1797. The peace treaty was to be followed up by the

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On the same day as the battle at Amberg, the French army, which was advancing eastward on the south side of the

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A skirmish north of the Taunus hills near Limburg on the Lahn; continued French withdrawal toward Düsseldorf.

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The Habsburg's contingent had been stranded in the fortress since 9 June by portions of Jourdan's rearguard.

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The Rhine looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to

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The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in

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Once Archduke Charles defeated Jourdan's army at Würzburg, Moreau had to withdraw his force from Mainz.

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and Jourdan, who had expected Moreau to keep Charles occupied in the south, found himself outnumbered.

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Militär-Conversations-Lexikon:Kehl (Uberfall 1796) & (Belagerung des Bruckenkopfes von 1796–1797)

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History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons

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Relation de l'assassinat de M. Théobald Dillon, Maréchal-de-Camp, Commis à Lille, le 29 avril 1792.

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All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith, pp. 111–132.

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All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 111–132.

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All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 111–132.

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All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 105–122.

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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The problems of command became more acute following the 1793 introduction of mass conscription (

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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in the winter of 1794–1795. French and Coalition military strategy subsequently focused on the

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Grundsätze der Strategie: Erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzugs von 1796 in Deutschland

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and Jean-Baptiste Kléber: 22 January – 28 February 1796 and 31 July – 7 August 1796

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united initially on 29 November 1794 and formally on 20 April 1795, under command of General

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volunteer battalions, who were poorly trained and equipped, with no uniform other than a red

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Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich

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Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006, pp. 5–19.

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fought side by side with volunteers. Recruits, urged on by revolutionary fervor from the

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while the other divisions retired behind the Sieg river. Jourdan handed over command to

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Helmut Volk, "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."

3000:. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library. p. 244. 2950: 2644:

Unfortunately for Moreau, Jourdan's drubbing at Amberg, followed by a second defeat at

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command over both Austrian armies in the Rhineland and ordered him to hold his ground.

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Despite the French initiative, they were unable to exploit their numerical superiority.

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Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper,

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on 7 August. Despite this success, though, the two French armies remained separated.

2048: 1600: 1474: 1623:, the French withdrew northwards, eventually abandoning the east bank of the Rhine. 549: 142: 4192: 3938: 2736: 2580: 2540: 2330:

where Bernadotte joined him on 28 August. Hotze and his Habsburg troops reoccupied

2063: 2012: 1596: 1175: 1055: 1012: 992: 776: 688: 624: 553:

continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution, and on 20 April 1792 the

518:

in France as an internal matter between the French king and his subjects. In 1790,

128: 3305:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.

2935: 3934: 3795: 3741: 3729:

Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1914.

3526:

The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power.

3521: 3214: 3172:

Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1914,

3122:

The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power,

3117: 3100: 2528: 2331: 2116: 2036: 1294: 1185: 902: 680: 648: 351: 4161:

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3635:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006.

721:

called the Holy Roman Empire. The number of territories in the Empire included

2564: 2501: 2298: 2000: 1689:

Garrison was freed on the condition that it not fight the French for one year.

1604: 1427: 866: 837: 676: 640: 628: 615:

The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the

2120: 1007:

units, who were less well-trained or equipped, with blue uniforms, and the

768: 695:

in the mountains, and became rivulets through the flood plain to the river.

659: 620: 534:

and her children, alarmed him. In August 1791, in consultation with French

2959:

26 February – 18 September 1797 temporary command/armistice in effect

892: 4095: 3986: 3887: 3790: 3763:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

3691: 3670:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933)

3588: 3569: 3097:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

2715:

On 16–18 September Charles defeated the Army of Sambre & Meuse in the

1599:. On 8 September 1795, Jourdan's northern army crossed the Rhine north of 4235: 4218: 4073: 4039: 4003: 3608: 3533: 1977: 1832: 1615: 1506: 1058:'s division of 3,296 men remained at the Luxembourg fortress and General 748: 668: 476: 46: 4204: 4170: 4140: 4059: 4020: 3950: 3929: 3901: 3872: 3853: 3780:"Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." 3770: 987:

Soldiers of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse, from an 1870s illustration

877:

armies; the cavalry in particular suffered from their departure and the

873:

for several years. Many of the old officer class had emigrated, forming

505: 4187: 2720: 2442: 2294: 2197: 2099: 2003:

River, observing the French bridgehead at Düsseldorf. The garrisons of

664: 743:, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Rule varied: they included 3601:

Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution.

2976:

31 July – 3 August 1797 and 19 September – 20 October 1797

2595:, on 22 September. Charles left 32,000 to 36,000 troops commanded by 2493: 2318: 2083: 2079: 911: 906: 652: 3958:

Ebert, Jens-Florian "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg,"

3155:

Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution

2250:

The French surprised a weak Austrian garrison and captured the town.

2227:

Jourdan's southernmost flank encountered Imperial and Hessian troops

4148:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

2838:, which was followed by five months of negotiation, leading to the 448:. Its maximum paper strength (in 1794) was approximately 120,000. 3800:

German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871

3105:

German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871

2834:

army threatening Vienna, Austria and France agreed to terms of an

2040: 1147: 982: 708: 684: 610: 593: 504: 4197:

Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813.

3217:, The Napoleonic Wars Data Book, London: Greenhill, 1966. p. 101. 3882:. London: FC and J Rivington. 1813. Accessed 4 November 2014. 2588: 672: 472: 1836: 1510: 841:: several of the highest ranking generals, including the aged 146: 1391:

6th, 8th, 10, and 13th Cavalry Regiments (four squadrons each)

3894:

Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of Napoleon Bonaparte.

2784:

Moreau to move south to the remaining bridgehead at Huningen.

2719:. Kray assaulted Grenier's troops on the French left wing at 2058:

Two French armies opposed the Imperial and Coalition troops.

1612:

François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

4106:. Napoleon Series.org, April 2005. Accessed 21 January 2015. 4087:

Tableaux historiques et topographiques ou relation exacte...

3497:

Volume II From 1793–1799, Columbia University Press, 1964,

1255:

53rd, 87th, 66th and 116th Demi brigades (3 battalions each)

2070:

had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. The

1610:

Threatened by Jourdan's incursion, the Habsburg commander,

995:, mixed the men of the old army with the recruits from the 811:

were in a state of disruption; experienced soldiers of the

3715:

Siege of Huningue, 26 October 1796 – 19 February 1797

3996:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

2383:, Charles brushed aside one of Jourdan's divisions under 2200:

on the Rhine and Kleber moved to the entrenched camp at

2078:

commanded the furthest right wing, northward, along the

584:

in Flanders collapsed and the French armies overran the

576:. The various elements of the army won a victory at the 3124:

Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, chapter 1.

2496:, managed to catch an isolated Austrian infantry unit, 3924:

Wakefield, EP Pub., 1977 (reprint of 1895 edition).

3340:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154. 3289:

Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287; Blanning, pp. 41–59.

3020:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 41–59. 2469:

and wounded, plus 800 captured out of 34,000 engaged.

1230:

North bank of Main, by streams of Wicker and Weilbach

771:). Some states included non-contiguous pieces, the 3908:

Napoleon in Italy: The Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799.

2864: 110: 105: 95: 85: 68: 54: 34: 3174:Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007, pp. 70–74. 4254:Military units and formations established in 1794 4228:German Armies: War and German Politics 1648–1806. 3234:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15. 1999:, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 1066:Hochheim am Main (Zeilsheim and Niederliederbach) 436:. It was formed on 29 June 1794 by combining the 4011:Lievyns, A., Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, 3892:La Bédoyère, Charles Angélique François Huchet, 3722:. History of war.org. Accessed 18 November 2014. 3561:Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland 2326:retreated first to Sulzbach and then behind the 2039:. The original Austrian strategy was to capture 1993:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 1490:four composite battalions of unknown composition 901:Military planners in Paris understood that the 619:. The 80 mi (130 km) stretch between 3864:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2506:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour 2086:, and with its left wing extended west toward 3558:Charles, Archduke of Austria (unattributed). 3528:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. 3043: 3041: 3039: 2128:Early Rhine Campaign, Spring and Summer 1796 1848: 1522: 1432:1st, 9th, 21st, 26th and 178th Demi brigades 825:learned when his troops lynched him in 1792. 651:bordered by the Black Forest on the east and 158: 8: 2023:on the west bank, while the left wing under 725:. Their size and influence varied, from the 3414: 3412: 3410: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3260: 3258: 2892:: 21 December 1794 – 28 February 1795 1383:Louis-Auguste Juvénal des Ursins d'Harville 905:, the south-western German territories and 514:Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the 4151:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 4116:Band 3. Leipzig, 1839, pp. 495–496. 3910:Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. 3802:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. 3653:Vol. II, Columbia University Press, 1964. 3009: 3007: 2861: 1855: 1841: 1833: 1529: 1515: 1507: 1095:8th, 90th and 119th Demi-brigades de Ligne 165: 151: 143: 3545:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 3242: 3240: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3107:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. 3079:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 2912:23 September 1796 – 23 January 1797 2826:Reformation as the Army of Germany (1797) 1121:Jacques Louis François Delaistre de Tilly 1062:'s division of 3,471 remained in Aachen. 747:of different sizes, such as the powerful 3731:Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007. 2601: 2558:and Wartensleben, the Austrians won the 2556:Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein 2336: 2125: 2019:, this force anchored its right wing in 1625: 891: 643:, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ( 4114:Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon, 3961:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 3879:The Annual Register: World Events 1796. 2988: 2908:Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville 2593:Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville 1360:2nd Hussars and 3rd Chasseurs de Chaval 463:'s Army of the Sambre et Meuse and the 31: 4028:Lühe, Hans Eggert Willibald von der. 3686:Imprimerie de Mignaret (4 May 1792). 530:; by 1791, the danger to his sister, 27:French revolutionary army (1794–1797) 7: 3945:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975. 2886:2 July 1794 – 23 September 1796 2731:. Though not threatened, that night 2303:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf 2288:Losing the initiative in late summer 2112:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers 1414:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers 1353:71st, 111th and 123rd Demi brigades 1299:59th, 132nd and 181st Demi brigades 1291:Claude Juste Alexandre Louis Legrand 1098:1st, 6th and 9th Chasseurs de Cheval 1027:, the entirety of the Armies of the 4264:Armées of the French First Republic 4015:Bureau de l'administration, 1844. 3920:Dunn-Pattison, Richard Phillipson. 3783:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 3061:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 2035:guarded the Rhine from Mannheim to 1714:The Habsburg cavalry, commanded by 1483:34th, 112th and 175th Demi brigade 3992:Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch 3748:New York: Greenhill Press, 1996. 2301:. On 22 August 1796, Charles and 1139:23rd, 27th and 72nd Demi brigades 1092:10th and 13th Demi-brigades Legere 1019:. In 1794, the right flank of the 960: 946: 735:, Neuenburg and Hohenzollern, the 25: 4034:, Volume 4. C. Brüggemann, 1834. 3867:. London: Clarendon Press, 1916. 3848:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1847. 3699:Battle of Hochst, 11 October 1795 3651:The French Revolution, 1793–1799, 3249:Battle of Hochst, 11 October 1795 1479:Charles Jean Theodore Schoenmezel 883:15éme Cavalerie (Royal Allemande) 557:declared war on Austria. In this 58:29 June 1794 - 29 September 1797 3981:Leipzig, J. F. Gleditsch, 1889. 3966:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch 3158:, R. Chapelot, 1905, pp. 55, 62. 2964: 2949: 2934: 2925:Jean Etienne Vachier Championnet 2917: 2900: 2876: 991:The basic unit of the army, the 959: 945: 931: 924: 73: 40: 4199:New York: Vintage Books, 1998. 4182:, np: C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842. 4132:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 1770:20 September – 13 October 432:) was one of the armies of the 4103:Austrian infantry organization 3577:Charles, Archduke of Austria, 3543:The French Revolutionary Wars. 3336:Charles, Archduke of Austria. 2445:instead of from further south. 2076:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 1306:1st and 12th Dragoon Regiments 1204:112th and 172nd Demi brigades 1198:110th and 173rd Demi brigades 1131:Bernard Étienne Marie Duvignau 457:co-ordinated offensive in 1796 49:of a French Revolutionary Army 1: 4269:1794 establishments in France 4135:. London: A. J. Valpy, 1814. 4068:New York: Arcade Pub., 2002. 3785:, Band 10, pp. 159–167. 3323:Dodge, p. 286; Smith, p. 111. 3018:The French Revolutionary Wars 2733:Jean Castelbert de Castelverd 2573:Jean Castelbert de Castelverd 2072:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 2033:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 932: 465:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 453:inconclusive campaign in 1795 402:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 4180:General History of the World 3819:. Oxford Univ. Press, 2012. 2996:Hayworth, Jordan R. (2015). 2747:Blockade of Ehrenbreitstein 2315:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 2090:. The far right wing under. 2066:. On the army's left flank, 2017:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 1628:Middle Rhine Campaign, 1795 1442:31st Gendarmes (1 battalion) 1343:Gabriel Barbou des Courières 3252:, Accessed 8 February 2014. 2848:War of the Second Coalition 2110:on 16 July. Leaving behind 1676:Capitulation of Düsseldorf 1135:Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge 1088:Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul 1071:Divisional position unnamed 467:commanded by his superior, 4285: 4213:York (UK): Methuen, 1954. 3746:Napoleonic Wars Data Book, 2944:1 – 25 February 1797 2929:24 – 31 January 1797 2816: 2523:Collapse in September 1796 2513: 2278: 1826: 1813: 807:By 1792 the armies of the 795: 702: 608: 559:War of the First Coalition 555:French National Convention 498: 444:and the right wing of the 176:War of the First Coalition 100:War of the First Coalition 4230:London: UCL Press, 1997. 4165:, 37:1 (Feb. 1973), 1–5. 4145:Rogers, Clifford, et al. 3583:. Vienna, Strauss, 1819. 2941:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 2870: 2867: 2426:Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz 2381:Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz 1874: 1548: 798:French Revolutionary Army 501:French Revolutionary Wars 382:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 189: 90:French Revolutionary Army 39: 3620:US: Leonaur Ltd., 2011. 2972:François Joseph Lefebvre 2701:Limburg and Altenkirchen 2545:Jacques Philippe Bonnaud 2537:Jean Étienne Championnet 2527:As Jourdan fell back to 2388:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 2009:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress 1997:Wilhelm von Wartensleben 1439:11th Chasseurs de Chaval 1424:Gilbert Bandy de Nalèche 1281:Jean Étienne Championnet 1247:Jean-Baptiste Schlachter 1211:19th Chasseurs de Chaval 1153:12th Chasseurs de Chaval 1052:François Joseph Lefebvre 761:Archbishopric of Cologne 723:more than 1,000 entities 671:made access reliable at 469:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 429:Armée de Sambre-et-Meuse 420:Army of Sambre and Meuse 133:François Joseph Lefebvre 35:Army of Sambre and Meuse 4211:Castles and Fortresses. 3614:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault 3520:Bertaud, Jean Paul and 2552:Johann Sigismund Riesch 1465:Claude-Sylvestre Colaud 1376:Langenhain and Marxheim 1114:Herdenheim and Helsheim 859:Antoine Nicolas Collier 819:special representatives 655:mountains on the west. 544:Declaration of Pillnitz 455:, the French planned a 440:, the left wing of the 18:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse 4259:Field armies of France 4066:Napoleon: A Biography. 3726:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 3495:The French Revolution, 3283:Theodore Ayrault Dodge 3063:, Band 10, S. 159–167. 2888:Subordinate Commands: 2883:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 2656:End of Mainz blockade 2604:August–September 1796 1866:Rhine campaign of 1796 1829:Rhine Campaign of 1796 1540:Rhine campaign of 1795 1407:Ehrenbreitstein castle 1048:Fortress of Luxembourg 988: 898: 714: 542:of Prussia, Leopold's 522:succeeded his brother 511: 427: 397:Rhine campaign of 1796 392:Rhine campaign of 1795 357:Mediterranean campaign 4082:Mechel, Christian von 3896:nl, G. Virtue, 1828. 3705:Battle of Emmendingen 3664:Phipps, Ramsey Weston 3501:. Smith, pp. 131–133. 3232:d'infanterie de ligne 3186:Clerget, pp. 55, 62. 3168:Gunther E. Rothenberg 2890:Jacques Maurice Hatry 2840:Peace of Campo Formio 1493:2nd and 14th Dragoons 1274:Plateau west of Mainz 1258:7th and 11th Dragoons 1084:Jean-Baptiste Jacopin 1041:Jean-Charles Pichegru 986: 895: 851:Adam Philippe Custine 847:Jean Nicolas Houchard 792:Purpose and formation 712: 508: 461:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 117:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 80:French First Republic 4224:Wilson, Peter Hamish 3975:Ersch, Johann Samuel 3943:The Age of Napoleon. 3922:Napoleon's Marshals. 3832:Additional resources 3481:Phipps, pp. 360–364. 3463:Phipps, p. 366, 420. 3454:Phipps, pp. 353–354. 3427:Phipps, pp. 348–349. 3395:Phipps, pp. 328–329. 3299:Ramsay Weston Phipps 3226:The French Army had 2809:Biberach an der Riss 2307:Altdorf bei Nürnberg 2180:Wetzlar and Uckerath 2068:Jean Baptiste Kléber 2029:Michael von Fröhlich 1473:Generals of Brigade 1463:General of Division 1422:Generals of Brigade 1412:General of Division 1381:General of Division 1337:Generals of Brigade 1327:General of Division 1289:Generals of Brigade 1279:General of Division 1245:Generals of Brigade 1235:General of Division 1190:Jean-Baptiste Olivié 1184:Generals of Brigade 1174:General of Division 1119:General of Division 1078:Generals of Brigade 1021:Armies of the Center 975:class=notpageimage| 863:Francisco de Miranda 745:free imperial cities 741:Duchy of Württemberg 737:Margraviate of Baden 600:Geopolitical terrain 586:Austrian Netherlands 540:Frederick William II 438:Army of the Ardennes 3998:London: (np) 1797. 3631:Knepper, Thomas P. 3603:R. Chapelot, 1905. 3404:Smith, pp. 120–121. 3314:Dodge, pp. 286–287. 3264:Smith, pp. 105–106. 3228:d'infanterie légère 3047:Knepper, pp. 19–20. 2983:Citations and notes 2844:Congress of Rastatt 2606: 2341: 2130: 1995:, then later under 1924:Friedberg (Bavaria) 1630: 1487:(3 battalions each) 1436:(3 battalions each) 1357:(3 battalions each) 1322:Biebrich and Kastel 1303:(3 battalions each) 1208:(3 battalions each) 1143:(3 battalions each) 1129:General of Brigade 1080:Jean François Leval 1025:Army of the Moselle 1023:, later called the 885:regiments defected 865:'s failure to take 803:Military challenges 574:siege of Luxembourg 442:Army of the Moselle 377:East Indies Theatre 367:War of the Pyrenees 60:(units merged into 4054:. A. Black, 1831. 4045:Malte-Brun, Conrad 2602: 2587:Poncet crossed at 2560:Battle of Würzburg 2478:Friedberg, Bavaria 2337: 2126: 2060:Jean Victor Moreau 2045:Napoleon Bonaparte 1986:French Republicans 1984:Coalition and the 1626: 1347:21st Demi-brigade 1251:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 1194:Christophe Ossvald 989: 918:Original formation 903:upper Rhine Valley 899: 757:Abbey of Reichenau 751:and the minuscule 715: 627:and Basel, is the 526:as emperor of the 512: 4176:Rotteck, Carl von 4157:978-0-1953-3403-6 4122:978-3-8985-3546-5 4100:Millar, Stephen. 3906:Cuccia, Phillip. 3839:Alison, Archibald 3825:978-0-1996-9307-8 3759:Vann, James Allen 3754:978-1-8536-7276-7 3737:978-1-9086-9225-2 3659:978-0-6911-6846-3 3647:Lefebvre, Georges 3626:978-0-8570-6598-8 3551:978-0-3405-6911-5 3539:Blanning, Timothy 2980: 2979: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2785: 2761: 2740: 2717:Battle of Limburg 2693: 2670: 2649: 2597:Franz von Werneck 2577:Army of the North 2569:Jacques MacDonald 2520: 2519: 2516: 2509: 2470: 2446: 2418: 2391: 2339:High Summer 1796 2285: 2284: 2281: 2274: 2251: 2228: 2205: 2172: 2108:Frankfurt am Main 1972: 1971: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1809: 1788: 1773:Blockade of Mainz 1765: 1742: 1719: 1716:Johann von Klenau 1690: 1669: 1591: 1590: 1037:Army of the Rhine 1017:cockade of France 759:and the powerful 705:Holy Roman Empire 578:Battle of Fleurus 528:Holy Roman Empire 446:Army of the North 434:French Revolution 415: 414: 407:Anglo-Spanish War 387:Atlantic campaign 372:Italian campaigns 362:War in the Vendée 347:Flanders campaign 138: 137: 125:Jean Marie Moreau 16:(Redirected from 4276: 4163:Military Affairs 4127:Philippart, John 4111: 4090:. Basel, 1798. 4080: 4027: 4010: 3973: 3957: 3777: 3682: 3597:Clerget, Charles 3595: 3576: 3564:. France, 1796. 3557: 3502: 3491:Georges Lefebvre 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3332:Dodge, p. 290. 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3165: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3093:James Allen Vann 3090: 3084: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3014:Timothy Blanning 3011: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2968: 2953: 2938: 2921: 2904: 2880: 2862: 2817: 2806: 2782: 2759: 2714: 2698:16–18 September 2691: 2668: 2643: 2607: 2514: 2491: 2467: 2439: 2412: 2378: 2342: 2323:Battle of Amberg 2279: 2272: 2259:Friedberg, Hesse 2249: 2226: 2195: 2189:not all engaged 2169: 2131: 2053:Archduke Charles 1869: 1867: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1834: 1823:Campaign of 1796 1814: 1807: 1786: 1763: 1740: 1713: 1688: 1667: 1631: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1508: 1503:Campaign of 1795 1449:Total 11,240 men 1313:total: 9,816 men 1265:Total: 9,384 men 1221:Total 11,150 men 1169:Weilbach am Main 1160:Total: 9,861 men 1105:Total 12,618 men 1001:tarleton helmets 963: 962: 949: 948: 935: 934: 928: 879:Hussards du Saxe 782:Imperial Circles 769:patchwork carpet 691:, creating deep 532:Marie Antoinette 481:Archduke Charles 184: 177: 167: 160: 153: 144: 78: 77: 76: 44: 32: 21: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4209:Sellman, R. R. 4109: 4078: 4064:McLynn, Frank. 4025: 4008: 3971: 3955: 3834: 3829: 3813:Whaley, Joachim 3775: 3680: 3593: 3574: 3555: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3367: 3363:Phipps, p. 302. 3362: 3358: 3353: 3344: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3245: 3238: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3150:Charles Clerget 3146: 3145: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3091: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3005: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2887: 2860: 2852:Army of Germany 2828: 2791: 2767: 2746: 2699: 2676: 2655: 2628: 2525: 2476: 2452: 2424: 2397: 2363: 2290: 2257: 2234: 2211: 2188: 2178: 2159: 2158:27,000 infantry 2152: 2015:. Commanded by 1973: 1968: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1831: 1825: 1794: 1771: 1748: 1725: 1703: 1702:12,000 infantry 1696: 1675: 1652: 1592: 1587: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1505: 1496:Total 8,911 men 1460: 1409: 1398:Total 1,593 men 1378: 1339:Charles Daurier 1324: 1276: 1232: 1171: 1116: 1068: 997:levee en masse. 981: 980: 979: 977: 971: 970: 969: 968: 964: 956: 955: 954: 950: 942: 941: 940: 936: 920: 871:La Force Prison 861:, were killed. 843:Nicolas Luckner 823:Théobald Dillon 809:French Republic 805: 800: 794: 707: 701: 613: 607: 602: 582:First Coalition 566:Reign of Terror 516:1789 revolution 503: 497: 489:Army of Germany 416: 411: 343: 185: 175: 173: 171: 141: 131: 127: 123: 119: 112: 74: 72: 62:Army of Germany 59: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4221: 4207: 4190: 4173: 4159: 4143: 4124: 4107: 4098: 4076: 4062: 4042: 4023: 4006: 3989: 3969: 3953: 3932: 3918: 3904: 3890: 3875: 3859:Bodart, Gaston 3856: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3810: 3793: 3778:Volk, Helmut. 3773: 3756: 3739: 3723: 3694: 3678: 3661: 3644: 3629: 3611: 3591: 3572: 3553: 3536: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3483: 3474: 3472:Smith, p. 124. 3465: 3456: 3447: 3445:Smith, p. 122. 3438: 3429: 3420: 3418:Dodge, p. 298. 3406: 3397: 3388: 3386:Smith. p. 120. 3379: 3377:Dodge, p. 297. 3365: 3356: 3354:Dodge, p. 296. 3342: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3291: 3275: 3273:Smith, p. 105. 3266: 3254: 3236: 3219: 3188: 3176: 3160: 3126: 3109: 3085: 3081:pp. 17–20 3073:Joachim Whaley 3065: 3049: 3035: 3022: 3003: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2884: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610:Date Location 2575:from the idle 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345:Date Location 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217:unknown force 2215: 2207: 2206: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160:3,000 cavalry 2156: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134:Date Location 2096:Swabian Circle 2021:Kaiserslautern 2005:Mainz Fortress 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1827:Main article: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1724:11–12 October 1721: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704:1,500 cavalry 1700: 1698:Handschuhsheim 1692: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634:Date Location 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1558:Handschuhsheim 1555: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1481: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1430: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1345: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1297: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1196: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150:(3 battalions) 1144: 1137: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1060:Antoine Morlot 1005:national guard 973: 972: 966: 965: 958: 957: 952: 951: 944: 943: 938: 937: 930: 929: 923: 922: 921: 919: 916: 869:landed him in 831:levée en masse 804: 801: 793: 790: 765:Flickenteppich 753:Weil der Stadt 719:central Europe 703:Main article: 700: 697: 609:Main article: 606: 603: 601: 598: 590:Dutch Republic 570:Dutch Republic 510:(Niederrhein). 496: 493: 413: 412: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 187: 186: 172: 170: 169: 162: 155: 147: 139: 136: 135: 121:Pierre de Ruel 114: 108: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 70: 66: 65: 56: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4281: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Schama, Simon 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3916:9780806144450 3913: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3696:Rickard, J. 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3676:9781908692252 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641:9783540293934 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2956:Lazare Hoche 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2766:18 September 2765: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2385:Major General 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328:Regnitz river 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311:Pegnitz River 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2049:Aulic Council 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Anton Sztáray 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1750:Niedernhausen 1746: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695:24 September 1694: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1651:20 September 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475:Louis Bastoul 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 985: 976: 927: 917: 915: 913: 908: 904: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:Arthur Dillon 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 833: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 815: 814:Ancien Régime 810: 802: 799: 791: 789: 787: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 711: 706: 698: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 656: 654: 650: 647:), part of a 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Swiss Cantons 612: 604: 599: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 551: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 507: 502: 494: 492: 490: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430: 425: 421: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 188: 182: 178: 168: 163: 161: 156: 154: 149: 148: 145: 140:Military unit 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 109: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 71: 67: 63: 57: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4241: 4227: 4210: 4196: 4179: 4162: 4147: 4131: 4113: 4112:"Pichegru." 4102: 4086: 4065: 4049: 4030: 4012: 3995: 3978: 3959: 3942: 3939:Ariel Durant 3935:Durant, Will 3921: 3907: 3893: 3878: 3863: 3843: 3816: 3799: 3796:Walker, Mack 3782: 3762: 3745: 3742:Smith, Digby 3728: 3714: 3704: 3698: 3683: 3667: 3650: 3632: 3617: 3600: 3579: 3560: 3542: 3525: 3514:Bibliography 3494: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3359: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3286: 3278: 3269: 3248: 3246:J. Rickard, 3231: 3227: 3222: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3154: 3121: 3112: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3030: 3025: 3017: 2997: 2991: 2893: 2829: 2745:17 September 2737:Altenkirchen 2725:André Poncet 2654:7 September 2603: 2585: 2581:Philippsburg 2549: 2541:Paul Grenier 2526: 2497: 2338: 2291: 2127: 2104: 2092: 2064:Sankt Wendel 2057: 1990: 1974: 1879:Altenkirchen 1674:21 September 1627: 1609: 1593: 1583:2nd Mannheim 1578:Pfeddersheim 1568:1st Mannheim 1484: 1433: 1367:Total: 8,223 1354: 1348: 1300: 1237:André Poncet 1205: 1199: 1176:Paul Grenier 1140: 1056:Louis Friant 1045: 1013:phrygian cap 1008: 996: 993:demi-brigade 990: 900: 897:Netherlands. 886: 882: 878: 835: 829: 827: 812: 806: 786:Reichskreise 785: 777:Hohenzollern 775:domains and 764: 728:Kleinstaaten 726: 716: 689:Black Forest 657: 644: 632: 625:Schaffhausen 614: 563: 548: 535: 513: 485: 450: 428: 419: 417: 299:Newfoundland 264:Altenkirchen 129:Lazare Hoche 29: 4110:(in German) 4079:(in French) 4026:(in German) 4009:(in French) 3972:(in German) 3956:(in German) 3776:(in German) 3681:(in French) 3594:(in French) 3575:(in German) 3556:(in German) 3522:R.R. Palmer 3499:pp. 199–201 3334:(in German) 3215:Digby Smith 3184:(in French) 3147:(in French) 3118:R.R. Palmer 3101:Mack Walker 3057:(in German) 2769:Second Kehl 2675:9 September 2627:3 September 2533:Henri Simon 2529:Schweinfurt 2088:Saarbrücken 2082:River near 2037:Switzerland 1949:Emmendingen 1793:15 October 1295:Louis Klein 1214:4th Hussars 1186:Henri Simon 1146:Guard Unit 1054:. General 1003:, with the 733:Fürstenberg 649:rift valley 645:Rheingraben 538:nobles and 352:Chouannerie 96:Engagements 4248:Categories 3846:, Volume 3 3808:0801406706 3633:The Rhine. 3031:The Rhine, 2858:Commanders 2832:Napoleon's 2779:Stalemate 2622:Operation 2616:Coalition 2565:Jean Hardy 2502:Ingolstadt 2475:24 August 2423:22 August 2396:17 August 2362:11 August 2357:Operation 2351:Coalition 2313:. Leaving 2299:Regensburg 2202:Düsseldorf 2192:Coalition 2146:Operation 2140:Coalition 2013:Nahe River 1978:Sardinians 1954:Schliengen 1914:Theiningen 1795:Steinbach 1747:13 October 1646:Operation 1640:Coalition 1605:Lahn River 1601:Düsseldorf 1597:Main River 1553:Luxembourg 1458:Dusseldorf 1428:Jean Hardy 1329:Bernadotte 967:Luxembourg 953:Dusseldorf 867:Maastricht 838:guillotine 796:See also: 677:Strasbourg 641:Rhine knee 637:Laufenburg 629:High Rhine 499:See also: 495:Background 254:Den Helder 249:Guadeloupe 244:Martinique 214:Thionville 194:Porrentruy 113:commanders 106:Commanders 4096:715971198 3987:978611925 3888:264471215 3791:939802377 3720:Ettlingen 3710:Ettlingen 3692:560845873 3589:444880753 3570:693115692 3524:(trans). 3120:(trans). 2836:armistice 2790:2 October 2756:Habsburg 2711:Habsburg 2688:Habsburg 2678:Wiesbaden 2665:Habsburg 2640:Habsburg 2543:and with 2464:Coalition 2451:24 August 2436:Habsburg 2365:Neresheim 2121:Forchheim 1909:Neresheim 1904:Ettlingen 1783:Habsburg 1760:Habsburg 1737:Habsburg 1710:Habsburg 1349:de Legere 679:, and at 669:causeways 660:Iffezheim 633:Hochrhein 621:Rheinfall 605:Geography 451:After an 339:Diersheim 329:Fishguard 289:Neresheim 199:Quiévrain 4236:52081917 4219:12261230 4074:49351026 4040:63336793 4004:44868000 3609:13730761 3534:17954374 2793:Biberach 2750:unknown 2646:Würzburg 2630:Würzburg 2498:Schröder 2433:unknown 2430:unknown 2415:Sulzbach 2399:Sulzbach 2332:Nürnberg 2256:10 July 2210:21 July 2177:15 June 2171:wounded. 2151:15 June 2117:Würzburg 1982:Habsburg 1964:3rd Kehl 1959:Hüningen 1944:Biberach 1939:2nd Kehl 1929:Würzburg 1894:1st Kehl 1798:unknown 1654:Mannheim 1616:Mannheim 1485:de Ligne 1434:de Ligne 1355:de Ligne 1301:de Ligne 1206:de Ligne 1200:de Ligne 1141:de Ligne 1033:Ardennes 1031:and the 887:en masse 881:and the 773:Habsburg 749:Augsburg 699:Politics 681:Hüningen 665:viaducts 588:and the 572:and the 477:Huningen 319:Biberach 314:2nd Kehl 304:Würzburg 279:1st Kehl 274:Kircheib 259:Siegburg 239:Sardinia 234:Jemappes 204:Marquain 47:Fusilier 4205:2331328 4171:4585332 4141:8721194 4060:1171138 4021:3903245 3951:1256901 3930:3438894 3902:5207764 3873:1458451 3854:6051293 3771:2276157 3509:Sources 2721:Giessen 2708:20,000 2705:45,000 2685:12,000 2682:15,000 2662:50,000 2659:36,000 2637:30,000 2634:30,000 2619:Victor 2613:French 2488:French 2485:35,500 2482:59,000 2443:Bohemia 2409:French 2403:25,000 2375:French 2372:43,000 2369:47,000 2354:Victor 2348:French 2309:to the 2295:Bohemia 2269:French 2263:30,000 2246:French 2240:20,000 2236:Giessen 2233:8 July 2223:French 2213:Neuwied 2198:Neuwied 2184:11,000 2166:French 2163:11,000 2154:Maudach 2143:Victor 2137:French 2100:Rastatt 1934:Limburg 1899:Rastatt 1889:Wetzlar 1884:Maudach 1804:French 1780:19,000 1777:30,000 1731:10,000 1685:French 1679:12,600 1664:French 1658:30,000 1643:Victor 1637:French 1192:, and 836:Madame 693:defiles 550:émigrés 520:Leopold 334:Neuwied 324:Ireland 309:Limburg 269:Wetzlar 111:Notable 69:Country 4234: 4217: 4203: 4188:653511 4186: 4169: 4155: 4139: 4120: 4094: 4072: 4058: 4038: 4019: 4002: 3985: 3949: 3928: 3914: 3900: 3886: 3871: 3852: 3823: 3806: 3789: 3769: 3752: 3735: 3690: 3674: 3657: 3639: 3624: 3607: 3587: 3568: 3549: 3532: 2871:Dates 2865:Image 2803:French 2800:15,000 2797:35,000 2776:5,000 2773:7,000 2753:2,600 2494:Danube 2461:40,000 2458:34,000 2454:Amberg 2406:8,000 2319:Amberg 2266:6,000 2243:4,500 2220:8,000 2187:36,000 2084:Landau 2080:Queich 1919:Amberg 1801:8,000 1757:8,000 1754:5,000 1734:5,500 1727:Höchst 1707:8,000 1682:2,000 1661:6,000 1621:Höchst 1563:Höchst 1015:and a 1009:fédéré 912:Vienna 907:Danube 875:émigré 739:, the 653:Vosges 536:émigré 524:Joseph 459:using 424:French 294:Amberg 284:Malsch 209:Verdun 86:Branch 55:Active 2868:Name 2051:gave 2041:Trier 1573:Mainz 1148:Yonne 1029:North 939:Mainz 685:Basel 683:, by 675:, by 623:, by 611:Rhine 594:Rhine 229:Mainz 224:Lille 219:Valmy 4232:OCLC 4215:OCLC 4201:OCLC 4184:OCLC 4167:OCLC 4153:ISBN 4137:OCLC 4118:ISBN 4092:OCLC 4070:OCLC 4056:OCLC 4036:OCLC 4017:OCLC 4000:OCLC 3983:OCLC 3947:OCLC 3937:and 3926:OCLC 3912:ISBN 3898:OCLC 3884:OCLC 3869:OCLC 3850:OCLC 3821:ISBN 3804:ISBN 3787:OCLC 3767:OCLC 3750:ISBN 3733:ISBN 3688:OCLC 3672:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3637:ISBN 3622:ISBN 3605:OCLC 3585:OCLC 3566:OCLC 3547:ISBN 3530:OCLC 2729:Diez 2589:Bonn 2571:and 2031:and 2007:and 2001:Sieg 1477:and 1426:and 1341:and 1293:and 1249:and 1133:and 1086:and 857:and 673:Kehl 667:and 475:and 473:Kehl 418:The 181:List 2807:At 2413:At 2379:At 4250:: 4226:. 4195:. 4178:. 4129:. 4084:, 4047:. 3994:. 3977:. 3941:, 3861:. 3841:. 3815:, 3798:. 3761:. 3744:. 3718:; 3712:; 3708:; 3702:, 3666:, 3649:, 3616:. 3599:. 3541:. 3493:, 3409:^ 3368:^ 3345:^ 3285:, 3257:^ 3239:^ 3191:^ 3170:, 3152:, 3129:^ 3103:. 3095:, 3075:, 3038:^ 3016:. 3006:^ 2854:. 2554:, 2539:, 2504:, 2027:, 1188:, 1082:, 914:. 853:, 849:, 845:, 491:. 426:: 4052:. 3963:. 3643:. 3628:. 3301:, 3083:. 1856:e 1849:t 1842:v 1530:e 1523:t 1516:v 784:( 767:( 631:( 422:( 183:) 179:( 166:e 159:t 152:v 64:) 20:)

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