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Arthur H. Thomas
Company, a nationally known scientific instrument dealer based in Philadelphia, was willing to try selling it. Although it was priced expensively at $ 195, roughly the starting monthly wage for a chemistry professor at that time, it was significantly cheaper than the estimated cost of building a comparable instrument from individual components, about $ 500. The original pH meter weighed in at nearly 7 kg, but was a substantial improvement over a benchful of delicate equipment. The earliest meter had a design glitch, in that the pH readings changed with the depth of immersion of the electrodes, but Beckman fixed the problem by sealing the glass bulb of the electrode.
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797:, "radio detecting and ranging". The project was interested in Beckman because of the high quality of the tuning knobs or "potentiometers" which were used on his pH meters. Beckman had trademarked the design of the pH meter knobs, under the name "helipot" for "helical potentiometer". Rosenberg had found that the helipot was more precise, by a factor of ten, than other knobs. Nonetheless, for use in continuously moving airplanes, ships, or submarines, which might be under attack, a redesign would be needed to ensure that the knobs could withstand shocks and vibrations.
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723:-rich foods to keep soldiers healthy. Previous methods involved feeding rats for several weeks, then performing a biopsy to estimate Vitamin A levels. The DU spectrophotometer yielded better results in a matter of minutes. The DU spectrophotometer was also an important tool for scientists studying and producing the new wonder drug penicillin. By the end of the war, American pharmaceutical companies were producing 650 billion units of penicillin each month. Much of the work done in this area during World War II was kept secret until after the war.
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384:. In 1915 they moved to Bloomington itself, but continued to attend University High, where Arnold Beckman obtained permission to take university level classes from professor of chemistry Howard W. Adams. While still in high school, Arnold started his own business, "Bloomington Research Laboratories", doing analytic chemistry for the local gas company. He also performed at night as a movie-house pianist, and played with local dance bands. He graduated valedictorian of his class, with an average of 89.41 over four years, the highest attained.
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658:, formally acknowledging his new focus on the making of scientific instruments. The company rented larger quarters at 3330 Colorado Street, and began manufacturing pH meters. The pH meter is an important device for measuring the pH of a solution, and by 11 May 1939, sales were successful enough that Beckman left Caltech to become the full-time president of National Technical Laboratories. By 1940, Beckman was able to take out a loan to build his own 12,000 square foot factory in South Pasadena.
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redesigned the knob to have a continuous groove, in which the contact point was contained. The contact point could then move smoothly and continuously, and could not be jarred out of contact. Beckman's model A Helipot was in tremendous demand by the military. Within the first year of its production, its sales became 40% of the company's income. Beckman spun off a separate company, the
Helipot Corporation, to take on the electronics component manufactory.
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promising faculty members in the early stages of academic careers in the chemical and life sciences, particularly those whose work involves methods, instruments and materials that may open up new avenues of research in science. In 2017, the
Beckman Postdoctoral Fellows award was launched, similarly aimed at supporting promising young postdoctoral scholars in their chemistry or chemical instrumentation research.
586:, a malodorous substance. Because of this ingredient, no manufacturer wanted to manufacture it. Beckman decided to make it himself. He started the National Inking Appliance Company, obtaining space in a garage owned by instrument maker Fred Henson and hiring two Caltech students, Robert Barton and Henry Fracker. Beckman developed and took out a couple of patents for re-inking
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develop a unified approach to monitoring smog, broadcasting smog alerts, and addressing the smog problem. On
January 25, 1956, he became president of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. He identified the two key issues of his term as battling smog, and supporting the collaboration of local science, technology, industry, and education.
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Beckman was not convinced that sulfur dioxide was the real culprit behind Los
Angeles smog. He visited Gary, Indiana, where steps were being taken to address sulfur dioxide pollution, and was struck by the characteristic smell of sulfur in the air. Returning, Beckman convinced McCabe that they needed to search for a different cause.
643:, did not work well because sulfur dioxide interfered with them. Chemist Glen Joseph at Sunkist was attempting to measure the hydrogen-ion concentration in lemon juice electrochemically, but sulfur dioxide damaged hydrogen electrodes, and non-reactive glass electrodes produced weak signals and were fragile.
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Beckman also chose to retire. He and his wife Mabel became increasingly active as philanthropists, with the stated intention of giving away their personal wealth before their deaths. In 1964, Beckman was asked to become chairman of the
Caltech Board of Trustees, and accepted the position. He had been
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called a meeting on
October 3, 1940, wanting an instrument that could reliably measure oxygen content in a mixture of gases, so that they could measure oxygen conditions in submarines and airplanes. Pauling designed the Pauling oxygen meter for them. Originally approached to supply housing boxes for
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Joseph approached
Beckman, who proposed that instead of trying to increase the sensitivity of his measurements, he amplify his results. Beckman, familiar with glassblowing, electricity, and chemistry, suggested a design for a vacuum-tube amplifier and ended up building a working apparatus for Joseph.
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During his time at
Caltech, Beckman was active in teaching at both the introductory and advanced graduate levels. Beckman shared his expertise in glass-blowing by teaching classes in the machine shop. He also taught classes in the design and use of research instruments. Beckman dealt first-hand with
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A major focus became the improvement of science education. Beginning in 1998 the
Foundation has provided over $ 23 million to support K-6 hands-on, research-based science education to school districts in Orange County, California, stimulating schools to integrate science into the K-6 curriculum as a
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The Air Pollution Control Officer in question was Louis McCabe, a geologist with a background in chemical engineering. McCabe initially suspected that smog was a result of sulfur dioxide pollution, and proposed that the county convert the suspected pollutant into fertilizer through a costly process.
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to measure the levels of compounds present in the atmosphere. Beckman Instruments eventually developed a range of instruments for various uses in monitoring and treating automobile exhaust and air pollution. They even produced "air quality monitoring vans", customized laboratories on wheels for use
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While the board of National Technical Laboratories was unwilling to support the secret project, whose details they could not be told, they agreed that Beckman was free to follow up on it independently. Beckman set up a second spinoff company, Arnold O. Beckman, Inc., for their manufacture. Creating
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By September 1942, the first of the instruments was being shipped. Approximately 75 IR-1s were made between 1942 and 1945 for use by the US synthetic-rubber effort. The researchers were not allowed to publish or discuss anything related to the new machines until after the war. Other researchers who
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Beckman's mother, Elizabeth, died of diabetes in 1912. Beckman's father sold his blacksmith shop, and became a travelling salesman for blacksmithing tools and materials. A housekeeper, Hattie Lange, was engaged to look after the Beckman children. Arnold Beckman earned money as a "practice pianist"
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used by orange growers, the smoke produced by local industrial plants, and car exhausts. The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce was one of the organizations concerned about the possible causes and effects of smog, as it related both to industry (and jobs) and to quality of life in the area. Beckman
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for measuring exposure to radiation, to protect personnel of the Manhattan project. The dosimeter was a miniature ionization chamber, charged with 170 volts. It had a small calibrated scale on top, whose needle was a platinum-covered quartz fiber. The dosimeters were also manufactured by Beckman's
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Beckman saw an opportunity, and rethinking the project, decided to create a complete chemical instrument which could be easily transported and used by nonspecialists. By October 1934, he had registered patent application US Patent No. 2,058,761 for his "acidimeter", later renamed the pH meter. The
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The Beckmans' first major philanthropic gift went to Caltech. In supporting Caltech, they expanded on the long-term relationship that Beckman had begun as a student at Caltech, and continued as a teacher and trustee. In 1962, they funded the construction of a concert hall, the Beckman Auditorium,
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In 1954, he became a member of the board of directors of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, and chairman of its Air Pollution Committee. He advocated for stronger powers for the APCD, and encouraged industry, business, and citizens to support for their work. He helped the Chamber of Commerce to
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signed a statewide air pollution control act, authorizing the creation of Air Pollution Control Districts (APCDs) in every county of the state. The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce asked Beckman to represent them in dealing with creation of a local APCD. The new APCD, when formed, asked Beckman to
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of the Shell Development Company, Arnold O. Beckman, and R. Bowling Barnes of American Cyanamid. Beckman was asked to secretly produce a hundred infrared spectrophotometers to be used by authorized government scientists, based on a design for a single-beam spectrophotometer which had already been
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The new spectrophotometers used a prism to separate light into its absorption spectrum and a phototube to electrically measure the light energy across the spectrum. They allowed the user to plot the light absorption spectrum of a substance, giving a standardized "fingerprint", characteristic of a
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In 1940, the equipment needed to measure light energy in the visible spectrum could cost a laboratory as much as $ 3,000, a huge amount at that time. There was also growing interest in examining ultraviolet spectra beyond that range. Just as Beckman had created a single easy-to-use instrument for
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The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation was incorporated in September 1977. At the time of Beckman's death, the Foundation had given more than 400 million dollars to a variety of charities and organizations. In 1990, it was considered one of the top ten foundations in California, based on annual
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Beckman was not allowed to tell his staff the reason behind the redesign, and they were not particularly interested in the problem; he eventually came up with a solution himself. Instead of using a wire wrapped around a coil, with pressure from a small spring to create a single contact point, he
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John J. Murdock held substantial stock in National Technical Laboratories. He and Arnold Beckman signed a stock option agreement by which Beckman could purchase Murdock's NTL stock from his estate after his death. When Murdock died in 1948, Beckman was able to gain a controlling interest in the
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Beckman had continued to develop the infrared spectrophotometer after the release of the IR-1. Facing stiff competition, he decided in 1953 to go forward with a radical redesign of the instrument. The result was the IR-4, which could be operated using either a single or double beam of infrared
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programs to support young scientists at the university level. Each year, the Beckman Foundation selects a list of universities and colleges, each of which selects student from its institution for the Beckman Scholars Program. The Beckman Young Investigators Program provides research support to
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Beckman's DU spectrophotometer has been referred to as the "model T" of scientific instruments: "This device forever simplified and streamlined chemical analysis, by allowing researchers to perform a 99.9% accurate quantitative measurement of a substance within minutes, as opposed to the weeks
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Shockley, however, lacked experience in business and industrial management. Moreover, he decided that the lab would research an invention of his own, the four-layer diode, rather than developing the diffused silicon transistor that he and Beckman had agreed upon. Beckman was reassured by his
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in nuclear reactors. It was difficult to get reliable readings because the signals were weak. Beckman realized that with a relatively minor adjustment – substituting an input-load resistor for the glass electrode – the pH meter could be adapted to do the job. As a result, Beckman Instruments
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Award in 1989, "for his leadership in the development of analytical instrumentation and for his deep and abiding concern for the vitality of the nation's scientific enterprise.". He had previously been recognized by the Reagan administration as one of about 30 citizens receiving the 1989
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Beckman also saw that computers and automation offered a myriad of opportunities for integration into instruments, and the development of new instruments. Beckman Instruments purchased Berkeley Scientific Company in the 1950s, and later developed a Systems Division within
353:, a village of about 500 people in a farming community. He was the youngest son of George Beckman, a blacksmith, and his second wife Elizabeth Ellen Jewkes. He was curious about the world from an early age. When he was nine, Beckman found an old chemistry textbook,
1055:. Semiconductors were, in some ways, similar to cermets. Shockley wanted to create a new company, and asked Beckman to serve on the board. After considerable discussion, Beckman became more closely involved: he and Shockley signed a letter of intent to create the
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After the war, Beckman developed oxygen analyzers for another market. They were used to monitor conditions in incubators for premature babies. Doctors at Johns Hopkins University used them to determine recommendations for healthy oxygen levels for incubators.
735:, which was used in jeep and airplane tires and in tanks. Natural sources from the Far East were unavailable because of the war, and scientists sought a reliable synthetic substitute. Beckman was approached by the Office of Rubber Reserve about developing an
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The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation also supports vision research through its Beckman Initiative in Macular Research and the Beckman-Argyros Award in Vision Research. Supported activities include research into laser surgery and macular degeneration.
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In 1934, Millikan referred I. H. Lyons from the National Postal Meter Company to Arnold Beckman. Lyons wanted a non-clogging ink so that postage could be printed by machines, instead of having clerks lick stamps. Beckman's solution was to make ink with
565:, Caltech's president, referred technical questions to Beckman from government and businesses. With their blessing, Beckman began accepting outside work as a scientific and technical consultant. He also acted as a scientific expert in legal trials.
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Beckman recognized that air quality would not improve overnight. His work with air quality continued for years, and brought him national attention. In 1967, Beckman was appointed to the Federal Air Quality Board for a four-year term, by President
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Helipot Corporation, the spinoff company that Beckman had created when NTL's board were dubious about electronics, was reincorporated into Beckman Instruments and became the Helipot Division in 1958. Helipot researchers were experimenting with
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the chemists' need for good instrumentation as manager of the chemistry department's instrument shop. Beckman's interest in electronics made him very popular within the chemistry department at Caltech, as he was very skilled in building
1094:"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was the first establishment working on silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley.
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the oxygen meter was a technical challenge, involving the creation of tiny, highly precise glass dumbbells. Beckman created a tiny glass-blowing machine which would generate a precisely measured puff of air to create the glass balls.
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The glass electrode used to measure pH was placed in a grid circuit in the vacuum tube, producing an amplified signal which could then be read by an electronic meter. The prototype was so useful that Joseph requested a second unit.
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effort in early 1918 by working as a chemist. At Keystone Steel and Iron he took samples of molten iron and tested them to see if the chemical composition of carbon, sulfur, manganese and phosphorus was suitable for pouring steel.
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a member of the board since 1953. In 1965, he retired as president of Beckman Instruments, and became instead the chairman of its board of directors. On November 23, 1981, he agreed to sell the company, which was then merged with
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Arnold Beckman died May 18, 2004, at the age of 104, in hospital in La Jolla, Calif. Mabel and Arnold Beckman are buried beneath a simple headstone in West Lawn Cemetery in Cullom, Illinois, the small town where he was born.
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engineers that the scientific ideas behind Shockley's project were still sound. When appealed to by members of Shockley's lab, Beckman chose not to interfere with its management. In 1957, eight leading scientists including
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degree in chemical engineering in 1922 and his master's degree in physical chemistry in 1923. For his master's degree he studied the thermodynamics of aqueous ammonia solutions, a subject introduced to him by T. A. White.
1213:. He is quoted as saying, "I accumulated my wealth by selling instruments to scientists ... so I thought it would be appropriate to make contributions to science, and that's been my number one guideline for charity."
915:. He agreed to spend a year studying the chemistry of smog. His results, presented in 1952, identified ozone and hydrocarbons from smokestacks, refineries and car exhausts as key ingredients in the formation of smog.
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Beckman married Mabel on June 10, 1925. In 1926 the couple moved back to California and Beckman resumed his studies at Caltech. He became interested in ultraviolet photolysis and worked with his doctoral advisor,
590:, but marketing them was not successful. This was Beckman's first experience at running a company and marketing a product, and while this first product failed, Beckman repurposed the company for another product.
911:. They developed an apparatus to collect particulate matter from Los Angeles air, using a system of tubing intermittently cooled by liquid nitrogen. Haagen-Smit identified the substance they collected as a
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to head a Special Committee on Air Pollution, to propose ways to combat smog. At the end of 1953, the committee made its findings public. The "Beckman Bible" advised key steps to be taken immediately:
1191:, Beckman Auditorium, Beckman Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, and Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis at the California Institute of Technology. In the words of Caltech's president emeritus
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Beckman helped to create the Air Pollution Foundation, a non-profit organization to support research on finding solutions to smog, and educating the public about scientific issues related to smog.
2857:"Beckman Gives $ 6.2 Million to UCI Laser Clinic: Philanthropy: Gift is the largest received in the university's history. It launches a campuswide campaign to raise its endowment to $ 200 million"
522:. After receiving a Ph.D. in photochemistry in 1928 for this application of quantum theory to chemical reactions, Beckman was asked to stay on at Caltech as an instructor and then as a professor.
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was becoming an increasing topic of conversation, as well as an unpleasant experience. First characterized as "gas attacks" in 1943, suspicion fell on a variety of possible causes including the
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in 1988. It is the highest honor the United States can confer to a US citizen for achievements related to technological progress President George H. W. Bush presented Beckman with the
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407:, for transit to the war in Europe. Because of a train delay, another unit embarked in place of Beckman's unit. Then, counted into groups in the barracks, Beckman missed being sent to
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were independently pursuing the development of infrared spectrometry, were able to publish and to develop instruments during this time without being affected by secrecy restrictions.
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Development of the spectrophotometer also had direct relevance to the war effort. For example, the role of vitamins in health was being studied, and scientists wanted to identify
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While Haagen-Smit worked out the genesis of smog, Beckman developed an instrument to measure it. On October 7, 1952, he was granted a patent for an "oxygen recorder" that used
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as a subsidiary of Beckman Instruments, under William Shockley's direction. The new group would specialize in semiconductors, beginning with the automated production of
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Over the time that he was at Caltech, the focus of the department increasingly moved towards pure science and away from chemical engineering and applied chemistry.
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The Beckman Coulter Heritage exhibit, which discusses the work of scientists Arnold Beckman and Wallace Coulter, is located at the Beckman Coulter headquarters in
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Arnold O. Beckman, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Jeffrey L. Sturchio and Arnold Thackray at the University of Pennsylvania on 23 April 1985 (0014A)
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Arnold O. Beckman, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Jeffrey L. Sturchio and Arnold Thackray at the University of Pennsylvania on 23 April 1985 (0014A)
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After Mabel's death in 1989, Arnold Beckman reorganized the foundation to continue in perpetuity, and developed new initiatives for the foundation's giving.
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Arnold O. Beckman, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Jeffrey L. Sturchio and Arnold Thackray at the University of Pennsylvania on 23 July 1985 (0014B)
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3362:(Digitized corporate records of Beckman Coulter, Incorporated, as well as personal papers of American scientist and industrialist Arnold Orville Beckman)
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314:, a device for measuring acidity (and alkalinity), later considered to have "revolutionized the study of chemistry and biology". He also developed the
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radio data from satellites and uncrewed spacecraft. These included systems to process photographs of the moon, taken by NASA's Ranger spacecraft.
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is quoted as calling the DU spectrophotometer "probably the most important instrument ever developed towards the advancement of bioscience."
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maker Spinco (Specialized Instruments Corp.), founded by Edward Greydon Pickels in 1946. This acquisition was the basis of Beckman's Spinco
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Beckman, A. O. (1928). The Photochemical Decomposition of Hydrogen Azide (Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology)|URL=
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At the same time that Beckman was approached about infrared spectrometry, he was contacted by Paul Rosenberg. Rosenberg worked at MIT's
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2882:"Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation awards UCI's Gavin Herbert Eye Institute $ 3 million for retinal degeneration research"
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measuring pH, he made it a goal to create an easy-to-use instrument for spectrophotometry. Beckman's research team, led by
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1450:. He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 1996. In 2000, he received a Special Millennium Edition of the
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which has a focus in science education, was named in honor of Arnold O. Beckman. It was not, however, funded by Beckman.
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1019:. Potentiometers made with cermet instead of metal were more heat-resistant, suitable for use at extreme temperatures.
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1431:. Beckman was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1985. In 1987, he was inducted into the
302:(April 10, 1900 – May 18, 2004) was an American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist. While a professor at
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division. The division went on to design and manufacture a range of preparative and analytical ultracentrifuges.
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become the scientific consultant to the Air Pollution Control Officer. He held the position from 1948 to 1952.
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was having problems with its own manufacturing process. Lemons that were not saleable as produce were made into
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light. This allowed a user to take both the reference measurement and the sample measurement at the same time.
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The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry at the Chemical Heritage Foundation (now the
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the meter by Holmes Sturdivant, Pauling's assistant, Beckman was soon asked to produce the entire instrument.
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514:, on an instrument to find the energy of ultraviolet light. It worked by shining the ultraviolet light onto a
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533:, in the foothills and adjacent to Pasadena. They lived in Altadena for over 27 years, raising their family.
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2513:"$ 20 Million Gift from Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation Establishes New Model for Cancer Immunotherapy"
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Beckman and his company were involved in a number of secret projects. There was a critical shortage of
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The 1960s were a time of change for the Beckmans. Mabel fell in love with a house by the sea in
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2830:"The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation Announces the Beckman-Argyros Award in Vision Research"
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Beckman Instruments also acquired the Liston-Becker Instrument Company in June 1955. Founded by
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on the synthesis of organic mercury compounds, but both men became ill from exposure to toxic
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notes that it "revolutionized the measurement of light signals from samples". Nobel laureate
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Original site of the National Inking Appliance Company, later National Technical Laboratories
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with a local band, and as an "official cream tester" running a centrifuge for a local store.
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1584:"A Classic Instrument: The Beckman DU Spectrophotometer and Its Inventor, Arnold O. Beckman"
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1131:"to develop and build industrial data systems for automation". Berkeley developed the EASE
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developed by Robert Brattain for Shell. The result was the Beckman IR-1 spectrophotometer.
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2713:"Glad Scientist: Child of Einstein Age, Arnold Beckman Sows Educational Seeds for Another"
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In postwar Southern California, including the area of Pasadena where the Beckmans lived,
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Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L.; Vaughan, Martha; Tabor, Herbert (December 5, 2003).
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gifts. Donations chiefly went to scientists and scientific causes as well as Beckman's
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in recognition of his multifaceted contributions to chemical and scientific heritage.
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and learned about circuit design. It was here that Beckman discovered his interest in
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National Medal of Technology, awarded to Beckman by President George H. W. Bush, 1989
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821:
Beckman model D oxygen meter, based on Pauling's design, in use with infant incubator
523:
452:
444:
281:
3341:
2563:
3097:
1496:
1477:
Beckman was awarded the Order of Lincoln, the state of Illinois' highest honor, by
1148:
1103:
1099:
1087:
640:
639:
at any given time, and the colorimetric methods then in use, such as readings from
583:
519:
515:
412:
117:
111:
1306:
The Pepperdine University School of Business & Management's MBA program (1988)
1195:, Beckman "has shaped the destiny of Caltech." The Beckmans are also named in the
3197:"Arnold O. Beckman to Receive 1999 Public Welfare Medal, Academy's Highest Honor"
2462:
1842:
1122:
The first picture of the Moon taken by a US spacecraft, Ranger 7, on 31 July 1964
2539:"Irvine Biomedical Engineering Nets $ 3M NSF Grant for Biophotonics PhD Program"
1763:. foreword by James D. Watson. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
1436:
963:
919:
888:
689:
628:
495:
491:
460:
1416:
In 1971, Beckman was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) degree from
1209:
1176:
1032:
903:
Patent 1071952, "Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere"
880:
850:. Scientists in the project were attempting to develop instruments to measure
285:
3257:
2294:
1529:(a more detailed history of Beckman's role in the founding of Silicon Valley)
1354:
Ceiling of Beckman Auditorium, specially designed for its acoustic properties
3249:
Finding Aid to the Beckman historical collection, 1911–2011 (bulk 1934–2004)
1891:
Click on 'Beckman Historical Collection Finding Aid' to go to full document.
1879:
Finding Aid to the Beckman Historical Collection 1911–2011 (Bulk 1935–2004 )
1152:
1048:
863:
851:
744:
720:
387:
Beckman was allowed to leave school a few months early to contribute to the
2589:
944:
asking polluting industries to restrict pollutants or move away from cities
825:
Linus Pauling at Caltech was also doing secret work for the military. The
599:
311:
990:
company. On April 27, 1950, National Technical Laboratories was renamed
435:
beginning in the fall of 1918. During his freshman year, he worked with
3241:
The Instrumental Chemist: The Incredible Curiosity of Arnold O. Beckman
1864:
1583:
1012:
994:. In 1952, Beckman Instruments became a publicly traded company on the
907:
Beckman got in touch with a Caltech professor who was working on smog,
740:
264:
The Instrumental Chemist: The Incredible Curiosity of Arnold O. Beckman
191:
95:
3344:
of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Chemistry
1564:
1547:
998:, generating new capital for expansion, including overseas expansion.
451:
Soon after arriving at the University of Illinois, Beckman joined the
3226:
1136:
1016:
1008:
732:
624:
408:
287:
How Arnold O. Beckman's Instrumental Voice Shaped Chemistry's History
1047:. Shockley, who had been one of Beckman's students at Caltech, led
368:
In 1914, the Beckman family moved to Normal, located just north of
3377:
1982:
Bridging divides: the origins of the Beckman Institute at Illinois
1407:
1399:
1117:
898:
816:
808:
794:
780:
772:
678:
670:
611:
603:
572:
540:
500:
337:
3220:
2243:"How William Shockley's Robot Dream Helped Launch Silicon Valley"
1295:
The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of
876:
416:
3381:
518:, converting the incident heat into electricity, which drove a
3007:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2154:
Tianjia Tang; Bob O'Loughlin; Mike Roberts; Edward Dancausse.
958:, Liston-Becker had a successful record in the development of
247:"The fun, the heart of the thing, is in the technical aspects"
3199:. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine
747:. The Office of Rubber Reserve met secretly in Detroit with
1427:
in 1976. In 1982, he received the Golden Plate Award of the
1378:
Beckman Institute at University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
636:
1826:– via Science History Institute Digital Collections.
395:
When Beckman turned 18 in August 1918, he enlisted in the
3289:
Sturchio, Jeffrey L.; Thackray, Arnold (April 23, 1985).
1813:
Sturchio, Jeffrey L.; Thackray, Arnold (April 23, 1985).
935:
stopping vapor leaks from refineries and filling stations
813:
Beckman D2 Oxygen analyzer in use with patient, ca. 1950s
3320:
Sturchio, Jeffrey L.; Thackray, Arnold (July 23, 1985).
1070:, Shockley wanted to establish the laboratory in nearby
708:
required previously for results of only 25% accuracy."
1439:. In 2004 he received its Lifetime Achievement Award.
1342:
Beckman Auditorium, California Institute of Technology
926:
Beckman himself was approached by California governor
1252:
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
1197:
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
696:
compound. With Beckman's model D, later known as the
3582:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3368:
Caltech Archives, California Institute of Technology
2935:"A small town boy who found a book – Arnold Beckman"
2613:"Caltech Gets $ 40 Million as Beckman Pledge Is Met"
3473:
3457:
3441:
3415:
3125:. National Science and Technology Medals Foundation
2407:"Arnold O. Beckman, 104; invented pH meter in 1934"
1317:Arnold Beckman envisioned the Beckman Scholars and
1106:left Shockley's group to form a competing startup,
635:used as a preservative. Sunkist needed to know the
225:
205:
184:
176:
104:
83:
64:
42:
23:
2639:"Pepperdine MBA Program Receives Big Beckman Gift"
1761:Arnold O. Beckman: One Hundred Years of Excellence
1187:. Over a period of years, they also supported the
941:converting from diesel trucks and buses to propane
455:fraternity. He was initiated into Zeta chapter of
2314:"Mabel Beckman, Noted Philanthropist, Dies at 88"
1258:Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine
463:Graduate Scientific Fraternity in December 1922.
3338:Chemical Descent Tree for Arnold Orville Beckman
2808:"Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellows program"
2338:"Work begins officially on Caltech Auditorium".
2156:"An Overview of Federal Air Quality Legislation"
1366:Beckman Institute at Caltech, reflected in water
1203:at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
529:In 1933, Beckman and his family built a home in
478:'s engineering department, the precursor to the
2236:
2234:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1759:Arnold Thackray & Minor Myers, Jr. (2000).
3597:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
2909:"A. O. Beckman, 104, Science Benefactor, Dies"
1254:at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
1216:In the 1980s, they funded five major centers:
938:establishing standards for automobile exhausts
654:On April 8, 1935, Beckman renamed his company
345:(p.27 shown) inspired Beckman at the age of 9.
245:Scientists You Must Know: Arnold O. Beckman,
3393:
3117:
3115:
2588:. Stanford School of Medicine. Archived from
2213:"Liston-Becker Model 28 Exhaust Gas Analyzer"
2015:"Leading the way in chemical instrumentation"
1808:
1806:
1390:Beckman Conference Center, National Academies
8:
1974:
1972:
1548:"People: Arnold Orville Beckman (1900–2004)"
859:developed a new product, the micro-ammeter.
459:, the chemistry fraternity, in 1921 and the
411:by one space in line. Instead, Arnold spent
399:. After three months at marine boot camp on
1499:was named after Arnold O. Beckman in 1983.
1423:Arnold Beckman was elected a Fellow of the
884:was involved with the Chamber of Commerce.
326:company in California, thus giving rise to
3577:California Institute of Technology faculty
3400:
3386:
3378:
3145:"Beckman Given Science Medal by President"
2691:"Beckman's $ 14.4-Million Science Project"
2436:
2434:
2432:
2355:"Beckman Remembered as 'Larger Than Life'"
1754:
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1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
846:Beckman instruments were also used by the
372:, so that the young Beckmans could attend
31:
20:
3572:California Institute of Technology alumni
3047:"Beckman Named to Inventors Hall of Fame"
2461:
1901:
1899:
1785:"Chapman Remembers Dr. Arnold O. Beckman"
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1599:
1563:
1066:Because Shockley's aging mother lived in
867:spinoff company, Arnold O. Beckman, Inc.
739:to aid in the study of chemicals such as
675:Beckman DK1 ultraviolet spectrophotometer
1577:
1575:
702:ultraviolet-absorption spectrophotometry
380:, a "laboratory school" associated with
3632:People from Livingston County, Illinois
3592:National Medal of Technology recipients
2987:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2982:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
2103:. Chichester: John Wiley. p. 294.
2046:"Spectrophotometers: An Absorbing Tale"
1957:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1889:– via Science History Institute.
1538:
1332:
950:developing regional mass transportation
433:University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
91:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
3602:Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
2711:Martelle, Scott (September 21, 1998).
2340:The Independent (Pasadena, California)
1027:In 1954, Beckman Instruments acquired
545:Arnold Beckman's laboratory at Caltech
222:
3647:20th-century American philanthropists
3627:People from Newport Beach, California
3607:American scientific instrument makers
3532:American manufacturing businesspeople
3522:American chairpersons of corporations
3366:Guide to the Arnold O. Beckman Papers
2957:"Honorary Degrees | Whittier College"
2855:Samuels, Allison (January 12, 1990).
2810:. Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
2788:. Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
2786:"Beckman Young Investigators Program"
2766:. Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
2665:"Inventing New Ways to Teach Science"
2241:Brock, David C. (November 29, 2013).
2070:Markel, Howard (September 27, 2013).
2044:Smutzer, Gregory (October 15, 2001).
1935:. National Museum of American History
1425:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1011:, composite materials made by mixing
777:Beckman Helipot potentiometer SA1400A
7:
3642:20th-century American businesspeople
3557:American technology company founders
3552:American technology chief executives
3170:Berkman, Leslie (January 24, 1989).
2443:"Arnold O. Beckman, PhD (1900–2004)"
1865:http://caltech.tind.io/record/571245
1225:City of Hope National Medical Center
854:in gas-filled, electrically charged
3587:National Medal of Science laureates
3227:Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
2689:Nguyen, Tina (September 15, 1998).
2537:Saliba, Jaimee (October 29, 2012).
2013:Mark, Andrew (September 21, 2007).
1588:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
827:National Defense Research Committee
683:Beckman DU spectrophotometer in use
537:Teaching and consultancy at Caltech
310:based on his 1934 invention of the
2933:Hahn, Barbara (October 29, 2012).
2738:"An Impressive Assist for Schools"
2663:Davis Jr., Martin A. (July 2003).
2637:Williams, Linda (April 11, 1988).
2564:"History of the Beckman Institute"
2295:"Beekman Instruments Data Systems"
2072:"The Real Story Behind Penicillin"
1985:. Urbana: University of Illinois.
1275:California Institute of Technology
1043:In 1955, Beckman was contacted by
468:California Institute of Technology
304:California Institute of Technology
96:California Institute of Technology
14:
3537:American nonprofit businesspeople
3465:Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
2611:Brown, Doug (November 20, 1987).
2273:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956"
1057:Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
992:Beckman Instruments, Incorporated
862:In addition, Beckman developed a
569:National Inking Appliance Company
320:Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
3637:People from Altadena, California
3372:Interview with Arnold O. Beckman
3233:Arnold O. Beckman Legacy Project
3229:philanthropic foundation website
3029:"The U.S. Business Hall of Fame"
2907:Saxon, Wolfgang (May 20, 2004).
2353:Pasco, Jean O. (June 12, 2004).
2312:Berkman, Leslie (June 3, 1989).
1906:Luther, Claudia (May 19, 2004).
1474:for exemplary deeds of service.
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1243:University of California, Irvine
616:Beckman portable pH meter in use
490:programs for the manufacture of
472:Equitable Life Assurance Society
276:
257:
240:
231:
3622:People from La Jolla, San Diego
3512:20th-century American inventors
3331:Center for History of Chemistry
3300:Center for History of Chemistry
3073:"Charles Lathrop Parsons Award"
3015:American Academy of Achievement
2405:Williams, Jack (May 20, 2004).
2125:"Beckman Infrared Spectrometer"
1824:Center for History of Chemistry
1479:The Lincoln Academy of Illinois
1433:National Inventors Hall of Fame
1429:American Academy of Achievement
656:National Technical Laboratories
3617:People from Corona, California
3562:Businesspeople from California
2511:Naqvi, Roya (March 21, 2006).
2380:"California's Top Foundations"
2193:"Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"
2164:Federal Highway Administration
1933:"Beckman DU Spectrophotometer"
1843:"Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame"
1442:In 1989, Beckman received the
1:
3542:Philanthropists from Illinois
3354:Beckman Historical Collection
3348:Arnold O. Beckman High School
1601:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)75750-9
1504:Arnold O. Beckman High School
1444:Charles Lathrop Parsons Award
1292:), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
947:banning open burning of trash
887:In 1947, California governor
401:Parris Island, South Carolina
16:American chemist and inventor
3567:Businesspeople from Illinois
3309:"Arnold O. Beckman (Part B)"
3278:"Arnold O. Beckman (Part A)"
2463:10.1373/clinchem.2004.037861
2129:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1845:. Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity
1490:National Academy of Sciences
1463:National Medal of Technology
1456:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1446:for public service from the
1179:to form SmithKline Beckman.
923:by government and industry.
785:Helipot microcircuitry, 1966
692:, developed several models.
423:was signed, ending the war.
130:National Medal of Technology
3342:Chemical Genealogy Database
3100:. Science History Institute
2301:. July 9, 1957. p. 12.
1979:Brown, Theodore L. (2009).
1472:Presidential Citizens Medal
1319:Beckman Young Investigators
1284:The Beckmans also gave to:
480:Bell Telephone Laboratories
359:Fourteen Weeks in Chemistry
343:Fourteen Weeks in Chemistry
142:Presidential Citizens Medal
3663:
3547:American physical chemists
3239:, including a trailer for
2764:"Beckman Scholars Program"
1221:Beckman Research Institute
966:air quality in the 1950s.
737:infrared spectrophotometer
597:
3517:American men centenarians
3357:Science History Institute
3313:Science History Institute
3307:Center for Oral History.
3282:Science History Institute
3276:Center for Oral History.
3269:Science History Institute
3237:Science History Institute
3077:American Chemical Society
2484:Arakal, Byron de (1992).
2217:Science History Institute
2201:Science History Institute
2100:Drug Discovery: A History
1467:National Medal of Science
1448:American Chemical Society
1290:Science History Institute
1072:Mountain View, California
1061:diffused-base transistors
466:Beckman decided to go to
382:Illinois State University
292:Science History Institute
290:, Profiles in Chemistry,
275:
270:Science History Institute
256:
251:Science History Institute
239:
230:
217:
169:
136:National Medal of Science
30:
2586:"Beckman Center History"
2097:Sneader, Walter (2005).
1908:"Arnold O. Beckman, 104"
1484:Beckman was awarded the
1461:Beckman was awarded the
1412:Mabel and Arnold Beckman
1114:Computers and automation
1053:semiconductor technology
608:Beckman model M pH meter
505:Mabel and Arnold Beckman
37:Arnold Beckman, ca. 1921
2411:San Diego Union Tribune
1546:Gallwas, Jerry (2004).
1527:Fairchild Semiconductor
1239:Beckman Laser Institute
1145:North American Aviation
1108:Fairchild Semiconductor
913:peroxy organic material
563:Robert Andrews Millikan
3374:Caltech Oral Histories
1413:
1405:
1303:, in Irvine, CA (1988)
1183:designed by architect
1123:
1092:Walter Houser Brattain
1084:Nobel Prize in Physics
1051:research program into
996:New York Curb Exchange
960:infrared gas analyzers
904:
822:
814:
786:
778:
684:
676:
637:acidity of the product
617:
609:
578:
546:
506:
474:. He found a job with
374:University High School
346:
300:Arnold Orville Beckman
25:Arnold Orville Beckman
3612:Silicon Valley people
2937:. Barbara Hahn's Blog
2669:Philanthropy Magazine
2543:Science Market Update
2490:Orange Coast Magazine
2174:on September 25, 2012
1411:
1403:
1121:
902:
820:
812:
784:
776:
764:Other secret projects
682:
674:
615:
607:
576:
552:measuring instruments
544:
504:
431:Beckman attended the
403:, he was sent to the
397:United States Marines
370:Bloomington, Illinois
341:
3329:. Philadelphia, PA:
3298:. Philadelphia, PA:
2744:. September 20, 1998
2441:Gochman, N. (2004).
1912:Chicago Tribune News
1822:. Philadelphia, PA:
1552:Analytical Chemistry
1486:Public Welfare Medal
1279:Pasadena, California
1266:Stanford, California
1185:Edward Durrell Stone
920:colorimetric methods
909:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
805:Pauling oxygen meter
791:Radiation Laboratory
698:DU spectrophotometer
531:Altadena, California
486:, Beckman developed
427:University education
349:Beckman was born in
316:DU spectrophotometer
154:Public Welfare Medal
76:La Jolla, California
3481:Danaher Corporation
3360:Digital Collections
3246:Jaehnig, Kenton G.
3123:"Arnold O. Beckman"
3098:"Othmer Gold Medal"
3011:www.achievement.org
2888:. February 12, 2013
2836:. February 21, 2013
2592:on October 18, 2013
2566:. Beckman Institute
2299:Wall Street Journal
2253:on December 1, 2013
2135:on February 4, 2015
1955:"Arnold O. Beckman"
1876:Jaehnig, Kenton G.
1558:(15): 264 A–265 A.
1262:Stanford University
1129:Beckman Instruments
1080:Stanford University
856:ionization chambers
512:Roscoe G. Dickinson
308:Beckman Instruments
212:Roscoe G. Dickinson
197:Beckman Instruments
3527:American investors
3428:Wallace H. Coulter
3151:. October 19, 1989
3053:. February 9, 1987
2450:Clinical Chemistry
2342:. January 9, 1962.
2275:. Nobel Foundation
2076:September 27, 2013
1789:Chapman University
1508:Irvine, California
1414:
1406:
1247:Irvine, California
1229:Duarte, California
1201:Beckman Quadrangle
1124:
905:
823:
815:
787:
779:
685:
677:
618:
610:
588:typewriter ribbons
579:
547:
507:
484:Walter A. Shewhart
405:Brooklyn Navy Yard
355:Joel Dorman Steele
347:
324:silicon transistor
180:Physical Chemistry
3489:
3488:
3474:Related companies
3423:Arnold O. Beckman
3176:Los Angeles Times
3149:Los Angeles Times
3051:Los Angeles Times
3035:. April 15, 1985.
2861:Los Angeles Times
2742:Los Angeles Times
2717:Los Angeles Times
2643:Los Angeles Times
2617:Los Angeles Times
2417:on March 12, 2017
2384:Los Angeles Times
2359:Los Angeles Times
2318:Los Angeles Times
2110:978-0-470-35929-7
1992:978-0-252-03484-8
1770:978-0-941901-23-9
1565:10.1021/ac041608j
1452:Othmer Gold Medal
1396:Awards and honors
1271:Beckman Institute
1189:Beckman Institute
1141:Lockheed Aircraft
848:Manhattan Project
842:Manhattan Project
710:Theodore L. Brown
662:Spectrophotometry
559:Arthur Amos Noyes
437:Carl Shipp Marvel
297:
296:
221:
220:
171:Scientific career
160:Othmer Gold Medal
3654:
3433:William Shockley
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3334:
3328:
3316:
3303:
3297:
3285:
3272:
3266:
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3063:
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3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:Fortune Magazine
3025:
3019:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
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2986:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
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2961:www.whittier.edu
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2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2447:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2413:. Archived from
2402:
2396:
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2260:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2238:
2229:
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2226:
2224:
2219:. August 2, 2016
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2167:. Archived from
2160:
2151:
2145:
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2140:
2131:. Archived from
2121:
2115:
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2094:
2088:
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2085:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:on March 6, 2014
2021:. Archived from
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1976:
1967:
1966:
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1543:
1515:Brea, California
1418:Whittier College
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1137:Boeing Aerospace
1076:Frederick Terman
1045:William Shockley
714:Bruce Merrifield
476:Western Electric
351:Cullom, Illinois
280:
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261:
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244:
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207:Doctoral advisor
71:
57:Cullom, Illinois
52:
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2886:UCI Irvine News
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2492:. August: 86–95
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2199:Podcast, 2018,
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2019:Laboratory News
2012:
2011:
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1193:David Baltimore
1161:
1133:analog computer
1116:
1041:
1029:ultracentrifuge
1025:
1004:
987:
873:
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807:
771:
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749:Robert Brattain
729:
669:
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621:Sunkist Growers
602:
596:
571:
539:
488:quality control
482:. Working with
457:Alpha Chi Sigma
429:
389:First World War
336:
277:
258:
241:
226:External videos
201:
165:
100:
84:Alma mater
79:
73:
72:(aged 104)
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3215:External links
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2386:. July 1, 1990
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1795:September 13,
1791:. May 5, 2005
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1594:(49): 79–81.
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1223:(BRI) at the
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1169:Newport Beach
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1078:, provost at
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979:Richard Nixon
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956:Max D. Liston
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871:Battling smog
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524:Linus Pauling
521:
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503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:Delta Upsilon
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
415:at the local
414:
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402:
398:
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331:
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306:, he founded
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282:Harry B. Gray
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67:
63:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3322:
3291:
3267:– via
3261:. Retrieved
3248:
3240:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3102:. Retrieved
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
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3023:
3010:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2976:
2966:February 26,
2964:. Retrieved
2960:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:
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170:
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112:Hoover Medal
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3502:1900 births
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3082:January 14,
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1437:Akron, Ohio
1301:Engineering
1210:alma maters
1086:along with
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985:Electronics
964:Los Angeles
889:Earl Warren
881:smudge pots
690:Howard Cary
667:Ultraviolet
629:citric acid
496:electronics
461:Gamma Alpha
148:Bower Award
3496:Categories
3458:Facilities
2486:"The Cure"
2279:October 9,
2178:August 27,
1177:SmithKline
1153:telemetric
1033:centrifuge
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3258:899243886
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864:dosimeter
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114:(1981)
105:Awards
3327:(PDF)
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2159:(PDF)
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1534:Notes
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1167:near
795:radar
3265:2018
3254:OCLC
3205:2017
3183:2014
3157:2014
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3106:2014
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2993:2011
2968:2020
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