474:, the award first granted during World War II to U.S. Forces for gallantry in action against an enemy.) Because of his vast and detailed knowledge and experience in passenger shipping, Bernstein involved himself in the details of conversion. A successful operation of the vessel would be essential to the growth of his personal wealth; every penny he could save would make the possibility of success more likely. Every aid to efficient operation he could add during conversion would potentially increase profitability and safety.
327:
prosecutor said
Bernstein had an undeclared bank account of over US$ 80,000 in New York. Bernstein did not deny having the account, but he said he felt it did not need to be reported because it was partly for his shipping business and also because there was a $ 96,000 claim on his business. Bernstein was convicted of violating Germany's foreign-exchange laws by having an undeclared foreign bank account, and he was sentenced to 30 months imprisonment, inclusive of time served, and a fine of 1
384:. Bernstein testified that he had been pressured to sign over the Red Star Line, particularly after a Chemical Bank representative visited him in prison and told him that "You know for yourself what happens to Jews who refuse to transfer their property." He was convinced that was the only way he could be released from imprisonment in Germany was to transfer the shipping business to a Nazi trustee. Holland America Line later bought the Red Star Line's ships from the Nazis for $ 11
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484:, Hamburg for conversion into a cruise liner while at the same time she was lengthened by 22 feet (6.71 m) at the stern. Bernstein had personal and professional connections with executives of the shipyard, and so did Winkler. To accommodate a maximum of 420 passengers, 171 air-conditioned passenger cabins were provided at time when air-conditioned cabins were not standard. Beginning in 1952 the Bernstein-controlled Silver Star Line sailed
361:, was called the "first war refugee" ship, because it was the first to take on passengers in excess of capacity because of the fear of war breaking out. When Bernstein arrived in New York, he said he had been imprisoned by the German government because he was Jewish. He said, "They had to get rid of me. I employed thousands of German sailors and I was head of a shipping company. I am of Jewish origin and they could not have me talking to
256:). He had three sisters, Else, Alice, and Rose. Arnold considered himself to be a lazy student contrary to the values of his family. His primary education ended by age 14 and his attitude began to change when he apprenticed to his father in 1902. By the age of 21, he had adopted his father's culture of a strict work ethic and honor code for business which he carried in 1909 to the Hanseatic port city of
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the
British Red Star line from United States lines. He turned the company around, from losing $ 500,000 annually to a profitable company by simultaneously using the ships as both passenger and cargo ships. Several years later, Bernstein owned three successful passenger lines that operated in Europe, the United States, and
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to a "Swiss" investor, Mr. Vasile
Ladislau "Leslie" Winkler (b. 12 Aug 1914 in Romania), who had a residence in Paris at the time. He registered the ship in Panama, owned by Compania de Naviera Rio Grande. (The brilliant Mr. Winkler was an example of a highly capable shipping industry agent displaced
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Bernstein was released by
Germany authorities in 1939. After making a payment of $ 30,000 (equivalent to US$ 700,000 in 2023), he was allowed to leave Germany for Holland. The funds had been raised by friends, who withheld payment until Bernstein arrived at the border crossing. Bernstein and his
407:
Bernstein was a flexible thinker who preferred straightforward methods, but he would develop complex transactions to match the needs of investors, customers and regulators. Along with other shipping industry executives, in the late 1940s, he saw an opportunity to provide a quality passenger cruise
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In
February 1937, Bernstein was arrested on charges of foreign exchange offenses. At the time of his arrest, he was the owner of one of the largest Jewish businesses in Germany. After being held in jail for eleven months, he was tried in court for violating Germany's currency laws and treason. The
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began in 1929, demand to ship cars from the United States to Europe plummeted. His cargo shipping business was no longer profitable, so he converted the ships to passenger ships. Rather than have three different passenger classes, his ships had just one class for all passengers. In 1934, he bought
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He had very little money but was highly regarded in his business skills. He recruited investors while assets and credit were difficult to obtain during wartime. In 1940, he founded the Arnold
Bernstein Steamship Corporation in New York. He became a U.S. citizen the same year.
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During the early 1930s, Bernstein personally experienced the growing anti-Semitism even though he did not consider himself a practicing religious Jew. Bernstein did not trust Hitler's promise to
Hindenburg that he would not harm Jews who had fought in the
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was still an attractive vessel to
Bernstein because it could be converted for either full passenger ship or partial passenger/car carrier ship. Mr. Winkler's purchase was a way to fulfill Bernstein's assurance of a sale to the original sellers.
69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
488:
for "informal" vacation cruises from
Washington DC, Charleston, Miami, and New Orleans to the Caribbean Sea, calling mainly in ports like Bermuda, Nassau, Havana and Vera Cruz. At the end of each summer, she sailed to
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and pioneer of transatlantic car transport, which he revolutionised since he was transporting cars without boxing them up in wooden crates as was usual before and was thus able to reduce freight rates. When the 1929
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in hiding two Jewish orphans from the Nazis. On 2 February 1950 the vessel left
Antwerp under tow for Hamburg. However the sale to Triora S.A. had fallen through. Finally in May 1950 her owners closed the sale of
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323:, but his wife did not want to emigrate. Bernstein founded the Palestine Shipping Company (1934), which emerged as an important link for Jewish emigration to Palestine during the late 1930s.
303:. Over the course of the next decade, he grew the value of his shipping enterprises. He revolutionized how vehicles were transported across the Atlantic, greatly reducing shipping costs.
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428:, for conversion to a small passenger cruise ship began with a negotiation with its owners. Using Triora S.A., Panama, his investor group planned to purchase the ship and rename her
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The Second Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1955: Hearings Before Subcommittees of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session
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million in 2023). The U.S. federal court ruled that unlawful acts committed by the German government in Germany were not reviewable by a U.S. court, and it dismissed the lawsuit.
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on August 25, 1939, and they arrived in New York on September 1, the day that Germany invaded Poland. There were 1,286 passengers on board, despite having a capacity of 1,150.
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on a Mediterranean cruise. In December 1956 the charter on the vessel was transferred to Caribbean Cruise Lines and she sailed for one additional voyage. In January of 1957,
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232:, which he called tourist class, rather than two or three that were more usual. One of the first Jewish 'merchant princes', he was one of the victims of the
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Narrative regarding 1963 activities of Mr. Winkler, Vice President, Exhibitions de France, holder of the operation franchise for the French Pavilion at the
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Bernstein founded his first shipping company in 1919. During World War I, he served in the military. After the war, he returned to his business as the
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1215:, and other people. Excerpt from Records & Briefs New York State Appellate Division, 30 AD 2nd, pages 950, Volume 216. Accessed January 31, 2020.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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in the New York-Antwerp-Amsterdam trade, but competition with airlines caused him difficulty in financing a sister ship. In 1959, he sold
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ship experience that would allow visits to smaller and older ports that the larger trans-Atlantic cruise ships were not able to meet.
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The eldest son of the Jewish businessman Max Bernstein and his wife Franziska Altmann, Arnold Bernstein was born 23 January 1888 in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Bernstein once said, "All business is a kind of war and you stand a fair chance of winning if you stick to your guns."
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Siegel, Björn, “It Cost Me 20 Years to Defeat Hitler.” Hamburg Shipping Company Owner Arnold Bernstein in the USA. In
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in order to be refitted as a warm weather cruise liner, and he decided to retire at the age of 71, to his home in
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million in 2023). The German government confiscated all the ships he owned, and it later liquidated the business.
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American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) Archives: Italy, Transfer of Funds: V. Winkler, 1950-1952
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462:(with registered owner: Compania Naviera Estrella de Plata S. A., Panama, call sign: HOHX) and renamed
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In 1951, Bernstein arranged the purchase of the vessel by SGS Société de Surveillance S. A. in
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made the use of 'swimming garages' impractical, Bernstein then turned his cargo ships into
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was sold to state-owned Flota Argentina de NavegaciĂłn Fluvial (Buenos Aires) and renamed
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985:. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.). February 26, 1937. p. 3.
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Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present
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1114:. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.). July 2, 1954. p. 7.
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832:"Jewish Museum Berlin - "Changing Tides - the Shipping Magnate Arnold Bernstein""
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into a passenger ship. In 1958, it was put into service as the passenger vessel
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Arrest of Bernstein, Reich Shipping Magnate, Seen Move to Eliminate Non-Aryan
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had been sold to the Holland America Line. The two lines were valued at $ 4
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Arnold Bernstein Tells Federal Court He Ceded Red Star Line Under Pressure
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in New York and arranged the financing for purchase and conversion of the
1151:. The Morning News (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.). November 8, 1946. p. 18.
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His first attempt to purchase the defunct partially converted cargo ship
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1097:. The Lewiston Daily Sun (Lewiston, Maine, U.S.). July 10, 1940. p. 5.
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553:) on May 1, 1919. They had a son Ronald and a daughter Stephanie.
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1007:. Evening Star (Washington, D.C., U.S.). January 7, 1938. p. 3.
564:, and he wrote extensively about the subject. He had a home in
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953:"Arnold Bernstein is a Backer of New Palestine Shipping Line"
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Liner Bremen Races to Reach Home Port Before Blockade Starts
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Bernstein married Lilli Kimmelstiel (born 20 June 1896 in
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
1170:. Leicester: Short Run Book Company. pp. 193–197.
933:"Im Wechsel Der Gezeiten: Der Reeder Arnold Bernstein"
1244:(Newport News, Virginia, U.S.). April 20, 1957. p. 3.
821:(Port Chester, New York, U.S.). March 9, 1971. p. 14.
1035:(Brooklyn, New York, U.S.). September 1, 1939. p. 3.
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
1261:(Mamaroneck, New York, U.S.). June 11, 1958. p. 3.
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1255:New Shipping Line a Dream Come True for Bernstein
1373:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
1125:"Return of Ships Sought. Claim of Forced Sale"
1052:(Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.). June 26, 1939. p. 2.
87:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
295:Arnold Bernstein Shipping Company house flag.
263:He fought in the German artillery during the
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575:Bernstein died of a heart ailment in
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466:. (Estrella de Plata is the specific
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1238:Mariner Ship: Price is $ 4.8 Million
1064:"Fleeing Tourists Jam Arriving Ship"
1353:People from the Province of Silesia
1343:American businesspeople in shipping
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99:{{Translated|de|Arnold Bernstein}}
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480:was brought into the shipyard of
1368:People from Ocean Ridge, Florida
1358:People from Mamaroneck, New York
1001:Reich Sentences Jewish Ship Head
694:, freighter & passenger ship
688:, freighter & passenger ship
682:, freighter & passenger ship
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1378:Military personnel from Wrocław
512:In 1957, Bernstein founded the
1284:10.23691/jgo:article-242.en.v1
418:, previously the World War II
215:, U.S.) was a German-American
97:You may also add the template
1:
878:"Arnold Bernstein Dead at 83"
388:million (equivalent to $ 125
382:United States District Court
1348:Businesspeople from Wrocław
1293:20th Century Press Archives
1200:, accessed January 31, 2020
887:. March 9, 1971. p. 41
746:, transatlantic ocean liner
400:million (equivalent to $ 54
234:Nazi appropriation policies
110:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
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1133:. June 5, 1945. p. 1.
791:, passenger ship (1958–59)
783:, passenger ship (1952–56)
367:President of the Reichstag
61:Machine translation, like
1130:The Sydney Morning Herald
1112:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
38:the corresponding article
16:German-American shipowner
1046:Red Star Line Liquidated
1033:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
376:In 1945, Bernstein sued
1050:The Des Moines Register
497:made a port of call in
108:For more guidance, see
1164:Larsson, Arne (2004).
750:Under non-German flag
566:New Rochelle, New York
539:New Rochelle, New York
357:, a ship owned by the
296:
279:, and was awarded the
1319:– "untrusted website"
1167:Ships and Friendships
672:, freighter, renamed
535:American Export Lines
514:American Banner Lines
301:Arnold Bernstein Line
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199:(23 January 1888, in
81:copyright attribution
1303:"Silverstar History"
938:Jewish Museum Berlin
577:Ocean Ridge, Florida
570:Ocean Ridge, Florida
378:Holland America Line
359:Holland America Line
335:(equivalent to $ 8.7
213:Ocean Ridge, Florida
169:Ocean Ridge, Florida
1071:. September 2, 1939
907:"Arnold Bernstein."
558:Larchmont, New York
470:way of translating
460:Geneva, Switzerland
165:March 1971 (age 83)
1069:The New York Times
983:World News Service
959:. January 14, 1935
884:The New York Times
658:Schleswig-Holstein
587:Under German Flag
507:Ciudad de Santa FĂ©
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89:interlanguage link
442:Francesco Moraldo
313:British Palestine
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1313:January 31,
1242:Daily Press
1183:January 31,
1075:February 1,
963:February 1,
957:JTA archive
891:February 1,
767:Continental
763:, freighter
757:, freighter
743:Westernland
737:ocean liner
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472:Silver Star
430:Silver Star
351:Southampton
333:Reichsmarks
177:Citizenship
1327:Categories
796:References
780:Silverstar
755:Panamanian
710:Traunstein
692:Ilsenstein
686:Königstein
680:Gerolstein
670:Hohenstein
503:Silverstar
495:Silverstar
486:Silverstar
478:Silverstar
464:Silverstar
440:who aided
434:Silverstar
281:Iron Cross
240:Early life
185:Occupation
139:1888-01-23
704:Lahnstein
664:Eberstein
654:, lighter
652:Charlotte
606:, tugboat
518:freighter
450:by war.)
423:HMS
306:When the
217:shipowner
189:Shipowner
103:talk page
40:in German
842:July 19,
788:Atlantic
729:Pennland
674:Tel Aviv
627:Frithjof
598:Keilberg
531:Atlantic
527:Atlantic
331:million
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1295:of the
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646:Johanna
562:ecology
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