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On
September 11, 2023, the Radio Club of America said that Penzias would be honored with the inauguration of the "Dr. Arno A. Penzias Award for Contributions to Basic Research in the Radio Sciences." The club said the award recognizes his significant contributions to basic research involving
1080:, who suggested it might be the background radiation predicted by some cosmological theories. The pair agreed with Dicke to publish side-by-side letters in the Astrophysical Journal, with Penzias and Wilson describing their observations and Dicke suggesting the interpretation as the
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1068:, so they assumed their instrument was subject to interference by terrestrial sources. They tried, and then rejected, the hypothesis that the radio noise emanated from New York City. An examination of the microwave
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981:, Germany, the son of Justine (née Eisenreich) and Karl Penzias, who ran a leather business. His grandparents had come to Munich from Poland and were among the leaders of the Reichenbachstrasse
1128:
executive Sherry Levit. He had a son, David, and two daughters, Mindy
Penzias Dirks, and Rabbi Shifra (Laurie) Weiss-Penzias. Penzias also had a stepson, Carson, and a stepdaughter, Victoria.
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and related subjects and that it would inspire future generations of scientific professionals. The club also announced that the first recipient of the new award will be named in 2024.
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1016:, he changed majors and graduated 1954 with a degree in physics, ranked near the top of his class. Following graduation, Penzias served for two years as a
1972:
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1036:. Penzias enrolled as a graduate student at Columbia University in 1956, where he earned a master's degree and a PhD in physics, the latter in 1962.
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1995:"Fachgruppe Radioastronomie | Einweihung des Radioteleskops: Ein NobelpreistrÀger steht Pate und der MinisterprÀsident gibt das Startsignal"
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material". After the pair removed the dung buildup the noise remained. Having rejected all sources of interference, Penzias contacted
1155:. The two were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, sharing it with
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2019:
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A tunable maser radiometer and the measurement of 21 cm line emission from free hydrogen in the
Pegasus I cluster of galaxies
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1167:. He was also the recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. In 1998, he was awarded the
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1088:. This proved to be landmark evidence for the Big Bang and provided substantial confirmation for predictions made by
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Wilson, R. W.; Penzias, A. A. (1967). "Isotropy of Cosmic
Background Radiation at 4080 Megahertz".
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Radiation
Laboratory, which was then heavily involved in microwave physics. Penzias worked under
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On April 26, 2019, the NĂŒrnberger
Astronomische Gesellschaft e.V. (NAG) inaugurated the 3-meter
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was unrelated to
Penzias' and Wilson's. In 1979, Penzias received the Golden Plate Award of the
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receivers, intended for radio astronomy observations. In 1964, on building their most sensitive
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997:, first for the United Kingdom, and then for the United States, and the family settled in
990:
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NĂŒrnberger
Astronomische Gesellschaft e.V.: Web-Seite Arno-Penzias-Radioteleskop (german)
440:
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1994:
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at an assisted living facility in San
Francisco, on January 22, 2024, at the age of 90.
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and the
National Academy of Sciences in 1975. In 1977, Penzias and Wilson received the
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The first part of the article "Ideas" authored by Arno Penzias that was published in
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showed it was full of bat and pigeon droppings, which Penzias described as "white
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1187:
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1065:
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1052:, where, with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he worked on ultra-sensitive cryogenic
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714:
256:
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17:
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1327:
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1237:
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Penzias, Arno A. (1980). "Nuclear Processing and Isotopes in the Galaxy".
2636:
1689:
1504:"Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of the Big Bang's afterglow, dies at age 90"
1253:
Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1970). "Microwave Noise from Rainstorms".
1085:
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349:
342:
2068:
1601:"Nobel laureate Arno Penzias dies at 90; helped find traces of Big Bang"
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including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1978, "The Origin of Elements"
243:
1546:"Arno A. Penzias, 90, Dies; Nobel Physicist Confirmed Big Bang Theory"
1452:"Arno Allan Penzias (1933â2024): A visionary explorer of the Universe"
332:
978:
271:
67:
1744:
1717:
1102:
1033:
1017:
142:
132:
1410:
McMurray, Emily J.; Kosek, Jane Kelly; Valade, Roger M. (1995).
982:
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2101:
2064:
The second part of the article "Ideas" authored by Arno Penzias
1961:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1508:
146:
3965:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
938:
935:
926:
1718:"A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s"
3970:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1999:
Astronomische Gesellschaft in der Metropolregion NĂŒrnberg
993:
rescue operation. Some time later, his parents also fled
985:. At age six, he and his brother Gunther were among the
1298:
Penzias, Arno A. (1979). "The Origin of the Elements".
1012:
in 1951 and after enrolling to study chemistry at the
949:; April 26, 1933 â January 22, 2024) was an American
941:
932:
929:
3935:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3910:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
923:
3778:
3747:
3716:
3691:
3667:
3648:
3249:
2906:
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2373:
2139:
1001:, New York City in 1940. In 1946, Penzias became a
920:
300:
288:
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249:
239:
197:
189:
166:
156:
121:
91:
75:
53:
34:
1387:Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
1190:, and dedicated this instrument to Arno Penzias.
3930:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
2020:"RCA Announces 2023 Award and Fellow Recipients"
4015:United States Army personnel of the Korean War
1583:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1978
1024:. This led to a research assistantship in the
3920:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in California
3624:
2113:
989:children evacuated to Britain as part of the
892:
8:
1826:Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901â1990
3631:
3617:
3609:
2120:
2106:
2098:
2046:
1578:
1111:that brought their most notable discovery.
899:
885:
499:
373:
331:
315:
42:
31:
4020:United States Army Signal Corps personnel
1824:Schlessinger B., Bernard S. and June H.,
1743:
1124:, in the 1990s. In 1996, Penzias married
1107:Penzias and Wilson stand at the 15-meter
3980:Military personnel from New York (state)
3940:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1003:naturalized citizen of the United States
1839:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter P"
1570:
1568:
1402:
530:
502:
394:
323:
1594:
1592:
3990:People from Highland Park, New Jersey
3975:Military personnel from New York City
3900:Brooklyn Technical High School alumni
1941:from the original on October 21, 2008
1846:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1497:
1495:
1182:at the Regiomontanus-Sternwarte, the
1145:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
963:cosmic microwave background radiation
161:Cosmic microwave background radiation
7:
1716:Penzias, A.A.; Wilson, R.W. (1965).
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1445:
1443:
1412:Notable twentieth-century scientists
1143:Penzias was elected a Fellow of the
1975:from the original on March 26, 2023
1792:Horner, Shirley (October 3, 1993).
1759:Lehrer, Jonah (December 21, 2009).
1450:K. I. Kellermann (April 30, 2024).
1131:Penzias died from complications of
3945:Jewish American military personnel
3925:Deaths from dementia in California
1502:Neuman, Scott (January 24, 2024).
627:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
1935:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978"
1885:from the original on June 4, 2023
1855:from the original on May 15, 2011
1761:"The Neuroscience of Screwing up"
1665:from the original on July 7, 2010
1599:Weil, Martin (January 23, 2024).
1414:. Vol. 3, LâR. Detroit, MI:
842:Timeline of cosmological theories
607:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
4005:Scientists from New York (state)
1084:(CMB), the radio remnant of the
916:
866:
855:
854:
3905:City College of New York alumni
1685:"Nobel-prize winning accidents"
1165:American Academy of Achievement
622:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
475:Future of an expanding universe
179:
86:San Francisco, California, U.S.
1633:Brooklyn Technical High School
1392:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1010:Brooklyn Technical High School
837:History of the Big Bang theory
633:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
27:American physicist (1933â2024)
1:
1230:10.1126/science.156.3778.1100
1173:Industrial Research Institute
829:Discovery of cosmic microwave
480:Ultimate fate of the universe
1909:National Academy of Sciences
1879:National Academy of Sciences
1357:10.1126/science.208.4445.663
1320:10.1126/science.205.4406.549
1275:10.1126/science.169.3945.583
1153:National Academy of Sciences
1050:Holmdel Township, New Jersey
4010:United States Army officers
1828:, (Oryx Press, 1991) p. 203
1659:IEEE Global History Network
1082:cosmic microwave background
1044:Penzias went on to work at
597:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
4036:
3985:Nobel laureates in Physics
3950:Jewish American physicists
1120:Penzias was a resident of
965:, for which he shared the
360:Chronology of the universe
3915:Columbia University staff
3797:
1122:Highland Park, New Jersey
1032:, who later invented the
453:Expansion of the universe
310:
232:
114:United States (from 1946)
41:
3960:Kindertransport refugees
3895:American Nobel laureates
1100:in the 1940s and 1950s.
1014:City College of New York
973:Early life and education
617:Planck space observatory
403:Gravitational wave (GWB)
129:City College of New York
4000:Scientists at Bell Labs
1470:10.1073/PNAS.2405969121
1161:low-temperature physics
1058:antenna/receiver system
470:Inhomogeneous cosmology
3803:Nobel Prize recipients
3749:Physiology or Medicine
3684:(Poland/United States)
2133:Nobel Prize in Physics
1969:Academy of Achievement
1628:"Dr. Arno Penzias '51"
1585:The Origin of Elements
1112:
1022:U.S. Army Signal Corps
967:Nobel Prize in Physics
211:Nobel Prize in Physics
3738:Robert Woodrow Wilson
3682:Isaac Bashevis Singer
1723:Astrophysical Journal
1106:
959:Robert Woodrow Wilson
561:Large-scale structure
539:Shape of the universe
3890:American astronomers
2069:A Whisper From Space
1937:. Nobel Foundation.
1905:"Henry Draper Medal"
1806:on December 28, 2007
1773:on December 29, 2009
1655:"Arno Allan Penzias"
1544:(January 22, 2024).
1159:. Kapitsa's work on
1109:Holmdel Horn Antenna
977:Penzias was born in
961:, he discovered the
873:Astronomy portal
831:background radiation
808:List of cosmologists
1965:www.achievement.org
1915:on January 26, 2013
1736:1965ApJ...142..419P
1697:on December 3, 2013
1606:The Washington Post
1349:1980Sci...208..663P
1312:1979Sci...205..549P
1267:1970Sci...169..583P
1222:1967Sci...156.1100W
1216:(3778): 1100â1101.
1133:Alzheimer's disease
1026:Columbia University
573:Structure formation
465:Friedmann equations
355:Age of the universe
319:Part of a series on
262:Columbia University
217:Harold Pender Award
139:Columbia University
3955:Jewish astronomers
3732:Arno Allan Penzias
2084:Arno Allan Penzias
2075:Arno Allan Penzias
2045:on Nobelprize.org
2043:Arno Allan Penzias
1799:The New York Times
1577:on Nobelprize.org
1575:Arno Allan Penzias
1551:The New York Times
1184:public observatory
1149:Henry Draper Medal
1113:
1090:Ralph Asher Alpher
1008:He graduated from
912:Arno Allan Penzias
612:Dark Energy Survey
556:Large quasar group
325:Physical cosmology
205:Henry Draper Medal
70:, Bavaria, Germany
36:Arno Allan Penzias
3995:Radio astronomers
3867:
3866:
3780:Economic Sciences
3769:Hamilton O. Smith
3658:Peter D. Mitchell
3606:
3605:
1875:"Arno A. Penzias"
1425:978-0-81-039185-7
1343:(4445): 663â669.
1306:(4406): 549â554.
1261:(3945): 583â584.
1139:Honors and awards
1030:Charles H. Townes
909:
908:
580:
579:
422:
421:
314:
313:
301:Doctoral students
295:Charles H. Townes
234:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4027:
3805:
3788:Herbert A. Simon
3660:(United Kingdom)
3633:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3599:
3583:
3567:
3551:
3535:
3519:
3503:
3487:
3471:
3459:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3403:
3391:
3375:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3319:
3303:
3287:
3271:
3242:
3226:
3214:
3198:
3182:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3098:
3082:
3066:
3054:
3038:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2998:
2982:
2970:
2954:
2938:
2922:
2899:
2883:
2871:
2855:
2839:
2831:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2771:
2755:
2739:
2731:
2719:
2711:
2699:
2683:
2671:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2366:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2263:
2261:Kamerlingh Onnes
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2163:
2151:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2057:Science Reporter
2050:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1538:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1407:
1376:
1331:
1294:
1249:
955:radio astronomer
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
901:
894:
887:
871:
870:
869:
858:
857:
551:Galaxy formation
511:Lambda-CDM model
500:
492:Components
374:
335:
316:
290:Doctoral advisor
284:
183:
181:
82:
79:January 22, 2024
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
4035:
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1116:Personal life
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960:
957:. Along with
956:
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946:
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895:
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888:
883:
882:
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864:
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169:
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155:
148:
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130:
127:
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120:
113:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
78:
74:
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3833:
3757:Werner Arber
3731:
3036:von Klitzing
3028:Van der Meer
2947:
2056:
2023:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:February 24,
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1833:
1825:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1797:
1787:
1777:December 21,
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1764:
1754:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1688:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1604:
1584:
1555:. Retrieved
1549:
1513:. Retrieved
1507:
1461:
1455:
1411:
1405:
1340:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1258:
1254:
1213:
1209:
1192:
1177:
1142:
1130:
1119:
1098:George Gamow
1070:horn antenna
1043:
1007:
995:Nazi Germany
976:
911:
910:
759:
635:Probe (WMAP)
569:
566:Reionization
547:
519:
493:
461:
444:
441:Hubble's law
432:
411:
383:
346:
276:
250:Institutions
233:
172:Sherry Levit
81:(2024-01-22)
29:
18:Arno Penzias
3885:2024 deaths
3880:1933 births
3701:Anwar Sadat
3641:Nobel Prize
3080:Steinberger
2996:K. Siegbahn
2988:Bloembergen
2709:Chamberlain
2442:Schrödinger
2352:M. Siegbahn
2281:W. H. Bragg
2277:W. L. Bragg
2004:January 24,
1810:October 23,
1730:: 419â421.
1612:January 25,
1557:January 23,
1515:January 24,
590:Experiments
523:Dark matter
516:Dark energy
458:FLRW metric
395:Backgrounds
111:(1935â1946)
92:Citizenship
3874:Categories
3669:Literature
3597:L'Huillier
3561:Hasselmann
3517:Strickland
3485:Kosterlitz
3409:Perlmutter
3148:Brockhouse
2853:Schrieffer
2725:Hofstadter
2677:C. N. Yang
2434:Heisenberg
2411:De Broglie
2025:October 7,
1945:October 9,
1669:August 10,
1486:Q126004030
1398:References
1074:dielectric
670:Copernicus
648:Scientists
503:Components
103:until 1935
60:1933-04-26
3650:Chemistry
3643:laureates
3581:Zeilinger
3401:Novoselov
3369:Kobayashi
3293:Abrikosov
3140:J. Taylor
3120:de Gennes
3112:R. Taylor
3004:K. Wilson
2952:R. Wilson
2936:Van Vleck
2907:1976â2000
2897:Rainwater
2893:Mottelson
2869:Josephson
2817:Gell-Mann
2781:Schwinger
2769:Prokhorov
2729:Mössbauer
2689:Cherenkov
2681:T. D. Lee
2605:Cockcroft
2596:1951â1975
2395:C. Wilson
2374:1926â1950
2320:Guillaume
2209:Michelson
2169:Becquerel
2140:1901â1925
2129:Laureates
1701:April 24,
1639:March 18,
1478:0027-8424
1188:Nuremberg
1171:from the
1169:IRI Medal
1066:isotropic
1062:Milky Way
1054:microwave
1046:Bell Labs
999:the Bronx
969:in 1978.
951:physicist
800:Zeldovich
700:Friedmann
675:de Sitter
602:BOOMERanG
531:Structure
496:Structure
380:Inflation
257:Bell Labs
223:IRI Medal
122:Education
109:Stateless
3709:(Israel)
3589:Agostini
3477:Thouless
3469:McDonald
3457:Nakamura
3425:Wineland
3357:GrĂŒnberg
3313:Politzer
3297:Ginzburg
3285:Giacconi
3265:Ketterle
3220:'t Hooft
3204:Laughlin
3196:Phillips
3176:Osheroff
3104:Friedman
3076:Schwartz
3072:Lederman
2992:Schawlow
2968:Weinberg
2777:Tomonaga
2669:Brattain
2661:Shockley
2570:Blackett
2562:Appleton
2554:Bridgman
2501:Lawrence
2481:Davisson
2461:Chadwick
2344:Millikan
2328:Einstein
2217:Lippmann
2185:Rayleigh
2177:M. Curie
2173:P. Curie
2059:magazine
1979:July 23,
1973:Archived
1939:Archived
1889:July 23,
1883:Archived
1859:April 7,
1850:Archived
1690:Phys.org
1663:Archived
1661:. IEEE.
1482:Wikidata
1434:30781516
1381:See also
1373:22381508
1365:17771085
1328:17729659
1283:17746031
1246:46069151
1238:17774056
1086:Big Bang
861:Category
780:Suntzeff
740:LemaĂźtre
690:Einstein
655:Aaronson
448:Redshift
350:Universe
343:Big Bang
190:Children
3718:Physics
3703:(Egypt)
3577:Clauser
3541:Penrose
3525:Peebles
3481:Haldane
3449:Akasaki
3437:Englert
3429:Haroche
3413:Schmidt
3373:Maskawa
3325:Glauber
3317:Wilczek
3301:Leggett
3281:Koshiba
3261:Cornell
3252:present
3236:Kroemer
3232:Alferov
3224:Veltman
3208:Störmer
3128:Charpak
3108:Kendall
3092:Dehmelt
3060:Bednorz
2960:Glashow
2948:Penzias
2944:Kapitsa
2916:Richter
2889:A. Bohr
2865:Giaever
2845:Bardeen
2809:Alvarez
2793:Kastler
2785:Feynman
2665:Bardeen
2629:Zernike
2621:Purcell
2391:Compton
2336:N. Bohr
2225:Marconi
2157:Lorentz
2149:Röntgen
2131:of the
2088:Discogs
1732:Bibcode
1345:Bibcode
1337:Science
1308:Bibcode
1300:Science
1291:7066298
1263:Bibcode
1255:Science
1218:Bibcode
1210:Science
1151:of the
785:Sunyaev
770:Schmidt
760:Penzias
755:Penrose
730:Huygens
720:Hawking
705:Galileo
244:Physics
184:
176:
99:Germany
3593:Krausz
3587:2023:
3573:Aspect
3571:2022:
3565:Manabe
3557:Parisi
3555:2021:
3545:Genzel
3539:2020:
3533:Queloz
3523:2019:
3513:Mourou
3509:Ashkin
3507:2018:
3501:Thorne
3497:Barish
3491:2017:
3475:2016:
3465:Kajita
3463:2015:
3447:2014:
3435:2013:
3423:2012:
3407:2011:
3395:2010:
3379:2009:
3363:2008:
3351:2007:
3341:Mather
3339:2006:
3333:HĂ€nsch
3323:2005:
3307:2004:
3291:2003:
3275:2002:
3269:Wieman
3259:2001:
3230:2000:
3218:1999:
3202:1998:
3186:1997:
3172:D. Lee
3170:1996:
3164:Reines
3158:1995:
3146:1994:
3134:1993:
3126:1992:
3118:1991:
3102:1990:
3088:Ramsey
3086:1989:
3070:1988:
3064:MĂŒller
3058:1987:
3052:Rohrer
3048:Binnig
3042:1986:
3034:1985:
3024:Rubbia
3022:1984:
3016:Fowler
3010:1983:
3002:1982:
2986:1981:
2976:Cronin
2974:1980:
2958:1979:
2942:1978:
2926:1977:
2914:1976:
2887:1975:
2881:Hewish
2875:1974:
2859:1973:
2849:Cooper
2843:1972:
2835:1971:
2825:Alfvén
2823:1970:
2815:1969:
2807:1968:
2799:1967:
2791:1966:
2775:1965:
2761:Townes
2759:1964:
2753:Jensen
2745:Wigner
2743:1963:
2737:Landau
2735:1962:
2723:1961:
2717:Glaser
2715:1960:
2703:1959:
2687:1958:
2675:1957:
2659:1956:
2647:1955:
2635:1954:
2627:1953:
2615:1952:
2609:Walton
2603:1951:
2586:Powell
2584:1950:
2578:Yukawa
2576:1949:
2568:1948:
2560:1947:
2552:1946:
2544:1945:
2536:1944:
2528:1943:
2499:1939:
2491:1938:
2479:1937:
2467:1936:
2459:1935:
2440:1933:
2432:1932:
2417:1930:
2409:1929:
2401:1928:
2389:1927:
2383:Perrin
2381:1926:
2360:Franck
2358:1925:
2350:1924:
2342:1923:
2334:1922:
2326:1921:
2318:1920:
2310:1919:
2304:Planck
2302:1918:
2296:Barkla
2294:1917:
2275:1915:
2267:1914:
2259:1913:
2251:1912:
2243:1911:
2235:1910:
2223:1909:
2215:1908:
2207:1907:
2199:1906:
2193:Lenard
2191:1905:
2183:1904:
2167:1903:
2161:Zeeman
2155:1902:
2147:1901:
2071:(IMDb)
1484:
1476:
1464:(19).
1432:
1422:
1371:
1363:
1326:
1289:
1281:
1244:
1236:
1040:Career
987:Jewish
979:Munich
859:
795:Wilson
790:Tolman
750:Newton
745:Mather
735:Kepler
725:Hubble
685:Ehlers
665:Alpher
660:Alfvén
568:
546:
518:
460:
443:
435:Future
410:
382:
345:
283:(1962)
281:
272:Thesis
240:Fields
225:(1998)
219:(1991)
213:(1978)
207:(1977)
198:Awards
167:Spouse
68:Munich
3834:1978
3693:Peace
3639:1978
3529:Mayor
3493:Weiss
3453:Amano
3441:Higgs
3417:Riess
3389:Smith
3385:Boyle
3365:Nambu
3345:Smoot
3309:Gross
3277:Davis
3250:2001â
3240:Kilby
3152:Shull
3136:Hulse
3044:Ruska
2980:Fitch
2964:Salam
2861:Esaki
2837:Gabor
2801:Bethe
2765:Basov
2705:SegrĂš
2693:Frank
2653:Kusch
2641:Bothe
2617:Bloch
2546:Pauli
2530:Stern
2493:Fermi
2446:Dirac
2419:Raman
2364:Hertz
2312:Stark
2253:Dalén
2229:Braun
1853:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1766:Wired
1369:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1202:Works
1034:maser
1018:radar
775:Smoot
765:Rubin
710:Gamow
695:Ellis
680:Dicke
178:(
174:
3859:1983
3854:1982
3849:1981
3844:1980
3839:1979
3829:1977
3824:1976
3819:1975
3814:1974
3809:1973
3673:1978
3549:Ghez
3397:Geim
3353:Fert
3329:Hall
3212:Tsui
3160:Perl
3096:Paul
2932:Mott
2920:Ting
2877:Ryle
2829:NĂ©el
2697:Tamm
2649:Lamb
2637:Born
2538:Rabi
2522:1942
2515:1941
2508:1940
2469:Hess
2453:1934
2426:1931
2288:1916
2269:Laue
2245:Wien
2079:IMDb
2027:2023
2006:2024
1981:2023
1947:2008
1921:2011
1891:2023
1861:2011
1812:2009
1779:2009
1703:2012
1671:2011
1641:2014
1614:2024
1559:2024
1517:2024
1474:ISSN
1430:OCLC
1420:ISBN
1361:PMID
1324:PMID
1279:PMID
1234:PMID
1096:and
983:shul
953:and
715:Guth
76:Died
54:Born
3381:Kao
3188:Chu
2077:at
1740:doi
1728:142
1509:NPR
1466:doi
1462:121
1353:doi
1341:208
1316:doi
1304:205
1271:doi
1259:169
1226:doi
1214:156
1186:of
1048:in
1005:.
147:PhD
3876::
3595:/
3591:/
3579:/
3575:/
3563:/
3559:/
3547:/
3543:/
3531:/
3527:/
3515:/
3511:/
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3483:/
3479:/
3467:/
3455:/
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3439:/
3427:/
3415:/
3411:/
3399:/
3387:/
3383:/
3371:/
3367:/
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3343:/
3331:/
3327:/
3315:/
3311:/
3299:/
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3238:/
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1997:.
1971:.
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1963:.
1907:.
1881:.
1877:.
1848:.
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1796:.
1763:.
1738:.
1726:.
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1630:.
1603:.
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