2058:
79:
131:
3916:
3329:
3560:
is the difference of an enthalpy term and an entropy term multiplied by the absolute temperature. The pre-exponential factor depends primarily on the entropy of activation. The overall expression again takes the form of an
Arrhenius exponential (of enthalpy rather than energy) multiplied by a slowly
3585:
are experimentally determined, and represent macroscopic reaction-specific parameters that are not simply related to threshold energies and the success of individual collisions at the molecular level. Consider a particular collision (an elementary reaction) between molecules A and B. The collision
3613:
in all classes of glass-forming matter. The
Arrhenius law predicts that the motion of the structural units (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) should slow down at a slower rate through the glass transition than is experimentally observed. In other words, the structural units slow down at a faster rate
559:
Given the small temperature range of kinetic studies, it is reasonable to approximate the activation energy as being independent of the temperature. Similarly, under a wide range of practical conditions, the weak temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor is negligible compared to the
3614:
than is predicted by the
Arrhenius law. This observation is made reasonable assuming that the units must overcome an energy barrier by means of a thermal activation energy. The thermal energy must be high enough to allow for translational motion of the units which leads to
3160:
1276:
3594:
are the result of many individual collisions with differing collision parameters. To probe reaction rates at molecular level, experiments are conducted under near-collisional conditions and this subject is often called molecular reaction dynamics.
2521:
dependence of the pre-exponential factor is observed experimentally". However, if additional evidence is available, from theory and/or from experiment (such as density dependence), there is no obstacle to incisive tests of the
Arrhenius law.
1489:
1376:
2889:
2232:
855:
3558:
1818:
1719:
3606:. Clearly, molecules on surfaces do not "collide" directly, and a simple molecular cross-section does not apply here. Instead, the pre-exponential factor reflects the travel across the surface towards the active site.
282:
or
Arrhenius factor or frequency factor. Arrhenius originally considered A to be a temperature-independent constant for each chemical reaction. However more recent treatments include some temperature dependence â see
620:
With this equation it can be roughly estimated that the rate of reaction increases by a factor of about 2 to 3 for every 10 °C rise in temperature, for common values of activation energy and temperature range.
1104:
1026:
2146:
1978:
1903:
384:
3586:
angle, the relative translational energy, the internal (particularly vibrational) energy will all determine the chance that the collision will produce a product molecule AB. Macroscopic measurements of
3095:
2494:
1617:
58:
suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of
3013:
552:
is the probability that any given collision will result in a reaction. It can be seen that either increasing the temperature or decreasing the activation energy (for example through the use of
249:
3934:
2416:
2752:
609:
550:
66:. It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally induced processes and reactions. The
3324:{\displaystyle k={\frac {k_{\text{B}}T}{h}}e^{-{\frac {\Delta G^{\ddagger }}{RT}}}={\frac {k_{\text{B}}T}{h}}e^{\frac {\Delta S^{\ddagger }}{R}}e^{-{\frac {\Delta H^{\ddagger }}{RT}}},}
671:
1158:
3427:
3393:
3359:
2790:
1145:
3125:, often much less than 1.00, which is interpreted as the fraction of sufficiently energetic collisions in which the two molecules have the correct mutual orientation to react.
758:
2612:
3458:
2699:
2037:
2010:
1561:
1534:
965:
938:
901:
168:
116:
2153:
768:
2624:
to make the model fit the data, but can have theoretical meaning, for example showing the presence of a range of activation energies or in special cases like the Mott
2272:
1404:
1291:
3118:
698:
4252:
3482:
726:
3904:
However, the rate of reaction varies greatly with temperature, since for a typical process the rate doubles or trebles for a rise in temperature of 10 °C.
2780:
in the years 1916â18. In this theory, molecules are supposed to react if they collide with a relative kinetic energy along their line of centers that exceeds
2080:
3570:
2425:
The modified
Arrhenius equation makes explicit the temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor. The modified equation is usually of the form
3498:
1741:
1642:
4704:
321:
2641:
Arrhenius argued that for reactants to transform into products, they must first acquire a minimum amount of energy, called the activation energy
2517:. It has been pointed out that "it is not feasible to establish, on the basis of temperature studies of the rate constant, whether the predicted
480:
are identical to those of the rate constant and will vary depending on the order of the reaction. If the reaction is first order it has the unit
2428:
1033:
972:
4464:
4341:
2671:
193:
4298:
4605:
2327:
4245:
4036:
4011:
3872:
904:
1912:
1837:
2777:
4224:
3647:
3029:
2057:
47:
4127:
Bauer, Th.; Lunkenheimer, P.; Loidl, A. (2013). "Cooperativity and the
Freezing of Molecular Motion at the Glass Transition".
4709:
4513:
4508:
4318:
4673:
1566:
2950:
4678:
3637:
3603:
3652:
503:
is the number of collisions (leading to a reaction or not) per second occurring with the proper orientation to react and
4238:
2667:
explains the exponential nature of the relationship, and in one way or another, it is present in all kinetic theories.
3565:. The precise form of the temperature dependence depends upon the reaction, and can be calculated using formulas from
2308:. This procedure has become so common in experimental chemical kinetics that practitioners have taken to using it to
2532:
4699:
4643:
4333:
2708:
565:
506:
62:. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula. Currently, it is best seen as an
4370:
4270:
2702:
4600:
3495:
in temperature. However, free energy is itself a temperature dependent quantity. The free energy of activation
1271:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{f}}}{dT}}-{\frac {d\ln k_{\text{b}}}{dT}}={\frac {\Delta U^{0}}{RT^{2}}}}
2239:
4648:
4449:
3642:
3599:
3138:
3024:. However for many reactions this agrees poorly with experiment, so the rate constant is written instead as
627:
51:
4403:
3402:
3368:
3334:
3146:
2625:
2279:
1983:
1112:
311:
279:
63:
3017:, so that the collision theory predicts that the pre-exponential factor is equal to the collision number
2787:. The number of binary collisions between two unlike molecules per second per unit volume is found to be
4633:
4565:
4423:
4413:
3566:
3396:
3154:
2660:
2526:
3682:"Ăber die Dissociationswärme und den EinfluĂ der Temperatur auf den Dissociationsgrad der Elektrolyte"
731:
4628:
4356:
4146:
4051:
3777:
3657:
2618:
is a dimensionless number of order 1. This is typically regarded as a purely empirical correction or
617:-limited reactions, in which case the pre-exponential factor is dominant and is directly observable.
269:
187:
55:
4638:
4570:
4555:
4498:
3864:
3436:
2677:
2015:
1988:
1563:
are the activation energies associated with the forward and backward reactions respectively, with
1539:
1512:
943:
916:
876:
4433:
4262:
4170:
4136:
4068:
Slot, Thierry K.; Riley, Nathan; Shiju, N. Raveendran; Medlin, J. Will; Rothenberg, Gadi (2020).
3745:
3702:
3461:
2922:
457:
424:
137:
85:
31:
3889:
1484:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{b}}}{dT}}={\text{constant}}+{\frac {E_{\text{b}}}{RT^{2}}}}
1371:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{f}}}{dT}}={\text{constant}}+{\frac {E_{\text{f}}}{RT^{2}}}}
448:
directly, which is common in physics. The different units are accounted for in using either the
3598:
Another situation where the explanation of the
Arrhenius equation parameters falls short is in
4658:
4653:
4615:
4560:
4479:
4459:
4395:
4162:
4109:
4091:
4032:
4007:
3868:
3627:
3362:
2899:
2074:
967:
respectively denote the forward and backward reaction rates of the reaction of interest, then
399:
301:
59:
2884:{\displaystyle z_{AB}=N_{\text{A}}d_{AB}^{2}{\sqrt {\frac {8\pi k_{\text{B}}T}{\mu _{AB}}}},}
2289:
So, when a reaction has a rate constant that obeys the
Arrhenius equation, a plot of ln
4590:
4539:
4493:
4154:
4099:
4081:
3856:
3805:
3785:
3737:
3694:
3610:
2769:
2763:
43:
3103:
676:
78:
4668:
4580:
4529:
3632:
3485:
3150:
3134:
907:
67:
3857:
4150:
3781:
2312:
the activation energy for a reaction. That is, the activation energy is defined to be (â
4375:
4364:
4104:
4069:
3769:
3729:
3686:
3467:
2052:
2040:
711:
4693:
4623:
4595:
4503:
4454:
4428:
4070:"An experimental approach for controlling confinement effects at catalyst interfaces"
3749:
3706:
3142:
3122:
259:
183:
39:
4174:
2039:
is mathematically the exponential of the constant of integration for the respective
4575:
4381:
4288:
4278:
4158:
3959:
3831:
3615:
2939:
2620:
449:
2227:{\displaystyle \ln k={\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T}}\right)+\ln A.}
850:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{e}}^{0}}{dT}}={\frac {\Delta U^{0}}{RT^{2}}}}
3826:
3725:"Ăber die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Inversion von Rohrzucker durch Säuren"
4534:
4469:
2670:
The calculations for reaction rate constants involve an energy averaging over a
441:
3553:{\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ddagger }=\Delta H^{\ddagger }-T\Delta S^{\ddagger }}
2773:
1813:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{b}}}{dT}}={\frac {E_{\text{b}}}{RT^{2}}}}
1714:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln k_{\text{f}}}{dT}}={\frac {E_{\text{f}}}{RT^{2}}}}
673:
factor denotes the fraction of molecules with energy greater than or equal to
130:
70:, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy.
4095:
3491:
At first sight this looks like an exponential multiplied by a factor that is
2297:
gives a straight line, whose gradient and intercept can be used to determine
17:
4585:
4230:
1283:
The preceding equation can be broken down into the following two equations:
614:
486:
4166:
4113:
3741:
3698:
1832:
Integrating these equations and taking the exponential yields the results
4227:â Using Arrhenius equation for calculating species solubility in polymers
3430:
553:
445:
3986:
3842:
4086:
3789:
1099:{\displaystyle \ln k_{\text{e}}^{0}=\ln k_{\text{f}}-\ln k_{\text{b}}}
444:, which is common in chemistry, while the latter form uses energy per
1021:{\displaystyle k_{\text{e}}^{0}={\frac {k_{\text{f}}}{k_{\text{b}}}}}
481:
3764:
3724:
3681:
2652:, the fraction of molecules that have a kinetic energy greater than
2141:{\displaystyle \ln k=\ln A-{\frac {E_{\text{a}}}{R}}{\frac {1}{T}}.}
178:
as a limit, but this case does not occur under practical conditions.
4488:
4141:
2056:
499:
is the number of collisions that result in a reaction per second,
129:
77:
27:
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
4234:
4308:
3888:
Avery, H. E. (1974). "4. Dependence of Rate on
Temperature".
1973:{\displaystyle k_{\text{b}}=A_{\text{b}}e^{-E_{\text{b}}/RT}}
1898:{\displaystyle k_{\text{f}}=A_{\text{f}}e^{-E_{\text{f}}/RT}}
379:{\displaystyle k=Ae^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{k_{\text{B}}T}},}
3581:
Both the Arrhenius activation energy and the rate constant
2236:
This has the same form as an equation for a straight line:
3827:
Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution
3090:{\displaystyle k=\rho z_{AB}e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}}
3824:
Kenneth Connors, Chemical Kinetics, 1990, VCH Publishers
3987:
IUPAC Goldbook definition of modified Arrhenius equation
3660: – predicted using the Arrhenius equation
1622:
Experimental findings suggest that the constants in eq.(
3609:
There are deviations from the Arrhenius law during the
2498:
The original Arrhenius expression above corresponds to
3577:
Limitations of the idea of Arrhenius activation energy
2489:{\displaystyle k=AT^{n}e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}.}
1612:{\displaystyle \Delta U^{0}=E_{\text{f}}-E_{\text{b}}}
3501:
3470:
3439:
3405:
3371:
3337:
3163:
3137:, another Arrhenius-like expression, appears in the "
3106:
3032:
3008:{\displaystyle k=z_{AB}e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}}
2953:
2793:
2711:
2680:
2535:
2513:. Theoretical analyses yield various predictions for
2431:
2330:
2242:
2156:
2083:
2018:
1991:
1915:
1840:
1744:
1645:
1569:
1542:
1515:
1407:
1294:
1161:
1115:
1036:
975:
946:
919:
879:
771:
734:
714:
679:
630:
568:
509:
324:
196:
140:
88:
4031:(1st ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 378â83.
4006:(1st ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 376â78.
728:
of a reaction and the standard equilibrium constant
4614:
4548:
4522:
4478:
4442:
4394:
4355:
4332:
4269:
2505:. Fitted rate constants typically lie in the range
182:The Arrhenius equation gives the dependence of the
3917:"6.2.3.3: The Arrhenius Law â Activation Energies"
3552:
3476:
3452:
3421:
3387:
3353:
3323:
3157:in the 1930s. The Eyring equation can be written:
3112:
3089:
3007:
2883:
2746:
2693:
2606:
2488:
2410:
2266:
2226:
2140:
2031:
2004:
1972:
1897:
1812:
1713:
1611:
1555:
1528:
1483:
1370:
1270:
1139:
1098:
1020:
959:
932:
895:
849:
752:
720:
692:
665:
603:
556:) will result in an increase in rate of reaction.
544:
378:
262:(frequency of collisions resulting in a reaction),
243:
162:
134:Mathematically, at very high temperatures so that
110:
1634:) can be treated as being equal to zero, so that
244:{\displaystyle k=Ae^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}},}
318:Alternatively, the equation may be expressed as
285:
3843:IUPAC Goldbook definition of Arrhenius equation
3573:of the reactants and of the activated complex.
2701:as lower bound and so are often of the type of
2411:{\displaystyle E_{\text{a}}\equiv -R\left_{P}.}
38:is a formula for the temperature dependence of
3718:
3716:
2921:is the temperature which is multiplied by the
4246:
3675:
3673:
2747:{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}}
604:{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}}
545:{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-E_{\text{a}}}{RT}}}
484:, and for that reason it is often called the
8:
3863:(fourth ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill. p.
2636:
46:in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist
4027:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
4002:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
3801:
3799:
3765:"The development of the Arrhenius equation"
4253:
4239:
4231:
2632:Theoretical interpretation of the equation
4225:Carbon Dioxide solubility in Polyethylene
4140:
4103:
4085:
3820:
3818:
3544:
3525:
3509:
3500:
3469:
3444:
3438:
3413:
3404:
3379:
3370:
3345:
3336:
3299:
3289:
3285:
3268:
3258:
3239:
3232:
3210:
3200:
3196:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3105:
3069:
3059:
3046:
3031:
2987:
2977:
2964:
2952:
2866:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2814:
2798:
2792:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2685:
2679:
2590:
2570:
2564:
2534:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2430:
2399:
2381:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2241:
2195:
2179:
2169:
2155:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2082:
2023:
2017:
1996:
1990:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1933:
1920:
1914:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1845:
1839:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1761:
1745:
1743:
1702:
1688:
1682:
1662:
1646:
1644:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1568:
1547:
1541:
1520:
1514:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1424:
1408:
1406:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1311:
1295:
1293:
1259:
1244:
1234:
1214:
1198:
1178:
1162:
1160:
1131:
1126:
1114:
1090:
1071:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1010:
1000:
994:
985:
980:
974:
951:
945:
924:
918:
887:
878:
838:
823:
813:
793:
788:
772:
770:
744:
739:
733:
713:
684:
678:
645:
635:
629:
583:
573:
567:
524:
514:
508:
360:
348:
338:
323:
220:
210:
195:
145:
139:
93:
87:
3812:, Third Edition, Harper & Row, p. 42
2945:The rate constant is then calculated as
2637:Arrhenius's concept of activation energy
3669:
3141:" of chemical reactions, formulated by
2705:, which turn out to be proportional to
2316:) times the slope of a plot of ln
708:Van't Hoff argued that the temperature
476:The unit of the pre-exponential factor
4279:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
3891:Basic Reaction Kinetics and Mechanisms
666:{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-E_{a}}{RT}}}
613:; except in the case of "barrierless"
402:for the reaction (in the same unit as
4289:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
3997:
3995:
3602:, especially for reactions that show
560:temperature dependence of the factor
7:
3935:"15.2: The Equilibrium Constant (K)"
3422:{\displaystyle \Delta H^{\ddagger }}
3388:{\displaystyle \Delta S^{\ddagger }}
3354:{\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ddagger }}
2772:of chemical reactions, developed by
1735:
1636:
1398:
1285:
1140:{\displaystyle \ln k_{\text{e}}^{0}}
762:
4342:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
2525:Another common modification is the
469:, as the multiplier of temperature
431:The only difference is the unit of
4309:Nucleophilic internal substitution
4299:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
3537:
3518:
3502:
3406:
3372:
3338:
3292:
3261:
3203:
2372:
2358:
1570:
1237:
880:
816:
440:: the former form uses energy per
286:§ Modified Arrhenius equation
54:for the temperature dependence of
25:
4204:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row.
1109:Substituting the expression for
753:{\displaystyle k_{\text{e}}^{0}}
4465:LindemannâHinshelwood mechanism
4211:The World of Physical Chemistry
2061:Arrhenius linear plot: ln
82:In almost all practical cases,
50:who had noted in 1884 that the
42:. The equation was proposed by
4705:Eponymous equations of physics
4514:Outer sphere electron transfer
4509:Inner sphere electron transfer
4319:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
4159:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.225702
3855:Silberberg, Martin S. (2006).
2672:MaxwellâBoltzmann distribution
2607:{\displaystyle k=A\exp \left,}
2389:
2375:
2077:of Arrhenius equation yields:
495:of the reaction. Most simply,
186:of a chemical reaction on the
1:
4679:Diffusion-controlled reaction
3638:Q10 (temperature coefficient)
3604:Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics
2648:. At an absolute temperature
4058:, Cambridge University Press
3453:{\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}}
2694:{\displaystyle E_{\text{a}}}
2032:{\displaystyle A_{\text{b}}}
2005:{\displaystyle A_{\text{f}}}
1556:{\displaystyle E_{\text{b}}}
1529:{\displaystyle E_{\text{f}}}
960:{\displaystyle k_{\text{b}}}
933:{\displaystyle k_{\text{f}}}
896:{\displaystyle \Delta U^{0}}
48:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
4334:Electrophilic substitutions
4056:Molecular Reaction Dynamics
3648:ClausiusâClapeyron relation
2909:is the average diameter of
2421:Modified Arrhenius equation
1630:
1624:
1498:
1385:
1149:
163:{\displaystyle E_{a}\ll RT}
111:{\displaystyle E_{a}\gg RT}
4726:
4644:Energy profile (chemistry)
4606:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
4271:Nucleophilic substitutions
4213:. Oxford University Press.
3967:University of Pennsylvania
3894:. Springer. pp. 47â58
2931:to convert to energy, and
2761:
2703:incomplete gamma functions
2050:
174:levels off and approaches
4674:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
3723:Arrhenius, S. A. (1889).
3680:Arrhenius, S. A. (1889).
1030:, an equation from which
4601:Potential energy surface
4480:Electron/Proton transfer
4365:Unimolecular elimination
3653:GibbsâHelmholtz equation
4649:Transition state theory
4450:Intramolecular reaction
4376:Bimolecular elimination
4209:Laidler, K. J. (1993).
4200:Laidler, K. J. (1987).
4191:Pauling, L. C. (1988).
4129:Physical Review Letters
3763:Laidler, K. J. (1984).
3600:heterogeneous catalysis
3139:transition state theory
3129:Transition state theory
2659:can be calculated from
2267:{\displaystyle y=mx+c,}
122:increases rapidly with
4443:Unimolecular reactions
4404:Electrophilic addition
3742:10.1515/zpch-1889-0416
3699:10.1515/zpch-1889-0408
3554:
3478:
3454:
3423:
3389:
3355:
3325:
3114:
3091:
3009:
2885:
2748:
2695:
2626:variable range hopping
2608:
2490:
2412:
2268:
2228:
2142:
2070:
2033:
2006:
1984:pre-exponential factor
1974:
1899:
1814:
1715:
1613:
1557:
1530:
1485:
1372:
1272:
1141:
1100:
1022:
961:
934:
897:
851:
760:exhibit the relation:
754:
722:
694:
667:
605:
546:
380:
312:universal gas constant
280:pre-exponential factor
245:
179:
164:
127:
112:
64:empirical relationship
4710:Statistical mechanics
4634:Rate-determining step
4566:Reactive intermediate
4424:Free-radical addition
4414:Nucleophilic addition
4357:Elimination reactions
4195:. Dover Publications.
3567:statistical mechanics
3555:
3479:
3455:
3424:
3397:entropy of activation
3390:
3356:
3326:
3115:
3113:{\displaystyle \rho }
3092:
3010:
2886:
2749:
2696:
2661:statistical mechanics
2609:
2527:stretched exponential
2491:
2413:
2269:
2229:
2143:
2060:
2034:
2007:
1975:
1900:
1815:
1716:
1614:
1558:
1531:
1486:
1373:
1273:
1142:
1101:
1023:
962:
935:
903:denotes the apposite
898:
852:
755:
723:
695:
693:{\displaystyle E_{a}}
668:
606:
547:
381:
246:
165:
133:
113:
81:
56:equilibrium constants
4629:Equilibrium constant
3960:"Arrhenius Equation"
3939:Chemistry LibreTexts
3921:Chemistry LibreTexts
3658:Cherry blossom front
3643:Van 't Hoff equation
3561:varying function of
3499:
3468:
3437:
3403:
3369:
3335:
3161:
3104:
3030:
2951:
2791:
2768:One approach is the
2709:
2678:
2533:
2429:
2328:
2240:
2154:
2150:Rearranging yields:
2081:
2016:
1989:
1913:
1838:
1742:
1643:
1567:
1540:
1513:
1405:
1292:
1159:
1113:
1034:
973:
944:
917:
877:
769:
732:
712:
677:
628:
566:
507:
322:
270:absolute temperature
194:
188:absolute temperature
138:
86:
60:energy of activation
52:van 't Hoff equation
4639:Reaction coordinate
4571:Radical (chemistry)
4556:Elementary reaction
4499:Grotthuss mechanism
4263:reaction mechanisms
4151:2013PhRvL.111v5702B
4080:(40): 11024â11029.
3782:1984JChEd..61..494L
3571:partition functions
2837:
2041:indefinite integral
1136:
1106:naturally follows.
1057:
990:
798:
749:
4664:Arrhenius equation
4434:Oxidative addition
4396:Addition reactions
4087:10.1039/D0SC04118A
4029:Physical Chemistry
4004:Physical Chemistry
3550:
3474:
3462:Boltzmann constant
3450:
3419:
3385:
3351:
3321:
3110:
3087:
3005:
2923:Boltzmann constant
2881:
2820:
2744:
2691:
2604:
2486:
2408:
2264:
2224:
2138:
2071:
2029:
2002:
1970:
1895:
1810:
1711:
1609:
1553:
1526:
1481:
1368:
1268:
1137:
1122:
1096:
1043:
1018:
976:
957:
930:
893:
847:
784:
750:
735:
718:
690:
663:
601:
542:
458:Boltzmann constant
425:Boltzmann constant
376:
241:
180:
160:
128:
108:
36:Arrhenius equation
32:physical chemistry
4700:Chemical kinetics
4687:
4686:
4659:Activated complex
4654:Activation energy
4616:Chemical kinetics
4561:Reaction dynamics
4460:Photodissociation
4202:Chemical Kinetics
4193:General Chemistry
3810:Chemical Kinetics
3790:10.1021/ed061p494
3628:Accelerated aging
3618:of the material.
3477:{\displaystyle h}
3447:
3314:
3278:
3252:
3242:
3225:
3190:
3180:
3084:
3072:
3002:
2990:
2900:Avogadro constant
2876:
2875:
2855:
2817:
2741:
2729:
2688:
2665:activation energy
2663:. The concept of
2584:
2480:
2468:
2393:
2338:
2203:
2189:
2182:
2133:
2123:
2117:
2075:natural logarithm
2026:
1999:
1954:
1936:
1923:
1879:
1861:
1848:
1830:
1829:
1808:
1790:
1776:
1764:
1731:
1730:
1709:
1691:
1677:
1665:
1606:
1593:
1550:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1479:
1461:
1447:
1439:
1427:
1394:
1393:
1366:
1348:
1334:
1326:
1314:
1266:
1229:
1217:
1193:
1181:
1129:
1093:
1074:
1050:
1016:
1013:
1003:
983:
954:
927:
871:
870:
845:
808:
791:
742:
721:{\displaystyle T}
660:
598:
586:
539:
527:
493:attempt frequency
400:activation energy
370:
363:
351:
304:for the reaction,
302:activation energy
235:
223:
16:(Redirected from
4717:
4591:Collision theory
4540:Matrix isolation
4494:Harpoon reaction
4371:E1cB-elimination
4255:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4179:
4178:
4144:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4089:
4074:Chemical Science
4065:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3999:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3822:
3813:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3677:
3611:glass transition
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3529:
3514:
3513:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3121:is an empirical
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2770:collision theory
2764:Collision theory
2758:Collision theory
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2717:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2370:
2356:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2170:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1746:
1736:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1647:
1637:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1409:
1399:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1296:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1163:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
995:
989:
984:
981:
966:
964:
963:
958:
956:
955:
952:
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
928:
925:
902:
900:
899:
894:
892:
891:
865:
856:
854:
853:
848:
846:
844:
843:
842:
829:
828:
827:
814:
809:
807:
799:
797:
792:
789:
773:
763:
759:
757:
756:
751:
748:
743:
740:
727:
725:
724:
719:
699:
697:
696:
691:
689:
688:
672:
670:
669:
664:
662:
661:
659:
651:
650:
649:
636:
612:
610:
608:
607:
602:
600:
599:
597:
589:
588:
587:
584:
574:
551:
549:
548:
543:
541:
540:
538:
530:
529:
528:
525:
515:
502:
498:
479:
472:
468:
455:
439:
422:
397:
385:
383:
382:
377:
372:
371:
369:
365:
364:
361:
354:
353:
352:
349:
339:
309:
299:
277:
267:
257:
250:
248:
247:
242:
237:
236:
234:
226:
225:
224:
221:
211:
169:
167:
166:
161:
150:
149:
117:
115:
114:
109:
98:
97:
44:Svante Arrhenius
21:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4669:Eyring equation
4610:
4581:Stereochemistry
4544:
4530:Solvent effects
4518:
4474:
4438:
4419:
4409:
4390:
4385:
4351:
4347:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4265:
4259:
4221:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3823:
3816:
3804:
3797:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3633:Eyring equation
3624:
3579:
3540:
3521:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3486:Planck constant
3466:
3465:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:of activation,
3409:
3401:
3400:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3365:of activation,
3341:
3333:
3332:
3306:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3235:
3234:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3173:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3151:Michael Polanyi
3135:Eyring equation
3131:
3102:
3101:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
2994:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2960:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2907:
2896:
2862:
2848:
2841:
2810:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2766:
2760:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2658:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2531:
2530:
2506:
2499:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2371:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2303:
2238:
2237:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2152:
2151:
2110:
2079:
2078:
2055:
2049:
2019:
2014:
2013:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1947:
1939:
1929:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1872:
1864:
1854:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1768:
1757:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1431:
1420:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1318:
1307:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1221:
1210:
1200:
1185:
1174:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1111:
1110:
1086:
1067:
1032:
1031:
1006:
996:
971:
970:
968:
947:
942:
941:
920:
915:
914:
908:internal energy
883:
875:
874:
863:
834:
830:
819:
815:
800:
774:
767:
766:
730:
729:
710:
709:
706:
680:
675:
674:
652:
641:
637:
631:
626:
625:
590:
579:
575:
569:
564:
563:
561:
531:
520:
516:
510:
505:
504:
500:
496:
477:
470:
467:
461:
453:
438:
432:
421:
415:
408:
396:
390:
356:
355:
344:
340:
334:
320:
319:
307:
298:
292:
275:
265:
255:
227:
216:
212:
206:
192:
191:
141:
136:
135:
89:
84:
83:
76:
68:Eyring equation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4549:Related topics
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4523:Medium effects
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4219:External links
4217:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4135:(22): 225702.
4119:
4060:
4044:
4037:
4019:
4012:
3991:
3979:
3951:
3926:
3908:
3880:
3873:
3847:
3835:
3814:
3806:Laidler, K. J.
3795:
3776:(6): 494â498.
3770:J. Chem. Educ.
3755:
3730:Z. Phys. Chem.
3712:
3687:Z. Phys. Chem.
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3578:
3575:
3569:involving the
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3473:
3443:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3130:
3127:
3109:
3082:
3079:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3020:
3000:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2934:
2928:
2905:
2894:
2880:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2784:
2762:Main article:
2759:
2756:
2739:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2684:
2656:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2334:
2301:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2053:Arrhenius plot
2051:Main article:
2048:
2047:Arrhenius plot
2045:
2022:
1995:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1546:
1519:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1009:
999:
993:
988:
979:
950:
923:
910:change value.
890:
886:
882:
869:
868:
859:
857:
841:
837:
833:
826:
822:
818:
812:
806:
803:
796:
787:
783:
780:
777:
747:
738:
717:
705:
702:
687:
683:
658:
655:
648:
644:
640:
634:
596:
593:
582:
578:
572:
537:
534:
523:
519:
513:
465:
436:
429:
428:
419:
413:
406:
394:
375:
368:
359:
347:
343:
337:
333:
330:
327:
316:
315:
305:
296:
290:
273:
263:
240:
233:
230:
219:
215:
209:
205:
202:
199:
159:
156:
153:
148:
144:
107:
104:
101:
96:
92:
75:
72:
40:reaction rates
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:Rate equation
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Arrow pushing
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Marcus theory
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Isomerization
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Cycloaddition
4427:
4425:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4320:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4038:0-8053-5682-7
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4013:0-8053-5682-7
4009:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3923:. 2013-10-02.
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3874:0-07-111658-3
3870:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3471:
3463:
3441:
3432:
3414:
3410:
3398:
3380:
3376:
3364:
3346:
3342:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:Eugene Wigner
3140:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3123:steric factor
3120:
3107:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3023:
2998:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2778:William Lewis
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2737:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2234:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2043:in question.
2042:
2020:
1993:
1985:
1982:, where each
1965:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1544:
1517:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1153:), we obtain
1152:
1151:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1007:
997:
991:
986:
977:
948:
921:
911:
909:
906:
888:
884:
867:
860:
858:
839:
835:
831:
824:
820:
810:
804:
801:
794:
785:
781:
778:
775:
765:
764:
761:
745:
736:
715:
703:
701:
685:
681:
656:
653:
646:
642:
638:
632:
622:
618:
616:
594:
591:
580:
576:
570:
557:
555:
535:
532:
521:
517:
511:
494:
490:
488:
483:
474:
464:
459:
451:
447:
443:
435:
426:
418:
414:
411:
405:
401:
393:
389:
388:
387:
373:
366:
357:
345:
341:
335:
331:
328:
325:
313:
306:
303:
300:is the molar
295:
291:
288:
287:
281:
274:
271:
264:
261:
260:rate constant
254:
253:
252:
238:
231:
228:
217:
213:
207:
203:
200:
197:
189:
185:
184:rate constant
177:
173:
157:
154:
151:
146:
142:
132:
125:
121:
105:
102:
99:
94:
90:
80:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Arrhenius law
4663:
4576:Molecularity
4210:
4201:
4192:
4185:Bibliography
4132:
4128:
4122:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4055:
4052:Levine, R.D.
4047:
4028:
4022:
4003:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3941:. 2016-03-11
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3903:
3896:. Retrieved
3890:
3883:
3858:
3850:
3838:
3832:Google Books
3825:
3809:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3733:
3728:
3690:
3685:
3616:viscous flow
3608:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3562:
3492:
3490:
3363:Gibbs energy
3147:Henry Eyring
3132:
3100:
3018:
2944:
2940:reduced mass
2932:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2892:
2781:
2767:
2669:
2664:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2621:fudge factor
2619:
2615:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2424:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2235:
2149:
2072:
2066:
2062:
1831:
1824:
1732:
1725:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1508:
1497:
1495:
1395:
1384:
1382:
1282:
1148:
1108:
912:
872:
861:
707:
623:
619:
558:
492:
485:
475:
462:
450:gas constant
433:
430:
416:
409:
403:
391:
317:
293:
284:
181:
175:
171:
123:
119:
35:
29:
4535:Cage effect
4470:RRKM theory
4386:elimination
3898:18 December
3155:M. G. Evans
2073:Taking the
4694:Categories
3945:2023-06-27
3736:: 226â48.
3693:: 96â116.
3665:References
2774:Max Trautz
2280:reciprocal
2065:against 1/
1628:) and eq.(
704:Derivation
4586:Catalysis
4482:reactions
4142:1306.4630
4096:2041-6520
3859:Chemistry
3750:100032801
3707:202553486
3546:‡
3538:Δ
3532:−
3527:‡
3519:Δ
3511:‡
3503:Δ
3415:‡
3407:Δ
3381:‡
3373:Δ
3347:‡
3339:Δ
3301:‡
3293:Δ
3287:−
3270:‡
3262:Δ
3212:‡
3204:Δ
3198:−
3108:ρ
3063:−
3040:ρ
2981:−
2864:μ
2846:π
2720:−
2592:β
2557:−
2549:
2459:−
2373:∂
2365:
2359:∂
2345:−
2342:≡
2216:
2173:−
2161:
2106:−
2100:
2088:
1945:−
1870:−
1755:
1656:
1597:−
1571:Δ
1418:
1305:
1238:Δ
1208:
1196:−
1172:
1120:
1084:
1078:−
1065:
1041:
881:Δ
817:Δ
782:
639:−
615:diffusion
577:−
554:catalysts
518:−
487:frequency
456:, or the
342:−
214:−
152:≪
100:≫
4175:13720989
4167:24329455
4114:34123192
3622:See also
3431:enthalpy
2507:â1 <
1446:constant
1333:constant
905:standard
446:molecule
74:Equation
4147:Bibcode
4105:8162257
4054:(2005)
3972:27 June
3808:(1987)
3778:Bibcode
3484:is the
3460:is the
3429:is the
3395:is the
3361:is the
3099:. Here
3097:
3026:
3015:
2947:
2938:is the
2898:is the
2320:vs. (1/
2293:versus
2278:is the
1980:
1909:
1905:
1834:
1278:
1155:
1147:in eq.(
1028:
969:
611:
562:
423:is the
398:is the
310:is the
278:is the
268:is the
258:is the
4261:Basic
4173:
4165:
4112:
4102:
4094:
4035:
4010:
3871:
3748:
3705:
3493:linear
3464:, and
3331:where
2891:where
2614:where
2511:< 1
2310:define
2274:where
1509:where
873:where
489:factor
386:where
289:below.
251:where
34:, the
4489:Redox
4325:Acyl)
4171:S2CID
4137:arXiv
3963:(PDF)
3746:S2CID
3703:S2CID
2674:with
2529:form
1396:and
4378:(E2)
4367:(E1)
4163:PMID
4110:PMID
4092:ISSN
4033:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3974:2023
3900:2023
3869:ISBN
3590:and
3153:and
3133:The
2913:and
2776:and
2304:and
1907:and
1733:and
1536:and
940:and
913:Let
624:The
442:mole
118:and
4348:Ar)
4305:Ar)
4155:doi
4133:111
4100:PMC
4082:doi
3865:696
3830:at
3786:doi
3738:doi
3695:doi
2546:exp
2503:= 0
2324:):
2282:of
2012:or
491:or
190:as
30:In
4696::
4416:(A
4406:(A
4344:(S
4321:(S
4315:i)
4311:(S
4301:(S
4295:2)
4291:(S
4285:1)
4281:(S
4169:.
4161:.
4153:.
4145:.
4131:.
4108:.
4098:.
4090:.
4078:11
4076:.
4072:.
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