4633:
1185:, which he believed had "begun to recover its ancient prosperity" as a result. Historian Isaiah Friedman felt Toynbee had been influenced by the Palestine Arab delegation which was visiting London in 1922. His subsequent writings reveal his changing outlook on the subject, and by the late 1940s he had moved away from the Zionist concept taking into account the Palestine Arabs' tenure. Toynbee maintained that the Jewish people had neither historic nor legal claims to Palestine, stating that the Arab "population's human rights to their homes and property over-ride all other rights in cases where claims conflict." Toynbee did concede that Jews, "being the only surviving representatives of any of the pre-Arab inhabitants of Palestine, had a further claim to a national home in Palestine," but even so Toynbee felt the
371:
62:
4614:
1317:
4602:
769:, Toynbee offered various elaborate proposals and predictions for the future of various countries, both European and non-European. For example, he advocated an autonomous Poland in a federal arrangement with Russia, the retention of Austro-Hungarian dominion over Czech and Slovak lands, Austro-Hungarian relinquishment of
1641:(Oxford University Press under the auspices of the British Institute of International Affairs 1925). Published on its own, but Toynbee writes that it was "originally written as an introduction to the Survey of International Affairs in 1920–1923, and was intended for publication as part of the same volume".
1302:
Toynbee believed that societies always die from suicide or murder rather than natural causes; and nearly always the former. He sees the growth and decline of civilizations as a spiritual process, writing that "Man achieves civilization, not as a result of superior biological endowment or geographical
1119:
at Hitler's request. During the interview, which was held a day before
Toynbee delivered his lecture, Hitler emphasized his limited expansionist aim of building a greater German nation, and his desire for British understanding and co-operation with Nazi Germany. Hitler also suggested Germany could be
939:
After 1960, Toynbee's ideas faded in both academia and in popular culture. His work is seldom cited today. In general, historians pointed to his preference for myths, allegories, and religion over factual data. His critics argued that his conclusions are more those of a
Christian moralist than of a
866:
Toynbee was perhaps the world's most read, translated, and discussed living scholar. His output was enormous, hundreds of books, pamphlets, and articles. Of these, scores were translated into thirty different languages....the critical reaction to
Toynbee constitutes a veritable intellectual history
1288:
With the civilisations as units identified, he presented the history of each in terms of challenge-and-response, a process he proposed as a scientific law of history. Civilizations arose in response to some set of extreme challenges, when "creative minorities" devised new solutions that reoriented
2239:
was published by Oxford
University Press under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs between 1925 and 1977 and covered the years 1920–1963. Toynbee wrote, with assistants, the Pre-War Series (covering the years 1920–1938) and the War-Time Series (1938–1946), and contributed
3115:
The Royal
Institute of International Affairs is an unofficial and non-political body, founded in 1920 to encourage and facilitate the scientific study of international questions. The Institute, as such, is precluded by its rules from expressing an opinion on any aspects of international affairs:
1297:
by organising the
Neolithic inhabitants into a society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects; or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community. When civilisations responded to
1196:
The views
Toynbee expressed in the 1950s continued to oppose the formation of a Jewish state, partly out of his concern that it would increase the risk of Middle East conflict with the Jews and Arabs and could lead to a nuclear confrontation.Toynbee in his article "Jewish Rights in Palestine",
991:
While the writing of the Study was underway, Toynbee produced numerous smaller works and served as
Director of Studies of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, (from 1929-1956). He also retained his position at the London School of Economics until his retirement in 1956.
953:
Toynbee's work, however, continues to be referenced by some classical historians, because "his training and surest touch is in the world of classical antiquity." His roots in classical literature are also manifested by similarities between his approach and that of classical historians such as
1247:
as merely a "fossil remnant," his portrayal of
Judaism as fanatical and provincial and as having advanced the cause of civilization only as a seedbed for Christianity, his view that Zionism offends Jewish piety by attempting to effect a return to the Mideast through secular means rather than
855:
1418:, as defined from a broad historical view of human society and of human and social problems.' In addition to awarding the Toynbee Prize, the foundation sponsors scholarly engagement with global history through sponsorship of sessions at the annual meeting of the
834:
1120:
an ally to
Britain in the Asia-Pacific region if Germany's Pacific colonial empire were restored. Toynbee believed that Hitler was sincere and endorsed Hitler's message in a confidential memorandum for the British prime minister and foreign secretary.
1165:. However, after the war he accused Greece's military government in occupied Turkish territory of atrocities and massacres. This earned him the enmity of the wealthy Greeks who had endowed the chair, and in 1924 he was forced to resign the position.
1127:, a British 'diplomat' stationed in Berlin at the time, later informed Toynbee that it 'was an eager topic of discussion everywhere'. Back home, some of Toynbee's colleagues were dismayed by his attempts at managing Anglo-German relations.
663:
948:
To many world historians today, Arnold J. Toynbee is regarded like an embarrassing uncle at a house party. He gets a requisite introduction by virtue of his place on the family tree, but he is quickly passed over for other friends and
1298:
challenges, they grew; but they disintegrated when their leaders stopped responding creatively, sinking into nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority. According to an Editor's Note in an edition of Toynbee's
2247:, covering the years 1928–1963, was published by Oxford University Press between 1929 and 1973. Toynbee supervised the compilation of the first of the 1939–1946 volumes, and wrote a preface for both that and the 1947–1948 volume.
1160:
Toynbee was a leading analyst of developments in the Middle East. His support for Greece and hostility to the Turks during World War I had gained him an appointment to the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at
1147:
as a religious competition that pitted a Marxist materialist heresy against the West's spiritual Christian heritage, which had already been foolishly rejected by a secularised West. A heated debate ensued, and an editorial in
893:
examined the rise and fall of 26 civilisations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders.
934:
How do cultures, and the historical entities which are their media, arise, grow and decay? Only a comparative morphology with exact procedures can hope to answer these questions. It was Arnold J. Toynbee who undertook the
1209:, the Israeli ambassador to Canada, Toynbee softened his view and called on Israel, by then established, to fulfil its special "mission to make contributions to worldwide efforts to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war."
1192:
Although not the official view of Chatham House which discussed numerous opinions on the then evolving situation, Toynbee came to be known, by his own admission, as "the Western spokesman for the Arab cause."
1076:
3. “To provide information on special points desired" (in regards to each country). It provided various reports on foreign press, historical and political background of the enemy and various other topics.
1995:
The three sets of lectures published separately in the UK in 1962 appeared in New York in the same year in one volume under the title America and the World Revolution and Other Lectures, Oxford University
1074:
2. To “produce at the request of the Foreign Office, and the Service and other Departments, memoranda giving the historical and political background on any given situation on which information is desired”.
457:(1934–1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was widely read and discussed in the 1940s and 1950s.
1123:
Toynbee presented his lecture in English, but copies of it were circulated in German by Nazi officials, and it was warmly received by his Berlin audience who appreciated its conciliatory tone.
562:
Balliol College, Oxford, and appointed a tutor in ancient history. Unusually for a British classical scholar of that time, his interests crossed Greek and Roman civilisation, and ranged from
1189:
had guaranteed that such a claim was valid "only in so far as it can be implemented without injury to the rights and to the legitimate interests of the native Arab population of Palestine."
4764:
1434:
and public contributions to humanity. Currently, it is awarded every other year for work that makes a significant contribution to the study of global history. The recipients have been
4799:
4734:
1639:
The World after the Peace Conference, Being an Epilogue to the "History of the Peace Conference of Paris" and a Prologue to the "Survey of International Affairs, 1920–1923"
731:
was the second. They divorced in 1946; Toynbee then married his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter (1893-1980), in the same year. He died on 22 October 1975, age 86.
4378:
1001:
3113:
Published in 12 volumes from 1934-1961 under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press with the disclaimer in each volume
901:
was both a commercial and an academic success. In the US alone, more than 7,000 sets of the ten-volume edition were sold by 1955. A 1947 one-volume 1947 abridgement by
1560:
4744:
4729:
4774:
1217:
Though Toynbee co-authoured papers with and commissioned articles from Jewish scholars, and included Jewish friends among those whom he praised in his book
478:, and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859–1939). His mother took the equivalent of an undergraduate degree in English history at Cambridge University, when
4754:
2152:, new one-volume abridgement, with new material and revisions and, for the first time, illustrations (Oxford University Press and Thames & Hudson 1972)
1679:(Oxford University Press under the joint auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1934)
1205:, who published his rebuke, "Jewish Rights in Eretz Israel (Palestine)" in the same issue. However, as a result of Toynbee's debate in January 1961 with
546:(BA) degree. From 1911 to 1912, he toured Italy and Greece to study the classical landscape and remains that "he had thitherto known only through books".
4784:
4739:
670:
in 1919. He would ultimately resign from the chair in 1924, following an academic dispute (see subsection on Greece below). In 1921 and 1922 he was the
1260:
account might be, not that they had exterminated a majority of the Western Jews, but that they had caused the surviving remnant of Jewry to stumble."
2240:
introductions to the first two volumes of the Post-War Series (1947–1948 and 1949–1950). His actual contributions varied in extent from year to year.
4724:
3453:
689:
302:
4759:
2887:
4514:
Hutton, Alexander. "'A belated return for Christ?': the reception of Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History in a British context, 1934–1961".
1303:
environment, but as a response to a challenge in a situation of special difficulty which rouses him to make a hitherto unprecedented effort."
911:
magazine in 1947, with an article describing his work as "the most provocative work of historical theory written in England since Karl Marx's
4448:
Humanist among machines – As the dreams of Silicon Valley fill our world, could the dowdy historian Arnold Toynbee help prevent a nightmare?
4423:
3411:
2927:
2867:
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2472:
2433:
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1969:(Oxford University Press 1961). Account of a journey made in North-West India, West Pakistan and Afghanistan during the early months of 1960.
708:
491:
350:
198:
31:
4557:
4690:
3889:
2742:
4084:
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Chatham House and British Foreign Policy, 1919-1945, Edited by Andrea Bosco & Cornelia Nevari, Lothian Foundation Press, 1994, p146.
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since he saw Russia as a non-Western society and the revolution as a threat to Western society. However, in 1952, he argued that the
677:
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4313:
4286:
4236:
3865:
3790:
3619:
3579:
3546:
2535:
1400:
1064:
3806:
Paquette, Gabriel B. (June 2000). "The Impact of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's Historical Thought, 1917–34".
2127:(Oxford University Press 1970). Sponsored by the Institute of Urban Environment of the School of Architecture, Columbia University.
1338:
1331:
1240:
980:
635:
590:
after his return from Greece, to be unfit for military service. In 1915, he began working for the intelligence department of the
4618:
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1770:(New York, Columbia University Press 1949). Lectures delivered at Columbia University on themes from a then-unpublished part of
1381:
4779:
4430:
1419:
1060:
1056:
1353:
1173:
His stance during World War I reflected less sympathy for the Arab cause and took a pro-Zionist outlook. Toynbee investigated
4804:
4470:
Brewin, Christopher. "Arnold Toynbee, Chatham House, and Research in a Global Context", in David Long and Peter Wilson, eds.
3949:
2818:
2625:
2495:
2018:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1963). "Conversations between Arnold Toynbee and his son, Philip … as they were recorded on tape."
704:
4379:"The 2017 Toynbee Prize Lecture: "Arnold Toynbee and the Problems of Today" (Jürgen Osterhammel) | Toynbee Prize Foundation"
2694:
3601:
Chatham House: Its history and inhabitants, C. E. Carrington and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, p 114
1229:, for example, bases the accusation of antisemitism on, among other things, the allegedly negative portrayal of Judaism in
3516:
Chatham House: Its history and inhabitants, C. E. Carrington and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, p115
3507:
Chatham House: Its history and inhabitants, C. E. Carrington and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, p115
2917:
1981:(Oxford University Press 1962). Weatherhead Foundation Lectures delivered at the University of Puerto Rico, February 1962.
700:
387:
51:
2419:
1360:
3171:
3060:
3046:
1013:
615:
475:
4606:
1181:
which supported exclusive Jewish political rights in Ottoman Palestine. He expressed support for Jewish immigration to
4686:
4581:
4562:
Paquette, Gabriel B. "The Impact of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's Historical Thought, 1917–34",
3643:
3291:
2442:
2156:
1467:
1177:
in 1915 at the Information Department of the Foreign Office, and in 1917 he published a memorandum with his colleague
1101:
3018:
3004:
2976:
2943:
1833:
Vol IX: Contacts between Civilizations in Time; Law and Freedom in History; The Prospects of the Western Civilization
1774:. Published "by arrangement with Oxford University Press in an edition limited to 400 copies and not to be reissued".
4447:
3974:
Thomas G. Fraser, ‘Chatham House and the Palestinian Question, 1920-1939’, in Bosco and Navari, op. cit., p.187-203
4749:
3403:
3262:
3135:
3032:
2990:
2960:
2350:
1882:(Melbourne, Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Australian Institute of International Affairs 1957).
1367:
685:
429:
297:
1327:
4794:
1273:
1136:
902:
315:
292:
30:
This article is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee. For his uncle, the economic historian, see
3667:
3659:
3639:
3076:
1673:
British Commonwealth Relations, Proceedings of the First Unofficial Conference at Toronto, 11–21 September 1933
1618:
Greek Historical Thought from Homer to the Age of Heraclius, with two pieces newly translated by Gilbert Murray
1115:
While on a visit in Berlin in 1936 to address the Law Society, Toynbee was invited to a private interview with
1093:
770:
3638:
working on reform of international law; A. J. B. Fisher on economic conditions for reconstruction of Europe;
1414:
Named after Arnold J. Toynbee, the Foundation was chartered in 1987 'to contribute to the development of the
1349:
1162:
667:
433:
3662:
on the Low Countries, Scandinavia and Italy; Marshall on Germany and Czechoslovakia; W. Stewart on France;
1635:, Vol. VI (Oxford University Press under the auspices of the British Institute of International Affairs 1924)
4789:
4526:
4453:
3853:
3782:
3571:
3538:
2805:
2523:
2202:, with an introduction by Tomlin (Oxford University Press 1978), posthumous. Includes advance extracts from
2138:
1860:
1198:
1048:
762:
for the allocation of disputed territories, an idea brought to fruition by the postwar use of plebiscites.
519:
502:
437:
223:
4769:
4080:
3675:
3320:
3130:
2066:
822:
591:
527:
421:
3468:
2230:
1975:(Oxford University Press 1962). Public lectures delivered at the University of Pennsylvania, spring 1961.
1645:
4502:
4407:
3841:
3770:
3526:
2511:
2292:
2215:
2007:(New York, Oxford University Press 1963). Separate publication of part of Vol VII of A Study of History.
1987:(Oxford University Press 1962). Beatty Memorial Lectures delivered at McGill University, Montreal, 1961.
1777:
1475:
603:
571:
1499:
1712:
4719:
4714:
3635:
3252:
2437:
2107:
The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith
2062:
1902:
1052:
923:
868:
758:, Toynbee argued against the competing principle of "natural borders." Toynbee encouraged the use of
659:
651:
287:
3634:
Experts in their fields working at Chatham House's WWII Foreign Press and Research Service included
1883:
1876:(New York, Scribner 1957; London, Oxford University Press 1958). Hewett Lectures, delivered in 1956.
508:
in Winchester, Hampshire. From 1907 to 1911, having won a scholarship to Oxford University, he read
482:
for women was unusual and before women were allowed to graduate from the university, and his sister
246:
2134:
1563:, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon by Viscount Bryce, with a Preface by
1550:
1447:
1186:
1097:
963:
919:
on the then-current hostility between east and west and on non-western views of the western world.
672:
623:
619:
531:
425:
383:
370:
47:
4585:
4494:
4207:
4199:
4152:
4144:
4036:
4001:
3823:
3093:
2777:
2588:
2580:
2401:
2393:
2267:
2221:
1936:
1906:
1820:
1722:
1682:
1662:(Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 1928)
1628:
1487:
1439:
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1182:
1088:
took over the role from Curtis. There were four deputy directors. The four Deputy Directors were
970:
885:
847:
510:
498:
453:
340:
326:
2746:
2629:
1256:
in which Toynbee wrote that, "On the Day of Judgement, the gravest crime standing to the German
854:
1374:
630:
proposed the formation of an Institute of International Affairs, resulting in the formation of
4657:
4628:
4419:
4336:
4330:
4309:
4282:
4276:
4242:
4232:
4191:
4136:
3861:
3857:
3786:
3708:
3663:
3615:
3575:
3542:
3407:
3324:
3295:
3266:
2923:
2863:
2796:
2712:
2667:
2572:
2531:
2527:
2468:
2385:
2330:
2192:(Oxford University Press 1976), posthumous. The record of a conversation lasting several days.
2133:(Oxford University Press 1971). Rewritten version of a dialogue between Toynbee and Professor
1513:
1495:
905:
of the first six volumes sold over 300,000 copies in the US. Toynbee appeared on the cover of
876:
814:
599:
570:. He also combined traditional classical literary scholarship with the emerging discipline of
563:
555:
4303:
3344:
1031:
Toynbee was co-editor with his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter, of the RIIA's annual
4642:
4637:
4183:
4128:
4028:
3993:
3901:
3815:
3563:
3162:
3085:
2704:
2564:
2377:
2322:
1856:
1676:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1243:, Toynbee's reference to the Jewish presence in Palestine at the time of the publication of
1221:, Toynbee's views on Judaism and Middle East politics prompted allegations of antisemitism.
1080:
Many eminent historians served on the FPRS under Arnold J. Toynbee as its Director and with
1044:
975:
744:
655:
567:
543:
523:
479:
394:
4545:
Martel, Gordon. "The Origins of World History: Arnold Toynbee before the First World War",
3930:
2708:
821:, a strong, independent, central government in Persia. and a Russo-British partitioning of
4490:
4486:
3679:
3655:
2282:
2277:
2262:
2195:
2185:
1751:
1653:
1443:
1415:
1248:
entrusting it to a divinely promised Messiah, and certain troubling passages in Toynbee's
1202:
907:
872:
837:
810:
720:
647:
583:
505:
494:(1852–1883), and a descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations.
483:
345:
258:
203:
125:
1601:
1540:
1239:
to describe episodes of "extreme brutality" even where Jews were not involved, as in the
1055:. There, the Foreign Press and Research Service of the Institute worked closely with the
983:, for having been "kind enough to read the manuscript and make suggestions" to the book.
926:, as a sort of paradigm in the post-war period. In the opening pages of his own study of
2903:
2768:
Clogg, Richard (1985). "Politics and the Academy: Arnold Toynbee and the Koraes Chair".
61:
3647:
3387:
3210:
3203:
3198:
2011:
1564:
1533:
1124:
1089:
1085:
1047:
the institute was decentralised for security reasons, with many of the staff moving to
1005:
927:
818:
802:
728:
724:
595:
487:
182:
3937:
Under this new Jewish husbandry Palestine has begun to recover its ancient prosperity.
2831:
1430:
The Toynbee Prize is an honorary award, recognising social scientists for significant
4708:
4498:
4460:
4412:
4211:
4156:
3846:
3827:
3775:
3671:
3651:
3531:
3396:
3097:
2592:
2516:
2405:
2287:
2257:
1814:
1625:
The Non-Arab Territories of the Ottoman Empire since the Armistice of 30 October 1918
1463:
1459:
1269:
1206:
1081:
1025:
693:
631:
627:
441:
251:
17:
4356:
944:
titled "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee," historian Michael Lang wrote:
4699:
3702:
2233:(Oxford University Press by arrangement with Beacon Press, Boston 1987), posthumous
2084:
1965:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1435:
1178:
1140:
1116:
774:
2798:
The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations
1603:
The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilizations
867:
of the midcentury: we find a long list of the period's most important historians,
833:
4682:
4676:
4648:
Klaus-Gunther Wesseling (1998). "Kircher, Athanasius". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
3391:
3256:
2458:
2069:
and the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee in the first quarter of 1965.
4482:
3229:
2699:
2420:"The Evolution of Civilizations - An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1979)"
2272:
2172:
2145:
2080:
2023:
1316:
1035:
from 1922-1956. It became the "bible" for international specialists in Britain.
1009:
842:
806:
748:
241:
4695:
4624:
3704:
The Avoidable War—Volume 2: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936
797:
between Russia and Romania and joint use by those two countries of the port of
664:
Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature
3819:
3074:
Lang, Michael (December 2011). "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee".
2568:
2381:
2225:
1792:
1611:
Greek Civilization and Character: The Self-Revelation of Ancient Greek Society
1517:
959:
794:
759:
530:, causing financial difficulties for the family. Regardless, Toynbee achieved
4195:
4140:
4132:
2576:
2389:
1933:, with a new preface by Toynbee and new tables (Oxford University Press 1960)
4613:
4246:
4187:
3224:
1222:
955:
587:
236:
3225:"The Psychology of Encounters—Arnold Toynbee: The World and the West: 1952"
1532:
The New Europe: Some Essays in Reconstruction, with an Introduction by the
4601:
3089:
2326:
1660:
The Conduct of British Empire Foreign Relations since the Peace Settlement
1289:
their entire society. Challenges and responses were physical, as when the
4226:
3905:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1431:
1152:
promptly attacked Toynbee for treating communism as a "spiritual force".
1144:
790:
778:
735:
Views on the post-World War I peace settlement and geopolitical situation
515:
486:
was an archaeologist and art historian. Arnold Toynbee was a grandson of
4479:
World Historians and Their Goals: Twentieth-Century Answers to Modernism
4203:
4171:
4148:
4116:
3757:
The Story of International Relations, Part Three: Cold-Blooded Idealists
2584:
2552:
2397:
2365:
4040:
4005:
2781:
2220:
An Historian's Conscience: The Correspondence of Arnold J. Toynbee and
1276:. Their dialogue was later edited and presented in the form of a book,
1174:
786:
684:. In 1925 he became Research Professor of International History at the
4019:
Zeitlin, Solomon (1961). "Jewish Rights in Eretz Israel (Palestine)".
1063:
dedicating their research to the war effort under the Chairmanship of
3319:. American University Studies—5—Philosophy. Vol. 169. New York:
2904:"A Monograph on Plebiscites: With a Collection of Official Documants"
2464:
1257:
798:
782:
471:
89:
4671:
4264:. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press.
4032:
3997:
1784:, with a preface by Toynbee (New York, Oxford University Press 1950)
966:, in which his work is often categorised, has been in the doldrums.
436:. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on
4650:
4472:
Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed
3568:
Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed
2821:
and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004. p115
2498:
and Mary Bone, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004. p115
1545:
The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey
3950:"Prof. Toynbee Rebuked by U.S. Scholar for Renewed Attack on Jews"
3116:
opinions expressed in this book are, therefore, purely individual.
2165:
Editor, Half the World: The History and Culture of China and Japan
2061:(Oxford University Press 1966). Partly based on lectures given at
1568:(Hodder & Stoughton and His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1916)
1290:
853:
832:
3564:"Arnold Toynbee, Chatham House, and Research in a Global Context"
2171:
Toynbee on Toynbee: A Conversation between Arnold J. Toynbee and
554:
In 1912, having returned from his travels, Toynbee was elected a
2553:"Research in a Global Context: A Discussion of Toynbee's Legacy"
2027:
1961:
1294:
922:
Toynbee's overall theory was taken up by some scholars, such as
752:
474:, England, to Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861–1941), secretary of the
108:
420:; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a
4521:
Lang, Michael. "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee",
3369:
LANG, MICHAEL. "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee."
1830:
Vol VIII: Heroic Ages; Contacts between Civilizations in Space
1310:
1070:
The formal remit of Chatham House for the FPRS at Balliol was:
916:
403:
4507:
Friedman, Isaiah. "Arnold Toynbee: Pro-Arab or Pro-Zionist?"
2366:"Two Prophets of the Twentieth Century: Spengler and Toynbee"
2035:
Hannibal's Legacy: The Hannibalic War's Effects on Roman Life
703:(FBA) in 1937. He was elected an International Member of the
1578:
The Belgian Deportations, with a statement by Viscount Bryce
4656:(in German). Vol. 13. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 382–392.
4582:
online edition of vol. 1, covering vols 1–6 of the original
1836:
Vol X: The Inspirations of Historians; A Note on Chronology
862:
Michael Lang says that for much of the twentieth century,
412:
4228:
The Chatham House version and other Middle-Eastern studies
2180:
Mankind and Mother Earth: A Narrative History of the World
1898:(Oxford University Press 1959, in Home University Library)
1870:, with a preface by Toynbee (Oxford University Press 1957)
1758:, with a preface by Toynbee (Oxford University Press 1946)
1143:
had been a victim of Western aggression. He portrayed the
858:
Toynbee on the front cover of Time magazine, 17 March 1947
424:, an author of numerous books and a research professor of
4580:
abridged edition by D. C. Somervell (2 vol. 1947); 617pp
1931:
A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols I-X in one volume
1059:
to provide intelligence for and to work closely with the
3984:
Toynbee, Arnold J (1961). "Jewish Rights in Palestine".
1782:
War and Civilization, Selections from A Study of History
979:(1966), which critiques the official explanation of the
4231:. David Pryce-Jones, אלי. קדורי. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
1572:
The Destruction of Poland: A Study in German Efficiency
1039:
Chatham House's WWII Foreign Press and Research Service
1038:
444:, in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the
2039:
Vol I: Rome and Her Neighbours before Hannibal's Entry
440:; from 1929 to 1956 he was the Director of Studies at
2859:
Camera Graeca: Photographs, Narratives, Materialities
2042:
Vol II: Rome and Her Neighbours after Hannibal's Exit
1516:: The Murder of a Nation, with a speech delivered by
1084:(represented the Chairman) at Oxford until 1941 when
406:
4652:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
4542:(Oxford UP, 1989). The standard scholarly biography.
3678:on Bulgaria and Albania; Mrs. Thompson on Greece;
969:
Toynbee is thanked in the acknowledgment section of
707:
in 1941 and an International Honorary Member of the
680:, an experience that resulted in the publication of
448:
a "bible" for international specialists in Britain.
409:
400:
2190:
The Toynbee-Ikeda Dialogue: Man Himself Must Choose
1268:In 1971 and '73, Toynbee met and corresponded with
1104:and a number of experts in its nineteen divisions.
522:. Early in Toynbee's degree, his father suffered a
397:
363:
333:
321:
311:
280:
272:
267:
229:
219:
214:
194:
172:
116:
97:
71:
41:
4649:
4411:
4278:A Study of History: Abridgement of Volumes I to VI
3845:
3774:
3530:
3395:
3202:
3125:
3123:
2515:
1985:The Present-Day Experiment in Western Civilization
1584:The German Terror in Belgium: An Historical Record
2506:
2504:
1689:Vol I: Introduction; The Geneses of Civilizations
1590:The German Terror in France: An Historical Record
4765:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
4554:Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews
3205:Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews
2666:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 537.
1561:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1547:, various authors (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1915)
4549:, Sept 2004, Vol. 50 Issue 3, pp. 343–356
2955:
2953:
2016:Comparing Notes: A Dialogue across a Generation
1652:(Benn 1926, in Modern Nations series edited by
1422:, of international conferences, of the journal
864:
688:. In 1929 he became Director of Studies at the
4467:, Spring 2006, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp. 79–90
2919:Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy
1555:(Ukrainian Federation of U.S., New York, 1916)
996:Foreign Office and Paris Peace Conference 1919
4800:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4083:, Sir Lewis Napier (formerly Bernstein), and
3286:McIntire, C. T.; Perry, Marvin, eds. (1989).
3258:European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages
2889:The New Europe: Some Essays in Reconstruction
2551:Brewin, Christopher; Toynbee, Arnold (1992).
2321:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 188.
1874:Christianity among the Religions of the World
1868:A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols VII-X
1827:Vol VII: Universal States; Universal Churches
1293:exploited the intractable swamps of southern
497:Having won a scholarship, he was educated at
8:
4332:A Study of History: Volume I: Abridgement of
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3140:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6 April 2014
2743:"King's College London - Classics at King's"
2737:
2735:
2703:. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007.
2141:: essays preceded by questions by Wakaizumi.
1756:A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols I-VI
1735:Vol VI: The Disintegrations of Civilizations
1666:A Journey to China, or Things Which Are Seen
1107:It was moved to the Foreign Office 1943–46.
4735:Academics of the London School of Economics
4683:Newspaper clippings about Arnold J. Toynbee
2817:Chatham House: Its history and Inhabitants
2494:Chatham House: Its history and Inhabitants
2059:Change and Habit: The Challenge of Our Time
1791:(Boston, Beacon Press 1952). Extracts from
1789:Twelve Men of Action in Greco-Roman History
1732:Vol V: The Disintegrations of Civilizations
915:". He became a regular commentator for the
743:, Toynbee argued that any eventual postwar
4668:large bibliography of secondary literature
4547:Australian Journal of Politics and History
4459:Ben-Israel, Hedva. "Debates With Toynbee:
4172:"Arnold Toynbee: Pro-Arab or Pro-Zionist?"
4079:Those of Jewish heritage he included were
3890:"Arnold Toynbee: Pro-Arab or Pro-Zionist?"
3650:on the British Commonwealth and Empire;
3612:Chatham House: Its History and Inhabitants
2881:
2879:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2212:(Oxford University Press 1981), posthumous
2200:Arnold Toynbee: A Selection from His Works
2182:(Oxford University Press 1976), posthumous
1633:A History of the Peace Conference of Paris
1235:, Toynbee's frequent use of the adjective
1197:challenged the views of the editor of the
586:, Toynbee was found, because of a bout of
60:
38:
4672:Site analysing passages in Toynbee's work
2467:: The A.K. Chesterton Trust. p. 33.
2319:The International Thought of Martin Wight
1401:Learn how and when to remove this message
682:The Western Question in Greece and Turkey
490:, a nephew of the 19th-century economist
4677:Arnold Toynbee, The Challenge Hypothesis
4571:Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition
4281:. Oxford University Press. p. 273.
4055:"This is how we ruined Toynbee's theory"
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3566:. In Long, David; Wilson, Peter (eds.).
3317:Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition
2176:(New York, Oxford University Press 1974)
1896:Hellenism: The History of a Civilization
756:The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction
727:, in 1913; they had three sons, of whom
690:Royal Institute of International Affairs
600:Ottoman atrocities against the Armenians
303:Royal Institute of International Affairs
4531:McIntire, C. T. and Marvin Perry, eds.
3614:. Chatham House. 2004. pp. 63–64.
2836:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2309:
1890:East to West: A Journey round the World
1729:Vol IV: The Breakdowns of Civilizations
1051:from Chatham House's main buildings in
940:historian. In his 2011 article for the
622:. He was present at the meeting at the
4745:Council and directors of Chatham House
4566:, June 2000, Vol. 13#1, pp. 55–80
3233:. The Reith Lectures. 14 December 1952
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
1913:Vol XI: Historical Atlas and Gazetteer
1552:British View of the Ukrainian Question
1337:Please improve this article by adding
4775:People educated at Winchester College
4511:Spring 1999, Vol. 4#1, pp. 73–95
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
3432:University of Oxford History Podcasts
3373:, vol. 22, no. 4, 2011, pp. 747–783.
1979:The Economy of the Western Hemisphere
1768:The Prospects of Western Civilization
1695:Vol III: The Growths of Civilizations
987:Political influence in foreign policy
747:should be guided by the principle of
709:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
470:Toynbee was born on 14 April 1889 in
32:Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)
7:
4308:. Taylor & Francis. p. 91.
3701:Brody, J. Kenneth (1 October 1999).
3497:. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 25.
3428:"Is a History of Humanity Possible?"
3345:"Arnold Toynbee (British historian)"
2965:. Republic Publishing Company. 1917.
2709:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U160398
2065:in the last quarter of 1964, and at
1692:Vol II: The Geneses of Civilizations
1163:King's College, University of London
4634:Works by or about Arnold J. Toynbee
4418:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3454:"Comparative History: Buyer Beware"
2237:The Survey of International Affairs
1853:An Historian's Approach to Religion
618:in 1919, where he helped shape the
451:He is best known for his 12-volume
4755:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
4730:Academics of King's College London
4115:Eban, Abba; Aridan, Natan (2006).
2637:Proceedings of the British Academy
2630:"Arnold Joseph Toynbee, 1889-1975"
2245:Documents on International Affairs
2098:Editor and principal contributor,
1717:Essays in Honour of Gilbert Murray
25:
4785:Theorists on Western civilization
4740:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
4262:A Study of History, Vol. 2, p 235
3398:Imperialism in the Roman Republic
1201:, historian and talmudic scholar
1002:Political Intelligence Department
642:Historian and Director of Studies
4612:
4600:
3888:Friedman, Isaiah (Spring 1999).
3392:"Rome on the Brink of Expansion"
3377:, www.jstor.org/stable/41508017.
2922:. A&C Black. December 2002.
2906:. Oxford University Press. 1920.
2443:Comparative Civilizations Review
1973:America and the World Revolution
1855:(Oxford University Press 1956).
1813:(Oxford University Press 1953).
1426:and of the Global History Forum.
1315:
1252:, such as a passage in Vol.8 of
1241:Gothic persecution of Christians
1072:1. To review the press overseas.
1033:Survey of International Affairs,
1012:and served as a delegate to the
981:assassination of John F. Kennedy
636:The Council on Foreign Relations
446:Survey of International Affairs,
393:
369:
141:
4725:20th-century English historians
4525:22#4 Dec 2011 pp. 747–783
3167:"The History of Arnold Toynbee"
2557:Review of International Studies
2446:. Vol. 17. pp. 31–59.
2370:Review of International Studies
1787:Introduction and translations,
1719:(George Allen & Unwin 1936)
1616:Introduction and translations,
1609:Introduction and translations,
1420:American Historical Association
889:, published 1934–1961, Toynbee
829:Academic and cultural influence
614:He served as a delegate to the
159:
137:
4760:Fellows of the British Academy
4481:(1993). Compares Toynbee with
4357:"The Toynbee Prize Foundation"
3929:Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2017).
3759:. Springer Nature. p. 34.
2643:. The British Academy: 441–469
2210:The Greeks and Their Heritages
2204:The Greeks and Their Heritages
2161:(Oxford University Press 1973)
2121:(Oxford University Press 1969)
2119:Some Problems of Greek History
2115:(Oxford University Press 1969)
2088:(Oxford University Press 1967)
2075:(Oxford University Press 1967)
2051:(Oxford University Press 1965)
2031:(Oxford University Press 1965)
1952:(Oxford University Press 1961)
1922:(Oxford University Press 1959)
1892:(Oxford University Press 1958)
1845:(Oxford University Press 1954)
1764:(Oxford University Press 1948)
1744:(Oxford University Press 1939)
1704:(Oxford University Press 1934)
1024:He was Director of Studies at
705:American Philosophical Society
696:), a post he held until 1956.
1:
3682:on the Vatican, among others.
3063:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
3049:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
3035:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
3021:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
3007:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
2993:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
2979:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
2946:. J.M. Dent & sons. 1915.
2422:– via Internet Archive.
2102:(Hodder & Stoughton 1968)
1598:(Hodder & Stoughton 1917)
1592:(Hodder & Stoughton 1917)
1586:(Hodder & Stoughton 1917)
1522:(Hodder & Stoughton 1915)
1339:secondary or tertiary sources
701:Fellow of the British Academy
27:British historian (1889–1975)
3562:Brewin, Christopher (1995).
3452:Cohen, Deborah (Fall 2001).
3402:. European Problem Studies.
3172:The New York Review of Books
1135:Toynbee was troubled by the
930:literature,. Curtius wrote:
751:. In Chapter IV of his 1916
476:Charity Organization Society
4687:20th Century Press Archives
4552:Montagu, Ashley M. F., ed.
4335:. Oxford U.P. p. 570.
4021:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3986:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3932:Turkey: A Past and a Future
3755:Pemberton, Jo-Anne (2020).
3292:University of Toronto Press
3061:"Nationality & the War"
3047:"Nationality & the War"
3033:"Nationality & the War"
3019:"Nationality & the War"
3005:"Nationality & the War"
2991:"Nationality & the War"
2977:"Nationality & the War"
2944:"Nationality & the War"
2862:. Routledge. 9 March 2016.
2795:Toynbee, Arnold J. (1922).
2664:Arnold Toynbee, Brief Lives
2354:, 15th ed., vol. 9, p. 148.
2157:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
1880:Democracy in the Atomic Age
1596:Turkey: A Past and a Future
1264:Dialogue with Daisaku Ikeda
662:and being appointed to the
4821:
4516:European Review of History
4329:Arnold J. Toynbee (1987).
4275:Arnold J. Toynbee (1947).
4260:Arnold J. Toynbee (1934).
4093:. Oxford University Press.
4089:Arnold J. Toynbee (1967).
3736:. Oxford University Press.
3732:Arnold J. Toynbee (1967).
3707:. Transaction Publishers.
3404:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
3263:Princeton University Press
2806:Constable and Company Ltd.
2167:(Thames & Hudson 1973)
2109:(Thames & Hudson 1969)
2095:(Thames & Hudson 1967)
719:His first marriage was to
686:London School of Economics
610:The Paris Peace Conference
602:and wrote a number of pro-
430:London School of Economics
298:London School of Economics
29:
4540:Arnold J. Toynbee: a life
4474:(1995) pp. 277–302.
4414:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
4170:Friedman, Isaiah (1999).
3954:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3848:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
3820:10.1080/09546540008575717
3777:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
3533:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
2569:10.1017/S0260210500118819
2518:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
2457:Scott, J. Creagh (2017).
2382:10.1017/S026021050011424X
1943:Vol XII: Reconsiderations
1274:Soka Gakkai International
903:David Churchill Somervell
840:abridgement of Toynbee's
801:, Russian acquisition of
767:Nationality & the War
741:Nationality & the War
723:(1890–1967), daughter of
676:correspondent during the
646:Following the end of the
368:
359:
210:
59:
4523:Journal of World History
4431:online from ACLS E-Books
4133:10.2979/ISR.2006.11.1.91
3371:Journal of World History
3077:Journal of World History
2886:Toynbee, Arnold (1916).
2695:"Toynbee, Arnold Joseph"
2243:A complementary series,
2100:Man's Concern with Death
1307:Toynbee Prize Foundation
1213:Zionism and antisemitism
883:In his best-known work,
466:Early life and education
4625:Works by Arnold Toynbee
4434:(subscription required)
4225:Kedourie, Elie (2004).
4188:10.2979/ISR.1999.4.1.73
3918:(subscription required)
3854:Oxford University Press
3783:Oxford University Press
3572:Oxford University Press
3539:Oxford University Press
3467:: 23–33. Archived from
3349:Encyclopedia Britannica
3151:(subscription required)
3138:Online Academic Edition
3136:Encyclopædia Britannica
3103:(subscription required)
2832:"Arnold Joseph Toynbee"
2524:Oxford University Press
2351:Encyclopædia Britannica
2139:Kyoto Sangyo University
1861:University of Edinburgh
1526:Nationality and the War
1476:Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
1199:Jewish Quarterly Review
1049:Balliol College, Oxford
1043:At the outbreak of the
1000:Toynbee worked for the
809:in central Asia and of
520:Balliol College, Oxford
224:Balliol College, Oxford
4780:Theoretical historians
4617:Quotations related to
4302:Graeme Snooks (2002).
3646:on the United States;
3315:Perry, Marvin (1996).
2770:Middle Eastern Studies
2438:"Central Civilization"
2067:New College of Florida
1811:The World and the West
1580:(T. Fisher Unwin 1917)
1428:
1326:relies excessively on
1284:Challenge and response
1014:Paris Peace Conference
1006:British Foreign Office
896:
881:
859:
851:
654:, specialising in the
616:Paris Peace Conference
606:propaganda leaflets.
592:British Foreign Office
422:philosopher of history
293:King's College, London
4805:British anti-Zionists
4533:Toynbee: Reappraisals
4518:21.3 (2014): 405–424.
4463:, Talmon, Friedman",
3288:Toynbee: Reappraisals
3253:Curtius, Ernst Robert
3199:Montagu, M. F. Ashley
3090:10.1353/jwh.2011.0118
2662:Orry, Louise (1997).
2327:10.1057/9781403983527
2229:, with a foreword by
1762:Civilization on Trial
1675:, with a foreword by
1520:in the House of Lords
1505:
1412:
891:
857:
836:
668:King's College London
650:, he returned to the
572:classical archaeology
542:and graduated with a
438:international affairs
434:King's College London
426:international history
380:Arnold Joseph Toynbee
76:Arnold Joseph Toynbee
18:Arnold Joseph Toynbee
4643:Toynbee bibliography
4609:at Wikimedia Commons
4564:Revolutionary Russia
4538:McNeill, William H.
4359:. Toynbee Foundation
4117:"The Toynbee Heresy"
3906:10.1353/is.1999.0019
3808:Revolutionary Russia
3668:Carlile A. Macartney
3654:on the Arab world;
3574:. pp. 277–302.
2364:Joll, James (1985).
2131:Surviving the Future
2063:University of Denver
1886:, delivered in 1956.
1258:National Socialists'
924:Ernst Robert Curtius
660:Modern Greek studies
652:University of London
582:At the start of the
288:University of Oxford
140: 1913;
4576:Toynbee, Arnold J.
4305:The Laws of History
3842:McNeill, William H.
3771:McNeill, William H.
3728:A Lecture by Hitler
3658:on Latin America;
3527:McNeill, William H.
3493:Lane, Mark (1992).
2512:McNeill, William H.
2231:Lawrence L. Toynbee
1646:Kenneth P. Kirkwood
1541:Contributor, Greece
1514:Armenian Atrocities
1448:Natalie Zemon Davis
1350:"Arnold J. Toynbee"
1300:A Study of History,
1272:, president of the
1187:Balfour Declaration
1028:from 1929 to 1956.
964:Comparative history
781:, independence for
673:Manchester Guardian
598:to investigate the
578:The First World War
532:first class honours
215:Academic background
152:Veronica M. Boulter
4587:A Study of History
4578:A Study of History
4503:William H. McNeill
4495:Christopher Dawson
4408:William H. McNeill
4081:Sir Alfred Zimmern
3644:Charles K. Webster
3640:Benedict H. Sumner
3406:. Intro, page 10.
2626:William H. McNeill
2317:Hall, Ian (2006).
2268:Christopher Dawson
2222:Columba Cary-Elwes
2216:Christian B. Peper
2150:A Study of History
2125:Cities on the Move
1938:A Study of History
1908:A Study of History
1822:A Study of History
1778:Albert Vann Fowler
1772:A Study of History
1724:A Study of History
1684:A Study of History
1629:H. W. V. Temperley
1500:Jürgen Osterhammel
1488:Sir Brian Urquhart
1440:Lord Kenneth Clark
1424:New Global Studies
1254:A Study of History
1245:A Study of History
1232:A Study of History
1227:The Toynbee Heresy
1137:Russian Revolution
1102:Charles K. Webster
942:Journal of History
899:A Study of History
886:A Study of History
860:
852:
848:A Study of History
793:, the division of
594:. He worked under
511:literae humaniores
499:Winchester College
454:A Study of History
341:Christopher Dawson
327:A Study of History
4750:English Anglicans
4696:Arnold J. Toynbee
4629:Project Gutenberg
4619:Arnold J. Toynbee
4607:Arnold J. Toynbee
4605:Media related to
4425:978-0-19-506335-6
4061:. 24 January 2007
3956:. 1 December 1961
3413:978-0-030-77620-5
3163:Kennan, George F.
2929:978-1-62356-603-6
2869:978-1-317-17005-1
2838:. 9 February 2023
2718:978-0-19-954089-1
2474:978-1-912258-00-0
2460:Hidden Government
2336:978-1-4039-8352-7
2093:Cities of Destiny
1929:D. C. Somervell,
1866:D. C. Somervell,
1496:Christopher Bayly
1411:
1410:
1403:
1385:
1098:Herbert J. Patton
1053:St James's Square
815:Armenian Vilayets
765:In his 1915 book
739:In his 1915 book
699:He was elected a
678:Greco-Turkish War
564:Bronze Age Greece
528:institutionalised
377:
376:
316:Universal history
43:Arnold J. Toynbee
16:(Redirected from
4812:
4795:World historians
4667:
4655:
4638:Internet Archive
4616:
4604:
4477:Costello, Paul.
4435:
4429:
4417:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4383:toynbeeprize.org
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3719:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:Rush to Judgment
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:on 28 March 2013
3473:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3131:"Arnold Toynbee"
3127:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2962:The New Republic
2957:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:. Archived from
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2622:
2597:
2596:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2434:Wilkinson, David
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2314:
2005:Universal States
1857:Gifford Lectures
1713:J. A. K. Thomson
1677:Robert L. Borden
1668:(Constable 1931)
1605:(Constable 1922)
1472:Jean-Paul Sartre
1452:Albert Hirschman
1406:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1343:
1319:
1311:
1045:Second World War
976:Rush to Judgment
745:peace settlement
656:Byzantine Empire
620:Treaty of Sèvres
568:Byzantine Empire
544:Bachelor of Arts
524:nervous collapse
480:higher education
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
390:
373:
255:
187:Lawrence Toynbee
163:
161:
145:
143:
139:
104:
85:
83:
64:
54:
39:
21:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4705:
4704:
4664:
4647:
4597:
4569:Perry, Marvin.
4527:in project MUSE
4509:Israel Studies,
4491:Pitirim Sorokin
4487:Oswald Spengler
4442:
4440:Further reading
4433:
4426:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4239:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4114:
4113:
4098:
4088:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4033:10.2307/1453272
4018:
4017:
4013:
3998:10.2307/1453271
3983:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3868:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3680:Rosalind Murray
3676:Sir Andrew Ryan
3664:William J. Rose
3660:George N. Clark
3656:R. A. Humphreys
3633:
3629:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3388:Gruen, Erich S.
3386:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3351:. 10 April 2019
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3165:(1 June 1989).
3161:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2819:C.E. Carrington
2816:
2812:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2749:on 18 June 2017
2741:
2740:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2600:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2496:C.E. Carrington
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2283:Oswald Spengler
2278:Carroll Quigley
2263:Fernand Braudel
2254:
2196:E. W. F. Tomlin
2186:Richard L. Gage
1903:Edward D. Myers
1884:Dyason Lectures
1752:D. C. Somervell
1654:H. A. L. Fisher
1508:
1506:Toynbee's works
1468:William McNeill
1444:Ralf Dahrendorf
1416:social sciences
1407:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1332:primary sources
1320:
1309:
1286:
1266:
1225:'s 1955 speech
1215:
1203:Solomon Zeitlin
1171:
1169:The Middle East
1158:
1133:
1113:
1094:George N. Clark
1075:
1073:
1071:
1041:
1022:
998:
989:
831:
737:
721:Rosalind Murray
717:
648:First World War
644:
612:
584:First World War
580:
552:
506:boarding school
484:Jocelyn Toynbee
468:
463:
396:
392:
382:
355:
351:David Wilkinson
346:Carroll Quigley
307:
263:
259:Oswald Spengler
249:
204:Jocelyn Toynbee
202:
190:
168:
165:
162: 1946)
157:
153:
147:
144: 1946)
135:
131:
128:
126:Rosalind Murray
112:
106:
102:
101:22 October 1975
93:
87:
81:
79:
78:
77:
67:
66:Toynbee in 1967
55:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Toynbee family
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4693:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4645:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4610:
4596:
4595:External links
4593:
4592:
4591:
4589:online edition
4574:
4567:
4560:
4558:online edition
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4475:
4468:
4465:Israel Studies
4457:
4451:(March 2016),
4445:Beacock, Ian.
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4424:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4370:
4348:
4341:
4321:
4314:
4294:
4287:
4267:
4252:
4237:
4217:
4176:Israel Studies
4162:
4121:Israel Studies
4096:
4072:
4046:
4011:
3976:
3967:
3941:
3935:. Good Press.
3921:
3894:Israel Studies
3873:
3866:
3833:
3798:
3791:
3762:
3740:
3720:
3714:978-0765806222
3713:
3693:
3684:
3652:H. A. R. Gibb
3648:Alfred Zimmern
3642:on the USSR;
3627:
3620:
3603:
3594:
3580:
3554:
3547:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3485:
3444:
3419:
3412:
3390:, ed. (1970).
3379:
3362:
3336:
3330:978-0820426716
3329:
3307:
3301:978-0802057853
3300:
3278:
3272:978-0691018997
3271:
3244:
3216:
3213:. p. vii.
3211:Porter Sargent
3201:, ed. (1956).
3190:
3154:
3119:
3106:
3084:(4): 747–783.
3066:
3052:
3038:
3024:
3010:
2996:
2982:
2968:
2949:
2935:
2928:
2909:
2895:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2823:
2810:
2787:
2760:
2731:
2717:
2679:
2673:978-0198600879
2672:
2654:
2598:
2563:(2): 115–130.
2543:
2536:
2500:
2487:
2473:
2449:
2425:
2411:
2356:
2342:
2335:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2213:
2207:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2019:
2012:Philip Toynbee
2008:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1818:
1815:Reith Lectures
1808:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1565:Viscount Bryce
1556:
1548:
1538:
1534:Earl of Cromer
1529:
1523:
1507:
1504:
1409:
1408:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1285:
1282:
1265:
1262:
1214:
1211:
1170:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1132:
1129:
1125:Tracy Philipps
1112:
1111:Meeting Hitler
1109:
1090:Alfred Zimmern
1086:Ivison Macadam
1061:Foreign Office
1057:Foreign Office
1040:
1037:
1021:
1018:
997:
994:
988:
985:
951:
950:
937:
936:
928:medieval Latin
830:
827:
819:Ottoman Empire
803:Outer Mongolia
736:
733:
729:Philip Toynbee
725:Gilbert Murray
716:
713:
643:
640:
634:in London and
624:Hotel Majestic
611:
608:
596:Viscount Bryce
579:
576:
551:
548:
501:, an all-boys
492:Arnold Toynbee
488:Joseph Toynbee
467:
464:
462:
459:
375:
374:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
348:
343:
337:
335:
331:
330:
323:
319:
318:
313:
312:Main interests
309:
308:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
265:
264:
262:
261:
256:
247:Anton Hilckman
244:
239:
233:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
199:Arnold Toynbee
196:
192:
191:
189:
188:
185:
183:Philip Toynbee
180:
179:Antony Toynbee
176:
174:
170:
169:
167:
166:
155:
151:
150:
148:
133:
129:
124:
123:
120:
118:
114:
113:
107:
105:(aged 86)
99:
95:
94:
88:
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4817:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Murray family
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4663:3-88309-072-7
4659:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:Lewis Mumford
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4342:9780195050806
4338:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4315:9780203452448
4311:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4288:9780199826698
4284:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4238:1-56663-561-6
4234:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:(1): 91–107.
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4091:Acquaintances
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3867:9780195058635
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3792:9780195058635
3788:
3785:. Chapter 8.
3784:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3734:Acquaintances
3729:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:on Romania;
3673:
3672:David Mitrany
3670:on Hungary;
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:J. L. Brierly
3631:
3628:
3623:
3621:1-86203-154-1
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3583:
3581:9780198278559
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3548:9780195058635
3544:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
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2436:(Fall 1987).
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2293:World history
2291:
2289:
2288:Eric Voegelin
2286:
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2178:
2175:
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2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:and His World
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:Kei Wakaizumi
2132:
2129:
2126:
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2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
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2077:
2074:
2073:Acquaintances
2071:
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1711:Editor, with
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1623:Contributor,
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1489:
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1481:
1477:
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1469:
1465:
1464:J. R. McNeill
1461:
1460:Bruce Mazlish
1457:
1456:George Kennan
1453:
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1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
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1362:
1359:
1355:
1352: –
1351:
1347:
1346:Find sources:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:This article
1322:
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1304:
1301:
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1270:Daisaku Ikeda
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
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1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Acquaintances
1212:
1210:
1208:
1207:Yaakov Herzog
1204:
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1103:
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1087:
1083:
1082:Lionel Curtis
1078:
1068:
1066:
1065:Waldorf Astor
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:Chatham House
1020:Chatham House
1019:
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715:Personal life
714:
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694:Chatham House
691:
687:
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679:
675:
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669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
638:in New York.
637:
633:
632:Chatham House
629:
628:Lionel Curtis
625:
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322:Notable works
320:
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86:14 April 1889
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4700:Find a Grave
4651:
4621:at Wikiquote
4586:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4535:(1989) 254pp
4532:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4452:
4446:
4413:
4401:Bibliography
4386:. Retrieved
4382:
4373:
4361:. Retrieved
4351:
4331:
4324:
4304:
4297:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4255:
4227:
4220:
4182:(1): 73–95.
4179:
4175:
4165:
4124:
4120:
4090:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4058:
4049:
4027:(1): 12–34.
4024:
4020:
4014:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3953:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3909:. Retrieved
3900:(1): 73–95.
3897:
3893:
3852:. New York:
3847:
3836:
3814:(1): 55–80.
3811:
3807:
3801:
3781:. New York:
3776:
3765:
3756:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3703:
3696:
3687:
3666:on Poland;
3630:
3611:
3606:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3537:. New York:
3532:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3464:
3461:GHI Bulletin
3460:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3422:
3397:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3287:
3281:
3257:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:
3219:
3204:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3176:
3170:
3157:
3142:. Retrieved
3134:
3114:
3109:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2999:
2985:
2971:
2961:
2938:
2918:
2912:
2898:
2888:
2858:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2813:
2797:
2790:
2776:(4): v–115.
2773:
2769:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2722:. Retrieved
2698:
2663:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
2636:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2522:. New York:
2517:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2459:
2452:
2441:
2428:
2414:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2318:
2312:
2244:
2236:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2058:
2034:
2021:
2015:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1937:
1930:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1863:, 1952–1953.
1852:
1821:
1810:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1723:
1716:
1683:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1511:
1492:Michael Adas
1484:Lady Jackson
1480:Barbara Ward
1436:Raymond Aron
1429:
1423:
1413:
1397:
1388:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1345:
1325:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1195:
1191:
1179:Lewis Namier
1172:
1159:
1149:
1141:Soviet Union
1134:
1122:
1117:Adolf Hitler
1114:
1106:
1079:
1069:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1023:
999:
990:
974:
968:
952:
941:
938:
921:
912:
906:
898:
897:
892:
884:
882:
879:, and so on.
865:
861:
846:
841:
775:Transylvania
766:
764:
755:
740:
738:
718:
698:
681:
671:
645:
613:
581:
559:
553:
539:
535:
509:
496:
469:
452:
450:
445:
379:
378:
325:
281:Institutions
103:(1975-10-22)
36:
4720:1975 deaths
4715:1889 births
4483:H. G. Wells
4085:Lord Samuel
4065:19 December
3992:(1): 1–11.
3856:. pp.
3230:BBC Radio 4
2700:Who Was Who
2273:Will Durant
2173:G. R. Urban
2146:Jane Caplan
2113:Experiences
1620:(Dent 1924)
1613:(Dent 1924)
1537:(Dent 1915)
1528:(Dent 1915)
1278:Choose Life
1010:World War I
877:Collingwood
843:magnum opus
838:Somervell's
823:Afghanistan
807:Tarim Basin
760:plebiscites
749:nationality
503:independent
250: [
242:Ibn Khaldun
4709:Categories
4388:25 January
3738:pp 276-295
3321:Peter Lang
3209:. Boston:
2804:. London:
2724:14 October
2647:6 November
2526:. p.
2299:References
2226:Ampleforth
2224:, Monk of
2218:(editor),
2198:(editor),
2188:(editor),
1793:Thucydides
1780:(editor),
1631:(editor),
1518:Lord Bryce
1361:newspapers
1328:references
1016:in 1919.
960:Thucydides
949:relatives.
795:Bessarabia
560:alma mater
334:Influenced
273:Discipline
230:Influences
82:1889-04-14
4212:144149113
4196:1084-9513
4157:144405178
4141:1084-9513
3828:144711181
3098:142992220
2753:3 January
2593:145529789
2577:0260-2105
2406:145705005
2390:0260-2105
2304:Footnotes
1817:for 1952.
1291:Sumerians
1223:Abba Eban
1183:Palestine
1150:The Times
971:Mark Lane
956:Herodotus
711:in 1949.
588:dysentery
461:Biography
364:Signature
237:Carl Jung
220:Education
195:Relatives
111:, England
92:, England
4410:(1989).
4363:14 April
4247:53356640
4204:30245728
4149:30245781
3960:14 April
3911:11 April
3844:(1989).
3773:(1989).
3587:11 April
3529:(1989).
3255:(1953).
2842:25 April
2628:(1978).
2585:20097289
2514:(1989).
2398:20097037
2252:See also
2105:Editor,
2091:Editor,
2079:Between
2022:Between
1960:Between
1805:Polybius
1801:Plutarch
1797:Xenophon
1671:Editor,
1558:Editor,
1432:academic
1391:May 2022
1145:Cold War
813:and the
805:and the
791:Slovenia
779:Bukovina
526:and was
516:classics
206:(sister)
201:(uncle)
173:Children
4689:of the
4685:in the
4636:at the
4556:(1956)
4059:Haaretz
4041:1453272
4006:1453271
3478:8 April
3237:8 April
3183:23 July
3144:6 April
2782:4283087
1375:scholar
1250:oeuvres
1175:Zionism
1008:during
1004:of the
913:Capital
873:Braudel
817:in the
787:Croatia
771:Galicia
566:to the
558:of his
538:and in
428:at the
276:History
164:
156:
146:
134:
130:
117:Spouses
4679:(1934)
4660:
4573:(1996)
4501:, and
4461:Herzog
4422:
4339:
4312:
4285:
4245:
4235:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4039:
4004:
3864:
3826:
3789:
3711:
3618:
3578:
3545:
3437:1 July
3410:
3327:
3298:
3269:
3096:
2926:
2866:
2780:
2715:
2670:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2480:25 May
2471:
2465:London
2404:
2396:
2388:
2333:
2085:Amazon
1996:Press.
1650:Turkey
1574:(1916)
1498:, and
1442:, Sir
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1237:Judaic
1156:Greece
1131:Russia
811:Pontus
799:Odessa
789:, and
783:Bosnia
777:, and
604:Allied
556:fellow
550:Career
540:greats
514:(i.e.
472:London
90:London
4208:S2CID
4200:JSTOR
4153:S2CID
4145:JSTOR
4037:JSTOR
4002:JSTOR
3824:S2CID
3472:(PDF)
3457:(PDF)
3375:JSTOR
3355:3 May
3094:S2CID
2802:(PDF)
2778:JSTOR
2633:(PDF)
2589:S2CID
2581:JSTOR
2402:S2CID
2394:JSTOR
2144:With
2081:Maule
2024:Niger
2010:With
1966:Jumna
1901:With
1644:With
1627:, in
1543:, in
1382:JSTOR
1368:books
935:task.
869:Beard
626:when
518:) at
386:
254:]
158:(
154:
136:(
132:
50:
4658:ISBN
4454:Aeon
4420:ISBN
4390:2017
4365:2014
4337:ISBN
4310:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4243:OCLC
4233:ISBN
4192:ISSN
4137:ISSN
4067:2014
3962:2022
3913:2014
3862:ISBN
3860:–4.
3787:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3589:2014
3576:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3480:2014
3439:2014
3408:ISBN
3357:2019
3325:ISBN
3296:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3239:2014
3185:2014
3146:2014
2924:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2844:2023
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