405:
to 4 months. In some patients however, recovery of this function can take greater than 1 year or be incomplete. In addition, despite improvement in the left ventricular ejection fraction, studies have demonstrated that patients with prior TIC continue to demonstrate signs of negative cardiac remodeling including increased left ventricular end-systolic dimension, end-systolic volume, and end-diastolic volume. Additionally, recurrence of the tachyarrhythmia in patients with a history of TIC has been associated with a rapid decline in left ventricular ejection fraction and more severe cardiomyopathy that their prior presentation, which may be a result of the negative cardiac remodeling. There have also been cases of sudden death in patients with a history of TIC, which may be associated with worse baseline left ventricular dysfunction. Given these risks, routine monitoring with clinic visits, ECG, and echocardiography is recommended.
392:
relatively high success rate with a low risk of complications. In patients with TIC due to other types of SVT, RF catheter ablation is recommended as a first-line treatment. In patients with TIC due to VT or PVCs, both antiarrhythmics and RF catheter ablation can be used. However, the options for antiarrhythmic agents are limited because certain agents can be proarrhythmic in the setting of myocardial dysfunction in TIC. Therefore, RF catheter ablation is often a safe and effective choice for treatment VT and PVCs causing TIC. In cases where other treatment strategies fail, AV node ablation with permanent pacemaker implantation can also be used to treat the tachyarrhythmia.
260:, it can be difficult to distinguish which is the causative agent. Additionally, it can occur in patients with or without underlying structural heart disease. Previously normal left ventricular ejection fraction or left ventricular systolic dysfunction out of proportion to a patient’s underlying cardiac disease can be important clues to possible TIC. The diagnosis of TIC is made after excluding other causes of cardiomyopathy and observing resolution of the left ventricular systolic dysfunction with treatment of the
72:
232:(PVCs), rapid atrial and ventricular pacing, and left bundle branch block. The types of SVT associated with TIC include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, incessant atrial tachycardia, permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, and atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation is the most common and well-studied etiology of TIC.
241:
325:. Cardiac MRI has also been used to evaluate patients with possible TIC. Late-gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI indicates the presence of fibrosis and scarring, and may be evidence of cardiomyopathy not due to tachycardia. A decline in serial NT-pro BNP with control of tachyarrhythmia indicates reversibility of the cardiomyopathy, which would also suggest TIC.
404:
The prognosis for TIC after treatment of the underlying tachyarrhythmia is generally good. Studies show that left ventricular function often improves within 1 month of treatment of the tachyarrhythmia, and normalization of the left ventricular ejection fraction occurs in the majority of patients by 3
316:
To assess cardiac structure and function, echocardiography is the most commonly available and utilized modality. In addition to decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, studies indicate that patients with TIC may have a smaller left ventricular end-diastolic dimension compared to patients with
312:
Cardiac rhythm monitors can be used to diagnose tachyarrhythmias. The most common modality used is an EKG. A continuous rhythm monitor such as a Holter monitor can be used to characterize the frequency of a tachyarrhythmia over a longer period of time. Additionally, some patients may not present to
395:
The treatment of heart failure commonly involves neurohormonal blockade with beta-blockers and angiotensin convertase inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) along with symptomatic management with diuretics. Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors can inhibit and potentially reverse
199:
The timecourse of TIC is most well-studied in experiments on animals. Researchers have found that animals began to exhibit abnormal changes in blood flow after just one day of an artificially generated fast heart rate (designed to simulate a tachyarrythmia). As their TIC progresses, these animals
179:
and (2) there is improvement in myocardial function after treatment of the tachycardia or arrhythmia. Treatment of TIC can involve treating the heart failure as well as the tachycardia or arrhythmia. TIC has a good prognosis with treatment, with most people recovering some to all of their heart
359:
TIC is likely underdiagnosed due to attribution of the tachyarrhythmia to the cardiomyopathy. Poor control of the tachyarrhythmia can result in worsening of heart failure symptoms and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, it is important to aggressively treat the tachyarrhythmia and monitor patients for
391:
For TIC due to atrial fibrillation, rate control, rhythm control, and RF catheter ablation can be effective to control the tachyarrhythmia and improve left ventricular systolic function. For TIC due to atrial flutter, rate control is often difficult to achieve, and RF catheter ablation has a
208:) for 3–5 weeks. The worsened heart function then persists at a stable state until the heart rate is returned to normal. With normal heart rates, these animals begin to demonstrate improving heart function at 1–2 days, and even complete recovery of ejection fraction at 1 month.
396:
the negative cardiac remodeling, which refers to structural changes in the heart, that occurs in TIC. However, the need to continue these agents after treatment of the tacharrhythmia and resolution of left ventricular systolic dysfunction remains controversial.
195:
and/or symptoms related to their irregular heart rhythm. Symptoms of congestive heart failure can include shortness of breath, ankle swelling, fatigue, and weight gain. Symptoms of an irregular heart rhythm can include palpitations and chest discomfort.
1047:
1032:
211:
Human studies of the timecourse of TIC are not as robust as animal studies, though current studies suggest that the majority of people with TIC will recover a significant degree of heart function over months to years.
168:. People with TIC may have symptoms associated with heart failure (e.g. shortness of breath or ankle swelling) and/or symptoms related to the tachycardia or arrhythmia (e.g. palpitations). Though
372:) to reverse the cardiomyopathy. The treatment of the tachyarrhythmia depends on the specific arrhythmia, but possible treatment modalities include rate control, rhythm control with
1759:
924:
Mueller, Karin A.L.; Heinzmann, David; Klingel, Karin; Fallier-Becker, Petra; Kandolf, Reinhard; Kilias, Antonios; Walker-Allgaier, Britta; Borst, Oliver; Kumbrink, Jörg (2017).
305:
368:
Treatment of TIC involves treating both the tachyarrhythmia and the heart failure with the goal of adequate rate control or restoration of the normal heart rhythm (aka.
256:
There are no specific diagnostic criteria for TIC, and it can be difficult to diagnose for a number of reasons. First, in patients presenting with both tachycardia and
313:
the clinical setting in an abnormal rhythm, and continuous rhythm monitor can be useful to determine if an arrhythmia is present over a longer duration of time.
417:
of TIC is unclear. Some studies have noted the incidence of TIC in adults with irregular heart rhythms to range from 8% to 34%. Other studies of patients with
1400:
1090:
1817:
738:
Gopinathannair, Rakesh; Etheridge, Susan P.; Marchlinski, Francis E.; Spinale, Francis G.; Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya; Olshansky, Brian (2015-10-13).
1134:
1812:
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1626:
1616:
1205:
1923:
1754:
299:
41:
Arrythmia-induced cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy, tachymyopathy, chronotropic cardiomyopathy, tachycardiomyopathy
1794:
591:
229:
1789:
1658:
1439:
1734:
1729:
1653:
1453:
2080:
1956:
1885:
1717:
2075:
1868:
1851:
1784:
1704:
1083:
422:
385:
221:
141:
1918:
1363:
1900:
1388:
1373:
425:
estimate that 25–50% of these study participants have some degree of TIC. TIC has been reported in all age groups.
1675:
581:
1978:
1643:
1570:
1297:
1928:
2102:
1858:
1648:
1545:
1526:
1356:
1129:
439:
414:
192:
175:
There are no formal diagnostic criteria for TIC. Thus, TIC is typically diagnosed when (1) tests have excluded
172:
is the most common cause of TIC, several tachycardias and arrhythmias have been associated with the disease.
2173:
2135:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2070:
1804:
1746:
1550:
1531:
1183:
1123:
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225:
1724:
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1218:
1171:
1099:
970:
Umana, Ernesto; Solares, C. Arturo; Alpert, Martin A. (2003-01-01). "Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy".
520:
Ellis, Ethan R.; Josephson, Mark E. (2013-12-01). "Heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy".
318:
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1984:
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1304:
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71:
1989:
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1841:
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1638:
1597:
1223:
1140:
1051:
418:
322:
271:
169:
818:
Lishmanov, Anton; Chockalingam, Priya; Senthilkumar, Annamalai; Chockalingam, Anand (2010-05-01).
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157:
80:
17:
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2003:
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2017:
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289:
284:
926:"Histopathological and Immunological Characteristics of Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy"
2147:
1539:
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1507:
1314:
1193:
85:
shortness of breath, ankle swelling, fatigue, weight gain, palpitations, chest discomfort
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2048:
1946:
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1346:
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1326:
896:
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245:
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176:
161:
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983:
2167:
2130:
2041:
1176:
836:
819:
377:
349:
165:
557:
183:
The number of cases that occur is unclear. TIC has been reported in all age groups.
2062:
2036:
1880:
1828:
1501:
1477:
1447:
1424:
1293:
1283:
369:
1068:
583:
Pocket
Medicine: The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Internal Medicine
1997:
1895:
1685:
1602:
1584:
1410:
1383:
1334:
1275:
267:
Specific tests that can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of TIC include:
261:
153:
119:
113:
101:
942:
925:
755:
360:
resolution of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in cases of suspected TIC.
252:. This person was eventually diagnosed with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
2025:
1575:
1041:
740:"Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathies: Mechanisms, Recognition, and Management"
533:
333:
65:
991:
887:
845:
763:
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133:
105:
999:
951:
905:
853:
781:
677:
628:
549:
240:
1951:
1108:
345:
341:
1024:
820:"Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Evaluation and Therapeutic Options"
2031:
2011:
1166:
1036:
337:
329:
294:
321:. Radionuclide imaging can be used as a non-invasive test to detect
340:
are very rare. Furthermore, patients with TIC display significant
239:
52:
tak-i-kahr-dee-uh in-dyoos-duh kahr-dee-oh-mahy-op-uh-thee
1072:
870:
Ahmadi, Alireza; Zolfi-Gol, Ali; Arasteh, Mahfar (2016-11-30).
352:
has found to be altered as well, with an enrichment at the
607:
PovolnĂ˝, J (2015). "Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy".
160:(an irregular heart rhythm) causes an impairment of the
1014:
191:
People with TIC most often present with symptoms of
2118:
2061:
1970:
1937:
1909:
1867:
1826:
1803:
1777:
1745:
1703:
1684:
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1409:
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1204:
1159:
1116:
1107:
1018:
125:
112:
97:
89:
79:
59:
45:
37:
32:
200:will have worsening heart function (e.g.: reduced
865:
863:
644:"What About Tachycardia-induced Cardiomyopathy?"
1084:
930:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
744:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
332:. TIC is associated with the infiltration of
8:
328:People with TIC display distinct changes in
277:Continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring (e.g.
1700:
1580:
1420:
1401:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1271:
1113:
1091:
1077:
1069:
1015:
70:
29:
941:
895:
835:
771:
667:
648:Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review
306:N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide
150:Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC)
451:
1135:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
813:
811:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
586:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
515:
513:
511:
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503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
384:, or AV node ablation with permanent
7:
1459:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
965:
963:
961:
919:
917:
915:
872:"Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy"
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
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791:
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467:
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461:
459:
457:
455:
164:(heart muscle), which can result in
1755:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
300:Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
230:premature ventricular contractions
33:Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
25:
642:Ellis, ER; Josephson, ME (2013).
18:Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy
972:The American Journal of Medicine
837:10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00147.x
580:Sabatine, Marc S. (2013-10-07).
348:deposition. The distribution of
1440:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
248:strip of a 5-year-old showing
177:other causes of cardiomyopathy
1:
1957:Pulseless electrical activity
1886:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
1760:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
984:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01472-9
522:Current Heart Failure Reports
220:TIC has been associated with
152:is a disease where prolonged
423:left ventricular dysfunction
222:supraventricular tachycardia
2190:
1901:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1448:non-infective endocarditis
1389:Endocardial fibroelastosis
943:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.049
756:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.038
336:into the myocardium while
1979:hexaxial reference system
1924:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
1454:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
534:10.1007/s11897-013-0150-z
1859:Ventricular fibrillation
1130:Coronary artery aneurysm
824:Congestive Heart Failure
660:10.15420/aer.2013.2.2.82
440:Congestive heart failure
193:congestive heart failure
2136:Diastolic heart failure
2110:Athletic heart syndrome
2071:Ventricular hypertrophy
1805:Pre-excitation syndrome
1659:Left posterior fascicle
1184:Acute coronary syndrome
1124:Coronary artery disease
330:endomyocardial biopsies
226:ventricular tachycardia
156:(a fast heart rate) or
1654:Left anterior fascicle
1434:infective endocarditis
1219:Hibernating myocardium
1100:Cardiovascular disease
380:, radiofrequency (RF)
319:dilated cardiomyopathy
253:
1818:Wolff–Parkinson–White
1778:Premature contraction
1676:Adams–Stokes syndrome
1379:Loeffler endocarditis
1189:Myocardial infarction
374:antiarrhythmic agents
295:Endomyocardial biopsy
243:
1985:Right axis deviation
1947:Sudden cardiac death
1305:Pericardial effusion
1248:Ventricular aneurysm
876:ARYA Atherosclerosis
290:Radionuclide imaging
130:antiarrythmic agents
1990:Left axis deviation
1847:Atrial fibrillation
1842:Ventricular flutter
1765:Torsades de pointes
1639:Bundle branch block
1598:Sick sinus syndrome
1384:Cardiac amyloidosis
1369:Tachycardia-induced
1224:Myocardial stunning
1172:Prinzmetal's angina
1141:Coronary thrombosis
419:atrial fibrillation
370:normal sinus rhythm
323:myocardial ischemia
272:electrocardiography
170:atrial fibrillation
2093:Atrial enlargement
1891:Pacemaker syndrome
1813:Lown–Ganong–Levine
1735:Junctional ectopic
1730:AV nodal reentrant
1236:Myocardial rupture
1146:Coronary vasospasm
354:intercalated discs
254:
250:atrial tachycardia
187:Signs and symptoms
93:short or long term
2161:
2160:
2153:Obstructive shock
2057:
2056:
2004:Short QT syndrome
1971:Other / ungrouped
1962:Sinoatrial arrest
1877:Ectopic pacemaker
1773:
1772:
1593:Sinus bradycardia
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1310:Cardiac tamponade
1263:
1262:
1253:Dressler syndrome
1151:Myocardial bridge
1066:
1065:
609:Vnitrni Lekarstvi
382:catheter ablation
206:ejection fraction
147:
146:
138:catheter ablation
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2181:
2126:Cardiac fibrosis
2018:T wave alternans
1911:Long QT syndrome
1705:Supraventricular
1701:
1634:Intraventricular
1581:
1421:
1272:
1117:Coronary disease
1114:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1016:
1004:
1003:
967:
956:
955:
945:
921:
910:
909:
899:
867:
858:
857:
839:
815:
786:
785:
775:
735:
682:
681:
671:
639:
633:
632:
604:
598:
597:
577:
562:
561:
517:
334:CD68 macrophages
285:echocardiography
75:
74:
30:
21:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2148:Rheumatic fever
2114:
2053:
1966:
1933:
1905:
1863:
1822:
1799:
1769:
1741:
1688:
1680:
1574:
1557:
1465:
1414:
1405:
1321:
1315:Hemopericardium
1259:
1200:
1194:Unstable angina
1167:Angina pectoris
1160:Active ischemia
1155:
1103:
1097:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1027:
1013:
1008:
1007:
969:
968:
959:
936:(17): 2160–72.
923:
922:
913:
869:
868:
861:
817:
816:
789:
750:(15): 1714–28.
737:
736:
685:
641:
640:
636:
606:
605:
601:
594:
579:
578:
565:
519:
518:
453:
448:
431:
411:
402:
366:
238:
228:(VT), frequent
218:
189:
69:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2174:Cardiomyopathy
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:Cardiac asthma
2138:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2049:Strain pattern
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1939:Cardiac arrest
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Andersen–Tawil
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1837:Atrial flutter
1833:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
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1762:
1757:
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1732:
1722:
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1709:
1707:
1698:
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1666:
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1656:
1651:
1646:
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1631:
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1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1347:Cardiomyopathy
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:Chagas disease
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
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1138:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:Classification
1012:
1011:External links
1009:
1006:
1005:
957:
911:
859:
787:
683:
634:
599:
592:
563:
528:(4): 296–306.
450:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
435:Cardiomyopathy
430:
427:
410:
407:
401:
398:
388:implantation.
365:
362:
310:
309:
303:
297:
292:
287:
282:
279:Holter monitor
275:
258:cardiomyopathy
246:Holter monitor
237:
234:
217:
214:
202:cardiac output
188:
185:
145:
144:
127:
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116:
110:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:Heart failure
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:ST depression
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:Trifascicular
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1551:regurgitation
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:regurgitation
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:regurgitation
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:regurgitation
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Stable angina
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
882:(3): 175–78.
881:
877:
873:
866:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
830:(3): 122–26.
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
600:
595:
593:9781451193787
589:
585:
584:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
452:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
408:
406:
399:
397:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:cardioversion
375:
371:
363:
361:
357:
356:(EMID-sign).
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
314:
307:
304:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
263:
259:
251:
247:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
209:
207:
203:
197:
194:
186:
184:
181:
178:
173:
171:
167:
166:heart failure
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
73:
67:
64:
62:
58:
51:
50:
48:
46:Pronunciation
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2063:Cardiomegaly
2037:ST elevation
2024:
2010:
1996:
1977:
1881:Ectopic beat
1829:fibrillation
1664:Bifascicular
1538:
1519:
1500:
1476:
1446:
1432:
1425:Endocarditis
1368:
1364:Hypertrophic
1298:Constrictive
1284:Pericarditis
1242:
1230:
1213:
1046:
1031:
978:(1): 51–55.
975:
971:
933:
929:
879:
875:
827:
823:
747:
743:
654:(2): 82–90.
651:
647:
637:
612:
611:(in Czech).
608:
602:
582:
525:
521:
412:
409:Epidemiology
403:
394:
390:
367:
358:
350:mitochondria
327:
315:
311:
308:(NT-pro BNP)
266:
255:
219:
210:
204:and reduced
198:
190:
182:
174:
149:
148:
114:Risk factors
108:heart rhythm
1929:Romano–Ward
1896:Parasystole
1795:Ventricular
1747:Ventricular
1686:Tachycardia
1603:Heart block
1585:Bradycardia
1411:Endocardium
1374:Restrictive
1335:Myocarditis
1276:Pericardium
615:(1): 56–9.
338:CD3 T-cells
317:idiopathic
262:tachycardia
154:tachycardia
120:tachycardia
38:Other names
1827:Flutter /
1790:Junctional
1725:Junctional
1718:Multifocal
1691:paroxysmal
1607:Sinoatrial
1576:arrhythmia
1571:Conduction
1327:Myocardium
446:References
180:function.
162:myocardium
158:arrhythmia
118:Prolonged
66:Cardiology
2086:Pulmonary
1869:Pacemaker
1540:pulmonary
1521:tricuspid
1357:Alcoholic
992:0002-9343
888:1735-3955
846:1751-7133
764:0735-1097
621:0042-773X
542:1546-9549
415:incidence
413:The true
400:Prognosis
386:pacemaker
364:Treatment
236:Diagnosis
142:pacemaker
134:diuretics
126:Treatment
106:irregular
61:Specialty
2168:Category
1952:Asystole
1852:Familial
1546:stenosis
1527:stenosis
1508:stenosis
1489:stenosis
1484:prolapse
1206:Sequelae
1109:Ischemia
1000:12543289
952:28449778
906:25161690
854:20557332
782:26449143
678:26835045
629:25693617
558:24317606
550:23963583
429:See also
346:collagen
342:fibrosis
90:Duration
81:Symptoms
1352:Dilated
1294:Chronic
1102:(heart)
897:4144378
773:4733572
669:4711573
344:due to
224:(SVT),
2032:J wave
1785:Atrial
1713:Atrial
1502:aortic
1478:mitral
1470:Valves
1416:valves
1268:Layers
1137:(SCAD)
998:
990:
950:
904:
894:
886:
852:
844:
780:
770:
762:
676:
666:
627:
619:
590:
556:
548:
540:
216:Causes
98:Causes
68:
2119:Other
2103:Right
2081:Right
1695:sinus
1644:Right
1394:Viral
1289:Acute
1243:weeks
1214:hours
1126:(CAD)
1057:425.4
1042:I42.9
554:S2CID
302:(CMR)
274:(EKG)
244:This
2098:Left
2076:Left
1693:and
1649:Left
1231:days
1052:9-CM
996:PMID
988:ISSN
948:PMID
902:PMID
884:ISSN
850:PMID
842:ISSN
778:PMID
760:ISSN
674:PMID
625:PMID
617:ISSN
588:ISBN
546:PMID
538:ISSN
421:and
376:and
102:fast
1048:ICD
1033:ICD
980:doi
976:114
938:doi
892:PMC
832:doi
768:PMC
752:doi
664:PMC
656:doi
530:doi
104:or
2170::
2026:ST
1998:QT
1879:/
1627:3°
1622:2°
1617:1°
1612:AV
1605::
1296:/
1055::
1040::
1037:10
994:.
986:.
974:.
960:^
946:.
934:69
932:.
928:.
914:^
900:.
890:.
880:10
878:.
874:.
862:^
848:.
840:.
828:16
826:.
822:.
790:^
776:.
766:.
758:.
748:66
746:.
742:.
686:^
672:.
662:.
650:.
646:.
623:.
613:61
566:^
552:.
544:.
536:.
526:10
524:.
454:^
264:.
140:,
136:,
132:,
2012:T
1697:)
1689:(
1573:/
1413:/
1092:e
1085:t
1078:v
1050:-
1035:-
1025:D
1002:.
982::
954:.
940::
908:.
856:.
834::
784:.
754::
680:.
658::
652:2
631:.
596:.
560:.
532::
281:)
20:)
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