412:
582:
29:
293:
562:
530:, which recorded only airspeed, altitude, heading, and vertical acceleration forces. The plane also took off with a non-functioning cockpit area microphone. There were no steps on any of the standard checklists to test the microphone's functionality, despite the existence of a button in the cockpit for that sole purpose. The defect went undetected for an indeterminate number of flights leading up to the accident flight, and thus the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) did not record any useful data.
2217:
509:(CASB) investigated the crash and, in a report signed by five of its nine board members, found that during its approach toward Gander, precipitation conditions were favourable for the formation of ice on the aircraft's wings. After landing, it continued to be exposed to "freezing and frozen precipitation capable of producing roughening on the wing upper surface" in addition to the freezing temperature. They also found that prior to takeoff the aircraft had not been
574:
257:
2205:
2193:
518:
resulted in a stall at low altitude from which recovery was not possible. The most probable cause of the stall was determined to be ice contamination on the leading edge and upper surface of the wing. Other possible factors such as a loss of thrust from the number four engine and inappropriate takeoff reference speeds may have compounded the effects of the contamination.
2181:
1290:
264:
300:
364:, crashed, and burned about half a mile from the runway, killing all 248 passengers and 8 crew members on board. As of 2024, it is the deadliest aviation accident to occur on Canadian soil. At the time of the crash, it was the deadliest aviation accident involving a DC-8; its death toll was surpassed by the crash of
496:
and crashed approximately 3,500 feet (1,100 m) beyond the departure end of the runway. Flight 1285R broke up, struck an unoccupied building and exploded; this started an intense fire fed by the large amount of fuel carried on board for the final leg of the flight. All 248 passengers and 8 crew
533:
The main final report is 95 pages long while the minority report is only 14 pages long. The main report has overwhelming support in evidence produced by the 31 investigators working on the crash for 3 years. The minority report on the other hand consists of multiple hypotheses supported solely by
517:
The
Canadian Aviation Safety Board was unable to determine the exact sequence of events that led to this accident. The Board believes, however, that the weight of evidence supports the conclusion that, shortly after lift-off, the aircraft experienced an increase in drag and reduction in lift that
635:
A memorial to the 256 victims at the crash site overlooks Gander Lake, and another memorial was erected at Fort
Campbell. There is also a Memorial Park in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, just north of Fort Campbell. As of 2018, the scar from the crash is still visible from the ground and by satellite.
522:
Four (of nine) members of the CASB dissented, issuing a minority opinion asserting that there was no evidence presented proving that ice had been present on leading edges such as the wings, and the minority report speculated that "An in-flight fire that may have resulted from detonations of
411:
485:. Witnesses reported the aircraft showed difficulty gaining altitude after rotation. Once airborne, the airspeed reached 172 knots (319 km/h; 198 mph) IAS before decreasing again, causing the DC-8 to descend. After crossing the
548:
as per a court of law rather than based on the available evidence as how investigators make their conclusions. As a result, the
Canadian public's confidence in the CASB was undermined. The federal government responded by creating the
605:
extremist group – claimed it destroyed the plane to prove ability to strike at the
Americans anywhere." Pentagon and Canadian government officials rejected the claim, made by an anonymous caller to a French news agency in Beirut.
469:
at 09:04, where passengers departed the aircraft while the aircraft was refuelled. Witnesses reported that the flight engineer conducted an external inspection of the aircraft, after which the passengers re-boarded the aircraft.
647:
in Canada in 1989. In response to lack of confidence in accident investigations by the CASB, the government of Canada shut down the board in 1990, replacing it with an independent, multi-modal investigative agency – the
1728:
1403:
398:
In response to lack of confidence in accident investigations by the CASB, the
Government of Canada shut the board down in 1990, replacing it with an independent, multi-modal investigative agency – the
679:
2272:
2257:
2252:
609:
The death toll of all 256 people on board – 248 U.S. servicemen and 8 crew members, still constitutes the deadliest plane crash in Canada, and the U.S. Army's single deadliest air crash in
1721:
2262:
1396:
1599:
2267:
1714:
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judge, submitted a review of the CASB report in 1989, ruling that the available evidence did not support either conclusion. Estey reviewed the report from the perspective of
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1766:
1168:
819:
2282:
1697:
1691:
1389:
629:
1172:
313:
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stated that the accident could have been caused by an onboard explosion of unknown origin before impact, with one of these dissenting investigators later telling a
1293:
1070:
489:, located about 900 feet (270 m) from the departure end of runway 22, at a very low altitude, the aircraft's pitch increased, and it continued to descend.
2287:
2148:
954:
2307:
2302:
2277:
999:
Watson, Laurie (6 November 1988). "Errors By Crew
Reportedly Cited in Gander Crash". The Philadelphia Inquirer, United Press International. p. A33.
292:
375:(CASB), which determined that the probable cause of the crash was the aircraft's unexpectedly high drag and reduced lift condition, most likely due to
1758:
534:
witness statements and improbable claims with very little supporting evidence that were deemed unreliable and dismissed by experienced investigators.
2097:
1162:
1213:
621:
1649:
577:
The "Silent
Witness" by Kentucky artist Steve Shields. Arrow Air Flight 1285R memorial at Gander Lake, with a DC-8 taking off in the background
1019:
1149:
1130:
1109:
968:
649:
617:
550:
400:
384:
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1189:
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80:
1968:
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492:
Witnesses driving on the highway stated that they saw a bright glow emanating from the aircraft before it struck terrain just short of
1337:
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625:
432:
345:
435:
peacekeeping mission. The DC-8 involved in the accident (registration N950JW) was manufactured in 1969, and was first delivered to
597:
that killed more than 200 American
Marines. The claim was dismissed by the Canadian and U.S. governments soon after. According to
2237:
1801:
1793:
1629:
1579:
1413:
788:"Aviation Occurrence Report, Arrow Air Inc. Douglas DC-8-63 N950JW, Gander International Airport, Newfoundland, 12 December 1985"
832:
1809:
1589:
1519:
1509:
1049:
828:
794:
506:
372:
256:
2121:
2070:
1193:
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2171:
2062:
1437:
466:
446:
The flight was made up of three legs, with refuelling stops in
Cologne and Gander. The aircraft departed Cairo at 20:35
353:
277:
185:
69:
1349:
907:
821:
Dissenting
Opinion, Arrow Air Inc. Douglas DC-8-63 N950JW, Gander International Airport, Newfoundland, 12 December 1985
581:
28:
2156:
2129:
1903:
1619:
866:
662:
365:
158:
1319:
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474:
388:
889:
561:
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1910:
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963:
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73:
481:
near taxiway A, 51 seconds after brake release, at an airspeed of about 167 knots (309 km/h; 192 mph)
2089:
951:
458:
465:
Michael Fowler (48), boarded the aircraft before it departed for Gander at 02:50 UTC. The aircraft arrived at
387:
that a thin layer of ice could not bring down the aircraft. The dissenting report led to delays in changes to
2247:
2046:
1984:
1669:
861:
750:
667:
644:
541:
424:
392:
981:
720:
1375:
699:
478:
361:
357:
200:
174:
59:
2113:
2105:
2054:
2038:
2003:
1933:
1895:
1679:
925:
189:
145:
1307:
415:
N950JW, the aircraft involved in the accident in 1984 while still in service with a previous operator.
2209:
1941:
1549:
1539:
1467:
1371:
486:
169:
473:
The DC-8 began its takeoff roll on runway 22 from the intersection of runway 13 at 10:15 UTC (06:45
2019:
1639:
1365:
670:, which included interviews with accident investigators and a dramatic recreation of the accident.
1381:
1142:
Improbable Cause: Deceit and Dissent in the investigation of America's Worst Military Air Disaster
450:
on Wednesday 11 December 1985, and arrived at Cologne on Thursday 12 December 1985, at 01:21 UTC.
427:, back to their base in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. They had completed a six-month deployment in the
2011:
1249:
875:
482:
420:
380:
746:
573:
1011:
1876:
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1487:
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1241:
1233:
1145:
1126:
1105:
1045:
640:
436:
376:
55:
33:
Wreckage from Arrow Air Flight 1285R in storage at a Gander Airport hangar on 16 December 1985
1706:
1447:
1225:
454:
379:
on the wings' leading edges and upper surfaces, as well as underestimated onboard weight. A
2185:
1312:
1269:
1212:
Bartone, Paul T.; Ursano, Robert J.; Wright, Kathleen M.; Ingraham, Larry H. (June 1989).
958:
527:
462:
428:
1074:
1355:
1182:
Grief Reporting: A Print Media Content Analysis of the Gander, Newfoundland Air Disaster
787:
1917:
1257:
2231:
2221:
1817:
1229:
602:
537:
333:
1253:
352:. On the morning of Thursday, 12 December 1985, shortly after takeoff from Canada's
2197:
1960:
349:
318:
120:
1294:
Pre-crash photos of the DC-8 in service with Arrow Air and other airline companies
1120:
1102:
Where Eagles Lie Fallen: The Crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285, Gander, Newfoundland
2192:
1774:
952:"The Transportation Safety Board Taking centre stage to advance aviation safety"
666:
featured the Flight 1285R crash and investigation in a season 11 episode titled
493:
1180:
639:
The dissenting report led to delays in changes to de-icing procedures, after a
513:. The board issued the following probable cause statement in its final report:
1361:
1237:
911:
95:
82:
1332:
Gandercanada.com – Photos of the 20th Anniversary Memorial Service in Gander
610:
566:
440:
130:
1214:"The Impact of a Military Air Disaster on The Health of Assistance Workers"
1122:
Gander: Terrorism, Incompetence, and the Rise of Islamic National Socialism
1245:
871:
337:
204:
1498:
1338:
CBC News – Ceremonies mark anniversary of deadly Newfoundland air crash
341:
988:. Ottawa, Canada. staff and wire reports. 13 December 1985. p. 1.
328:
was an international charter flight carrying U.S. Army personnel from
1042:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment
526:
The report also noted the inadequacy of the data from the antiquated
510:
282:
419:
The aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF, was chartered to carry
706:. Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian Press. 12 December 1985. p. 1.
580:
572:
560:
410:
329:
523:
undetermined origin brought about catastrophic system failures."
1710:
1385:
1320:
Globalsecurity.org – 1989 Congressional Debates on Gander Crash
908:"Disasters: Gander, Newfoundland Plane Crash December 12, 1985"
391:
procedures, and a thin layer of ice caused the deadly crash of
1188:(MA). Directed by Benjamin F. Holman and Carl Sessions Stepp.
447:
680:
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
1297:
593:. Islamic Jihad had already claimed responsibility for the
589:
On the day of the crash, responsibility was claimed by the
1356:
Canadian Air Force – The Silent Witness Memorial in Gander
1067:
Department of the Army Historical Summary Fiscal Year 1986
585:
Arrow Air Flight 1285R memorial in Fort Campbell, Kentucky
443:
under its owner/parent company, International Air Leases.
439:
and then leased to other airlines before being leased to
1344:
CBC News – Broken Arrow: debate continues after 20 years
782:
780:
778:
814:
812:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
616:
Of the 248 servicemen, all but twelve were members of
2169:
1326:
Fort Campbell Courier – Gander-related news articles
2273:
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by sabotage
2140:
2081:
2030:
1995:
1952:
1887:
1852:
1785:
1742:
1282:
971:. July/August 2008. Retrieved on 17 September 2010.
565:Caskets being carried in for a memorial service at
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
196:
181:
165:
154:
144:
136:
126:
116:
111:
65:
51:
43:
38:
2258:Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8
2253:20th-century military history of the United States
1767:1946 American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 crash
1372:Rootsweb.com – Photographs of the Gander Memorial
16:December 1985 plane crash in Newfoundland, Canada
721:"Terror bomb ruled out in Canada's worst crash"
601:, "Hours after the crash the Islamic Jihad – a
2263:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by ice
1190:University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
727:. news services. 13 December 1985. p. A1.
1722:
1397:
1071:United States Army Center of Military History
926:"Canada Judge Rejects New Gander Crash Probe"
423:personnel, all but 12 of them members of the
8:
21:
2149:Toronto Pearson International Airport heist
1362:Fatal Combination for Arrow Air Flight 1285
620:, most of whom were from the 3d Battalion,
2268:Airliner accidents and incidents in Canada
1737:Aviation accidents and incidents in Canada
1729:
1715:
1707:
1404:
1390:
1382:
27:
20:
2293:December 1985 events in the United States
1218:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2283:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985
855:
853:
2176:
691:
2298:Disasters in Newfoundland and Labrador
1279:
1022:from the original on 28 September 2006
715:
713:
1775:Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108
969:Transportation Safety Board of Canada
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
650:Transportation Safety Board of Canada
628:units; and one was an agent from the
618:101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)
551:Transportation Safety Board of Canada
401:Transportation Safety Board of Canada
385:United States congressional committee
371:The accident was investigated by the
7:
1869:Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21
1759:Saint-Donat RCAF Liberator III crash
1125:. Thomas Osgood Bradley Foundation.
1044:. American Psychiatric Pub, p. 127.
263:
2098:Missinippi Airways Cessna 208 crash
1969:Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501
1926:Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314
1834:Maritime Central Airways Flight 315
1610:Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105
1199:from the original on 6 January 2022
1308:"The Fall of the Screaming Eagles"
1175:) – Canadian Aviation Safety Board
1165:) – Canadian Aviation Safety Board
982:"Plane's airworthiness questioned"
831:. 14 November 1988. Archived from
700:"258 killed in Gander plane crash"
660:The television documentary series
14:
2308:Multinational Force and Observers
2303:Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
2278:Arrow Air accidents and incidents
1861:Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831
1826:Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810
1306:Magnuson, Ed (23 December 1985).
1119:Saul M Montes-Bradley II (2016).
453:A new flight crew, consisting of
433:Multinational Force and Observers
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
1414:Aviation accidents and incidents
1288:
1230:10.1097/00005053-198906000-00001
298:
291:
262:
255:
1810:Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 9
1600:Bakhtar Antonov An-26 shootdown
1590:Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808
1520:Trans World Airlines Flight 847
894:Federal Aviation Administration
630:Criminal Investigations Command
461:Joseph Connelly (both 45), and
356:en route to Fort Campbell, the
332:, Egypt, to their home base in
2288:Canada–United States relations
1350:Rootsweb.com – List of victims
829:Canadian Aviation Safety Board
795:Canadian Aviation Safety Board
528:foil-tape flight data recorder
507:Canadian Aviation Safety Board
373:Canadian Aviation Safety Board
299:
1:
2122:West Wind Aviation Flight 282
2071:Northwest Airlines Flight 253
595:1983 Beirut barracks bombings
2063:Cougar Helicopters Flight 91
1650:Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash
1438:Eastern Air Lines Flight 980
1378:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1368:– retrieved 12 December 2021
1358:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1352:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1346:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1340:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1334:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1328:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1322:– retrieved 28 December 2006
1179:Goodno, Barbara Ann (1988).
467:Gander International Airport
354:Gander International Airport
186:Gander International Airport
70:Gander International Airport
2157:Northwestern Air Flight 738
2130:Sky Lease Cargo Flight 4854
1904:American Airlines Flight 96
1802:British Columbia B-36 crash
1794:Douglas C-54D disappearance
1630:Teterboro mid-air collision
1620:Henson Airlines Flight 1517
1580:Manchester Airport disaster
1061:Gough, Terrence J. (1995).
1012:"Canada air safety profile"
643:caused the deadly crash of
366:Nigeria Airways Flight 2120
159:Cairo International Airport
121:McDonnell Douglas DC-8-63CF
58:and overloading leading to
2324:
1751:American Airlines Flight 1
1570:Japan Air Lines Flight 123
1560:Delta Air Lines Flight 191
1510:Zolochiv mid-air collision
1458:Galaxy Airlines Flight 203
599:United Press International
591:Islamic Jihad Organization
1911:Panarctic Oils Flight 416
1689:
1530:Braathens SAFE Flight 139
1478:China Airlines Flight 006
1429:
1316:. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
1287:
957:25 September 2010 at the
624:; eleven were from other
546:beyond a reasonable doubt
26:
1680:Ricky Nelson plane crash
1040:Wolf, Marion E. (1990).
876:Discovery Channel Canada
870:. Season 11. Episode 3.
368:nearly six years later.
2238:101st Airborne Division
2047:MK Airlines Flight 1602
1985:Air Ontario Flight 1363
1670:Aeroflot Flight 101/435
890:"FAA Registry (N950JW)"
751:Aviation Safety Network
645:Air Ontario Flight 1363
542:Supreme Court of Canada
425:101st Airborne Division
393:Air Ontario Flight 1363
1977:Arrow Air Flight 1285R
1660:Arrow Air Flight 1285R
1376:Hopkinsville, Kentucky
1268:6 January 2022 at the
1100:Collins, Gary (2010).
586:
578:
570:
520:
416:
358:McDonnell Douglas DC-8
326:Arrow Air Flight 1285R
201:Campbell Army Airfield
175:North Rhine-Westphalia
22:Arrow Air Flight 1285R
2114:Air Canada Flight 624
2106:First Air Flight 6560
2055:Air France Flight 358
2039:Korean Air Flight 085
2004:Air Canada Flight 646
1934:Air Canada Flight 189
1896:Air Canada Flight 621
1140:Filotas, Les (2007).
584:
576:
564:
515:
414:
96:48.91194°N 54.57417°W
1942:Quebecair Flight 255
1550:Aeroflot Flight 5143
1540:Air India Flight 182
1468:Aeroflot Flight 7841
747:Accident description
487:Trans-Canada Highway
344:, West Germany, and
314:class=notpageimage|
278:class=notpageimage|
170:Cologne Bonn Airport
2090:Conair CV-580 crash
2020:Swissair Flight 111
1698:► 1986
1692:1984 ◄
1640:EgyptAir Flight 648
1366:Smithsonian Channel
1063:"Tragedy at Gander"
1016:aviation-safety.net
569:on 16 December 1985
395:in Canada in 1989.
360:serving the flight
101:48.91194; -54.57417
92: /
23:
2012:Propair Flight 420
1695:
1169:Dissenting opinion
874:. 26 August 2011.
797:. 14 November 1988
656:In popular culture
587:
579:
571:
417:
117:Aircraft type
2167:
2166:
1842:Pan Am Flight 115
1704:
1703:
1488:Iberia Flight 610
1303:
1302:
1151:978-1-4196512-5-0
1132:978-0-9859632-5-5
1111:978-1-8973176-7-9
1104:. Flanker Press.
930:Los Angeles Times
914:on 27 April 2006.
641:thin layer of ice
457:John Griffin and
437:Eastern Air Lines
377:ice contamination
251:
250:
56:Atmospheric icing
2315:
2243:1985 meteorology
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
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2195:
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2183:
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2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2041:(September 2001)
2023:
2022:(September 1998)
2015:
2007:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1920:(September 1976)
1907:
1899:
1880:
1879:(September 1967)
1872:
1864:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1778:
1777:(September 1949)
1770:
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1754:
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1717:
1708:
1696:
1448:CAAC Flight 5109
1424:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1261:
1260:on 27 June 2022.
1256:. Archived from
1208:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1155:
1136:
1115:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:. Archived from
1058:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1007:
1001:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
978:
972:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
922:
916:
915:
910:. Archived from
904:
898:
897:
886:
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879:
857:
848:
847:
845:
843:
837:
826:
816:
807:
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804:
802:
792:
784:
753:
744:
729:
728:
725:Montreal Gazette
717:
708:
707:
696:
668:"Split Decision"
302:
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295:
266:
265:
259:
107:
106:
104:
103:
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97:
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88:
85:
47:12 December 1985
31:
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2190:
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2155:
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2136:
2132:(November 2018)
2128:
2124:(December 2017)
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2077:
2073:(December 2009)
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2006:(December 1997)
2002:
1991:
1983:
1979:(December 1985)
1975:
1967:
1959:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1928:(February 1978)
1924:
1916:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:(November 1963)
1859:
1848:
1844:(February 1959)
1840:
1832:
1828:(December 1956)
1824:
1816:
1808:
1804:(February 1950)
1800:
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1773:
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2065:(March 2009)
1987:(March 1989)
1976:
1971:(March 1984)
1961:Gimli Glider
1944:(March 1979)
1659:
1497:
1311:
1258:the original
1221:
1217:
1201:. Retrieved
1181:
1159:Final report
1141:
1121:
1101:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1066:
1056:
1041:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1015:
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994:
985:
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946:
934:. Retrieved
929:
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912:the original
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840:. Retrieved
833:the original
820:
801:11 September
799:. Retrieved
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350:Newfoundland
325:
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319:Newfoundland
317:Location in
281:Location in
270:Gander
190:Newfoundland
166:1st stopover
146:Registration
74:Newfoundland
18:
2100:(July 2011)
2092:(July 2010)
2014:(June 1998)
1963:(July 1983)
1936:(June 1978)
1906:(June 1972)
1898:(July 1970)
1871:(July 1965)
986:The Citizen
842:13 December
704:The Citizen
540:, a former
494:Gander Lake
197:Destination
99: /
2232:Categories
1820:(May 1956)
1812:(May 1954)
1050:0880482990
1026:22 October
686:References
497:perished.
236:Fatalities
220:Passengers
87:54°34′27″W
84:48°54′43″N
1238:0022-3018
1203:6 January
936:27 August
611:peacetime
567:Dover AFB
557:Aftermath
441:Arrow Air
431:, in the
421:U.S. Army
244:Survivors
212:Occupants
131:Arrow Air
76:, Canada
2186:Aviation
1266:Archived
1254:25271993
1194:Archived
1020:Archived
955:Archived
872:Cineflix
674:See also
389:de-icing
338:Kentucky
205:Kentucky
192:, Canada
127:Operator
112:Aircraft
39:Accident
2172:Portals
1499:Polar 3
1418: (
1416:in 1985
1263:Alt URL
1246:2723619
1173:Archive
1163:Archive
749:at the
632:(CID).
511:de-iced
479:rotated
455:Captain
362:stalled
342:Cologne
161:, Egypt
140:MF1285R
52:Summary
2222:Canada
1676:Dec 31
1666:Dec 19
1656:Dec 12
1646:Nov 25
1636:Nov 23
1626:Nov 10
1616:Sep 23
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1576:Aug 22
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1081:6 July
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867:Mayday
663:Mayday
477:). It
346:Gander
340:, via
306:Gander
283:Canada
150:N950JW
2198:1980s
2141:2020s
2082:2010s
2031:2000s
1996:1990s
1953:1980s
1888:1970s
1853:1960s
1786:1950s
1743:1940s
1606:Sep 6
1596:Sep 4
1556:Aug 2
1506:May 3
1464:Feb 1
1434:Jan 1
1250:S2CID
1197:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
964:Wings
836:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
791:(PDF)
429:Sinai
330:Cairo
60:stall
1420:1985
1313:Time
1242:PMID
1234:ISSN
1205:2022
1146:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1083:2010
1046:ISBN
1028:2006
938:2011
844:2021
803:2017
505:The
228:Crew
66:Site
44:Date
1374:in
1296:at
1226:doi
1222:177
967:at
864:".
483:IAS
475:NST
448:UTC
239:256
223:248
215:256
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878:.
860:"
846:.
805:.
247:0
231:8
172:,
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